diff --git a/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc b/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
index bc8facd..b726649 100644
--- a/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
@@ -174,12 +174,13 @@
 void CommonCompilerTest::CreateCompilerDriver(Compiler::Kind kind,
                                               InstructionSet isa,
                                               size_t number_of_threads) {
-  compiler_options_->boot_image_ = true;
   compiler_driver_.reset(new CompilerDriver(compiler_options_.get(),
                                             verification_results_.get(),
                                             kind,
                                             isa,
                                             instruction_set_features_.get(),
+                                            /* boot_image */ true,
+                                            /* app_image */ false,
                                             GetImageClasses(),
                                             GetCompiledClasses(),
                                             GetCompiledMethods(),
diff --git a/compiler/compiled_method.h b/compiler/compiled_method.h
index 99b0ac1..1a87448 100644
--- a/compiler/compiled_method.h
+++ b/compiler/compiled_method.h
@@ -177,7 +177,6 @@
     kTypeRelative,     // NOTE: Actual patching is instruction_set-dependent.
     kString,
     kStringRelative,   // NOTE: Actual patching is instruction_set-dependent.
-    kStringBssEntry,   // NOTE: Actual patching is instruction_set-dependent.
     kDexCacheArray,    // NOTE: Actual patching is instruction_set-dependent.
   };
 
@@ -245,20 +244,10 @@
     return patch;
   }
 
-  static LinkerPatch StringBssEntryPatch(size_t literal_offset,
-                                         const DexFile* target_dex_file,
-                                         uint32_t pc_insn_offset,
-                                         uint32_t target_string_idx) {
-    LinkerPatch patch(literal_offset, Type::kStringBssEntry, target_dex_file);
-    patch.string_idx_ = target_string_idx;
-    patch.pc_insn_offset_ = pc_insn_offset;
-    return patch;
-  }
-
   static LinkerPatch DexCacheArrayPatch(size_t literal_offset,
                                         const DexFile* target_dex_file,
                                         uint32_t pc_insn_offset,
-                                        uint32_t element_offset) {
+                                        size_t element_offset) {
     DCHECK(IsUint<32>(element_offset));
     LinkerPatch patch(literal_offset, Type::kDexCacheArray, target_dex_file);
     patch.pc_insn_offset_ = pc_insn_offset;
@@ -282,7 +271,6 @@
       case Type::kCallRelative:
       case Type::kTypeRelative:
       case Type::kStringRelative:
-      case Type::kStringBssEntry:
       case Type::kDexCacheArray:
         return true;
       default:
@@ -308,16 +296,12 @@
   }
 
   const DexFile* TargetStringDexFile() const {
-    DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kString ||
-           patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative ||
-           patch_type_ == Type::kStringBssEntry);
+    DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kString || patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative);
     return target_dex_file_;
   }
 
   uint32_t TargetStringIndex() const {
-    DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kString ||
-           patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative ||
-           patch_type_ == Type::kStringBssEntry);
+    DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kString || patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative);
     return string_idx_;
   }
 
@@ -334,7 +318,6 @@
   uint32_t PcInsnOffset() const {
     DCHECK(patch_type_ == Type::kTypeRelative ||
            patch_type_ == Type::kStringRelative ||
-           patch_type_ == Type::kStringBssEntry ||
            patch_type_ == Type::kDexCacheArray);
     return pc_insn_offset_;
   }
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiled_method_storage_test.cc b/compiler/driver/compiled_method_storage_test.cc
index b72d0ac..5063d71 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiled_method_storage_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiled_method_storage_test.cc
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
                         Compiler::kOptimizing,
                         /* instruction_set_ */ kNone,
                         /* instruction_set_features */ nullptr,
+                        /* boot_image */ false,
+                        /* app_image */ false,
                         /* image_classes */ nullptr,
                         /* compiled_classes */ nullptr,
                         /* compiled_methods */ nullptr,
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
index e2f8d92..2ec3f16 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
@@ -355,6 +355,8 @@
     Compiler::Kind compiler_kind,
     InstructionSet instruction_set,
     const InstructionSetFeatures* instruction_set_features,
+    bool boot_image,
+    bool app_image,
     std::unordered_set<std::string>* image_classes,
     std::unordered_set<std::string>* compiled_classes,
     std::unordered_set<std::string>* compiled_methods,
@@ -375,6 +377,8 @@
       compiled_methods_lock_("compiled method lock"),
       compiled_methods_(MethodTable::key_compare()),
       non_relative_linker_patch_count_(0u),
+      boot_image_(boot_image),
+      app_image_(app_image),
       image_classes_(image_classes),
       classes_to_compile_(compiled_classes),
       methods_to_compile_(compiled_methods),
@@ -400,7 +404,7 @@
   if (compiler_options->VerifyOnlyProfile()) {
     CHECK(profile_compilation_info_ != nullptr) << "Requires profile";
   }
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (boot_image_) {
     CHECK(image_classes_.get() != nullptr) << "Expected image classes for boot image";
   }
 }
@@ -492,7 +496,7 @@
   // 3) Attempt to verify all classes
   // 4) Attempt to initialize image classes, and trivially initialized classes
   PreCompile(class_loader, dex_files, timings);
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (IsBootImage()) {
     // We don't need to setup the intrinsics for non boot image compilation, as
     // those compilations will pick up a boot image that have the ArtMethod already
     // set with the intrinsics flag.
@@ -978,7 +982,7 @@
     return;
   }
 
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsForceDeterminism() && GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsForceDeterminism() && IsBootImage()) {
     // Resolve strings from const-string. Do this now to have a deterministic image.
     ResolveConstStrings(this, dex_files, timings);
     VLOG(compiler) << "Resolve const-strings: " << GetMemoryUsageString(false);
@@ -1006,7 +1010,7 @@
   }
   // No set of image classes, assume we include all the classes.
   // NOTE: Currently only reachable from InitImageMethodVisitor for the app image case.
-  return !GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage();
+  return !IsBootImage();
 }
 
 bool CompilerDriver::IsClassToCompile(const char* descriptor) const {
@@ -1130,7 +1134,7 @@
 // Make a list of descriptors for classes to include in the image
 void CompilerDriver::LoadImageClasses(TimingLogger* timings) {
   CHECK(timings != nullptr);
-  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (!IsBootImage()) {
     return;
   }
 
@@ -1358,7 +1362,7 @@
 };
 
 void CompilerDriver::UpdateImageClasses(TimingLogger* timings) {
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (IsBootImage()) {
     TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t("UpdateImageClasses", timings);
 
     Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
@@ -1385,7 +1389,7 @@
     // Having the klass reference here implies that the klass is already loaded.
     return true;
   }
-  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (!IsBootImage()) {
     // Assume loaded only if klass is in the boot image. App classes cannot be assumed
     // loaded because we don't even know what class loader will be used to load them.
     bool class_in_image = runtime->GetHeap()->FindSpaceFromObject(klass, false)->IsImageSpace();
@@ -1410,7 +1414,7 @@
 bool CompilerDriver::CanAssumeTypeIsPresentInDexCache(Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                                                       uint32_t type_idx) {
   bool result = false;
-  if ((GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() &&
+  if ((IsBootImage() &&
        IsImageClass(dex_cache->GetDexFile()->StringDataByIdx(
            dex_cache->GetDexFile()->GetTypeId(type_idx).descriptor_idx_))) ||
       Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation()) {
@@ -1431,13 +1435,13 @@
   // See also Compiler::ResolveDexFile
 
   bool result = false;
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() || Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation()) {
+  if (IsBootImage() || Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation()) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
     ClassLinker* const class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindDexCache(
         soa.Self(), dex_file, false)));
-    if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    if (IsBootImage()) {
       // We resolve all const-string strings when building for the image.
       class_linker->ResolveString(dex_file, string_idx, dex_cache);
       result = true;
@@ -1540,7 +1544,7 @@
   if (compiling_boot) {
     // boot -> boot class pointers.
     // True if the class is in the image at boot compiling time.
-    const bool is_image_class = GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() && IsImageClass(
+    const bool is_image_class = IsBootImage() && IsImageClass(
         dex_file.StringDataByIdx(dex_file.GetTypeId(type_idx).descriptor_idx_));
     // True if pc relative load works.
     if (is_image_class && support_boot_image_fixup) {
@@ -1729,7 +1733,7 @@
 
   if (!use_dex_cache && force_relocations) {
     bool is_in_image;
-    if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    if (IsBootImage()) {
       is_in_image = IsImageClass(method->GetDeclaringClassDescriptor());
     } else {
       is_in_image = instruction_set_ != kX86 && instruction_set_ != kX86_64 &&
@@ -2128,7 +2132,7 @@
 
   ParallelCompilationManager context(class_linker, class_loader, this, &dex_file, dex_files,
                                      thread_pool);
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (IsBootImage()) {
     // For images we resolve all types, such as array, whereas for applications just those with
     // classdefs are resolved by ResolveClassFieldsAndMethods.
     TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t("Resolve Types", timings);
@@ -2238,7 +2242,7 @@
       // It is *very* problematic if there are verification errors in the boot classpath. For example,
       // we rely on things working OK without verification when the decryption dialog is brought up.
       // So abort in a debug build if we find this violated.
-      DCHECK(!manager_->GetCompiler()->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() || klass->IsVerified())
+      DCHECK(!manager_->GetCompiler()->IsBootImage() || klass->IsVerified())
           << "Boot classpath class " << PrettyClass(klass.Get()) << " failed to fully verify.";
     }
     soa.Self()->AssertNoPendingException();
@@ -2369,8 +2373,7 @@
           if (!klass->IsInitialized()) {
             // We need to initialize static fields, we only do this for image classes that aren't
             // marked with the $NoPreloadHolder (which implies this should not be initialized early).
-            bool can_init_static_fields =
-                manager_->GetCompiler()->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() &&
+            bool can_init_static_fields = manager_->GetCompiler()->IsBootImage() &&
                 manager_->GetCompiler()->IsImageClass(descriptor) &&
                 !StringPiece(descriptor).ends_with("$NoPreloadHolder;");
             if (can_init_static_fields) {
@@ -2442,7 +2445,7 @@
   ClassLinker* class_linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
   ParallelCompilationManager context(class_linker, jni_class_loader, this, &dex_file, dex_files,
                                      init_thread_pool);
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (IsBootImage()) {
     // TODO: remove this when transactional mode supports multithreading.
     init_thread_count = 1U;
   }
@@ -2496,7 +2499,7 @@
     CHECK(dex_file != nullptr);
     InitializeClasses(class_loader, *dex_file, dex_files, timings);
   }
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage() || GetCompilerOptions().IsAppImage()) {
+  if (boot_image_ || app_image_) {
     // Make sure that we call EnsureIntiailized on all the array classes to call
     // SetVerificationAttempted so that the access flags are set. If we do not do this they get
     // changed at runtime resulting in more dirty image pages.
@@ -2506,7 +2509,7 @@
     InitializeArrayClassesAndCreateConflictTablesVisitor visitor;
     Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->VisitClassesWithoutClassesLock(&visitor);
   }
-  if (GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (IsBootImage()) {
     // Prune garbage objects created during aborted transactions.
     Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->CollectGarbage(true);
   }
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
index eb1222c..52a04cc 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.h
@@ -90,6 +90,8 @@
                  Compiler::Kind compiler_kind,
                  InstructionSet instruction_set,
                  const InstructionSetFeatures* instruction_set_features,
+                 bool boot_image,
+                 bool app_image,
                  std::unordered_set<std::string>* image_classes,
                  std::unordered_set<std::string>* compiled_classes,
                  std::unordered_set<std::string>* compiled_methods,
@@ -145,6 +147,11 @@
     return compiler_.get();
   }
 
+  // Are we compiling and creating an image file?
+  bool IsBootImage() const {
+    return boot_image_;
+  }
+
   const std::unordered_set<std::string>* GetImageClasses() const {
     return image_classes_.get();
   }
@@ -621,6 +628,9 @@
   // in the .oat_patches ELF section if requested in the compiler options.
   size_t non_relative_linker_patch_count_ GUARDED_BY(compiled_methods_lock_);
 
+  const bool boot_image_;
+  const bool app_image_;
+
   // If image_ is true, specifies the classes that will be included in the image.
   // Note if image_classes_ is null, all classes are included in the image.
   std::unique_ptr<std::unordered_set<std::string>> image_classes_;
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.cc
index cbcc169..30ba8c9 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.cc
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@
       inline_depth_limit_(kUnsetInlineDepthLimit),
       inline_max_code_units_(kUnsetInlineMaxCodeUnits),
       no_inline_from_(nullptr),
-      boot_image_(false),
-      app_image_(false),
       include_patch_information_(kDefaultIncludePatchInformation),
       top_k_profile_threshold_(kDefaultTopKProfileThreshold),
       debuggable_(false),
@@ -80,35 +78,34 @@
                                  bool dump_cfg_append,
                                  bool force_determinism,
                                  RegisterAllocator::Strategy regalloc_strategy,
-                                 const std::vector<std::string>* passes_to_run)
-    : compiler_filter_(compiler_filter),
-      huge_method_threshold_(huge_method_threshold),
-      large_method_threshold_(large_method_threshold),
-      small_method_threshold_(small_method_threshold),
-      tiny_method_threshold_(tiny_method_threshold),
-      num_dex_methods_threshold_(num_dex_methods_threshold),
-      inline_depth_limit_(inline_depth_limit),
-      inline_max_code_units_(inline_max_code_units),
-      no_inline_from_(no_inline_from),
-      boot_image_(false),
-      app_image_(false),
-      include_patch_information_(include_patch_information),
-      top_k_profile_threshold_(top_k_profile_threshold),
-      debuggable_(debuggable),
-      generate_debug_info_(generate_debug_info),
-      generate_mini_debug_info_(kDefaultGenerateMiniDebugInfo),
-      implicit_null_checks_(implicit_null_checks),
-      implicit_so_checks_(implicit_so_checks),
-      implicit_suspend_checks_(implicit_suspend_checks),
-      compile_pic_(compile_pic),
-      verbose_methods_(verbose_methods),
-      abort_on_hard_verifier_failure_(abort_on_hard_verifier_failure),
-      init_failure_output_(init_failure_output),
-      dump_cfg_file_name_(dump_cfg_file_name),
-      dump_cfg_append_(dump_cfg_append),
-      force_determinism_(force_determinism),
-      register_allocation_strategy_(regalloc_strategy),
-      passes_to_run_(passes_to_run) {
+                                 const std::vector<std::string>* passes_to_run
+                                 ) :  // NOLINT(whitespace/parens)
+    compiler_filter_(compiler_filter),
+    huge_method_threshold_(huge_method_threshold),
+    large_method_threshold_(large_method_threshold),
+    small_method_threshold_(small_method_threshold),
+    tiny_method_threshold_(tiny_method_threshold),
+    num_dex_methods_threshold_(num_dex_methods_threshold),
+    inline_depth_limit_(inline_depth_limit),
+    inline_max_code_units_(inline_max_code_units),
+    no_inline_from_(no_inline_from),
+    include_patch_information_(include_patch_information),
+    top_k_profile_threshold_(top_k_profile_threshold),
+    debuggable_(debuggable),
+    generate_debug_info_(generate_debug_info),
+    generate_mini_debug_info_(kDefaultGenerateMiniDebugInfo),
+    implicit_null_checks_(implicit_null_checks),
+    implicit_so_checks_(implicit_so_checks),
+    implicit_suspend_checks_(implicit_suspend_checks),
+    compile_pic_(compile_pic),
+    verbose_methods_(verbose_methods),
+    abort_on_hard_verifier_failure_(abort_on_hard_verifier_failure),
+    init_failure_output_(init_failure_output),
+    dump_cfg_file_name_(dump_cfg_file_name),
+    dump_cfg_append_(dump_cfg_append),
+    force_determinism_(force_determinism),
+    register_allocation_strategy_(regalloc_strategy),
+    passes_to_run_(passes_to_run) {
 }
 
 void CompilerOptions::ParseHugeMethodMax(const StringPiece& option, UsageFn Usage) {
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h
index 8e4a775..abc58d7 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_options.h
@@ -203,14 +203,6 @@
     return include_patch_information_;
   }
 
