Migrated dexdump from Dalvik (libdex) into Art (libart)

Rationale:
The new dexdump (temporarily called dexdump2 until we are
satisfied with the migration) is a re-implementation of the
original dexdump utility that was based on Dalvik functions
in libdex into a new dexdump that is now based on Art functions
in libart instead.

The output is identical to the original for *correct* DEX files.
Output in error messages and the usage() may differ, however,
since the new utility relies on Art parsing and verification.

NOTE 1:
ODEX files are no longer supported.

NOTE 2:
Where possible, I kept the file as close to the original
as possible, including some archaic C idioms on memory
allocation; those can be improved over time.

NOTE 3:
I used the standard Android.mk format for the new dexdump,
but this probably needs to be Art-i-fied.

NOTE 4:
Some minor issues that need resolution are marked with a TODO.

Bug: 17442393
Change-Id: I753743f64afcf4b84b8d33efbd1cfcb7908f0c3e
diff --git a/dexdump/dexdump.cc b/dexdump/dexdump.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f55dccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dexdump/dexdump.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,1298 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * Implementation file of the dexdump utility.
+ *
+ * This is a re-implementation of the original dexdump utility that was
+ * based on Dalvik functions in libdex into a new dexdump that is now
+ * based on Art functions in libart instead. The output is identical to
+ * the original for correct DEX files. Error messages may differ, however.
+ * Also, ODEX files are no longer supported.
+ *
+ * The dexdump tool is intended to mimic objdump.  When possible, use
+ * similar command-line arguments.
+ *
+ * Differences between XML output and the "current.xml" file:
+ * - classes in same package are not all grouped together; nothing is sorted
+ * - no "deprecated" on fields and methods
+ * - no "value" on fields
+ * - no parameter names
+ * - no generic signatures on parameters, e.g. type="java.lang.Class<?>"
+ * - class shows declared fields and methods; does not show inherited fields
+ */
+
+#include "dexdump.h"
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "dex_file-inl.h"
+#include "dex_instruction-inl.h"
+
+namespace art {
+
+/*
+ * Options parsed in main driver.
+ */
+struct Options gOptions;
+
+/*
+ * Output file. Defaults to stdout, but tests can modify.
+ */
+FILE* gOutFile = stdout;
+
+/*
+ * Data types that match the definitions in the VM specification.
+ */
+typedef uint8_t  u1;
+typedef uint16_t u2;
+typedef uint32_t u4;
+typedef uint64_t u8;
+typedef int8_t   s1;
+typedef int16_t  s2;
+typedef int32_t  s4;
+typedef int64_t  s8;
+
+/*
+ * Basic information about a field or a method.
+ */
+struct FieldMethodInfo {
+  const char* classDescriptor;
+  const char* name;
+  const char* signature;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Flags for use with createAccessFlagStr().
+ */
+enum AccessFor {
+  kAccessForClass = 0, kAccessForMethod = 1, kAccessForField = 2, kAccessForMAX
+};
+const int kNumFlags = 18;
+
+/*
+ * Gets 2 little-endian bytes.
+ */
+static inline u2 get2LE(unsigned char const* pSrc) {
+  return pSrc[0] | (pSrc[1] << 8);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Converts a single-character primitive type into human-readable form.
+ */
+static const char* primitiveTypeLabel(char typeChar) {
+  switch (typeChar) {
+    case 'B': return "byte";
+    case 'C': return "char";
+    case 'D': return "double";
+    case 'F': return "float";
+    case 'I': return "int";
+    case 'J': return "long";
+    case 'S': return "short";
+    case 'V': return "void";
+    case 'Z': return "boolean";
+    default:  return "UNKNOWN";
+  }  // switch
+}
+
+/*
+ * Converts a type descriptor to human-readable "dotted" form.  For
+ * example, "Ljava/lang/String;" becomes "java.lang.String", and
+ * "[I" becomes "int[]".  Also converts '$' to '.', which means this
+ * form can't be converted back to a descriptor.
+ */
+static char* descriptorToDot(const char* str) {
+  int targetLen = strlen(str);
+  int offset = 0;
+
+  // Strip leading [s; will be added to end.
+  while (targetLen > 1 && str[offset] == '[') {
+    offset++;
+    targetLen--;
+  }  // while
+
+  const int arrayDepth = offset;
+
+  if (targetLen == 1) {
+    // Primitive type.
+    str = primitiveTypeLabel(str[offset]);
+    offset = 0;
+    targetLen = strlen(str);
+  } else {
+    // Account for leading 'L' and trailing ';'.
+    if (targetLen >= 2 && str[offset] == 'L' &&
+        str[offset + targetLen - 1] == ';') {
+      targetLen -= 2;
+      offset++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Copy class name over.
+  char* newStr = reinterpret_cast<char*>(
+      malloc(targetLen + arrayDepth * 2 + 1));
+  int i = 0;
+  for (; i < targetLen; i++) {
+    const char ch = str[offset + i];
+    newStr[i] = (ch == '/' || ch == '$') ? '.' : ch;
+  }  // for
+
+  // Add the appropriate number of brackets for arrays.
+  for (int j = 0; j < arrayDepth; j++) {
+    newStr[i++] = '[';
+    newStr[i++] = ']';
+  }  // for
+
+  newStr[i] = '\0';
+  return newStr;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Converts the class name portion of a type descriptor to human-readable
+ * "dotted" form.
+ *
+ * Returns a newly-allocated string.
+ */
+static char* descriptorClassToDot(const char* str) {
+  // Reduce to just the class name, trimming trailing ';'.
+  const char* lastSlash = strrchr(str, '/');
+  if (lastSlash == nullptr) {
+    lastSlash = str + 1;  // start past 'L'
+  } else {
+    lastSlash++;          // start past '/'
+  }
+
+  char* newStr = strdup(lastSlash);
+  newStr[strlen(lastSlash) - 1] = '\0';
+  for (char* cp = newStr; *cp != '\0'; cp++) {
+    if (*cp == '$') {
+      *cp = '.';
+    }
+  }  // for
+  return newStr;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns a quoted string representing the boolean value.
