diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
index 4594e2c..e366e07 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "art_field-inl.h"
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
+#include "base/bit_vector.h"
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "base/systrace.h"
 #include "base/time_utils.h"
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@
 #include "thread_pool.h"
 #include "trampolines/trampoline_compiler.h"
 #include "transaction.h"
+#include "utils/array_ref.h"
 #include "utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h"
 #include "utils/swap_space.h"
 #include "verifier/method_verifier.h"
@@ -333,6 +335,24 @@
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(AOTCompilationStats);
 };
 
+class CompilerDriver::DexFileMethodSet {
+ public:
+  explicit DexFileMethodSet(const DexFile& dex_file)
+    : dex_file_(dex_file),
+      method_indexes_(dex_file.NumMethodIds(), false, Allocator::GetMallocAllocator()) {
+  }
+  DexFileMethodSet(DexFileMethodSet&& other) = default;
+
+  const DexFile& GetDexFile() const { return dex_file_; }
+
+  BitVector& GetMethodIndexes() { return method_indexes_; }
+  const BitVector& GetMethodIndexes() const { return method_indexes_; }
+
+ private:
+  const DexFile& dex_file_;
+  BitVector method_indexes_;
+};
+
 CompilerDriver::CompilerDriver(
     const CompilerOptions* compiler_options,
     VerificationResults* verification_results,
@@ -379,7 +399,10 @@
       dex_files_for_oat_file_(nullptr),
       compiled_method_storage_(swap_fd),
       profile_compilation_info_(profile_compilation_info),
-      max_arena_alloc_(0) {
+      max_arena_alloc_(0),
+      dex_to_dex_references_lock_("dex-to-dex references lock"),
+      dex_to_dex_references_(),
+      current_dex_to_dex_methods_(nullptr) {
   DCHECK(compiler_options_ != nullptr);
   DCHECK(method_inliner_map_ != nullptr);
 
@@ -552,7 +575,29 @@
   uint64_t start_ns = kTimeCompileMethod ? NanoTime() : 0;
   MethodReference method_ref(&dex_file, method_idx);
 
-  if ((access_flags & kAccNative) != 0) {
+  if (driver->GetCurrentDexToDexMethods() != nullptr) {
+    // This is the second pass when we dex-to-dex compile previously marked methods.
+    // TODO: Refactor the compilation to avoid having to distinguish the two passes
+    // here. That should be done on a higher level. http://b/29089975
+    if (driver->GetCurrentDexToDexMethods()->IsBitSet(method_idx)) {
+      const VerifiedMethod* verified_method =
+          driver->GetVerificationResults()->GetVerifiedMethod(method_ref);
+      // Do not optimize if a VerifiedMethod is missing. SafeCast elision,
+      // for example, relies on it.
+      compiled_method = optimizer::ArtCompileDEX(
+          driver,
+          code_item,
+          access_flags,
+          invoke_type,
+          class_def_idx,
+          method_idx,
+          class_loader,
+          dex_file,
+          (verified_method != nullptr)
+              ? dex_to_dex_compilation_level
+              : optimizer::DexToDexCompilationLevel::kRequired);
+    }
+  } else if ((access_flags & kAccNative) != 0) {
     // Are we extracting only and have support for generic JNI down calls?
     if (!driver->GetCompilerOptions().IsJniCompilationEnabled() &&
         InstructionSetHasGenericJniStub(driver->GetInstructionSet())) {
@@ -588,21 +633,9 @@
     }
     if (compiled_method == nullptr &&
         dex_to_dex_compilation_level != optimizer::DexToDexCompilationLevel::kDontDexToDexCompile) {
+      DCHECK(!Runtime::Current()->UseJitCompilation());
       // TODO: add a command-line option to disable DEX-to-DEX compilation ?
-      // Do not optimize if a VerifiedMethod is missing. SafeCast elision, for example, relies on
-      // it.
-      compiled_method = optimizer::ArtCompileDEX(
-          driver,
-          code_item,
-          access_flags,
-          invoke_type,
-          class_def_idx,
-          method_idx,
-          class_loader,
-          dex_file,
-          (verified_method != nullptr)
-              ? dex_to_dex_compilation_level
-              : optimizer::DexToDexCompilationLevel::kRequired);
+      driver->MarkForDexToDexCompilation(self, method_ref);
     }
   }
   if (kTimeCompileMethod) {
@@ -628,12 +661,6 @@
     driver->AddCompiledMethod(method_ref, compiled_method, non_relative_linker_patch_count);
   }
 