-  bool IsBootImage() const {
-    return boot_image_;
-  }
-
-  bool IsAppImage() const {
-    return app_image_;
-  }
-
   // Should the code be compiled as position independent?
   bool GetCompilePic() const {
     return compile_pic_;
@@ -289,8 +281,6 @@
   // prefer vector<> over a lookup-oriented container, such as set<>.
   const std::vector<const DexFile*>* no_inline_from_;
 
-  bool boot_image_;
-  bool app_image_;
   bool include_patch_information_;
   // When using a profile file only the top K% of the profiled samples will be compiled.
   double top_k_profile_threshold_;
@@ -315,7 +305,7 @@
   std::string dump_cfg_file_name_;
   bool dump_cfg_append_;
 
-  // Whether the compiler should trade performance for determinism to guarantee exactly reproducible
+  // Whether the compiler should trade performance for determinism to guarantee exactly reproducable
   // outcomes.
   bool force_determinism_;
 
@@ -330,7 +320,6 @@
   const std::vector<std::string>* passes_to_run_;
 
   friend class Dex2Oat;
-  friend class CommonCompilerTest;
 
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CompilerOptions);
 };
diff --git a/compiler/elf_builder.h b/compiler/elf_builder.h
index 73240be..02831c9 100644
--- a/compiler/elf_builder.h
+++ b/compiler/elf_builder.h
@@ -619,8 +619,7 @@
   void PrepareDynamicSection(const std::string& elf_file_path,
                              Elf_Word rodata_size,
                              Elf_Word text_size,
-                             Elf_Word bss_size,
-                             Elf_Word bss_roots_offset) {
+                             Elf_Word bss_size) {
     std::string soname(elf_file_path);
     size_t directory_separator_pos = soname.rfind('/');
     if (directory_separator_pos != std::string::npos) {
@@ -660,20 +659,10 @@
       Elf_Word oatlastword_address = rodata_address + rodata_size - 4;
       dynsym_.Add(oatlastword, rodata_index, oatlastword_address, 4, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
     }
-    DCHECK_LE(bss_roots_offset, bss_size);
     if (bss_size != 0u) {
       Elf_Word bss_index = rodata_index + 1u + (text_size != 0 ? 1u : 0u);
       Elf_Word oatbss = dynstr_.Add("oatbss");
-      dynsym_.Add(oatbss, bss_index, bss_address, bss_roots_offset, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
-      // Add a symbol marking the start of the GC roots part of the .bss, if not empty.
-      if (bss_roots_offset != bss_size) {
-        DCHECK_LT(bss_roots_offset, bss_size);
-        Elf_Word bss_roots_address = bss_address + bss_roots_offset;
-        Elf_Word bss_roots_size = bss_size - bss_roots_offset;
-        Elf_Word oatbssroots = dynstr_.Add("oatbssroots");
-        dynsym_.Add(
-            oatbssroots, bss_index, bss_roots_address, bss_roots_size, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
-      }
+      dynsym_.Add(oatbss, bss_index, bss_address, bss_size, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
       Elf_Word oatbsslastword = dynstr_.Add("oatbsslastword");
       Elf_Word bsslastword_address = bss_address + bss_size - 4;
       dynsym_.Add(oatbsslastword, bss_index, bsslastword_address, 4, STB_GLOBAL, STT_OBJECT);
diff --git a/compiler/elf_writer.h b/compiler/elf_writer.h
index d55f745..f8f9102 100644
--- a/compiler/elf_writer.h
+++ b/compiler/elf_writer.h
@@ -52,10 +52,7 @@
   virtual ~ElfWriter() {}
 
   virtual void Start() = 0;
-  virtual void PrepareDynamicSection(size_t rodata_size,
-                                     size_t text_size,
-                                     size_t bss_size,
-                                     size_t bss_roots_offset) = 0;
+  virtual void SetLoadedSectionSizes(size_t rodata_size, size_t text_size, size_t bss_size) = 0;
   virtual void PrepareDebugInfo(const ArrayRef<const debug::MethodDebugInfo>& method_infos) = 0;
   virtual OutputStream* StartRoData() = 0;
   virtual void EndRoData(OutputStream* rodata) = 0;
diff --git a/compiler/elf_writer_quick.cc b/compiler/elf_writer_quick.cc
index 36cd232..bed864b 100644
--- a/compiler/elf_writer_quick.cc
+++ b/compiler/elf_writer_quick.cc
@@ -93,10 +93,7 @@
   ~ElfWriterQuick();
 
   void Start() OVERRIDE;
-  void PrepareDynamicSection(size_t rodata_size,
-                             size_t text_size,
-                             size_t bss_size,
-                             size_t bss_roots_offset) OVERRIDE;
+  void SetLoadedSectionSizes(size_t rodata_size, size_t text_size, size_t bss_size) OVERRIDE;
   void PrepareDebugInfo(const ArrayRef<const debug::MethodDebugInfo>& method_infos) OVERRIDE;
   OutputStream* StartRoData() OVERRIDE;
   void EndRoData(OutputStream* rodata) OVERRIDE;
@@ -170,21 +167,16 @@
 }
 
 template <typename ElfTypes>
-void ElfWriterQuick<ElfTypes>::PrepareDynamicSection(size_t rodata_size,
+void ElfWriterQuick<ElfTypes>::SetLoadedSectionSizes(size_t rodata_size,
                                                      size_t text_size,
-                                                     size_t bss_size,
-                                                     size_t bss_roots_offset) {
+                                                     size_t bss_size) {
   DCHECK_EQ(rodata_size_, 0u);
   rodata_size_ = rodata_size;
   DCHECK_EQ(text_size_, 0u);
   text_size_ = text_size;
   DCHECK_EQ(bss_size_, 0u);
   bss_size_ = bss_size;
-  builder_->PrepareDynamicSection(elf_file_->GetPath(),
-                                  rodata_size_,
-                                  text_size_,
-                                  bss_size_,
-                                  bss_roots_offset);
+  builder_->PrepareDynamicSection(elf_file_->GetPath(), rodata_size_, text_size_, bss_size_);
 }
 
 template <typename ElfTypes>
diff --git a/compiler/image_test.cc b/compiler/image_test.cc
index 9e94b9d..4689c9d 100644
--- a/compiler/image_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/image_test.cc
@@ -263,10 +263,7 @@
         oat_writer->PrepareLayout(driver, writer.get(), cur_dex_files, &patcher);
         size_t rodata_size = oat_writer->GetOatHeader().GetExecutableOffset();
         size_t text_size = oat_writer->GetOatSize() - rodata_size;
-        elf_writer->PrepareDynamicSection(rodata_size,
-                                          text_size,
-                                          oat_writer->GetBssSize(),
-                                          oat_writer->GetBssRootsOffset());
+        elf_writer->SetLoadedSectionSizes(rodata_size, text_size, oat_writer->GetBssSize());
 
         writer->UpdateOatFileLayout(i,
                                     elf_writer->GetLoadedSize(),
diff --git a/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.cc b/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.cc
index 4ef2db8..4f86905 100644
--- a/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.cc
+++ b/compiler/jit/jit_compiler.cc
@@ -156,6 +156,8 @@
       Compiler::kOptimizing,
       instruction_set,
       instruction_set_features_.get(),
+      /* boot_image */ false,
+      /* app_image */ false,
       /* image_classes */ nullptr,
       /* compiled_classes */ nullptr,
       /* compiled_methods */ nullptr,
diff --git a/compiler/linker/arm64/relative_patcher_arm64.cc b/compiler/linker/arm64/relative_patcher_arm64.cc
index 3b77880..4c8788e 100644
--- a/compiler/linker/arm64/relative_patcher_arm64.cc
+++ b/compiler/linker/arm64/relative_patcher_arm64.cc
@@ -222,10 +222,9 @@
       }
       shift = 0u;  // No shift for ADD.
     } else {
-      // LDR/STR 32-bit or 64-bit with imm12 == 0 (unset).
-      DCHECK(patch.GetType() == LinkerPatch::Type::kDexCacheArray ||
-             patch.GetType() == LinkerPatch::Type::kStringBssEntry) << patch.GetType();
-      DCHECK_EQ(insn & 0xbfbffc00, 0xb9000000) << std::hex << insn;
+      // LDR 32-bit or 64-bit with imm12 == 0 (unset).
+      DCHECK(patch.GetType() == LinkerPatch::Type::kDexCacheArray) << patch.GetType();
+      DCHECK_EQ(insn & 0xbffffc00, 0xb9400000) << std::hex << insn;
     }
     if (kIsDebugBuild) {
       uint32_t adrp = GetInsn(code, pc_insn_offset);
diff --git a/compiler/linker/relative_patcher_test.h b/compiler/linker/relative_patcher_test.h
index 0151789..62b3a0a 100644
--- a/compiler/linker/relative_patcher_test.h
+++ b/compiler/linker/relative_patcher_test.h
@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@
                 Compiler::kQuick,
                 instruction_set,
                 /* instruction_set_features*/ nullptr,
+                /* boot_image */ false,
+                /* app_image */ false,
                 /* image_classes */ nullptr,
                 /* compiled_classes */ nullptr,
                 /* compiled_methods */ nullptr,
diff --git a/compiler/oat_test.cc b/compiler/oat_test.cc
index 3fddbde..e8bc67d 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/oat_test.cc
@@ -108,6 +108,8 @@
                                               compiler_kind,
                                               insn_set,
                                               insn_features_.get(),
+                                              /* boot_image */ false,
+                                              /* app_image */ false,
                                               /* image_classes */ nullptr,
                                               /* compiled_classes */ nullptr,
                                               /* compiled_methods */ nullptr,
@@ -205,10 +207,7 @@
     oat_writer.PrepareLayout(compiler_driver_.get(), nullptr, dex_files, &patcher);
     size_t rodata_size = oat_writer.GetOatHeader().GetExecutableOffset();
     size_t text_size = oat_writer.GetOatSize() - rodata_size;
-    elf_writer->PrepareDynamicSection(rodata_size,
-                                      text_size,
-                                      oat_writer.GetBssSize(),
-                                      oat_writer.GetBssRootsOffset());
+    elf_writer->SetLoadedSectionSizes(rodata_size, text_size, oat_writer.GetBssSize());
 
     if (!oat_writer.WriteRodata(oat_rodata)) {
       return false;
diff --git a/compiler/oat_writer.cc b/compiler/oat_writer.cc
index 44c26ed..54ec7c1 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_writer.cc
+++ b/compiler/oat_writer.cc
@@ -300,10 +300,7 @@
     vdex_dex_files_offset_(0u),
     vdex_verifier_deps_offset_(0u),
     oat_size_(0u),
-    bss_start_(0u),
     bss_size_(0u),
-    bss_roots_offset_(0u),
-    bss_string_entries_(),
     oat_data_offset_(0u),
     oat_header_(nullptr),
     size_vdex_header_(0),
@@ -557,8 +554,15 @@
   oat_size_ = offset;
 
   if (!HasBootImage()) {
-    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming split("InitBssLayout", timings_);
-    InitBssLayout(instruction_set);
+    // Allocate space for app dex cache arrays in the .bss section.
+    size_t bss_start = RoundUp(oat_size_, kPageSize);
+    PointerSize pointer_size = GetInstructionSetPointerSize(instruction_set);
+    bss_size_ = 0u;
+    for (const DexFile* dex_file : *dex_files_) {
+      dex_cache_arrays_offsets_.Put(dex_file, bss_start + bss_size_);
+      DexCacheArraysLayout layout(pointer_size, dex_file);
+      bss_size_ += layout.Size();
+    }
   }
 
   CHECK_EQ(dex_files_->size(), oat_dex_files_.size());
@@ -801,10 +805,6 @@
             if (!patch.IsPcRelative()) {
               writer_->absolute_patch_locations_.push_back(base_loc + patch.LiteralOffset());
             }
-            if (patch.GetType() == LinkerPatch::Type::kStringBssEntry) {
-              StringReference ref(patch.TargetStringDexFile(), patch.TargetStringIndex());
-              writer_->bss_string_entries_.Overwrite(ref, /* placeholder */ 0u);
-            }
           }
         }
       }
@@ -1115,15 +1115,6 @@
                                                                      target_offset);
                 break;
               }
-              case LinkerPatch::Type::kStringBssEntry: {
-                StringReference ref(patch.TargetStringDexFile(), patch.TargetStringIndex());
-                uint32_t target_offset = writer_->bss_string_entries_.Get(ref);
-                writer_->relative_patcher_->PatchPcRelativeReference(&patched_code_,
-                                                                     patch,
-                                                                     offset_ + literal_offset,
-                                                                     target_offset);
-                break;
-              }
               case LinkerPatch::Type::kTypeRelative: {
                 uint32_t target_offset = GetTargetObjectOffset(GetTargetType(patch));
                 writer_->relative_patcher_->PatchPcRelativeReference(&patched_code_,
@@ -1509,7 +1500,7 @@
   offset = RoundUp(offset, kPageSize);
   oat_header_->SetExecutableOffset(offset);
   size_executable_offset_alignment_ = offset - old_offset;
-  if (compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
     InstructionSet instruction_set = compiler_driver_->GetInstructionSet();
 
     #define DO_TRAMPOLINE(field, fn_name) \
@@ -1557,29 +1548,6 @@
   return offset;
 }
 