+ */
+static const char* quotedBool(bool val) {
+  return val ? "\"true\"" : "\"false\"";
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns a quoted string representing the access flags.
+ */
+static const char* quotedVisibility(u4 accessFlags) {
+  if (accessFlags & kAccPublic) {
+    return "\"public\"";
+  } else if (accessFlags & kAccProtected) {
+    return "\"protected\"";
+  } else if (accessFlags & kAccPrivate) {
+    return "\"private\"";
+  } else {
+    return "\"package\"";
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Counts the number of '1' bits in a word.
+ */
+static int countOnes(u4 val) {
+  val = val - ((val >> 1) & 0x55555555);
+  val = (val & 0x33333333) + ((val >> 2) & 0x33333333);
+  return (((val + (val >> 4)) & 0x0F0F0F0F) * 0x01010101) >> 24;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Creates a new string with human-readable access flags.
+ *
+ * In the base language the access_flags fields are type u2; in Dalvik
+ * they're u4.
+ */
+static char* createAccessFlagStr(u4 flags, AccessFor forWhat) {
+  static const char* kAccessStrings[kAccessForMAX][kNumFlags] = {
+    {
+      "PUBLIC",                /* 0x00001 */
+      "PRIVATE",               /* 0x00002 */
+      "PROTECTED",             /* 0x00004 */
+      "STATIC",                /* 0x00008 */
+      "FINAL",                 /* 0x00010 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00020 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00040 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00080 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00100 */
+      "INTERFACE",             /* 0x00200 */
+      "ABSTRACT",              /* 0x00400 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00800 */
+      "SYNTHETIC",             /* 0x01000 */
+      "ANNOTATION",            /* 0x02000 */
+      "ENUM",                  /* 0x04000 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x08000 */
+      "VERIFIED",              /* 0x10000 */
+      "OPTIMIZED",             /* 0x20000 */
+    }, {
+      "PUBLIC",                /* 0x00001 */
+      "PRIVATE",               /* 0x00002 */
+      "PROTECTED",             /* 0x00004 */
+      "STATIC",                /* 0x00008 */
+      "FINAL",                 /* 0x00010 */
+      "SYNCHRONIZED",          /* 0x00020 */
+      "BRIDGE",                /* 0x00040 */
+      "VARARGS",               /* 0x00080 */
+      "NATIVE",                /* 0x00100 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00200 */
+      "ABSTRACT",              /* 0x00400 */
+      "STRICT",                /* 0x00800 */
+      "SYNTHETIC",             /* 0x01000 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x02000 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x04000 */
+      "MIRANDA",               /* 0x08000 */
+      "CONSTRUCTOR",           /* 0x10000 */
+      "DECLARED_SYNCHRONIZED", /* 0x20000 */
+    }, {
+      "PUBLIC",                /* 0x00001 */
+      "PRIVATE",               /* 0x00002 */
+      "PROTECTED",             /* 0x00004 */
+      "STATIC",                /* 0x00008 */
+      "FINAL",                 /* 0x00010 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00020 */
+      "VOLATILE",              /* 0x00040 */
+      "TRANSIENT",             /* 0x00080 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00100 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00200 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00400 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x00800 */
+      "SYNTHETIC",             /* 0x01000 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x02000 */
+      "ENUM",                  /* 0x04000 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x08000 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x10000 */
+      "?",                     /* 0x20000 */
+    },
+  };
+
+  // Allocate enough storage to hold the expected number of strings,
+  // plus a space between each.  We over-allocate, using the longest
+  // string above as the base metric.
+  const int kLongest = 21;  // The strlen of longest string above.
+  const int count = countOnes(flags);
+  char* str;
+  char* cp;
+  cp = str = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(count * (kLongest + 1) + 1));
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < kNumFlags; i++) {
+    if (flags & 0x01) {
+      const char* accessStr = kAccessStrings[forWhat][i];
+      const int len = strlen(accessStr);
+      if (cp != str) {
+        *cp++ = ' ';
+      }
+      memcpy(cp, accessStr, len);
+      cp += len;
+    }
+    flags >>= 1;
+  }  // for
+
+  *cp = '\0';
+  return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Copies character data from "data" to "out", converting non-ASCII values
+ * to fprintf format chars or an ASCII filler ('.' or '?').
+ *
+ * The output buffer must be able to hold (2*len)+1 bytes.  The result is
+ * NULL-terminated.
+ */
+static void asciify(char* out, const unsigned char* data, size_t len) {
+  while (len--) {
+    if (*data < 0x20) {
+      // Could do more here, but we don't need them yet.
+      switch (*data) {
+        case '\0':
+          *out++ = '\\';
+          *out++ = '0';
+          break;
+        case '\n':
+          *out++ = '\\';
+          *out++ = 'n';
+          break;
+        default:
+          *out++ = '.';
+          break;
+      }  // switch
+    } else if (*data >= 0x80) {
+      *out++ = '?';
+    } else {
+      *out++ = *data;
+    }
+    data++;
+  }  // while
+  *out = '\0';
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps the file header.
+ *
+ * Note that some of the : are misaligned on purpose to preserve
+ * the exact output of the original Dalvik dexdump.
