diff --git a/cmdline/cmdline_types.h b/cmdline/cmdline_types.h
index 6c0a0e1..97c672c 100644
--- a/cmdline/cmdline_types.h
+++ b/cmdline/cmdline_types.h
@@ -616,6 +616,8 @@
         log_verbosity.threads = true;
       } else if (verbose_options[j] == "verifier") {
         log_verbosity.verifier = true;
+      } else if (verbose_options[j] == "image") {
+        log_verbosity.image = true;
       } else {
         return Result::Usage(std::string("Unknown -verbose option ") + verbose_options[j]);
       }
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
index d021525..818d50a 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver.cc
@@ -730,8 +730,8 @@
 
 bool CompilerDriver::IsImageClass(const char* descriptor) const {
   if (!IsBootImage()) {
-    // NOTE: Currently unreachable, all callers check IsImage().
-    return false;
+    // NOTE: Currently only reachable from InitImageMethodVisitor for the app image case.
+    return true;
   } else {
     return image_classes_->find(descriptor) != image_classes_->end();
   }
diff --git a/compiler/image_test.cc b/compiler/image_test.cc
index 12132c0..b841675 100644
--- a/compiler/image_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/image_test.cc
@@ -155,7 +155,11 @@
   {
     std::vector<const char*> dup_oat_filename(1, dup_oat->GetPath().c_str());
     std::vector<const char*> dup_image_filename(1, image_file.GetFilename().c_str());
-    bool success_image = writer->Write(kInvalidImageFd, dup_image_filename, dup_oat_filename);
+    bool success_image = writer->Write(kInvalidFd,
+                                       dup_image_filename,
+                                       kInvalidFd,
+                                       dup_oat_filename,
+                                       dup_oat_filename[0]);
     ASSERT_TRUE(success_image);
     bool success_fixup = ElfWriter::Fixup(dup_oat.get(),
                                           writer->GetOatDataBegin(dup_oat_filename[0]));
@@ -292,11 +296,17 @@
                              oat_data_begin,
                              oat_data_end,
                              oat_file_end,
+                             /*boot_image_begin*/0U,
+                             /*boot_image_size*/0U,
+                             /*boot_oat_begin*/0U,
+                             /*boot_oat_size_*/0U,
                              sizeof(void*),
                              /*compile_pic*/false,
+                             /*is_pic*/false,
                              ImageHeader::kDefaultStorageMode,
                              /*data_size*/0u);
     ASSERT_TRUE(image_header.IsValid());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(!image_header.IsAppImage());
 
     char* magic = const_cast<char*>(image_header.GetMagic());
     strcpy(magic, "");  // bad magic
diff --git a/compiler/image_writer.cc b/compiler/image_writer.cc
index d0bb201..72c615e 100644
--- a/compiler/image_writer.cc
+++ b/compiler/image_writer.cc
@@ -159,17 +159,45 @@
 
 bool ImageWriter::Write(int image_fd,
                         const std::vector<const char*>& image_filenames,
-                        const std::vector<const char*>& oat_filenames) {
+                        int oat_fd,
+                        const std::vector<const char*>& oat_filenames,
+                        const std::string& oat_location) {
+  // If image_fd or oat_fd are not kInvalidFd then we may have empty strings in image_filenames or
+  // oat_filenames.
   CHECK(!image_filenames.empty());
+  if (image_fd != kInvalidFd) {
+    CHECK_EQ(image_filenames.size(), 1u);
+  }
   CHECK(!oat_filenames.empty());
+  if (oat_fd != kInvalidFd) {
+    CHECK_EQ(oat_filenames.size(), 1u);
+  }
   CHECK_EQ(image_filenames.size(), oat_filenames.size());
 