-void OatWriter::InitBssLayout(InstructionSet instruction_set) {
-  DCHECK(!HasBootImage());
-
-  // Allocate space for app dex cache arrays in the .bss section.
-  bss_start_ = RoundUp(oat_size_, kPageSize);
-  PointerSize pointer_size = GetInstructionSetPointerSize(instruction_set);
-  bss_size_ = 0u;
-  for (const DexFile* dex_file : *dex_files_) {
-    dex_cache_arrays_offsets_.Put(dex_file, bss_start_ + bss_size_);
-    DexCacheArraysLayout layout(pointer_size, dex_file);
-    bss_size_ += layout.Size();
-  }
-
-  bss_roots_offset_ = bss_size_;
-
-  // Prepare offsets for .bss String entries.
-  for (auto& entry : bss_string_entries_) {
-    DCHECK_EQ(entry.second, 0u);
-    entry.second = bss_start_ + bss_size_;
-    bss_size_ += sizeof(GcRoot<mirror::String>);
-  }
-}
-
 bool OatWriter::WriteRodata(OutputStream* out) {
   CHECK(write_state_ == WriteState::kWriteRoData);
 
@@ -1768,7 +1736,7 @@
 
   oat_header_->SetImageFileLocationOatChecksum(image_file_location_oat_checksum);
   oat_header_->SetImageFileLocationOatDataBegin(image_file_location_oat_begin);
-  if (compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
     CHECK_EQ(image_patch_delta, 0);
     CHECK_EQ(oat_header_->GetImagePatchDelta(), 0);
   } else {
@@ -1858,7 +1826,7 @@
 }
 
 size_t OatWriter::WriteCode(OutputStream* out, const size_t file_offset, size_t relative_offset) {
-  if (compiler_driver_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+  if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
     InstructionSet instruction_set = compiler_driver_->GetInstructionSet();
 
     #define DO_TRAMPOLINE(field) \
diff --git a/compiler/oat_writer.h b/compiler/oat_writer.h
index 1cc193b..670accb 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_writer.h
+++ b/compiler/oat_writer.h
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
 #include "oat.h"
 #include "os.h"
 #include "safe_map.h"
-#include "string_reference.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -195,10 +194,6 @@
     return bss_size_;
   }
 
-  size_t GetBssRootsOffset() const {
-    return bss_roots_offset_;
-  }
-
   size_t GetOatDataOffset() const {
     return oat_data_offset_;
   }
@@ -270,7 +265,6 @@
   size_t InitOatMaps(size_t offset);
   size_t InitOatCode(size_t offset);
   size_t InitOatCodeDexFiles(size_t offset);
-  void InitBssLayout(InstructionSet instruction_set);
 
   bool WriteClassOffsets(OutputStream* out);
   bool WriteClasses(OutputStream* out);
@@ -328,20 +322,9 @@
   // Size required for Oat data structures.
   size_t oat_size_;
 
-  // The start of the required .bss section.
-  size_t bss_start_;
-
-  // The size of the required .bss section holding the DexCache data and GC roots.
+  // The size of the required .bss section holding the DexCache data.
   size_t bss_size_;
 
-  // The offset of the GC roots in .bss section.
-  size_t bss_roots_offset_;
-
-  // Map for allocating String entries in .bss. Indexed by StringReference for the source
-  // string in the dex file with the "string value comparator" for deduplication. The value
-  // is the target offset for patching, starting at `bss_start_ + bss_roots_offset_`.
-  SafeMap<StringReference, size_t, StringReferenceValueComparator> bss_string_entries_;
-
   // Offsets of the dex cache arrays for each app dex file. For the
   // boot image, this information is provided by the ImageWriter.
   SafeMap<const DexFile*, size_t> dex_cache_arrays_offsets_;  // DexFiles not owned.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
index 49f4f18..8500204 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator.h
@@ -531,15 +531,40 @@
   uint32_t GetReferenceDisableFlagOffset() const;
 
  protected:
-  // Patch info used for recording locations of required linker patches and their targets,
-  // i.e. target method, string, type or code identified by their dex file and index.
+  // Method patch info used for recording locations of required linker patches and
+  // target methods. The target method can be used for various purposes, whether for
+  // patching the address of the method or the code pointer or a PC-relative call.
   template <typename LabelType>
-  struct PatchInfo {
-    PatchInfo(const DexFile& target_dex_file, uint32_t target_index)
-        : dex_file(target_dex_file), index(target_index) { }
+  struct MethodPatchInfo {
+    explicit MethodPatchInfo(MethodReference m) : target_method(m), label() { }
+
+    MethodReference target_method;
+    LabelType label;
+  };
+
+  // String patch info used for recording locations of required linker patches and
+  // target strings. The actual string address can be absolute or PC-relative.
+  template <typename LabelType>
+  struct StringPatchInfo {
+    StringPatchInfo(const DexFile& df, uint32_t index)
+        : dex_file(df), string_index(index), label() { }
 
     const DexFile& dex_file;
-    uint32_t index;
+    uint32_t string_index;
+    LabelType label;
+  };
+
+  // Type patch info used for recording locations of required linker patches and
+  // target types. The actual type address can be absolute or PC-relative.
+  // TODO: Consider merging with MethodPatchInfo and StringPatchInfo - all these
+  // classes contain the dex file, some index and the label.
+  template <typename LabelType>
+  struct TypePatchInfo {
+    TypePatchInfo(const DexFile& df, uint32_t index)
+        : dex_file(df), type_index(index), label() { }
+
+    const DexFile& dex_file;
+    uint32_t type_index;
     LabelType label;
   };
 
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc
index e343657..55e1221 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.cc
@@ -422,50 +422,6 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadClassSlowPathARM);
 };
 
-class LoadStringSlowPathARM : public SlowPathCodeARM {
- public:
-  explicit LoadStringSlowPathARM(HLoadString* instruction) : SlowPathCodeARM(instruction) {}
-
-  void EmitNativeCode(CodeGenerator* codegen) OVERRIDE {
-    LocationSummary* locations = instruction_->GetLocations();
-    DCHECK(!locations->GetLiveRegisters()->ContainsCoreRegister(locations->Out().reg()));
-
-    CodeGeneratorARM* arm_codegen = down_cast<CodeGeneratorARM*>(codegen);
-    __ Bind(GetEntryLabel());
-    SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
-
-    InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
-    HLoadString* load = instruction_->AsLoadString();
-    const uint32_t string_index = load->GetStringIndex();
-    __ LoadImmediate(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0), string_index);
-    arm_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString, instruction_, instruction_->GetDexPc(), this);
-    CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
-    arm_codegen->Move32(locations->Out(), Location::RegisterLocation(R0));
-
-    RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
-
-    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
-    // TODO: Change art_quick_resolve_string to kSaveEverything and use a temporary for the
-    // .bss entry address in the fast path, so that we can avoid another calculation here.
-    CodeGeneratorARM::PcRelativePatchInfo* labels =
-        arm_codegen->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), string_index);
-    __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movw_label);
-    __ movw(IP, /* placeholder */ 0u);
-    __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movt_label);
-    __ movt(IP, /* placeholder */ 0u);
-    __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->add_pc_label);
-    __ add(IP, IP, ShifterOperand(PC));
-    __ str(locations->Out().AsRegister<Register>(), Address(IP));
-
-    __ b(GetExitLabel());
-  }
-
-  const char* GetDescription() const OVERRIDE { return "LoadStringSlowPathARM"; }
-
- private:
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadStringSlowPathARM);
-};
-
 class TypeCheckSlowPathARM : public SlowPathCodeARM {
  public:
   TypeCheckSlowPathARM(HInstruction* instruction, bool is_fatal)
@@ -5639,8 +5595,15 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress:
       DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
+      // We disable pc-relative load when there is an irreducible loop, as the optimization
+      // is incompatible with it.
+      // TODO: Create as many ArmDexCacheArraysBase instructions as needed for methods
+      // with irreducible loops.
+      if (GetGraph()->HasIrreducibleLoops()) {
+        return HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod;
+      }
       break;
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       break;
@@ -5650,13 +5613,12 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderARM::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = load->NeedsEnvironment()
-      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
-          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
-          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
+      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
 
   HLoadString::LoadKind load_kind = load->GetLoadKind();
+  DCHECK(load_kind != HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) << "Not supported";
   if (load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod) {
     locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
     locations->SetOut(Location::RegisterLocation(R0));
@@ -5678,7 +5640,6 @@
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative: {
-      DCHECK(codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
       CodeGeneratorARM::PcRelativePatchInfo* labels =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), load->GetStringIndex());
       __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movw_label);
@@ -5695,23 +5656,6 @@
       __ LoadLiteral(out, codegen_->DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(address));
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
-      DCHECK(!codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
-      CodeGeneratorARM::PcRelativePatchInfo* labels =
-          codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), load->GetStringIndex());
-      __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movw_label);
-      __ movw(out, /* placeholder */ 0u);
-      __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->movt_label);
-      __ movt(out, /* placeholder */ 0u);
-      __ BindTrackedLabel(&labels->add_pc_label);
-      __ add(out, out, ShifterOperand(PC));
-      GenerateGcRootFieldLoad(load, out_loc, out, 0);
-      SlowPathCode* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathARM(load);
-      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
-      __ CompareAndBranchIfZero(out, slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
-      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
-      return;
-    }
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -6860,8 +6804,7 @@
       __ bl(GetFrameEntryLabel());
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::CodePtrLocation::kCallPCRelative:
-      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
-                                          invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
+      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
       __ BindTrackedLabel(&relative_call_patches_.back().label);
       // Arbitrarily branch to the BL itself, override at link time.
       __ bl(&relative_call_patches_.back().label);
@@ -6963,37 +6906,17 @@
   return DeduplicateUint32Literal(address, &uint32_literals_);
 }
 
-template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-inline void CodeGeneratorARM::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
-    const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
-    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : infos) {
-    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
-    size_t offset_or_index = info.offset_or_index;
-    DCHECK(info.add_pc_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t add_pc_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.add_pc_label.Position());
-    // Add MOVW patch.
-    DCHECK(info.movw_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t movw_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movw_label.Position());
-    linker_patches->push_back(Factory(movw_offset, &dex_file, add_pc_offset, offset_or_index));
-    // Add MOVT patch.
-    DCHECK(info.movt_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t movt_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movt_label.Position());
-    linker_patches->push_back(Factory(movt_offset, &dex_file, add_pc_offset, offset_or_index));
-  }
-}
-
 void CodeGeneratorARM::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
       method_patches_.size() +
       call_patches_.size() +
       relative_call_patches_.size() +
-      /* MOVW+MOVT for each entry */ 2u * pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_.size() +
+      /* MOVW+MOVT for each base */ 2u * pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_.size() +
       boot_image_string_patches_.size() +
-      /* MOVW+MOVT for each entry */ 2u * pc_relative_string_patches_.size() +
+      /* MOVW+MOVT for each base */ 2u * pc_relative_string_patches_.size() +
       boot_image_type_patches_.size() +
-      /* MOVW+MOVT for each entry */ 2u * pc_relative_type_patches_.size() +
+      /* MOVW+MOVT for each base */ 2u * pc_relative_type_patches_.size() +
       boot_image_address_patches_.size();
   linker_patches->reserve(size);
   for (const auto& entry : method_patches_) {
@@ -7014,13 +6937,32 @@
                                                      target_method.dex_file,
                                                      target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
+  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position();
-    linker_patches->push_back(
-        LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset,
+                                                             info.target_method.dex_file,
+                                                             info.target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch>(pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_,
-                                                               linker_patches);
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
+    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
+    size_t base_element_offset = info.offset_or_index;
+    DCHECK(info.add_pc_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t add_pc_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.add_pc_label.Position());
+    // Add MOVW patch.
+    DCHECK(info.movw_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t movw_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movw_label.Position());
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(movw_offset,
+                                                              &dex_file,
+                                                              add_pc_offset,
+                                                              base_element_offset));
+    // Add MOVT patch.
+    DCHECK(info.movt_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t movt_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movt_label.Position());
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(movt_offset,
+                                                              &dex_file,
+                                                              add_pc_offset,
+                                                              base_element_offset));
+  }
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_string_patches_) {
     const StringReference& target_string = entry.first;
     Literal* literal = entry.second;
@@ -7030,12 +6972,25 @@
                                                        target_string.dex_file,
                                                        target_string.string_index));
   }
-  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
-                                                                  linker_patches);
-  } else {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
-                                                                  linker_patches);
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_string_patches_) {
+    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
+    uint32_t string_index = info.offset_or_index;
+    DCHECK(info.add_pc_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t add_pc_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.add_pc_label.Position());
+    // Add MOVW patch.
+    DCHECK(info.movw_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t movw_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movw_label.Position());
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(movw_offset,
+                                                               &dex_file,
+                                                               add_pc_offset,
+                                                               string_index));
+    // Add MOVT patch.
+    DCHECK(info.movt_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t movt_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movt_label.Position());
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(movt_offset,
+                                                               &dex_file,
+                                                               add_pc_offset,
+                                                               string_index));
   }
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_type_patches_) {
     const TypeReference& target_type = entry.first;
@@ -7046,8 +7001,26 @@
                                                      target_type.dex_file,
                                                      target_type.type_index));
   }
-  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(pc_relative_type_patches_,
-                                                              linker_patches);
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_type_patches_) {
+    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
+    uint32_t type_index = info.offset_or_index;
+    DCHECK(info.add_pc_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t add_pc_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.add_pc_label.Position());
+    // Add MOVW patch.
+    DCHECK(info.movw_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t movw_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movw_label.Position());
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(movw_offset,
+                                                             &dex_file,
+                                                             add_pc_offset,
+                                                             type_index));
+    // Add MOVT patch.
+    DCHECK(info.movt_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t movt_offset = dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(info.movt_label.Position());
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(movt_offset,
+                                                             &dex_file,
+                                                             add_pc_offset,
+                                                             type_index));
+  }
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_address_patches_) {
     DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().GetIncludePatchInformation());
     Literal* literal = entry.second;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.h
index ef2e23f..6416d40 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm.h
@@ -593,10 +593,6 @@
                                           uint32_t offset_or_index,
                                           ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>* patches);
 
-  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-  static void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
-                                          ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
-
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   Label* block_labels_;  // Indexed by block id.
   Label frame_entry_label_;
@@ -613,12 +609,12 @@
   MethodToLiteralMap call_patches_;
   // Relative call patch info.
   // Using ArenaDeque<> which retains element addresses on push/emplace_back().
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
   // PC-relative patch info for each HArmDexCacheArraysBase.
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot string literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootStringToLiteralMap boot_image_string_patches_;
-  // PC-relative String patch info; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC).
+  // PC-relative String patch info.
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_string_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot type literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootTypeToLiteralMap boot_image_type_patches_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc
index 5d00267..a2a2e42 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.cc
@@ -329,55 +329,6 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadClassSlowPathARM64);
 };
 