+ */
+static void dumpFileHeader(const DexFile* pDexFile) {
+  const DexFile::Header& pHeader = pDexFile->GetHeader();
+  char sanitized[sizeof(pHeader.magic_) * 2 + 1];
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "DEX file header:\n");
+  asciify(sanitized, pHeader.magic_, sizeof(pHeader.magic_));
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "magic               : '%s'\n", sanitized);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "checksum            : %08x\n", pHeader.checksum_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "signature           : %02x%02x...%02x%02x\n",
+          pHeader.signature_[0], pHeader.signature_[1],
+          pHeader.signature_[DexFile::kSha1DigestSize - 2],
+          pHeader.signature_[DexFile::kSha1DigestSize - 1]);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "file_size           : %d\n", pHeader.file_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "header_size         : %d\n", pHeader.header_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "link_size           : %d\n", pHeader.link_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "link_off            : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pHeader.link_off_, pHeader.link_off_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "string_ids_size     : %d\n", pHeader.string_ids_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "string_ids_off      : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pHeader.string_ids_off_, pHeader.string_ids_off_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "type_ids_size       : %d\n", pHeader.type_ids_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "type_ids_off        : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pHeader.type_ids_off_, pHeader.type_ids_off_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "proto_ids_size       : %d\n", pHeader.proto_ids_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "proto_ids_off        : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pHeader.proto_ids_off_, pHeader.proto_ids_off_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "field_ids_size      : %d\n", pHeader.field_ids_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "field_ids_off       : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pHeader.field_ids_off_, pHeader.field_ids_off_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "method_ids_size     : %d\n", pHeader.method_ids_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "method_ids_off      : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pHeader.method_ids_off_, pHeader.method_ids_off_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "class_defs_size     : %d\n", pHeader.class_defs_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "class_defs_off      : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pHeader.class_defs_off_, pHeader.class_defs_off_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "data_size           : %d\n", pHeader.data_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "data_off            : %d (0x%06x)\n\n",
+          pHeader.data_off_, pHeader.data_off_);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps a class_def_item.
+ */
+static void dumpClassDef(const DexFile* pDexFile, int idx) {
+  // General class information.
+  const DexFile::ClassDef& pClassDef = pDexFile->GetClassDef(idx);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "Class #%d header:\n", idx);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "class_idx           : %d\n", pClassDef.class_idx_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "access_flags        : %d (0x%04x)\n",
+          pClassDef.access_flags_, pClassDef.access_flags_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "superclass_idx      : %d\n", pClassDef.superclass_idx_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "interfaces_off      : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pClassDef.interfaces_off_, pClassDef.interfaces_off_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "source_file_idx     : %d\n", pClassDef.source_file_idx_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "annotations_off     : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pClassDef.annotations_off_, pClassDef.annotations_off_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "class_data_off      : %d (0x%06x)\n",
+          pClassDef.class_data_off_, pClassDef.class_data_off_);
+
+  // Fields and methods.
+  const u1* pEncodedData = pDexFile->GetClassData(pClassDef);
+  if (pEncodedData != nullptr) {
+    ClassDataItemIterator pClassData(*pDexFile, pEncodedData);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "static_fields_size  : %d\n", pClassData.NumStaticFields());
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "instance_fields_size: %d\n", pClassData.NumInstanceFields());
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "direct_methods_size : %d\n", pClassData.NumDirectMethods());
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "virtual_methods_size: %d\n", pClassData.NumVirtualMethods());
+  } else {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "static_fields_size  : 0\n");
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "instance_fields_size: 0\n");
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "direct_methods_size : 0\n");
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "virtual_methods_size: 0\n");
+  }
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "\n");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps an interface that a class declares to implement.
+ */
+static void dumpInterface(const DexFile* pDexFile, const DexFile::TypeItem& pTypeItem, int i) {
+  const char* interfaceName = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pTypeItem.type_idx_);
+  if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "    #%d              : '%s'\n", i, interfaceName);
+  } else {
+    char* dotted = descriptorToDot(interfaceName);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "<implements name=\"%s\">\n</implements>\n", dotted);
+    free(dotted);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps the catches table associated with the code.
+ */
+static void dumpCatches(const DexFile* pDexFile, const DexFile::CodeItem* pCode) {
+  const u4 triesSize = pCode->tries_size_;
+
+  // No catch table.
+  if (triesSize == 0) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "      catches       : (none)\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Dump all table entries.
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "      catches       : %d\n", triesSize);
+  for (u4 i = 0; i < triesSize; i++) {
+    const DexFile::TryItem* pTry = pDexFile->GetTryItems(*pCode, i);
+    const u4 start = pTry->start_addr_;
+    const u4 end = start + pTry->insn_count_;
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "        0x%04x - 0x%04x\n", start, end);
+    for (CatchHandlerIterator it(*pCode, *pTry); it.HasNext(); it.Next()) {
+      const u2 tidx = it.GetHandlerTypeIndex();
+      const char* descriptor =
+          (tidx == DexFile::kDexNoIndex16) ? "<any>" : pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(tidx);
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "          %s -> 0x%04x\n", descriptor, it.GetHandlerAddress());
+    }  // for
+  }  // for
+}
+
+/*
+ * Callback for dumping each positions table entry.
+ */
+static bool dumpPositionsCb(void* /*context*/, u4 address, u4 lineNum) {
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "        0x%04x line=%d\n", address, lineNum);
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Callback for dumping locals table entry.
+ */
+static void dumpLocalsCb(void* /*context*/, u2 slot, u4 startAddress, u4 endAddress,
+                         const char* name, const char* descriptor, const char* signature) {
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "        0x%04x - 0x%04x reg=%d %s %s %s\n",
+          startAddress, endAddress, slot, name, descriptor, signature);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Helper for dumpInstruction(), which builds the string
+ * representation for the index in the given instruction. This will
+ * first try to use the given buffer, but if the result won't fit,
+ * then this will allocate a new buffer to hold the result. A pointer
+ * to the buffer which holds the full result is always returned, and
+ * this can be compared with the one passed in, to see if the result
+ * needs to be free()d.
+ */
+static char* indexString(const DexFile* pDexFile,
+                         const Instruction* pDecInsn, char* buf, size_t bufSize) {
+  // Determine index and width of the string.
+  u4 index = 0;
+  u4 width = 4;
+  switch (Instruction::FormatOf(pDecInsn->Opcode())) {
+    // SOME NOT SUPPORTED:
+    // case Instruction::k20bc:
+    case Instruction::k21c:
+    case Instruction::k35c:
+    // case Instruction::k35ms:
+    case Instruction::k3rc:
+    // case Instruction::k3rms:
+    // case Instruction::k35mi:
+    // case Instruction::k3rmi:
+      index = pDecInsn->VRegB();
+      width = 4;
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k31c:
+      index = pDecInsn->VRegB();
+      width = 8;
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k22c:
+    // case Instruction::k22cs:
+      index = pDecInsn->VRegC();
+      width = 4;
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }  // switch
+
+  // Determine index type.