-  // Done compiling, delete the verified method to reduce native memory usage. Do not delete in
-  // optimizing compiler, which may need the verified method again for inlining.
-  if (driver->GetCompilerKind() != Compiler::kOptimizing) {
-    driver->GetVerificationResults()->RemoveVerifiedMethod(method_ref);
-  }
-
   if (self->IsExceptionPending()) {
     ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
     LOG(FATAL) << "Unexpected exception compiling: " << PrettyMethod(method_idx, dex_file) << "\n"
@@ -680,6 +707,7 @@
                                   *dex_file,
                                   dex_file->GetClassDef(class_def_idx));
 
+  DCHECK(current_dex_to_dex_methods_ == nullptr);
   CompileMethod(self,
                 this,
                 code_item,
@@ -693,6 +721,34 @@
                 true,
                 dex_cache);
 
+  ArrayRef<DexFileMethodSet> dex_to_dex_references;
+  {
+    // From this point on, we shall not modify dex_to_dex_references_, so
+    // just grab a reference to it that we use without holding the mutex.
+    MutexLock lock(Thread::Current(), dex_to_dex_references_lock_);
+    dex_to_dex_references = ArrayRef<DexFileMethodSet>(dex_to_dex_references_);
+  }
+  if (!dex_to_dex_references.empty()) {
+    DCHECK_EQ(dex_to_dex_references.size(), 1u);
+    DCHECK(&dex_to_dex_references[0].GetDexFile() == dex_file);
+    current_dex_to_dex_methods_ = &dex_to_dex_references.front().GetMethodIndexes();
+    DCHECK(current_dex_to_dex_methods_->IsBitSet(method_idx));
+    DCHECK_EQ(current_dex_to_dex_methods_->NumSetBits(), 1u);
+    CompileMethod(self,
+                  this,
+                  code_item,
+                  access_flags,
+                  invoke_type,
+                  class_def_idx,
+                  method_idx,
+                  jclass_loader,
+                  *dex_file,
+                  dex_to_dex_compilation_level,
+                  true,
+                  dex_cache);
+    current_dex_to_dex_methods_ = nullptr;
+  }
+
   FreeThreadPools();
 
   self->GetJniEnv()->DeleteGlobalRef(jclass_loader);
@@ -1285,6 +1341,17 @@
   return IsImageClass(descriptor);
 }
 
+void CompilerDriver::MarkForDexToDexCompilation(Thread* self, const MethodReference& method_ref) {
+  MutexLock lock(self, dex_to_dex_references_lock_);
+  // Since we're compiling one dex file at a time, we need to look for the
+  // current dex file entry only at the end of dex_to_dex_references_.
+  if (dex_to_dex_references_.empty() ||
+      &dex_to_dex_references_.back().GetDexFile() != method_ref.dex_file) {
+    dex_to_dex_references_.emplace_back(*method_ref.dex_file);
+  }
+  dex_to_dex_references_.back().GetMethodIndexes().SetBit(method_ref.dex_method_index);
+}
+
 bool CompilerDriver::CanAssumeTypeIsPresentInDexCache(Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache,
                                                       uint32_t type_idx) {
   bool result = false;
@@ -2496,8 +2563,9 @@
             ? "null"
             : profile_compilation_info_->DumpInfo(&dex_files));
   }
-  for (size_t i = 0; i != dex_files.size(); ++i) {
-    const DexFile* dex_file = dex_files[i];
+
+  DCHECK(current_dex_to_dex_methods_ == nullptr);
+  for (const DexFile* dex_file : dex_files) {
     CHECK(dex_file != nullptr);
     CompileDexFile(class_loader,
                    *dex_file,
@@ -2510,6 +2578,25 @@
     max_arena_alloc_ = std::max(arena_alloc, max_arena_alloc_);
     Runtime::Current()->ReclaimArenaPoolMemory();
   }
+
+  ArrayRef<DexFileMethodSet> dex_to_dex_references;
+  {
+    // From this point on, we shall not modify dex_to_dex_references_, so
+    // just grab a reference to it that we use without holding the mutex.
+    MutexLock lock(Thread::Current(), dex_to_dex_references_lock_);
+    dex_to_dex_references = ArrayRef<DexFileMethodSet>(dex_to_dex_references_);
+  }
+  for (const auto& method_set : dex_to_dex_references) {
+    current_dex_to_dex_methods_ = &method_set.GetMethodIndexes();
+    CompileDexFile(class_loader,
+                   method_set.GetDexFile(),
+                   dex_files,
+                   parallel_thread_pool_.get(),
+                   parallel_thread_count_,
+                   timings);
+  }
+  current_dex_to_dex_methods_ = nullptr;
+
   VLOG(compiler) << "Compile: " << GetMemoryUsageString(false);
 }