-class LoadStringSlowPathARM64 : public SlowPathCodeARM64 {
- public:
-  explicit LoadStringSlowPathARM64(HLoadString* instruction) : SlowPathCodeARM64(instruction) {}
-
-  void EmitNativeCode(CodeGenerator* codegen) OVERRIDE {
-    LocationSummary* locations = instruction_->GetLocations();
-    DCHECK(!locations->GetLiveRegisters()->ContainsCoreRegister(locations->Out().reg()));
-    CodeGeneratorARM64* arm64_codegen = down_cast<CodeGeneratorARM64*>(codegen);
-
-    __ Bind(GetEntryLabel());
-    SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
-
-    InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
-    const uint32_t string_index = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetStringIndex();
-    __ Mov(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0).W(), string_index);
-    arm64_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString, instruction_, instruction_->GetDexPc(), this);
-    CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
-    Primitive::Type type = instruction_->GetType();
-    arm64_codegen->MoveLocation(locations->Out(), calling_convention.GetReturnLocation(type), type);
-
-    RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
-
-    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
-    UseScratchRegisterScope temps(arm64_codegen->GetVIXLAssembler());
-    Register temp = temps.AcquireX();
-    const DexFile& dex_file = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetDexFile();
-    // TODO: Change art_quick_resolve_string to kSaveEverything and use a temporary
-    // for the ADRP in the fast path, so that we can avoid the ADRP here.
-    vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label =
-        arm64_codegen->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index);
-    arm64_codegen->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, temp);
-    vixl::aarch64::Label* strp_label =
-        arm64_codegen->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index, adrp_label);
-    {
-      SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(arm64_codegen->GetVIXLAssembler());
-      __ Bind(strp_label);
-      __ str(RegisterFrom(locations->Out(), Primitive::kPrimNot),
-             MemOperand(temp, /* offset placeholder */ 0));
-    }
-
-    __ B(GetExitLabel());
-  }
-
-  const char* GetDescription() const OVERRIDE { return "LoadStringSlowPathARM64"; }
-
- private:
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadStringSlowPathARM64);
-};
-
 class NullCheckSlowPathARM64 : public SlowPathCodeARM64 {
  public:
   explicit NullCheckSlowPathARM64(HNullCheck* instr) : SlowPathCodeARM64(instr) {}
@@ -3643,11 +3594,19 @@
       const DexFile& dex_file = invoke->GetDexFile();
       uint32_t element_offset = invoke->GetDexCacheArrayOffset();
       vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label = NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(dex_file, element_offset);
-      EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, XRegisterFrom(temp));
+      {
+        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+        __ Bind(adrp_label);
+        __ adrp(XRegisterFrom(temp), /* offset placeholder */ 0);
+      }
       // Add LDR with its PC-relative DexCache access patch.
       vixl::aarch64::Label* ldr_label =
           NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(dex_file, element_offset, adrp_label);
-      EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(ldr_label, XRegisterFrom(temp), XRegisterFrom(temp));
+      {
+        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+        __ Bind(ldr_label);
+        __ ldr(XRegisterFrom(temp), MemOperand(XRegisterFrom(temp), /* offset placeholder */ 0));
+      }
       break;
     }
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod: {
@@ -3680,8 +3639,7 @@
       __ Bl(&frame_entry_label_);
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::CodePtrLocation::kCallPCRelative: {
-      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
-                                          invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
+      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
       vixl::aarch64::Label* label = &relative_call_patches_.back().label;
       SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
       __ Bind(label);
@@ -3803,45 +3761,6 @@
   return DeduplicateUint64Literal(address);
 }
 
-void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitAdrpPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
-                                             vixl::aarch64::Register reg) {
-  DCHECK(reg.IsX());
-  SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-  __ Bind(fixup_label);
-  __ adrp(reg, /* offset placeholder */ 0);
-}
-
-void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitAddPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
-                                            vixl::aarch64::Register out,
-                                            vixl::aarch64::Register base) {
-  DCHECK(out.IsX());
-  DCHECK(base.IsX());
-  SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-  __ Bind(fixup_label);
-  __ add(out, base, Operand(/* offset placeholder */ 0));
-}
-
-void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
-                                                  vixl::aarch64::Register out,
-                                                  vixl::aarch64::Register base) {
-  DCHECK(base.IsX());
-  SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
-  __ Bind(fixup_label);
-  __ ldr(out, MemOperand(base, /* offset placeholder */ 0));
-}
-
-template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-inline void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
-    const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
-    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : infos) {
-    linker_patches->push_back(Factory(info.label.GetLocation(),
-                                      &info.target_dex_file,
-                                      info.pc_insn_label->GetLocation(),
-                                      info.offset_or_index));
-  }
-}
-
 void CodeGeneratorARM64::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
@@ -3869,9 +3788,10 @@
                                                      target_method.dex_file,
                                                      target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  for (const PatchInfo<vixl::aarch64::Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
-    linker_patches->push_back(
-        LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(info.label.GetLocation(), &info.dex_file, info.index));
+  for (const MethodPatchInfo<vixl::aarch64::Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(info.label.GetLocation(),
+                                                             info.target_method.dex_file,
+                                                             info.target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
   for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
     linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(info.label.GetLocation(),
@@ -3886,12 +3806,11 @@
                                                        target_string.dex_file,
                                                        target_string.string_index));
   }
-  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
-                                                                  linker_patches);
-  } else {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
-                                                                  linker_patches);
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_string_patches_) {
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(info.label.GetLocation(),
+                                                               &info.target_dex_file,
+                                                               info.pc_insn_label->GetLocation(),
+                                                               info.offset_or_index));
   }
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_type_patches_) {
     const TypeReference& target_type = entry.first;
@@ -3900,8 +3819,12 @@
                                                      target_type.dex_file,
                                                      target_type.type_index));
   }
-  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(pc_relative_type_patches_,
-                                                                linker_patches);
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_type_patches_) {
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(info.label.GetLocation(),
+                                                             &info.target_dex_file,
+                                                             info.pc_insn_label->GetLocation(),
+                                                             info.offset_or_index));
+  }
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_address_patches_) {
     DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().GetIncludePatchInformation());
     vixl::aarch64::Literal<uint32_t>* literal = entry.second;
@@ -4058,11 +3981,19 @@
       const DexFile& dex_file = cls->GetDexFile();
       uint32_t type_index = cls->GetTypeIndex();
       vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label = codegen_->NewPcRelativeTypePatch(dex_file, type_index);
-      codegen_->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, out.X());
+      {
+        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+        __ Bind(adrp_label);
+        __ adrp(out.X(), /* offset placeholder */ 0);
+      }
       // Add ADD with its PC-relative type patch.
       vixl::aarch64::Label* add_label =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeTypePatch(dex_file, type_index, adrp_label);
-      codegen_->EmitAddPlaceholder(add_label, out.X(), out.X());
+      {
+        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+        __ Bind(add_label);
+        __ add(out.X(), out.X(), Operand(/* offset placeholder */ 0));
+      }
       break;
     }
     case HLoadClass::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -4099,7 +4030,11 @@
       uint32_t element_offset = cls->GetDexCacheElementOffset();
       vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(dex_file, element_offset);
-      codegen_->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, out.X());
+      {
+        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+        __ Bind(adrp_label);
+        __ adrp(out.X(), /* offset placeholder */ 0);
+      }
       // Add LDR with its PC-relative DexCache access patch.
       vixl::aarch64::Label* ldr_label =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(dex_file, element_offset, adrp_label);
@@ -4184,7 +4119,7 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress:
       DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
@@ -4195,9 +4130,7 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderARM64::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = load->NeedsEnvironment()
-      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
-          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
-          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
+      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
   if (load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod) {
@@ -4221,13 +4154,20 @@
       // Add ADRP with its PC-relative String patch.
       const DexFile& dex_file = load->GetDexFile();
       uint32_t string_index = load->GetStringIndex();
-      DCHECK(codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
       vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label = codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index);
-      codegen_->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, out.X());
+      {
+        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+        __ Bind(adrp_label);
+        __ adrp(out.X(), /* offset placeholder */ 0);
+      }
       // Add ADD with its PC-relative String patch.
       vixl::aarch64::Label* add_label =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index, adrp_label);
-      codegen_->EmitAddPlaceholder(add_label, out.X(), out.X());
+      {
+        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+        __ Bind(add_label);
+        __ add(out.X(), out.X(), Operand(/* offset placeholder */ 0));
+      }
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -4235,28 +4175,6 @@
       __ Ldr(out.W(), codegen_->DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(load->GetAddress()));
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
-      // Add ADRP with its PC-relative String .bss entry patch.
-      const DexFile& dex_file = load->GetDexFile();
-      uint32_t string_index = load->GetStringIndex();
-      DCHECK(!codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
-      vixl::aarch64::Label* adrp_label = codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index);
-      codegen_->EmitAdrpPlaceholder(adrp_label, out.X());
-      // Add LDR with its PC-relative String patch.
-      vixl::aarch64::Label* ldr_label =
-          codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(dex_file, string_index, adrp_label);
-      // /* GcRoot<mirror::Class> */ out = *(base_address + offset)  /* PC-relative */
-      GenerateGcRootFieldLoad(load,
-                              load->GetLocations()->Out(),
-                              out.X(),
-                              /* placeholder */ 0u,
-                              ldr_label);
-      SlowPathCodeARM64* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathARM64(load);
-      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
-      __ Cbz(out.X(), slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
-      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
-      return;
-    }
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -5026,7 +4944,6 @@
                                                             uint32_t offset,
                                                             vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
                                                             bool requires_read_barrier) {
-  DCHECK(fixup_label == nullptr || offset == 0u);
   Register root_reg = RegisterFrom(root, Primitive::kPrimNot);
   if (requires_read_barrier) {
     DCHECK(kEmitCompilerReadBarrier);
@@ -5043,7 +4960,9 @@
       if (fixup_label == nullptr) {
         __ Ldr(root_reg, MemOperand(obj, offset));
       } else {
-        codegen_->EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(fixup_label, root_reg, obj);
+        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+        __ Bind(fixup_label);
+        __ ldr(root_reg, MemOperand(obj, offset));
       }
       static_assert(
           sizeof(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>) == sizeof(GcRoot<mirror::Object>),
@@ -5072,7 +4991,9 @@
       if (fixup_label == nullptr) {
         __ Add(root_reg.X(), obj.X(), offset);
       } else {
-        codegen_->EmitAddPlaceholder(fixup_label, root_reg.X(), obj.X());
+        SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+        __ Bind(fixup_label);
+        __ add(root_reg.X(), obj.X(), offset);
       }
       // /* mirror::Object* */ root = root->Read()
       codegen_->GenerateReadBarrierForRootSlow(instruction, root, root);
@@ -5083,7 +5004,9 @@
     if (fixup_label == nullptr) {
       __ Ldr(root_reg, MemOperand(obj, offset));
     } else {
-      codegen_->EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(fixup_label, root_reg, obj.X());
+      SingleEmissionCheckScope guard(GetVIXLAssembler());
+      __ Bind(fixup_label);
+      __ ldr(root_reg, MemOperand(obj, offset));
     }
     // Note that GC roots are not affected by heap poisoning, thus we
     // do not have to unpoison `root_reg` here.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.h
index eb28ecb..a152245 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_arm64.h
@@ -564,14 +564,6 @@
   vixl::aarch64::Literal<uint32_t>* DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(uint64_t address);
   vixl::aarch64::Literal<uint64_t>* DeduplicateDexCacheAddressLiteral(uint64_t address);
 
-  void EmitAdrpPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label, vixl::aarch64::Register reg);
-  void EmitAddPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
-                          vixl::aarch64::Register out,
-                          vixl::aarch64::Register base);
-  void EmitLdrOffsetPlaceholder(vixl::aarch64::Label* fixup_label,
-                                vixl::aarch64::Register out,
-                                vixl::aarch64::Register base);
-
   void EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) OVERRIDE;
 
   // Fast path implementation of ReadBarrier::Barrier for a heap
@@ -699,10 +691,6 @@
 
   void EmitJumpTables();
 
-  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-  static void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
-                                          ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
-
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   // We use a deque so that the `vixl::aarch64::Label` objects do not move in memory.
   ArenaDeque<vixl::aarch64::Label> block_labels_;  // Indexed by block id.
@@ -725,12 +713,12 @@
   MethodToLiteralMap call_patches_;
   // Relative call patch info.
   // Using ArenaDeque<> which retains element addresses on push/emplace_back().
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<vixl::aarch64::Label>> relative_call_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<vixl::aarch64::Label>> relative_call_patches_;
   // PC-relative DexCache access info.
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot string literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootStringToLiteralMap boot_image_string_patches_;
-  // PC-relative String patch info; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC).
+  // PC-relative String patch info.
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_string_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot type literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootTypeToLiteralMap boot_image_type_patches_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.cc
index f0118a4..5c0ca85 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.cc
@@ -279,8 +279,7 @@
     SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
 
     InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
-    HLoadString* load = instruction_->AsLoadString();
-    const uint32_t string_index = load->GetStringIndex();
+    const uint32_t string_index = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetStringIndex();
     __ LoadConst32(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0), string_index);
     mips_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString, instruction_, instruction_->GetDexPc(), this);
     CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
@@ -290,19 +289,6 @@
                                type);
 
     RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
-
-    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
-    // TODO: Change art_quick_resolve_string to kSaveEverything and use a temporary for the
-    // .bss entry address in the fast path, so that we can avoid another calculation here.
-    bool isR6 = mips_codegen->GetInstructionSetFeatures().IsR6();
-    Register base = isR6 ? ZERO : locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
-    Register out = locations->Out().AsRegister<Register>();
-    DCHECK_NE(out, AT);
-    CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
-        mips_codegen->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), string_index);
-    mips_codegen->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, AT, base);
-    __ StoreToOffset(kStoreWord, out, AT, 0);
-
     __ B(GetExitLabel());
   }
 
@@ -971,24 +957,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-inline void CodeGeneratorMIPS::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
-    const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
-    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
-  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : infos) {
-    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
-    size_t offset_or_index = info.offset_or_index;
-    DCHECK(info.high_label.IsBound());
-    uint32_t high_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.high_label);
-    // On R2 we use HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress and patch relative to
-    // the assembler's base label used for PC-relative addressing.
-    uint32_t pc_rel_offset = info.pc_rel_label.IsBound()
-        ? __ GetLabelLocation(&info.pc_rel_label)
-        : __ GetPcRelBaseLabelLocation();
-    linker_patches->push_back(Factory(high_offset, &dex_file, pc_rel_offset, offset_or_index));
-  }
-}
-
 void CodeGeneratorMIPS::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
@@ -1019,17 +987,48 @@
                                                      target_method.dex_file,
                                                      target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch>(pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_,
-                                                               linker_patches);
-  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
-                                                                  linker_patches);
-  } else {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(pc_relative_string_patches_,
-                                                                  linker_patches);
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
+    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
+    size_t base_element_offset = info.offset_or_index;
+    DCHECK(info.high_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t high_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.high_label);
+    DCHECK(info.pc_rel_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t pc_rel_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.pc_rel_label);
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(high_offset,
+                                                              &dex_file,
+                                                              pc_rel_offset,
+                                                              base_element_offset));
   }
-  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(pc_relative_type_patches_,
-                                                              linker_patches);
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_string_patches_) {
+    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
+    size_t string_index = info.offset_or_index;
+    DCHECK(info.high_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t high_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.high_label);
+    // On R2 we use HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress and patch relative to
+    // the assembler's base label used for PC-relative literals.
+    uint32_t pc_rel_offset = info.pc_rel_label.IsBound()
+        ? __ GetLabelLocation(&info.pc_rel_label)
+        : __ GetPcRelBaseLabelLocation();
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(high_offset,
+                                                               &dex_file,
+                                                               pc_rel_offset,
+                                                               string_index));
+  }
+  for (const PcRelativePatchInfo& info : pc_relative_type_patches_) {
+    const DexFile& dex_file = info.target_dex_file;
+    size_t type_index = info.offset_or_index;
+    DCHECK(info.high_label.IsBound());
+    uint32_t high_offset = __ GetLabelLocation(&info.high_label);
+    // On R2 we use HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress and patch relative to
+    // the assembler's base label used for PC-relative literals.
+    uint32_t pc_rel_offset = info.pc_rel_label.IsBound()
+        ? __ GetLabelLocation(&info.pc_rel_label)
+        : __ GetPcRelBaseLabelLocation();
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(high_offset,
+                                                             &dex_file,
+                                                             pc_rel_offset,
+                                                             type_index));
+  }
   for (const auto& entry : boot_image_string_patches_) {
     const StringReference& target_string = entry.first;
     Literal* literal = entry.second;
@@ -1119,36 +1118,6 @@
   return DeduplicateUint32Literal(dchecked_integral_cast<uint32_t>(address), map);
 }
 