+  size_t outSize = 0;
+  switch (Instruction::IndexTypeOf(pDecInsn->Opcode())) {
+    case Instruction::kIndexUnknown:
+      // This function should never get called for this type, but do
+      // something sensible here, just to help with debugging.
+      outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "<unknown-index>");
+      break;
+    case Instruction::kIndexNone:
+      // This function should never get called for this type, but do
+      // something sensible here, just to help with debugging.
+      outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "<no-index>");
+      break;
+    case Instruction::kIndexTypeRef:
+      if (index < pDexFile->GetHeader().type_ids_size_) {
+        const char* tp = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(index);
+        outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "%s // type@%0*x", tp, width, index);
+      } else {
+        outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "<type?> // type@%0*x", width, index);
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::kIndexStringRef:
+      if (index < pDexFile->GetHeader().string_ids_size_) {
+        const char* st = pDexFile->StringDataByIdx(index);
+        outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "\"%s\" // string@%0*x", st, width, index);
+      } else {
+        outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "<string?> // string@%0*x", width, index);
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::kIndexMethodRef:
+      if (index < pDexFile->GetHeader().method_ids_size_) {
+        const DexFile::MethodId& pMethodId = pDexFile->GetMethodId(index);
+        const char* name = pDexFile->StringDataByIdx(pMethodId.name_idx_);
+        const Signature signature = pDexFile->GetMethodSignature(pMethodId);
+        const char* backDescriptor = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pMethodId.class_idx_);
+        outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "%s.%s:%s // method@%0*x",
+                           backDescriptor, name, signature.ToString().c_str(), width, index);
+      } else {
+        outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "<method?> // method@%0*x", width, index);
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::kIndexFieldRef:
+      if (index < pDexFile->GetHeader().field_ids_size_) {
+        const DexFile::FieldId& pFieldId = pDexFile->GetFieldId(index);
+        const char* name = pDexFile->StringDataByIdx(pFieldId.name_idx_);
+        const char* typeDescriptor = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pFieldId.type_idx_);
+        const char* backDescriptor = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pFieldId.class_idx_);
+        outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "%s.%s:%s // field@%0*x",
+                           backDescriptor, name, typeDescriptor, width, index);
+      } else {
+        outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "<field?> // field@%0*x", width, index);
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::kIndexVtableOffset:
+      outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "[%0*x] // vtable #%0*x",
+                         width, index, width, index);
+      break;
+    case Instruction::kIndexFieldOffset:
+      outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "[obj+%0*x]", width, index);
+      break;
+    // SOME NOT SUPPORTED:
+    // case Instruction::kIndexVaries:
+    // case Instruction::kIndexInlineMethod:
+    default:
+      outSize = snprintf(buf, bufSize, "<?>");
+      break;
+  }  // switch
+
+  // Determine success of string construction.
+  if (outSize >= bufSize) {
+    // The buffer wasn't big enough; allocate and retry. Note:
+    // snprintf() doesn't count the '\0' as part of its returned
+    // size, so we add explicit space for it here.
+    outSize++;
+    buf = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(outSize));
+    if (buf == nullptr) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    return indexString(pDexFile, pDecInsn, buf, outSize);
+  }
+  return buf;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps a single instruction.
+ */
+static void dumpInstruction(const DexFile* pDexFile,
+                            const DexFile::CodeItem* pCode,
+                            u4 codeOffset, u4 insnIdx, u4 insnWidth,
+                            const Instruction* pDecInsn) {
+  // Address of instruction (expressed as byte offset).
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "%06x:", codeOffset + 0x10 + insnIdx * 2);
+
+  // Dump (part of) raw bytes.
+  const u2* insns = pCode->insns_;
+  for (u4 i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+    if (i < insnWidth) {
+      if (i == 7) {
+        fprintf(gOutFile, " ... ");
+      } else {
+        // Print 16-bit value in little-endian order.
+        const u1* bytePtr = (const u1*) &insns[insnIdx + i];
+        fprintf(gOutFile, " %02x%02x", bytePtr[0], bytePtr[1]);
+      }
+    } else {
+      fputs("     ", gOutFile);
+    }
+  }  // for
+
+  // Dump pseudo-instruction or opcode.
+  if (pDecInsn->Opcode() == Instruction::NOP) {
+    const u2 instr = get2LE((const u1*) &insns[insnIdx]);
+    if (instr == Instruction::kPackedSwitchSignature) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "|%04x: packed-switch-data (%d units)", insnIdx, insnWidth);
+    } else if (instr == Instruction::kSparseSwitchSignature) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "|%04x: sparse-switch-data (%d units)", insnIdx, insnWidth);
+    } else if (instr == Instruction::kArrayDataSignature) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "|%04x: array-data (%d units)", insnIdx, insnWidth);
+    } else {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "|%04x: nop // spacer", insnIdx);
+    }
+  } else {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "|%04x: %s", insnIdx, pDecInsn->Name());
+  }
+
+  // Set up additional argument.
+  char indexBufChars[200];
+  char *indexBuf = indexBufChars;
+  if (Instruction::IndexTypeOf(pDecInsn->Opcode()) != Instruction::kIndexNone) {
+    indexBuf = indexString(pDexFile, pDecInsn,
+                           indexBufChars, sizeof(indexBufChars));
+  }
+
+  // Dump the instruction.
+  //
+  // NOTE: pDecInsn->DumpString(pDexFile) differs too much from original.