-void CodeGeneratorMIPS::EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(
-    PcRelativePatchInfo* info, Register out, Register base) {
-  bool reordering = __ SetReorder(false);
-  if (GetInstructionSetFeatures().IsR6()) {
-    DCHECK_EQ(base, ZERO);
-    __ Bind(&info->high_label);
-    __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
-    // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
-    __ Auipc(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
-    __ Addiu(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
-  } else {
-    // If base is ZERO, emit NAL to obtain the actual base.
-    if (base == ZERO) {
-      // Generate a dummy PC-relative call to obtain PC.
-      __ Nal();
-    }
-    __ Bind(&info->high_label);
-    __ Lui(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
-    // If we emitted the NAL, bind the pc_rel_label, otherwise base is a register holding
-    // the HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress which has its own label stored in MipsAssembler.
-    if (base == ZERO) {
-      __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
-    }
-    __ Ori(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
-    // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
-    __ Addu(out, out, (base == ZERO) ? RA : base);
-  }
-  __ SetReorder(reordering);
-}
-
 void CodeGeneratorMIPS::MarkGCCard(Register object, Register value) {
   MipsLabel done;
   Register card = AT;
@@ -4260,8 +4229,6 @@
   }
   // We disable PC-relative load when there is an irreducible loop, as the optimization
   // is incompatible with it.
-  // TODO: Create as many MipsDexCacheArraysBase instructions as needed for methods
-  // with irreducible loops.
   bool has_irreducible_loops = GetGraph()->HasIrreducibleLoops();
   bool fallback_load = has_irreducible_loops;
   switch (desired_string_load_kind) {
@@ -4277,8 +4244,10 @@
       DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       fallback_load = false;
       break;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
+      // TODO: Create as many MipsDexCacheArraysBase instructions as needed for methods
+      // with irreducible loops.
       break;
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       fallback_load = false;
@@ -4658,7 +4627,23 @@
       DCHECK(!kEmitCompilerReadBarrier);
       CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeTypePatch(cls->GetDexFile(), cls->GetTypeIndex());
-      codegen_->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
+      bool reordering = __ SetReorder(false);
+      if (isR6) {
+        __ Bind(&info->high_label);
+        __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
+        // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
+        __ Auipc(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
+        __ Addiu(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
+      } else {
+        __ Bind(&info->high_label);
+        __ Lui(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
+        // We do not bind info->pc_rel_label here, we'll use the assembler's label
+        // for PC-relative literals and the base from HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress.
+        __ Ori(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
+        // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
+        __ Addu(out, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
+      }
+      __ SetReorder(reordering);
       break;
     }
     case HLoadClass::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -4747,9 +4732,7 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderMIPS::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = (load->NeedsEnvironment() || kEmitCompilerReadBarrier)
-      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
-          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
-          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
+      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
   HLoadString::LoadKind load_kind = load->GetLoadKind();
@@ -4763,7 +4746,7 @@
       }
       FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
     // We need an extra register for PC-relative dex cache accesses.
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
       break;
@@ -4785,7 +4768,6 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative:
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
       base_or_current_method_reg = isR6 ? ZERO : locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
       break;
     default:
@@ -4803,10 +4785,25 @@
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative: {
       DCHECK(!kEmitCompilerReadBarrier);
-      DCHECK(codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
       CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
           codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), load->GetStringIndex());
-      codegen_->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
+      bool reordering = __ SetReorder(false);
+      if (isR6) {
+        __ Bind(&info->high_label);
+        __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
+        // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
+        __ Auipc(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
+        __ Addiu(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
+      } else {
+        __ Bind(&info->high_label);
+        __ Lui(out, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
+        // We do not bind info->pc_rel_label here, we'll use the assembler's label
+        // for PC-relative literals and the base from HMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress.
+        __ Ori(out, out, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
+        // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
+        __ Addu(out, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
+      }
+      __ SetReorder(reordering);
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -4818,18 +4815,6 @@
                      codegen_->DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(address));
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
-      DCHECK(!codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
-      CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
-          codegen_->NewPcRelativeStringPatch(load->GetDexFile(), load->GetStringIndex());
-      codegen_->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, out, base_or_current_method_reg);
-      __ LoadFromOffset(kLoadWord, out, out, 0);
-      SlowPathCodeMIPS* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathMIPS(load);
-      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
-      __ Beqz(out, slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
-      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
-      return;
-    }
     default:
       break;
   }
@@ -6026,8 +6011,25 @@
   Register reg = base->GetLocations()->Out().AsRegister<Register>();
   CodeGeneratorMIPS::PcRelativePatchInfo* info =
       codegen_->NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(base->GetDexFile(), base->GetElementOffset());
-  // TODO: Reuse MipsComputeBaseMethodAddress on R2 instead of passing ZERO to force emitting NAL.
-  codegen_->EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(info, reg, ZERO);
+  bool reordering = __ SetReorder(false);
+  if (codegen_->GetInstructionSetFeatures().IsR6()) {
+    __ Bind(&info->high_label);
+    __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
+    // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
+    __ Auipc(reg, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
+    __ Addiu(reg, reg, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
+  } else {
+    // Generate a dummy PC-relative call to obtain PC.
+    __ Nal();
+    __ Bind(&info->high_label);
+    __ Lui(reg, /* placeholder */ 0x1234);
+    __ Bind(&info->pc_rel_label);
+    __ Ori(reg, reg, /* placeholder */ 0x5678);
+    // Add a 32-bit offset to PC.
+    __ Addu(reg, reg, RA);
+    // TODO: Can we share this code with that of VisitMipsComputeBaseMethodAddress()?
+  }
+  __ SetReorder(reordering);
 }
 
 void LocationsBuilderMIPS::VisitInvokeUnresolved(HInvokeUnresolved* invoke) {
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.h
index 0e8d8d4..f943978 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_mips.h
@@ -435,8 +435,6 @@
   Literal* DeduplicateBootImageTypeLiteral(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t type_index);
   Literal* DeduplicateBootImageAddressLiteral(uint32_t address);
 
-  void EmitPcRelativeAddressPlaceholder(PcRelativePatchInfo* info, Register out, Register base);
-
  private:
   Register GetInvokeStaticOrDirectExtraParameter(HInvokeStaticOrDirect* invoke, Register temp);
 
@@ -457,10 +455,6 @@
                                           uint32_t offset_or_index,
                                           ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>* patches);
 
-  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-  void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo>& infos,
-                                   ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
-
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   MipsLabel* block_labels_;
   MipsLabel frame_entry_label_;
@@ -479,7 +473,7 @@
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot string literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootStringToLiteralMap boot_image_string_patches_;
-  // PC-relative String patch info; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC).
+  // PC-relative String patch info.
   ArenaDeque<PcRelativePatchInfo> pc_relative_string_patches_;
   // Deduplication map for boot type literals for kBootImageLinkTimeAddress.
   BootTypeToLiteralMap boot_image_type_patches_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc
index 4942644..c300080 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.cc
@@ -209,42 +209,6 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SuspendCheckSlowPathX86);
 };
 
-class LoadStringSlowPathX86 : public SlowPathCode {
- public:
-  explicit LoadStringSlowPathX86(HLoadString* instruction): SlowPathCode(instruction) {}
-
-  void EmitNativeCode(CodeGenerator* codegen) OVERRIDE {
-    LocationSummary* locations = instruction_->GetLocations();
-    DCHECK(!locations->GetLiveRegisters()->ContainsCoreRegister(locations->Out().reg()));
-
-    CodeGeneratorX86* x86_codegen = down_cast<CodeGeneratorX86*>(codegen);
-    __ Bind(GetEntryLabel());
-    SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
-
-    InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
-    const uint32_t string_index = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetStringIndex();
-    __ movl(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0), Immediate(string_index));
-    x86_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString, instruction_, instruction_->GetDexPc(), this);
-    CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
-    x86_codegen->Move32(locations->Out(), Location::RegisterLocation(EAX));
-    RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
-
-    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
-    Register method_address = locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
-    __ movl(Address(method_address, CodeGeneratorX86::kDummy32BitOffset),
-            locations->Out().AsRegister<Register>());
-    Label* fixup_label = x86_codegen->NewStringBssEntryPatch(instruction_->AsLoadString());
-    __ Bind(fixup_label);
-
-    __ jmp(GetExitLabel());
-  }
-
-  const char* GetDescription() const OVERRIDE { return "LoadStringSlowPathX86"; }
-
- private:
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadStringSlowPathX86);
-};
-
 class LoadClassSlowPathX86 : public SlowPathCode {
  public:
   LoadClassSlowPathX86(HLoadClass* cls,
@@ -4327,8 +4291,7 @@
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDirectAddressWithFixup:
       __ movl(temp.AsRegister<Register>(), Immediate(/* placeholder */ 0));
-      method_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
-                                   invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
+      method_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
       __ Bind(&method_patches_.back().label);  // Bind the label at the end of the "movl" insn.
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative: {
@@ -4373,8 +4336,7 @@
       __ call(GetFrameEntryLabel());
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::CodePtrLocation::kCallPCRelative: {
-      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
-                                          invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
+      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
       Label* label = &relative_call_patches_.back().label;
       __ call(label);  // Bind to the patch label, override at link time.
       __ Bind(label);  // Bind the label at the end of the "call" insn.
@@ -4433,8 +4395,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-void CodeGeneratorX86::RecordBootStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
-  DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
+void CodeGeneratorX86::RecordStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
   string_patches_.emplace_back(load_string->GetDexFile(), load_string->GetStringIndex());
   __ Bind(&string_patches_.back().label);
 }
@@ -4444,12 +4405,6 @@
   __ Bind(&type_patches_.back().label);
 }
 
-Label* CodeGeneratorX86::NewStringBssEntryPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
-  DCHECK(!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
-  string_patches_.emplace_back(load_string->GetDexFile(), load_string->GetStringIndex());
-  return &string_patches_.back().label;
-}
-
 Label* CodeGeneratorX86::NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(const DexFile& dex_file,
                                                          uint32_t element_offset) {
   // Add the patch entry and bind its label at the end of the instruction.
@@ -4457,21 +4412,6 @@
   return &pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_.back().label;
 }
 
-// The label points to the end of the "movl" or another instruction but the literal offset
-// for method patch needs to point to the embedded constant which occupies the last 4 bytes.
-constexpr uint32_t kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment = 4u;
-
-template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-inline void CodeGeneratorX86::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
-    const ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>>& infos,
-    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
-  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : infos) {
-    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(
-        Factory(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, GetMethodAddressOffset(), info.index));
-  }
-}
-
 void CodeGeneratorX86::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
@@ -4482,38 +4422,59 @@
       string_patches_.size() +
       type_patches_.size();
   linker_patches->reserve(size);
-  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : method_patches_) {
+  // The label points to the end of the "movl" insn but the literal offset for method
+  // patch needs to point to the embedded constant which occupies the last 4 bytes.
+  constexpr uint32_t kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment = 4u;
+  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : method_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::MethodPatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::MethodPatch(literal_offset,
+                                                       info.target_method.dex_file,
+                                                       info.target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
+  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(
-        LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset,
+                                                             info.target_method.dex_file,
+                                                             info.target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch>(pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_,
-                                                               linker_patches);
+  for (const PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
+    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(literal_offset,
+                                                              &info.target_dex_file,
+                                                              GetMethodAddressOffset(),
+                                                              info.element_offset));
+  }
   for (const Label& label : simple_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
     linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RecordPosition(literal_offset));
   }
-  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(string_patches_, linker_patches);
-  } else if (GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic()) {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(string_patches_, linker_patches);
-  } else {
-    for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : string_patches_) {
-      uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-      linker_patches->push_back(
-          LinkerPatch::StringPatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
-    }
-  }
   if (GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic()) {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(type_patches_, linker_patches);
-  } else {
-    for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : type_patches_) {
+    for (const StringPatchInfo<Label>& info : string_patches_) {
       uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::TypePatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
+      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(literal_offset,
+                                                                 &info.dex_file,
+                                                                 GetMethodAddressOffset(),
+                                                                 info.string_index));
+    }
+    for (const TypePatchInfo<Label>& info : type_patches_) {
+      uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
+      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(literal_offset,
+                                                               &info.dex_file,
+                                                               GetMethodAddressOffset(),
+                                                               info.type_index));
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (const StringPatchInfo<Label>& info : string_patches_) {
+      uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
+      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::StringPatch(literal_offset,
+                                                         &info.dex_file,
+                                                         info.string_index));
+    }
+    for (const TypePatchInfo<Label>& info : type_patches_) {
+      uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
+      linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::TypePatch(literal_offset,
+                                                       &info.dex_file,
+                                                       info.type_index));
     }
   }
 }
@@ -5991,7 +5952,7 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative:
       DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic());
       FALLTHROUGH_INTENDED;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());  // Note: boot image is also non-JIT.
       // We disable pc-relative load when there is an irreducible loop, as the optimization
       // is incompatible with it.
@@ -6014,15 +5975,13 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderX86::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = (load->NeedsEnvironment() || kEmitCompilerReadBarrier)
-      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
-          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
-          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
+      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
   HLoadString::LoadKind load_kind = load->GetLoadKind();
   if (load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod ||
       load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative ||
-      load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry) {
+      load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) {
     locations->SetInAt(0, Location::RequiresRegister());
   }
   if (load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod) {
@@ -6040,13 +5999,13 @@
   switch (load->GetLoadKind()) {
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress: {
       __ movl(out, Immediate(/* placeholder */ 0));
-      codegen_->RecordBootStringPatch(load);
+      codegen_->RecordStringPatch(load);
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative: {
       Register method_address = locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
       __ leal(out, Address(method_address, CodeGeneratorX86::kDummy32BitOffset));
-      codegen_->RecordBootStringPatch(load);
+      codegen_->RecordStringPatch(load);
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -6056,19 +6015,6 @@
       codegen_->RecordSimplePatch();
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
-      Register method_address = locations->InAt(0).AsRegister<Register>();
-      Address address = Address(method_address, CodeGeneratorX86::kDummy32BitOffset);
-      Label* fixup_label = codegen_->NewStringBssEntryPatch(load);
-      // /* GcRoot<mirror::Class> */ out = *address  /* PC-relative */
-      GenerateGcRootFieldLoad(load, out_loc, address, fixup_label);
-      SlowPathCode* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathX86(load);
-      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
-      __ testl(out, out);
-      __ j(kEqual, slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
-      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
-      return;
-    }
     default:
       break;
   }
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.h
index 27ea3bf..1ae9af3 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86.h
@@ -411,9 +411,8 @@
   void GenerateVirtualCall(HInvokeVirtual* invoke, Location temp) OVERRIDE;
 
   void RecordSimplePatch();
-  void RecordBootStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
+  void RecordStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
   void RecordTypePatch(HLoadClass* load_class);
-  Label* NewStringBssEntryPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
   Label* NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t element_offset);
 
   void MoveFromReturnRegister(Location trg, Primitive::Type type) OVERRIDE;
@@ -580,9 +579,15 @@
  private:
   Register GetInvokeStaticOrDirectExtraParameter(HInvokeStaticOrDirect* invoke, Register temp);
 