+  //
+  switch (Instruction::FormatOf(pDecInsn->Opcode())) {
+    case Instruction::k10x:        // op
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k12x:        // op vA, vB
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, v%d", pDecInsn->VRegA(), pDecInsn->VRegB());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k11n:        // op vA, #+B
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, #int %d // #%x",
+              pDecInsn->VRegA(), (s4) pDecInsn->VRegB(), (u1)pDecInsn->VRegB());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k11x:        // op vAA
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d", pDecInsn->VRegA());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k10t:        // op +AA
+    case Instruction::k20t:        // op +AAAA
+      {
+        const s4 targ = (s4) pDecInsn->VRegA();
+        fprintf(gOutFile, " %04x // %c%04x",
+                insnIdx + targ,
+                (targ < 0) ? '-' : '+',
+                (targ < 0) ? -targ : targ);
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k22x:        // op vAA, vBBBB
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, v%d", pDecInsn->VRegA(), pDecInsn->VRegB());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k21t:        // op vAA, +BBBB
+      {
+        const s4 targ = (s4) pDecInsn->VRegB();
+        fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, %04x // %c%04x", pDecInsn->VRegA(),
+                insnIdx + targ,
+                (targ < 0) ? '-' : '+',
+                (targ < 0) ? -targ : targ);
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k21s:        // op vAA, #+BBBB
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, #int %d // #%x",
+              pDecInsn->VRegA(), (s4) pDecInsn->VRegB(), (u2)pDecInsn->VRegB());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k21h:        // op vAA, #+BBBB0000[00000000]
+      // The printed format varies a bit based on the actual opcode.
+      if (pDecInsn->Opcode() == Instruction::CONST_HIGH16) {
+        const s4 value = pDecInsn->VRegB() << 16;
+        fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, #int %d // #%x",
+                pDecInsn->VRegA(), value, (u2) pDecInsn->VRegB());
+      } else {
+        const s8 value = ((s8) pDecInsn->VRegB()) << 48;
+        fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, #long %" PRId64 " // #%x",
+                pDecInsn->VRegA(), value, (u2) pDecInsn->VRegB());
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k21c:        // op vAA, thing@BBBB
+    case Instruction::k31c:        // op vAA, thing@BBBBBBBB
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, %s", pDecInsn->VRegA(), indexBuf);
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k23x:        // op vAA, vBB, vCC
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, v%d, v%d",
+              pDecInsn->VRegA(), pDecInsn->VRegB(), pDecInsn->VRegC());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k22b:        // op vAA, vBB, #+CC
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, v%d, #int %d // #%02x",
+              pDecInsn->VRegA(), pDecInsn->VRegB(),
+              (s4) pDecInsn->VRegC(), (u1) pDecInsn->VRegC());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k22t:        // op vA, vB, +CCCC
+      {
+        const s4 targ = (s4) pDecInsn->VRegC();
+        fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, v%d, %04x // %c%04x",
+                pDecInsn->VRegA(), pDecInsn->VRegB(),
+                insnIdx + targ,
+                (targ < 0) ? '-' : '+',
+                (targ < 0) ? -targ : targ);
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k22s:        // op vA, vB, #+CCCC
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, v%d, #int %d // #%04x",
+              pDecInsn->VRegA(), pDecInsn->VRegB(),
+              (s4) pDecInsn->VRegC(), (u2) pDecInsn->VRegC());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k22c:        // op vA, vB, thing@CCCC
+    // NOT SUPPORTED:
+    // case Instruction::k22cs:    // [opt] op vA, vB, field offset CCCC
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, v%d, %s",
+              pDecInsn->VRegA(), pDecInsn->VRegB(), indexBuf);
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k30t:
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " #%08x", pDecInsn->VRegA());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k31i:        // op vAA, #+BBBBBBBB
+      {
+        // This is often, but not always, a float.
+        union {
+          float f;
+          u4 i;
+        } conv;
+        conv.i = pDecInsn->VRegB();
+        fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, #float %f // #%08x",
+                pDecInsn->VRegA(), conv.f, pDecInsn->VRegB());
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k31t:       // op vAA, offset +BBBBBBBB
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, %08x // +%08x",
+              pDecInsn->VRegA(), insnIdx + pDecInsn->VRegB(), pDecInsn->VRegB());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k32x:        // op vAAAA, vBBBB
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, v%d", pDecInsn->VRegA(), pDecInsn->VRegB());
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k35c:        // op {vC, vD, vE, vF, vG}, thing@BBBB
+    // NOT SUPPORTED:
+    // case Instruction::k35ms:       // [opt] invoke-virtual+super
+    // case Instruction::k35mi:       // [opt] inline invoke
+      {
+        u4 arg[5];
+        pDecInsn->GetVarArgs(arg);
+        fputs(" {", gOutFile);
+        for (int i = 0, n = pDecInsn->VRegA(); i < n; i++) {
+          if (i == 0) {
+            fprintf(gOutFile, "v%d", arg[i]);
+          } else {
+            fprintf(gOutFile, ", v%d", arg[i]);
+          }
+        }  // for
+        fprintf(gOutFile, "}, %s", indexBuf);
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k3rc:        // op {vCCCC .. v(CCCC+AA-1)}, thing@BBBB
+    // NOT SUPPORTED:
+    // case Instruction::k3rms:       // [opt] invoke-virtual+super/range
+    // case Instruction::k3rmi:       // [opt] execute-inline/range
+      {
+        // This doesn't match the "dx" output when some of the args are
+        // 64-bit values -- dx only shows the first register.
+        fputs(" {", gOutFile);
+        for (int i = 0, n = pDecInsn->VRegA(); i < n; i++) {
+          if (i == 0) {
+            fprintf(gOutFile, "v%d", pDecInsn->VRegC() + i);
+          } else {
+            fprintf(gOutFile, ", v%d", pDecInsn->VRegC() + i);
+          }
+        }  // for
+        fprintf(gOutFile, "}, %s", indexBuf);
+      }
+      break;
+    case Instruction::k51l:        // op vAA, #+BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
+      {
+        // This is often, but not always, a double.