-  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-  void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>>& infos,
-                                   ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
+  struct PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo {
+    PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t element_off)
+        : target_dex_file(dex_file), element_offset(element_off), label() { }
+
+    const DexFile& target_dex_file;
+    uint32_t element_offset;
+    // NOTE: Label is bound to the end of the instruction that has an embedded 32-bit offset.
+    Label label;
+  };
 
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   Label* block_labels_;  // Indexed by block id.
@@ -594,16 +599,16 @@
   const X86InstructionSetFeatures& isa_features_;
 
   // Method patch info. Using ArenaDeque<> which retains element addresses on push/emplace_back().
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> method_patches_;
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> method_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
   // PC-relative DexCache access info.
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Patch locations for patchoat where the linker doesn't do any other work.
   ArenaDeque<Label> simple_patches_;
-  // String patch locations; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC/non-PIC).
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> string_patches_;
+  // String patch locations.
+  ArenaDeque<StringPatchInfo<Label>> string_patches_;
   // Type patch locations.
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> type_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<TypePatchInfo<Label>> type_patches_;
 
   // Offset to the start of the constant area in the assembled code.
   // Used for fixups to the constant area.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc
index 95569a7..f9a3e42 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.cc
@@ -284,44 +284,6 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadClassSlowPathX86_64);
 };
 
-class LoadStringSlowPathX86_64 : public SlowPathCode {
- public:
-  explicit LoadStringSlowPathX86_64(HLoadString* instruction) : SlowPathCode(instruction) {}
-
-  void EmitNativeCode(CodeGenerator* codegen) OVERRIDE {
-    LocationSummary* locations = instruction_->GetLocations();
-    DCHECK(!locations->GetLiveRegisters()->ContainsCoreRegister(locations->Out().reg()));
-
-    CodeGeneratorX86_64* x86_64_codegen = down_cast<CodeGeneratorX86_64*>(codegen);
-    __ Bind(GetEntryLabel());
-    SaveLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
-
-    InvokeRuntimeCallingConvention calling_convention;
-    const uint32_t string_index = instruction_->AsLoadString()->GetStringIndex();
-    __ movl(CpuRegister(calling_convention.GetRegisterAt(0)), Immediate(string_index));
-    x86_64_codegen->InvokeRuntime(kQuickResolveString,
-                                  instruction_,
-                                  instruction_->GetDexPc(),
-                                  this);
-    CheckEntrypointTypes<kQuickResolveString, void*, uint32_t>();
-    x86_64_codegen->Move(locations->Out(), Location::RegisterLocation(RAX));
-    RestoreLiveRegisters(codegen, locations);
-
-    // Store the resolved String to the BSS entry.
-    __ movl(Address::Absolute(CodeGeneratorX86_64::kDummy32BitOffset, /* no_rip */ false),
-            locations->Out().AsRegister<CpuRegister>());
-    Label* fixup_label = x86_64_codegen->NewStringBssEntryPatch(instruction_->AsLoadString());
-    __ Bind(fixup_label);
-
-    __ jmp(GetExitLabel());
-  }
-
-  const char* GetDescription() const OVERRIDE { return "LoadStringSlowPathX86_64"; }
-
- private:
-  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LoadStringSlowPathX86_64);
-};
-
 class TypeCheckSlowPathX86_64 : public SlowPathCode {
  public:
   TypeCheckSlowPathX86_64(HInstruction* instruction, bool is_fatal)
@@ -807,8 +769,7 @@
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDirectAddressWithFixup:
       __ movl(temp.AsRegister<CpuRegister>(), Immediate(0));  // Placeholder.
-      method_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
-                                   invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
+      method_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
       __ Bind(&method_patches_.back().label);  // Bind the label at the end of the "movl" insn.
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::MethodLoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative: {
@@ -855,8 +816,7 @@
       __ call(&frame_entry_label_);
       break;
     case HInvokeStaticOrDirect::CodePtrLocation::kCallPCRelative: {
-      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(*invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_file,
-                                          invoke->GetTargetMethod().dex_method_index);
+      relative_call_patches_.emplace_back(invoke->GetTargetMethod());
       Label* label = &relative_call_patches_.back().label;
       __ call(label);  // Bind to the patch label, override at link time.
       __ Bind(label);  // Bind the label at the end of the "call" insn.
@@ -916,8 +876,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-void CodeGeneratorX86_64::RecordBootStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
-  DCHECK(GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
+void CodeGeneratorX86_64::RecordStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
   string_patches_.emplace_back(load_string->GetDexFile(), load_string->GetStringIndex());
   __ Bind(&string_patches_.back().label);
 }
@@ -927,12 +886,6 @@
   __ Bind(&type_patches_.back().label);
 }
 
-Label* CodeGeneratorX86_64::NewStringBssEntryPatch(HLoadString* load_string) {
-  DCHECK(!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage());
-  string_patches_.emplace_back(load_string->GetDexFile(), load_string->GetStringIndex());
-  return &string_patches_.back().label;
-}
-
 Label* CodeGeneratorX86_64::NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(const DexFile& dex_file,
                                                             uint32_t element_offset) {
   // Add a patch entry and return the label.
@@ -940,21 +893,6 @@
   return &pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_.back().label;
 }
 
-// The label points to the end of the "movl" or another instruction but the literal offset
-// for method patch needs to point to the embedded constant which occupies the last 4 bytes.
-constexpr uint32_t kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment = 4u;
-
-template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-inline void CodeGeneratorX86_64::EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(
-    const ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>>& infos,
-    ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
-  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : infos) {
-    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(
-        Factory(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.label.Position(), info.index));
-  }
-}
-
 void CodeGeneratorX86_64::EmitLinkerPatches(ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches) {
   DCHECK(linker_patches->empty());
   size_t size =
@@ -965,29 +903,48 @@
       string_patches_.size() +
       type_patches_.size();
   linker_patches->reserve(size);
-  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : method_patches_) {
+  // The label points to the end of the "movl" insn but the literal offset for method
+  // patch needs to point to the embedded constant which occupies the last 4 bytes.
+  constexpr uint32_t kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment = 4u;
+  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : method_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::MethodPatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::MethodPatch(literal_offset,
+                                                       info.target_method.dex_file,
+                                                       info.target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  for (const PatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
+  for (const MethodPatchInfo<Label>& info : relative_call_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
-    linker_patches->push_back(
-        LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset, &info.dex_file, info.index));
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeCodePatch(literal_offset,
+                                                             info.target_method.dex_file,
+                                                             info.target_method.dex_method_index));
   }
-  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch>(pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_,
-                                                               linker_patches);
+  for (const PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo& info : pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_) {
+    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::DexCacheArrayPatch(literal_offset,
+                                                              &info.target_dex_file,
+                                                              info.label.Position(),
+                                                              info.element_offset));
+  }
   for (const Label& label : simple_patches_) {
     uint32_t literal_offset = label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
     linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RecordPosition(literal_offset));
   }
-  if (!GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::StringBssEntryPatch>(string_patches_, linker_patches);
-  } else {
+  for (const StringPatchInfo<Label>& info : string_patches_) {
     // These are always PC-relative, see GetSupportedLoadStringKind().
-    EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch>(string_patches_, linker_patches);
+    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeStringPatch(literal_offset,
+                                                               &info.dex_file,
+                                                               info.label.Position(),
+                                                               info.string_index));
   }
-  // These are always PC-relative, see GetSupportedLoadClassKind().
-  EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches<LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch>(type_patches_, linker_patches);
+  for (const TypePatchInfo<Label>& info : type_patches_) {
+    // These are always PC-relative, see GetSupportedLoadClassKind().
+    uint32_t literal_offset = info.label.Position() - kLabelPositionToLiteralOffsetAdjustment;
+    linker_patches->push_back(LinkerPatch::RelativeTypePatch(literal_offset,
+                                                             &info.dex_file,
+                                                             info.label.Position(),
+                                                             info.type_index));
+  }
 }
 
 void CodeGeneratorX86_64::DumpCoreRegister(std::ostream& stream, int reg) const {
@@ -5402,7 +5359,7 @@
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress:
       DCHECK(Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
       DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       break;
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
@@ -5413,9 +5370,7 @@
 
 void LocationsBuilderX86_64::VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load) {
   LocationSummary::CallKind call_kind = load->NeedsEnvironment()
-      ? ((load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod)
-          ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
-          : LocationSummary::kCallOnSlowPath)
+      ? LocationSummary::kCallOnMainOnly
       : LocationSummary::kNoCall;
   LocationSummary* locations = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LocationSummary(load, call_kind);
   if (load->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod) {
@@ -5434,7 +5389,7 @@
   switch (load->GetLoadKind()) {
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative: {
       __ leal(out, Address::Absolute(CodeGeneratorX86_64::kDummy32BitOffset, /* no_rip */ false));
-      codegen_->RecordBootStringPatch(load);
+      codegen_->RecordStringPatch(load);
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress: {
@@ -5444,19 +5399,6 @@
       codegen_->RecordSimplePatch();
       return;  // No dex cache slow path.
     }
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry: {
-      Address address = Address::Absolute(CodeGeneratorX86_64::kDummy32BitOffset,
-                                          /* no_rip */ false);
-      Label* fixup_label = codegen_->NewStringBssEntryPatch(load);
-      // /* GcRoot<mirror::Class> */ out = *address  /* PC-relative */
-      GenerateGcRootFieldLoad(load, out_loc, address, fixup_label);
-      SlowPathCode* slow_path = new (GetGraph()->GetArena()) LoadStringSlowPathX86_64(load);
-      codegen_->AddSlowPath(slow_path);
-      __ testl(out, out);
-      __ j(kEqual, slow_path->GetEntryLabel());
-      __ Bind(slow_path->GetExitLabel());
-      return;
-    }
     default:
       break;
   }
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.h b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.h
index 74b065d..594f051 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/code_generator_x86_64.h
@@ -406,9 +406,8 @@
   void GenerateVirtualCall(HInvokeVirtual* invoke, Location temp) OVERRIDE;
 
   void RecordSimplePatch();
-  void RecordBootStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
+  void RecordStringPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
   void RecordTypePatch(HLoadClass* load_class);
-  Label* NewStringBssEntryPatch(HLoadString* load_string);
   Label* NewPcRelativeDexCacheArrayPatch(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t element_offset);
 
   void MoveFromReturnRegister(Location trg, Primitive::Type type) OVERRIDE;
@@ -555,9 +554,14 @@
   static constexpr int32_t kDummy32BitOffset = 256;
 
  private:
-  template <LinkerPatch (*Factory)(size_t, const DexFile*, uint32_t, uint32_t)>
-  static void EmitPcRelativeLinkerPatches(const ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>>& infos,
-                                          ArenaVector<LinkerPatch>* linker_patches);
+  struct PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo {
+    PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo(const DexFile& dex_file, uint32_t element_off)
+        : target_dex_file(dex_file), element_offset(element_off), label() { }
+
+    const DexFile& target_dex_file;
+    uint32_t element_offset;
+    Label label;
+  };
 
   // Labels for each block that will be compiled.
   Label* block_labels_;  // Indexed by block id.
@@ -573,16 +577,16 @@
   int constant_area_start_;
 
   // Method patch info. Using ArenaDeque<> which retains element addresses on push/emplace_back().
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> method_patches_;
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> method_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<MethodPatchInfo<Label>> relative_call_patches_;
   // PC-relative DexCache access info.
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<PcRelativeDexCacheAccessInfo> pc_relative_dex_cache_patches_;
   // Patch locations for patchoat where the linker doesn't do any other work.
   ArenaDeque<Label> simple_patches_;
-  // String patch locations; type depends on configuration (app .bss or boot image PIC).
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> string_patches_;
+  // String patch locations.
+  ArenaDeque<StringPatchInfo<Label>> string_patches_;
   // Type patch locations.
-  ArenaDeque<PatchInfo<Label>> type_patches_;
+  ArenaDeque<TypePatchInfo<Label>> type_patches_;
 
   // Fixups for jump tables need to be handled specially.
   ArenaVector<JumpTableRIPFixup*> fixups_to_jump_tables_;
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_arm.cc b/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_arm.cc
index 82b8123..7010171 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_arm.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_arm.cc
@@ -62,6 +62,21 @@
     }
   }
 
+  void VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load_string) OVERRIDE {
+    // If this is a load with PC-relative access to the dex cache strings array,
+    // we need to add the dex cache arrays base as the special input.
+    if (load_string->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) {
+      // Initialize base for target dex file if needed.
+      const DexFile& dex_file = load_string->GetDexFile();
+      HArmDexCacheArraysBase* base = GetOrCreateDexCacheArrayBase(dex_file);
+      // Update the element offset in base.
+      DexCacheArraysLayout layout(kArmPointerSize, &dex_file);
+      base->UpdateElementOffset(layout.StringOffset(load_string->GetStringIndex()));
+      // Add the special argument base to the load.
+      load_string->AddSpecialInput(base);
+    }
+  }
+
   void VisitInvokeStaticOrDirect(HInvokeStaticOrDirect* invoke) OVERRIDE {
     // If this is an invoke with PC-relative access to the dex cache methods array,
     // we need to add the dex cache arrays base as the special input.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_mips.cc b/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_mips.cc
index 31fff26..4456b49 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_mips.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/dex_cache_array_fixups_mips.cc
@@ -68,6 +68,21 @@
     }
   }
 
+  void VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load_string) OVERRIDE {
+    // If this is a load with PC-relative access to the dex cache strings array,
+    // we need to add the dex cache arrays base as the special input.
+    if (load_string->GetLoadKind() == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) {
+      // Initialize base for target dex file if needed.
+      const DexFile& dex_file = load_string->GetDexFile();
+      HMipsDexCacheArraysBase* base = GetOrCreateDexCacheArrayBase(dex_file);
+      // Update the element offset in base.
+      DexCacheArraysLayout layout(kMipsPointerSize, &dex_file);
+      base->UpdateElementOffset(layout.StringOffset(load_string->GetStringIndex()));
+      // Add the special argument base to the load.
+      load_string->AddSpecialInput(base);
+    }
+  }
+
   void VisitInvokeStaticOrDirect(HInvokeStaticOrDirect* invoke) OVERRIDE {
     // If this is an invoke with PC-relative access to the dex cache methods array,
     // we need to add the dex cache arrays base as the special input.
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc
index cea29bc..ef9bf23 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.cc
@@ -2607,8 +2607,12 @@
   LoadKind load_kind = GetLoadKind();
   if (HasAddress(load_kind)) {
     return GetAddress() == other_load_string->GetAddress();
+  } else if (HasStringReference(load_kind)) {
+    return IsSameDexFile(GetDexFile(), other_load_string->GetDexFile());
   } else {
-    DCHECK(HasStringReference(load_kind)) << load_kind;
+    DCHECK(HasDexCacheReference(load_kind)) << load_kind;
+    // If the string indexes and dex files are the same, dex cache element offsets
+    // must also be the same, so we don't need to compare them.
     return IsSameDexFile(GetDexFile(), other_load_string->GetDexFile());
   }
 }
@@ -2638,8 +2642,8 @@
       return os << "BootImageAddress";
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress:
       return os << "DexCacheAddress";
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
-      return os << "BssEntry";
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative:
+      return os << "DexCachePcRelative";
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       return os << "DexCacheViaMethod";
     default:
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
index 077e867..397abde 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
@@ -5650,9 +5650,10 @@
     // Used for strings outside the boot image referenced by JIT-compiled code.
     kDexCacheAddress,
 
-    // Load from an entry in the .bss section using a PC-relative load.
-    // Used for strings outside boot image when .bss is accessible with a PC-relative load.
-    kBssEntry,
+    // Load from resolved strings array in the dex cache using a PC-relative load.
+    // Used for strings outside boot image when we know that we can access
+    // the dex cache arrays using a PC-relative load.
+    kDexCachePcRelative,
 
     // Load from resolved strings array accessed through the class loaded from
     // the compiled method's own ArtMethod*. This is the default access type when
@@ -5671,7 +5672,7 @@
         string_index_(string_index) {
     SetPackedFlag<kFlagIsInDexCache>(false);
     SetPackedField<LoadKindField>(LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod);
-    load_data_.dex_file_ = &dex_file;
+    load_data_.ref.dex_file = &dex_file;
   }
 
   void SetLoadKindWithAddress(LoadKind load_kind, uint64_t address) {
@@ -5684,11 +5685,20 @@
                                       const DexFile& dex_file,
                                       uint32_t string_index) {
     DCHECK(HasStringReference(load_kind));
-    load_data_.dex_file_ = &dex_file;
+    load_data_.ref.dex_file = &dex_file;
     string_index_ = string_index;
     SetLoadKindInternal(load_kind);
   }
 
+  void SetLoadKindWithDexCacheReference(LoadKind load_kind,
+                                        const DexFile& dex_file,
+                                        uint32_t element_index) {
+    DCHECK(HasDexCacheReference(load_kind));
+    load_data_.ref.dex_file = &dex_file;
+    load_data_.ref.dex_cache_element_index = element_index;
+    SetLoadKindInternal(load_kind);
+  }
+
   LoadKind GetLoadKind() const {
     return GetPackedField<LoadKindField>();
   }
@@ -5700,6 +5710,8 @@
     return string_index_;
   }
 
+  uint32_t GetDexCacheElementOffset() const;
+
   uint64_t GetAddress() const {
     DCHECK(HasAddress(GetLoadKind()));
     return load_data_.address;
@@ -5769,7 +5781,6 @@
   static bool HasStringReference(LoadKind load_kind) {
     return load_kind == LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress ||
         load_kind == LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative ||
-        load_kind == LoadKind::kBssEntry ||
         load_kind == LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod;
   }
 
@@ -5777,6 +5788,10 @@
     return load_kind == LoadKind::kBootImageAddress || load_kind == LoadKind::kDexCacheAddress;
   }
 
+  static bool HasDexCacheReference(LoadKind load_kind) {
+    return load_kind == LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative;
+  }
+
   void SetLoadKindInternal(LoadKind load_kind);
 
   // The special input is the HCurrentMethod for kDexCacheViaMethod.
@@ -5789,7 +5804,10 @@
   uint32_t string_index_;
 
   union {
-    const DexFile* dex_file_;            // For string reference.
+    struct {
+      const DexFile* dex_file;            // For string reference and dex cache reference.
+      uint32_t dex_cache_element_index;   // Only for dex cache reference.
+    } ref;
     uint64_t address;  // Up to 64-bit, needed for kDexCacheAddress on 64-bit targets.
   } load_data_;
 
@@ -5799,8 +5817,15 @@
 
 // Note: defined outside class to see operator<<(., HLoadString::LoadKind).
 inline const DexFile& HLoadString::GetDexFile() const {
-  DCHECK(HasStringReference(GetLoadKind())) << GetLoadKind();
-  return *load_data_.dex_file_;
+  DCHECK(HasStringReference(GetLoadKind()) || HasDexCacheReference(GetLoadKind()))
+      << GetLoadKind();
+  return *load_data_.ref.dex_file;
+}
+
+// Note: defined outside class to see operator<<(., HLoadString::LoadKind).
+inline uint32_t HLoadString::GetDexCacheElementOffset() const {
+  DCHECK(HasDexCacheReference(GetLoadKind())) << GetLoadKind();
+  return load_data_.ref.dex_cache_element_index;
 }
 
 // Note: defined outside class to see operator<<(., HLoadString::LoadKind).
@@ -5808,7 +5833,7 @@
   // The special input is used for PC-relative loads on some architectures,
   // including literal pool loads, which are PC-relative too.
   DCHECK(GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative ||
-         GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kBssEntry ||
+         GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative ||
          GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress ||
          GetLoadKind() == LoadKind::kBootImageAddress) << GetLoadKind();
   // HLoadString::GetInputRecords() returns an empty array at this point,
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_mips.cc b/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_mips.cc
index 82feb95..6006e6c 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_mips.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_mips.cc
@@ -83,7 +83,6 @@
       case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress:
       case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress:
       case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative:
-      case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
         // Add a base register for PC-relative literals on R2.
         InitializePCRelativeBasePointer();
         load_string->AddSpecialInput(base_);
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_x86.cc b/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_x86.cc
index b1fdb17..75587af 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_x86.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/pc_relative_fixups_x86.cc
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
   void VisitLoadString(HLoadString* load_string) OVERRIDE {
     HLoadString::LoadKind load_kind = load_string->GetLoadKind();
     if (load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative ||
-        load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry) {
+        load_kind == HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative) {
       InitializePCRelativeBasePointer();
       load_string->AddSpecialInput(base_);
     }
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/sharpening.cc b/compiler/optimizing/sharpening.cc
index c1cfe8d..a4a3e06 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/sharpening.cc
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/sharpening.cc
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
         : hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindDexCache(soa.Self(), dex_file));
     mirror::Class* klass = dex_cache->GetResolvedType(type_index);
 
-    if (codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
       // Compiling boot image. Check if the class is a boot image class.
       DCHECK(!runtime->UseJitCompilation());
       if (!compiler_driver_->GetSupportBootImageFixup()) {
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@
         ? compilation_unit_.GetDexCache()
         : hs.NewHandle(class_linker->FindDexCache(soa.Self(), dex_file));
 
-    if (codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().IsBootImage()) {
+    if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
       // Compiling boot image. Resolve the string and allocate it if needed.
       DCHECK(!runtime->UseJitCompilation());
       mirror::String* string = class_linker->ResolveString(dex_file, string_index, dex_cache);
@@ -311,8 +311,6 @@
           !codegen_->GetCompilerOptions().GetCompilePic()) {
         desired_load_kind = HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageAddress;
         address = reinterpret_cast64<uint64_t>(string);
-      } else {
-        desired_load_kind = HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -321,7 +319,6 @@
   switch (load_kind) {
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimeAddress:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBootImageLinkTimePcRelative:
-    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kBssEntry:
     case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCacheViaMethod:
       load_string->SetLoadKindWithStringReference(load_kind, dex_file, string_index);
       break;
@@ -330,6 +327,13 @@
       DCHECK_NE(address, 0u);
       load_string->SetLoadKindWithAddress(load_kind, address);
       break;
+    case HLoadString::LoadKind::kDexCachePcRelative: {
+      PointerSize pointer_size = InstructionSetPointerSize(codegen_->GetInstructionSet());
+      DexCacheArraysLayout layout(pointer_size, &dex_file);
+      size_t element_index = layout.StringOffset(string_index);
+      load_string->SetLoadKindWithDexCacheReference(load_kind, dex_file, element_index);
+      break;
+    }
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_arm.h b/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_arm.h
index 0ed8a35..ee5811c 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_arm.h
+++ b/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_arm.h
@@ -262,6 +262,12 @@
     CHECK_NE(rm, PC);
   }
 
+  // LDR(literal) - pc relative load.
+  explicit Address(int32_t offset) :
+               rn_(PC), rm_(R0), offset_(offset),
+               am_(Offset), is_immed_offset_(false), shift_(LSL) {
+  }
+
   static bool CanHoldLoadOffsetArm(LoadOperandType type, int offset);
   static bool CanHoldStoreOffsetArm(StoreOperandType type, int offset);
 
diff --git a/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_thumb2.cc b/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_thumb2.cc
index 61b7f08..2269ba2 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_thumb2.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/arm/assembler_thumb2.cc
@@ -2461,36 +2461,58 @@
     }
   } else {
     // Register shift.
-    CHECK_NE(ad.GetRegister(), PC);
-    if (ad.GetShiftCount() != 0) {
-      // If there is a shift count this must be 32 bit.
-      must_be_32bit = true;
-    } else if (IsHighRegister(ad.GetRegisterOffset())) {
-      must_be_32bit = true;
-    }
-
-    if (must_be_32bit) {
-      int32_t encoding = 0x1f << 27 | (load ? B20 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) << 12 |
-          ad.encodingThumb(true);
-      if (half) {
-        encoding |= B21;
-      } else if (!byte) {
-        encoding |= B22;
+    if (ad.GetRegister() == PC) {
+       // PC relative literal encoding.
+      int32_t offset = ad.GetOffset();
+      if (must_be_32bit || offset < 0 || offset >= (1 << 10) || !load) {
+        int32_t up = B23;
+        if (offset < 0) {
+          offset = -offset;
+          up = 0;
+        }
+        CHECK_LT(offset, (1 << 12));
+        int32_t encoding = 0x1f << 27 | 0xf << 16 | B22 | (load ? B20 : 0) |
+            offset | up |
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) << 12;
+        Emit32(encoding);
+      } else {
+        // 16 bit literal load.
+        CHECK_GE(offset, 0);
+        CHECK_LT(offset, (1 << 10));
+        int32_t encoding = B14 | (load ? B11 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) << 8 | offset >> 2;
+        Emit16(encoding);
       }
-      if (load && is_signed && (byte || half)) {
-        encoding |= B24;
-      }
-      Emit32(encoding);
     } else {
-      // 16 bit register offset.
-      int32_t encoding = B14 | B12 | (load ? B11 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) |
-          ad.encodingThumb(false);
-      if (byte) {
-        encoding |= B10;
-      } else if (half) {
-        encoding |= B9;
+      if (ad.GetShiftCount() != 0) {
+        // If there is a shift count this must be 32 bit.
+        must_be_32bit = true;
+      } else if (IsHighRegister(ad.GetRegisterOffset())) {
+        must_be_32bit = true;
       }
-      Emit16(encoding);
+
+      if (must_be_32bit) {
+        int32_t encoding = 0x1f << 27 | (load ? B20 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) << 12 |
+            ad.encodingThumb(true);
+        if (half) {
+          encoding |= B21;
+        } else if (!byte) {
+          encoding |= B22;
+        }
+        if (load && is_signed && (byte || half)) {
+          encoding |= B24;
+        }
+        Emit32(encoding);
+      } else {
+        // 16 bit register offset.
+        int32_t encoding = B14 | B12 | (load ? B11 : 0) | static_cast<uint32_t>(rd) |
+            ad.encodingThumb(false);
+        if (byte) {
+          encoding |= B10;
+        } else if (half) {
+          encoding |= B9;
+        }
+        Emit16(encoding);
+      }
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test.cc b/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test.cc
index 86a4aa2..3b05173 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test.cc
@@ -1245,6 +1245,22 @@
   EmitAndCheck(&assembler, "LoadStoreRegOffset");
 }
 