+        union {
+          double d;
+          u8 j;
+        } conv;
+        conv.j = pDecInsn->WideVRegB();
+        fprintf(gOutFile, " v%d, #double %f // #%016" PRIx64,
+                pDecInsn->VRegA(), conv.d, pDecInsn->WideVRegB());
+      }
+      break;
+    // NOT SUPPORTED:
+    // case Instruction::k00x:        // unknown op or breakpoint
+    //    break;
+    default:
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " ???");
+      break;
+  }  // switch
+
+  fputc('\n', gOutFile);
+
+  if (indexBuf != indexBufChars) {
+    free(indexBuf);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps a bytecode disassembly.
+ */
+static void dumpBytecodes(const DexFile* pDexFile, u4 idx,
+                          const DexFile::CodeItem* pCode, u4 codeOffset) {
+  const DexFile::MethodId& pMethodId = pDexFile->GetMethodId(idx);
+  const char* name = pDexFile->StringDataByIdx(pMethodId.name_idx_);
+  const Signature signature = pDexFile->GetMethodSignature(pMethodId);
+  const char* backDescriptor = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pMethodId.class_idx_);
+
+  // Generate header.
+  char* tmp = descriptorToDot(backDescriptor);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "%06x:                                        "
+          "|[%06x] %s.%s:%s\n",
+          codeOffset, codeOffset, tmp, name, signature.ToString().c_str());
+  free(tmp);
+
+  // Iterate over all instructions.
+  const u2* insns = pCode->insns_;
+  for (u4 insnIdx = 0; insnIdx < pCode->insns_size_in_code_units_;) {
+    const Instruction* instruction = Instruction::At(&insns[insnIdx]);
+    const u4 insnWidth = instruction->SizeInCodeUnits();
+    if (insnWidth == 0) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "GLITCH: zero-width instruction at idx=0x%04x\n", insnIdx);
+      break;
+    }
+    dumpInstruction(pDexFile, pCode, codeOffset, insnIdx, insnWidth, instruction);
+    insnIdx += insnWidth;
+  }  // for
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps code of a method.
+ */
+static void dumpCode(const DexFile* pDexFile, u4 idx, u4 flags,
+                     const DexFile::CodeItem* pCode, u4 codeOffset) {
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "      registers     : %d\n", pCode->registers_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "      ins           : %d\n", pCode->ins_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "      outs          : %d\n", pCode->outs_size_);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "      insns size    : %d 16-bit code units\n",
+          pCode->insns_size_in_code_units_);
+
+  // Bytecode disassembly, if requested.
+  if (gOptions.disassemble) {
+    dumpBytecodes(pDexFile, idx, pCode, codeOffset);
+  }
+
+  // Try-catch blocks.
+  dumpCatches(pDexFile, pCode);
+
+  // Positions and locals table in the debug info.
+  bool is_static = (flags & kAccStatic) != 0;
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "      positions     : \n");
+  pDexFile->DecodeDebugInfo(
+      pCode, is_static, idx, dumpPositionsCb, nullptr, nullptr);
+  fprintf(gOutFile, "      locals        : \n");
+  pDexFile->DecodeDebugInfo(
+      pCode, is_static, idx, nullptr, dumpLocalsCb, nullptr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps a method.
+ */
+static void dumpMethod(const DexFile* pDexFile, u4 idx, u4 flags,
+                       const DexFile::CodeItem* pCode, u4 codeOffset, int i) {
+  // Bail for anything private if export only requested.
+  if (gOptions.exportsOnly && (flags & (kAccPublic | kAccProtected)) == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const DexFile::MethodId& pMethodId = pDexFile->GetMethodId(idx);
+  const char* name = pDexFile->StringDataByIdx(pMethodId.name_idx_);
+  const Signature signature = pDexFile->GetMethodSignature(pMethodId);
+  char* typeDescriptor = strdup(signature.ToString().c_str());
+  const char* backDescriptor = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pMethodId.class_idx_);
+  char* accessStr = createAccessFlagStr(flags, kAccessForMethod);
+
+  if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "    #%d              : (in %s)\n", i, backDescriptor);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "      name          : '%s'\n", name);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "      type          : '%s'\n", typeDescriptor);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "      access        : 0x%04x (%s)\n", flags, accessStr);
+    if (pCode == nullptr) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "      code          : (none)\n");
+    } else {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "      code          -\n");
+      dumpCode(pDexFile, idx, flags, pCode, codeOffset);
+    }
+    if (gOptions.disassemble) {
+      fputc('\n', gOutFile);
+    }
+  } else if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_XML) {
+    const bool constructor = (name[0] == '<');
+
+    // Method name and prototype.
+    if (constructor) {
+      char* tmp = descriptorClassToDot(backDescriptor);
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "<constructor name=\"%s\"\n", tmp);
+      free(tmp);
+      tmp = descriptorToDot(backDescriptor);
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " type=\"%s\"\n", tmp);
+      free(tmp);
+    } else {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "<method name=\"%s\"\n", name);
+      const char* returnType = strrchr(typeDescriptor, ')');
+      if (returnType == nullptr) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "bad method type descriptor '%s'\n", typeDescriptor);
+        goto bail;
+      }
+      char* tmp = descriptorToDot(returnType+1);
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " return=\"%s\"\n", tmp);
+      free(tmp);
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " abstract=%s\n", quotedBool((flags & kAccAbstract) != 0));
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " native=%s\n", quotedBool((flags & kAccNative) != 0));
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " synchronized=%s\n", quotedBool(
+          (flags & (kAccSynchronized | kAccDeclaredSynchronized)) != 0));
+    }
+
+    // Additional method flags.
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " static=%s\n", quotedBool((flags & kAccStatic) != 0));
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " final=%s\n", quotedBool((flags & kAccFinal) != 0));
+    // The "deprecated=" not knowable w/o parsing annotations.
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " visibility=%s\n>\n", quotedVisibility(flags));
+
+    // Parameters.
+    if (typeDescriptor[0] != '(') {
+      fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: bad descriptor '%s'\n", typeDescriptor);
+      goto bail;
+    }
+    char* tmpBuf = reinterpret_cast<char*>(malloc(strlen(typeDescriptor) + 1));
+    const char* base = typeDescriptor + 1;
+    int argNum = 0;
+    while (*base != ')') {
+      char* cp = tmpBuf;
+      while (*base == '[') {
+        *cp++ = *base++;
+      }
+      if (*base == 'L') {
+        // Copy through ';'.