+TEST_F(Thumb2AssemblerTest, LoadStoreLiteral) {
+  __ ldr(R0, Address(4));
+  __ str(R0, Address(4));
+
+  __ ldr(R0, Address(-8));
+  __ str(R0, Address(-8));
+
+  // Limits.
+  __ ldr(R0, Address(0x3ff));       // 10 bits (16 bit).
+  __ ldr(R0, Address(0x7ff));       // 11 bits (32 bit).
+  __ str(R0, Address(0x3ff));       // 32 bit (no 16 bit str(literal)).
+  __ str(R0, Address(0x7ff));       // 11 bits (32 bit).
+
+  EmitAndCheck(&assembler, "LoadStoreLiteral");
+}
+
 TEST_F(Thumb2AssemblerTest, LoadStoreLimits) {
   __ ldr(R0, Address(R4, 124));     // 16 bit.
   __ ldr(R0, Address(R4, 128));     // 32 bit.
diff --git a/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test_expected.cc.inc b/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test_expected.cc.inc
index 91f3970..81c6ec5 100644
--- a/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test_expected.cc.inc
+++ b/compiler/utils/assembler_thumb_test_expected.cc.inc
@@ -5012,6 +5012,17 @@
   "  28:	f841 0008 	str.w	r0, [r1, r8]\n",
   nullptr
 };
+const char* const LoadStoreLiteralResults[] = {
+  "   0:   4801            ldr     r0, [pc, #4]    ; (8 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x8>)\n",
+  "   2:   f8cf 0004       str.w   r0, [pc, #4]    ; 8 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x8>\n",
+  "   6:   f85f 0008       ldr.w   r0, [pc, #-8]   ; 0 <LoadStoreLiteral>\n",
+  "   a:   f84f 0008       str.w   r0, [pc, #-8]   ; 4 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x4>\n",
+  "   e:   48ff            ldr     r0, [pc, #1020] ; (40c <LoadStoreLiteral+0x40c>)\n",
+  "  10:   f8df 07ff       ldr.w   r0, [pc, #2047] ; 813 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x813>\n",
+  "  14:   f8cf 03ff       str.w   r0, [pc, #1023] ; 417 <LoadStoreLiteral+0x417>\n",
+  "  18:   f8cf 07ff       str.w   r0, [pc, #2047] ; 81b <LoadStoreLiteral+0x81b>\n",
+  nullptr
+};
 const char* const LoadStoreLimitsResults[] = {
   "   0:   6fe0            ldr     r0, [r4, #124]  ; 0x7c\n",
   "   2:   f8d4 0080       ldr.w   r0, [r4, #128]  ; 0x80\n",
@@ -5697,6 +5708,7 @@
     test_results["MixedBranch32"] = MixedBranch32Results;
     test_results["Shifts"] = ShiftsResults;
     test_results["LoadStoreRegOffset"] = LoadStoreRegOffsetResults;
+    test_results["LoadStoreLiteral"] = LoadStoreLiteralResults;
     test_results["LoadStoreLimits"] = LoadStoreLimitsResults;
     test_results["CompareAndBranch"] = CompareAndBranchResults;
     test_results["AddConstant"] = AddConstantResults;
diff --git a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
index 9cdd24b..5d44cc1 100644
--- a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
@@ -523,6 +523,8 @@
       compiled_methods_zip_filename_(nullptr),
       compiled_methods_filename_(nullptr),
       passes_to_run_filename_(nullptr),
+      app_image_(false),
+      boot_image_(false),
       multi_image_(false),
       is_host_(false),
       class_loader_(nullptr),
@@ -689,8 +691,8 @@
   }
 
   void ProcessOptions(ParserOptions* parser_options) {
-    compiler_options_->boot_image_ = !image_filenames_.empty();
-    compiler_options_->app_image_ = app_image_fd_ != -1 || !app_image_file_name_.empty();
+    boot_image_ = !image_filenames_.empty();
+    app_image_ = app_image_fd_ != -1 || !app_image_file_name_.empty();
 
     if (IsAppImage() && IsBootImage()) {
       Usage("Can't have both --image and (--app-image-fd or --app-image-file)");
@@ -742,7 +744,7 @@
       android_root_ += android_root_env_var;
     }
 
-    if (!IsBootImage() && parser_options->boot_image_filename.empty()) {
+    if (!boot_image_ && parser_options->boot_image_filename.empty()) {
       parser_options->boot_image_filename += android_root_;
       parser_options->boot_image_filename += "/framework/boot.art";
     }
@@ -1323,7 +1325,7 @@
   }
 
   void LoadClassProfileDescriptors() {
-    if (profile_compilation_info_ != nullptr && IsAppImage()) {
+    if (profile_compilation_info_ != nullptr && app_image_) {
       Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
       CHECK(runtime != nullptr);
       std::set<DexCacheResolvedClasses> resolved_classes(
@@ -1630,6 +1632,8 @@
                                      compiler_kind_,
                                      instruction_set_,
                                      instruction_set_features_.get(),
+                                     IsBootImage(),
+                                     IsAppImage(),
                                      image_classes_.release(),
                                      compiled_classes_.release(),
                                      compiled_methods_.release(),
@@ -1720,7 +1724,7 @@
     }
 
     if (IsImage()) {
-      if (IsAppImage() && image_base_ == 0) {
+      if (app_image_ && image_base_ == 0) {
         gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
         for (gc::space::ImageSpace* image_space : heap->GetBootImageSpaces()) {
           image_base_ = std::max(image_base_, RoundUp(
@@ -1788,10 +1792,7 @@
 
         size_t rodata_size = oat_writer->GetOatHeader().GetExecutableOffset();
         size_t text_size = oat_writer->GetOatSize() - rodata_size;
-        elf_writer->PrepareDynamicSection(rodata_size,
-                                          text_size,
-                                          oat_writer->GetBssSize(),
-                                          oat_writer->GetBssRootsOffset());
+        elf_writer->SetLoadedSectionSizes(rodata_size, text_size, oat_writer->GetBssSize());
 
         if (IsImage()) {
           // Update oat layout.
@@ -1974,11 +1975,11 @@
   }
 
   bool IsAppImage() const {
-    return compiler_options_->IsAppImage();
+    return app_image_;
   }
 
   bool IsBootImage() const {
-    return compiler_options_->IsBootImage();
+    return boot_image_;
   }
 
   bool IsHost() const {
@@ -2572,6 +2573,8 @@
   std::unique_ptr<std::unordered_set<std::string>> compiled_classes_;
   std::unique_ptr<std::unordered_set<std::string>> compiled_methods_;
   std::unique_ptr<std::vector<std::string>> passes_to_run_;
+  bool app_image_;
+  bool boot_image_;
   bool multi_image_;
   bool is_host_;
   std::string android_root_;
diff --git a/oatdump/oatdump.cc b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
index f2062c3..f3f418d 100644
--- a/oatdump/oatdump.cc
+++ b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
@@ -154,11 +154,8 @@
     if (isa == kMips || isa == kMips64) {
       builder_->WriteMIPSabiflagsSection();
     }
-    builder_->PrepareDynamicSection(elf_file->GetPath(),
-                                    rodata_size,
-                                    text_size,
-                                    oat_file_->BssSize(),
-                                    oat_file_->BssRootsOffset());
+    builder_->PrepareDynamicSection(
+        elf_file->GetPath(), rodata_size, text_size, oat_file_->BssSize());
     builder_->WriteDynamicSection();
 
     Walk();
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
index 477402a..359462d 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include "base/enums.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
-#include "oat_file.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 
 #include <atomic>
@@ -168,11 +167,6 @@
     for (size_t i = 0, num_types = NumResolvedTypes(); i != num_types; ++i) {
       visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(resolved_types[i].AddressWithoutBarrier());
     }
-    if (GetDexFile() != nullptr && GetDexFile()->GetOatDexFile() != nullptr) {
-      for (GcRoot<Object>& root : OatFile::GetBssRoots(GetDexFile()->GetOatDexFile())) {
-        visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(root.AddressWithoutBarrier());
-      }
-    }
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file.cc b/runtime/oat_file.cc
index 52baddd..ea692cd 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file.cc
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@
 #include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "elf_file.h"
 #include "elf_utils.h"
-#include "gc_root.h"
 #include "oat.h"
 #include "mem_map.h"
 #include "mirror/class.h"
@@ -240,8 +239,6 @@
     }
     // Readjust to be non-inclusive upper bound.
     bss_end_ += sizeof(uint32_t);
-    // Find bss roots if present.
-    bss_roots_ = const_cast<uint8_t*>(FindDynamicSymbolAddress("oatbssroots", &symbol_error_msg));
   }
 
   return true;
@@ -294,31 +291,8 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-  if (!IsAligned<alignof(GcRoot<mirror::Object>)>(bss_begin_) ||
-      !IsAligned<alignof(GcRoot<mirror::Object>)>(bss_roots_) ||
-      !IsAligned<alignof(GcRoot<mirror::Object>)>(bss_end_)) {
-    *error_msg = StringPrintf("In oat file '%s' found unaligned bss symbol(s): "
-                                  "begin = %p, roots = %p, end = %p",
-                              GetLocation().c_str(),
-                              bss_begin_,
-                              bss_roots_,
-                              bss_end_);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (bss_roots_ != nullptr && (bss_roots_ < bss_begin_ || bss_roots_ > bss_end_)) {
-    *error_msg = StringPrintf("In oat file '%s' found bss roots outside .bss: "
-                                  "%p is outside range [%p, %p]",
-                              GetLocation().c_str(),
-                              bss_roots_,
-                              bss_begin_,
-                              bss_end_);
-    return false;
-  }
-
   PointerSize pointer_size = GetInstructionSetPointerSize(GetOatHeader().GetInstructionSet());
   uint8_t* dex_cache_arrays = bss_begin_;
-  uint8_t* dex_cache_arrays_end = (bss_roots_ != nullptr) ? bss_roots_ : bss_end_;
   uint32_t dex_file_count = GetOatHeader().GetDexFileCount();
   oat_dex_files_storage_.reserve(dex_file_count);
   for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_file_count; i++) {
@@ -495,13 +469,13 @@
     if (dex_cache_arrays != nullptr) {
       DexCacheArraysLayout layout(pointer_size, *header);
       if (layout.Size() != 0u) {
-        if (static_cast<size_t>(dex_cache_arrays_end - dex_cache_arrays) < layout.Size()) {
+        if (static_cast<size_t>(bss_end_ - dex_cache_arrays) < layout.Size()) {
           *error_msg = StringPrintf("In oat file '%s' found OatDexFile #%zu for '%s' with "
                                         "truncated dex cache arrays, %zu < %zu.",
                                     GetLocation().c_str(),
                                     i,
                                     dex_file_location.c_str(),
-                                    static_cast<size_t>(dex_cache_arrays_end - dex_cache_arrays),
+                                    static_cast<size_t>(bss_end_ - dex_cache_arrays),
                                     layout.Size());
           return false;
         }
@@ -532,9 +506,9 @@
     }
   }
 
-  if (dex_cache_arrays != dex_cache_arrays_end) {
+  if (dex_cache_arrays != bss_end_) {
     // We expect the bss section to be either empty (dex_cache_arrays and bss_end_
-    // both null) or contain just the dex cache arrays and optionally some GC roots.
+    // both null) or contain just the dex cache arrays and nothing else.
     *error_msg = StringPrintf("In oat file '%s' found unexpected bss size bigger by %zu bytes.",
                               GetLocation().c_str(),
                               static_cast<size_t>(bss_end_ - dex_cache_arrays));
@@ -1108,7 +1082,6 @@
       end_(nullptr),
       bss_begin_(nullptr),
       bss_end_(nullptr),
-      bss_roots_(nullptr),
       is_executable_(is_executable),
       secondary_lookup_lock_("OatFile secondary lookup lock", kOatFileSecondaryLookupLock) {
   CHECK(!location_.empty());
@@ -1524,18 +1497,4 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-ArrayRef<GcRoot<mirror::Object>> OatFile::GetBssRoots(const OatDexFile* oat_dex_file) {
-  const OatFile* oat_file = oat_dex_file->GetOatFile();
-  DCHECK(ContainsElement(oat_file->oat_dex_files_storage_, oat_dex_file));
-  // Arbitrarily attribute all the roots to the first oat_dex_file.
-  if (oat_file->bss_roots_ != nullptr &&
-      oat_file->oat_dex_files_storage_.front() == oat_dex_file) {
-    auto* roots = reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::Object>*>(oat_file->bss_roots_);
-    auto* roots_end = reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::Object>*>(oat_file->bss_end_);
-    return ArrayRef<GcRoot<mirror::Object>>(roots, roots_end - roots);
-  } else {
-    return ArrayRef<GcRoot<mirror::Object>>();
-  }
-}
-
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file.h b/runtime/oat_file.h
index a4aef3a..a61b941 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file.h
+++ b/runtime/oat_file.h
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "base/array_ref.h"
 #include "base/mutex.h"
 #include "base/stringpiece.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
@@ -39,7 +38,6 @@
 
 class BitVector;
 class ElfFile;
-template <class MirrorType> class GcRoot;
 class MemMap;
 class OatMethodOffsets;
 class OatHeader;
@@ -255,10 +253,6 @@
     return BssEnd() - BssBegin();
   }
 
-  size_t BssRootsOffset() const {
-    return bss_roots_ - BssBegin();
-  }
-
   size_t DexSize() const {
     return DexEnd() - DexBegin();
   }
@@ -296,8 +290,6 @@
   static bool GetDexLocationsFromDependencies(const char* dex_dependencies,
                                               std::vector<std::string>* locations);
 
-  static ArrayRef<GcRoot<mirror::Object>> GetBssRoots(const OatDexFile* oat_dex_file);
-
  protected:
   OatFile(const std::string& filename, bool executable);
 
@@ -322,9 +314,6 @@
   // Pointer to the end of the .bss section, if present, otherwise null.
   uint8_t* bss_end_;
 
-  // Pointer to the beginning of the GC roots in .bss section, if present, otherwise null.
-  uint8_t* bss_roots_;
-
   // Was this oat_file loaded executable?
   const bool is_executable_;
 
diff --git a/test/552-checker-sharpening/src/Main.java b/test/552-checker-sharpening/src/Main.java
index 3c053cf..2232ff4 100644
--- a/test/552-checker-sharpening/src/Main.java
+++ b/test/552-checker-sharpening/src/Main.java
@@ -285,27 +285,31 @@
   /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCacheViaMethod
 
   /// CHECK-START-X86: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
 
   /// CHECK-START-X86: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() pc_relative_fixups_x86 (after)
   /// CHECK-DAG:            X86ComputeBaseMethodAddress
-  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
+  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
 
   /// CHECK-START-X86_64: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
 
   /// CHECK-START-ARM: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
+
+  /// CHECK-START-ARM: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() dex_cache_array_fixups_arm (after)
+  /// CHECK-DAG:            ArmDexCacheArraysBase
+  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
 
   /// CHECK-START-ARM64: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
 
   /// CHECK-START-MIPS: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() sharpening (after)
-  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
+  /// CHECK:                LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
 
-  /// CHECK-START-MIPS: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() pc_relative_fixups_mips (after)
-  /// CHECK-DAG:            MipsComputeBaseMethodAddress
-  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:BssEntry
+  /// CHECK-START-MIPS: java.lang.String Main.$noinline$getNonBootImageString() dex_cache_array_fixups_mips (after)
+  /// CHECK-DAG:            MipsDexCacheArraysBase
+  /// CHECK-DAG:            LoadString load_kind:DexCachePcRelative
 
   public static String $noinline$getNonBootImageString() {
     // Prevent inlining to avoid the string comparison being optimized away.
diff --git a/test/Android.run-test.mk b/test/Android.run-test.mk
index d5a93b2..211a69f 100644
--- a/test/Android.run-test.mk
+++ b/test/Android.run-test.mk
@@ -233,9 +233,11 @@
 
 # Disable 149-suspend-all-stress, its output is flaky (b/28988206).
 # Disable 577-profile-foreign-dex (b/27454772).
+# Disable 552-checker-sharpening, until compiler component of new string dex cache is added (@cwadsworth, @vmarko)
 TEST_ART_BROKEN_ALL_TARGET_TESTS := \
   149-suspend-all-stress \
   577-profile-foreign-dex \
+  552-checker-sharpening \
 
 ART_TEST_KNOWN_BROKEN += $(call all-run-test-names,$(TARGET_TYPES),$(RUN_TYPES),$(PREBUILD_TYPES), \
     $(COMPILER_TYPES), $(RELOCATE_TYPES),$(TRACE_TYPES),$(GC_TYPES),$(JNI_TYPES), \