+        do {
+          *cp = *base++;
+        } while (*cp++ != ';');
+      } else {
+        // Primitive char, copy it.
+        if (strchr("ZBCSIFJD", *base) == NULL) {
+          fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: bad method signature '%s'\n", base);
+          goto bail;
+        }
+        *cp++ = *base++;
+      }
+      // Null terminate and display.
+      *cp++ = '\0';
+      char* tmp = descriptorToDot(tmpBuf);
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "<parameter name=\"arg%d\" type=\"%s\">\n"
+                        "</parameter>\n", argNum++, tmp);
+      free(tmp);
+    }  // while
+    free(tmpBuf);
+    if (constructor) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "</constructor>\n");
+    } else {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "</method>\n");
+    }
+  }
+
+ bail:
+  free(typeDescriptor);
+  free(accessStr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps a static (class) field.
+ */
+static void dumpSField(const DexFile* pDexFile, u4 idx, u4 flags, int i) {
+  // Bail for anything private if export only requested.
+  if (gOptions.exportsOnly && (flags & (kAccPublic | kAccProtected)) == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const DexFile::FieldId& pFieldId = pDexFile->GetFieldId(idx);
+  const char* name = pDexFile->StringDataByIdx(pFieldId.name_idx_);
+  const char* typeDescriptor = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pFieldId.type_idx_);
+  const char* backDescriptor = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pFieldId.class_idx_);
+  char* accessStr = createAccessFlagStr(flags, kAccessForField);
+
+  if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "    #%d              : (in %s)\n", i, backDescriptor);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "      name          : '%s'\n", name);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "      type          : '%s'\n", typeDescriptor);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "      access        : 0x%04x (%s)\n", flags, accessStr);
+  } else if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_XML) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "<field name=\"%s\"\n", name);
+    char *tmp = descriptorToDot(typeDescriptor);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " type=\"%s\"\n", tmp);
+    free(tmp);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " transient=%s\n", quotedBool((flags & kAccTransient) != 0));
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " volatile=%s\n", quotedBool((flags & kAccVolatile) != 0));
+    // The "value=" is not knowable w/o parsing annotations.
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " static=%s\n", quotedBool((flags & kAccStatic) != 0));
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " final=%s\n", quotedBool((flags & kAccFinal) != 0));
+    // The "deprecated=" is not knowable w/o parsing annotations.
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " visibility=%s\n", quotedVisibility(flags));
+    fprintf(gOutFile, ">\n</field>\n");
+  }
+
+  free(accessStr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps an instance field.
+ */
+static void dumpIField(const DexFile* pDexFile, u4 idx, u4 flags, int i) {
+  dumpSField(pDexFile, idx, flags, i);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps the class.
+ *
+ * Note "idx" is a DexClassDef index, not a DexTypeId index.
+ *
+ * If "*pLastPackage" is nullptr or does not match the current class' package,
+ * the value will be replaced with a newly-allocated string.
+ */
+static void dumpClass(const DexFile* pDexFile, int idx, char** pLastPackage) {
+  const DexFile::ClassDef& pClassDef = pDexFile->GetClassDef(idx);
+
+  // Omitting non-public class.
+  if (gOptions.exportsOnly && (pClassDef.access_flags_ & kAccPublic) == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // For the XML output, show the package name.  Ideally we'd gather
+  // up the classes, sort them, and dump them alphabetically so the
+  // package name wouldn't jump around, but that's not a great plan
+  // for something that needs to run on the device.
+  const char* classDescriptor = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pClassDef.class_idx_);
+  if (!(classDescriptor[0] == 'L' &&
+        classDescriptor[strlen(classDescriptor)-1] == ';')) {
+    // Arrays and primitives should not be defined explicitly. Keep going?
+    fprintf(stderr, "Malformed class name '%s'\n", classDescriptor);
+  } else if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_XML) {
+    char* mangle = strdup(classDescriptor + 1);
+    mangle[strlen(mangle)-1] = '\0';
+
+    // Reduce to just the package name.
+    char* lastSlash = strrchr(mangle, '/');
+    if (lastSlash != nullptr) {
+      *lastSlash = '\0';
+    } else {
+      *mangle = '\0';
+    }
+
+    for (char* cp = mangle; *cp != '\0'; cp++) {
+      if (*cp == '/') {
+        *cp = '.';
+      }
+    }  // for
+
+    if (*pLastPackage == nullptr || strcmp(mangle, *pLastPackage) != 0) {
+      // Start of a new package.
+      if (*pLastPackage != nullptr) {
+        fprintf(gOutFile, "</package>\n");
+      }
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "<package name=\"%s\"\n>\n", mangle);
+      free(*pLastPackage);
+      *pLastPackage = mangle;
+    } else {
+      free(mangle);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // General class information.
+  char* accessStr = createAccessFlagStr(pClassDef.access_flags_, kAccessForClass);
+  const char* superclassDescriptor;
+  if (pClassDef.superclass_idx_ == DexFile::kDexNoIndex16) {
+    superclassDescriptor = nullptr;
+  } else {
+    superclassDescriptor = pDexFile->StringByTypeIdx(pClassDef.superclass_idx_);
+  }
+  if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "Class #%d            -\n", idx);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "  Class descriptor  : '%s'\n", classDescriptor);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "  Access flags      : 0x%04x (%s)\n", pClassDef.access_flags_, accessStr);
+    if (superclassDescriptor != nullptr) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "  Superclass        : '%s'\n", superclassDescriptor);
+    }
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "  Interfaces        -\n");
+  } else {
+    char* tmp = descriptorClassToDot(classDescriptor);
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "<class name=\"%s\"\n", tmp);
+    free(tmp);
+    if (superclassDescriptor != nullptr) {
+      tmp = descriptorToDot(superclassDescriptor);
+      fprintf(gOutFile, " extends=\"%s\"\n", tmp);
+      free(tmp);
+    }
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " abstract=%s\n", quotedBool((pClassDef.access_flags_ & kAccAbstract) != 0));
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " static=%s\n", quotedBool((pClassDef.access_flags_ & kAccStatic) != 0));
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " final=%s\n", quotedBool((pClassDef.access_flags_ & kAccFinal) != 0));
+    // The "deprecated=" not knowable w/o parsing annotations.
+    fprintf(gOutFile, " visibility=%s\n", quotedVisibility(pClassDef.access_flags_));
+    fprintf(gOutFile, ">\n");
+  }
+
+  // Interfaces.
+  const DexFile::TypeList* pInterfaces = pDexFile->GetInterfacesList(pClassDef);
+  if (pInterfaces != nullptr) {
+    for (u4 i = 0; i < pInterfaces->Size(); i++) {
+      dumpInterface(pDexFile, pInterfaces->GetTypeItem(i), i);
+    }  // for
+  }
+
+  // Fields and methods.
+  const u1* pEncodedData = pDexFile->GetClassData(pClassDef);
+  if (pEncodedData == nullptr) {
+    if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "  Static fields     -\n");
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "  Instance fields   -\n");
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "  Direct methods    -\n");
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "  Virtual methods   -\n");
+    }
+  } else {
+    ClassDataItemIterator pClassData(*pDexFile, pEncodedData);
+    if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "  Static fields     -\n");
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; pClassData.HasNextStaticField(); i++, pClassData.Next()) {
+      dumpSField(pDexFile, pClassData.GetMemberIndex(),
+                           pClassData.GetRawMemberAccessFlags(), i);
+    }  // for
+    if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "  Instance fields   -\n");
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; pClassData.HasNextInstanceField(); i++, pClassData.Next()) {
+      dumpIField(pDexFile, pClassData.GetMemberIndex(),
+                          pClassData.GetRawMemberAccessFlags(), i);
+    }  // for
+    if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "  Direct methods    -\n");
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; pClassData.HasNextDirectMethod(); i++, pClassData.Next()) {
+      dumpMethod(pDexFile, pClassData.GetMemberIndex(),
+                           pClassData.GetRawMemberAccessFlags(),
+                           pClassData.GetMethodCodeItem(),
+                           pClassData.GetMethodCodeItemOffset(), i);
+    }  // for
+    if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+      fprintf(gOutFile, "  Virtual methods   -\n");
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; pClassData.HasNextVirtualMethod(); i++, pClassData.Next()) {
+      dumpMethod(pDexFile, pClassData.GetMemberIndex(),
+                           pClassData.GetRawMemberAccessFlags(),
+                           pClassData.GetMethodCodeItem(),
+                           pClassData.GetMethodCodeItemOffset(), i);
+    }  // for
+  }
+
+  // End of class.
+  if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_PLAIN) {
+    const char* fileName;
+    if (pClassDef.source_file_idx_ != DexFile::kDexNoIndex) {
+      fileName = pDexFile->StringDataByIdx(pClassDef.source_file_idx_);
+    } else {
+      fileName = "unknown";
+    }
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "  source_file_idx   : %d (%s)\n\n",
+            pClassDef.source_file_idx_, fileName);
+  } else if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_XML) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "</class>\n");
+  }
+
+  free(accessStr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Dumps the requested sections of the file.
+ */
+static void processDexFile(const char* fileName, const DexFile* pDexFile) {
+  if (gOptions.verbose) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "Opened '%s', DEX version '%.3s'\n",
+            fileName, pDexFile->GetHeader().magic_ + 4);
+  }
+
+  // Headers.
+  if (gOptions.showFileHeaders) {
+    dumpFileHeader(pDexFile);
+  }
+
+  // Open XML context.
+  if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_XML) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "<api>\n");
+  }
+
+  // Iterate over all classes.
+  char* package = nullptr;
+  const u4 classDefsSize = pDexFile->GetHeader().class_defs_size_;
+  for (u4 i = 0; i < classDefsSize; i++) {
+    if (gOptions.showSectionHeaders) {
+      dumpClassDef(pDexFile, i);
+    }
+    dumpClass(pDexFile, i, &package);
+  }  // for
+
+  // Free the last package allocated.
+  if (package != nullptr) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "</package>\n");
+    free(package);
+  }
+
+  // Close XML context.
+  if (gOptions.outputFormat == OUTPUT_XML) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "</api>\n");
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Processes a single file (either direct .dex or indirect .zip/.jar/.apk).
+ */
+int processFile(const char* fileName) {
+  if (gOptions.verbose) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "Processing '%s'...\n", fileName);
+  }
+
+  // If the file is not a .dex file, the function tries .zip/.jar/.apk files,
+  // all of which are Zip archives with "classes.dex" inside. The compressed
+  // data needs to be extracted to a temp file, the location of which varies.
+  //
+  // TODO(ajcbik): fix following issues
+  //
+  // (1) gOptions.tempFileName is not accounted for
+  // (2) gOptions.ignoreBadChecksum is not accounted for
+  //
+  std::string error_msg;
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> dex_files;
+  if (!DexFile::Open(fileName, fileName, &error_msg, &dex_files)) {
+    // Display returned error message to user. Note that this error behavior
+    // differs from the error messages shown by the original Dalvik dexdump.
+    fputs(error_msg.c_str(), stderr);
+    fputc('\n', stderr);
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  // Determine if opening file yielded a single dex file. On failure,
+  // the parse error message of the original dexdump utility is shown.
+  //
+  // TODO(ajcbik): this restriction is not really needed, but kept
+  //               for now to stay close to original dexdump; we can
+  //               later relax this!
+  //
+  if (dex_files.size() != 1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: DEX parse failed\n");
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  // Success. Either report checksum verification or process dex file.
+  if (gOptions.checksumOnly) {
+    fprintf(gOutFile, "Checksum verified\n");
+  } else {
+    processDexFile(fileName, dex_files[0].get());
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+}  // namespace art