   size_t oat_file_offset = 0;
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < oat_filenames.size(); ++i) {
     const char* oat_filename = oat_filenames[i];
-    std::unique_ptr<File> oat_file(OS::OpenFileReadWrite(oat_filename));
-    if (oat_file.get() == nullptr) {
+    std::unique_ptr<File> oat_file;
+
+    if (oat_fd != -1) {
+      if (strlen(oat_filename) == 0u) {
+        oat_file.reset(new File(oat_fd, false));
+      } else {
+        oat_file.reset(new File(oat_fd, oat_filename, false));
+      }
+      int length = oat_file->GetLength();
+      if (length < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Oat file has negative length " << length;
+        return false;
+      } else {
+        // Leave the fd open since dex2oat still needs to write out the oat file with the fd.
+        oat_file->DisableAutoClose();
+      }
+    } else {
+      oat_file.reset(OS::OpenFileReadWrite(oat_filename));
+    }
+    if (oat_file == nullptr) {
       PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open oat file " << oat_filename;
       return false;
     }
@@ -181,7 +209,7 @@
       return false;
     }
     Runtime::Current()->GetOatFileManager().RegisterOatFile(
-      std::unique_ptr<const OatFile>(oat_file_));
+        std::unique_ptr<const OatFile>(oat_file_));
 
     const OatHeader& oat_header = oat_file_->GetOatHeader();
     ImageInfo& image_info = GetImageInfo(oat_filename);
@@ -220,8 +248,15 @@
 
     SetOatChecksumFromElfFile(oat_file.get());
 
-    if (oat_file->FlushCloseOrErase() != 0) {
-      LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to flush and close oat file " << oat_filename;
+    if (oat_fd != -1) {
+      // Leave fd open for caller.
+      if (oat_file->Flush() != 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to flush oat file " << oat_filename << " for " << oat_location;
+        return false;
+      }
+    } else if (oat_file->FlushCloseOrErase() != 0) {
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to flush and close oat file " << oat_filename
+                 << " for " << oat_location;
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -238,16 +273,22 @@
     const char* oat_filename = oat_filenames[i];
     ImageInfo& image_info = GetImageInfo(oat_filename);
     std::unique_ptr<File> image_file;
-    if (image_fd != kInvalidImageFd) {
-      image_file.reset(new File(image_fd, image_filename, unix_file::kCheckSafeUsage));
+    if (image_fd != kInvalidFd) {
+      if (strlen(image_filename) == 0u) {
+        image_file.reset(new File(image_fd, unix_file::kCheckSafeUsage));
+      } else {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "image fd " << image_fd << " name " << image_filename;
+      }
     } else {
       image_file.reset(OS::CreateEmptyFile(image_filename));
     }
+
     if (image_file == nullptr) {
       LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open image file " << image_filename;
       return false;
     }
-    if (fchmod(image_file->Fd(), 0644) != 0) {
+
+    if (!compile_app_image_ && fchmod(image_file->Fd(), 0644) != 0) {
       PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to make image file world readable: " << image_filename;
       image_file->Erase();
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
@@ -701,6 +742,7 @@
     std::unordered_set<mirror::Class*>* visited) {
   DCHECK(early_exit != nullptr);
   DCHECK(visited != nullptr);
+  DCHECK(compile_app_image_);
   if (klass == nullptr) {
     return false;
   }
@@ -717,6 +759,13 @@
   visited->emplace(klass);
   bool result = IsBootClassLoaderNonImageClass(klass);
   bool my_early_exit = false;  // Only for ourselves, ignore caller.
+  // Remove classes that failed to verify since we don't want to have java.lang.VerifyError in the
+  // app image.
+  if (klass->GetStatus() == mirror::Class::kStatusError) {
+    result = true;
+  } else {
+    CHECK(klass->GetVerifyError() == nullptr) << PrettyClass(klass);
+  }
   if (!result) {
     // Check interfaces since these wont be visited through VisitReferences.)
     mirror::IfTable* if_table = klass->GetIfTable();
@@ -727,6 +776,12 @@
           visited);
     }
   }
+  if (klass->IsObjectArrayClass()) {
+    result = result || ContainsBootClassLoaderNonImageClassInternal(
+        klass->GetComponentType(),
+        &my_early_exit,
+        visited);
+  }
   // Check static fields and their classes.
   size_t num_static_fields = klass->NumReferenceStaticFields();
   if (num_static_fields != 0 && klass->IsResolved()) {
@@ -780,7 +835,9 @@
   if (compile_app_image_) {
     // For app images, we need to prune boot loader classes that are not in the boot image since
     // these may have already been loaded when the app image is loaded.
-    return !ContainsBootClassLoaderNonImageClass(klass);
+    // Keep classes in the boot image space since we don't want to re-resolve these.
+    return Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->ObjectIsInBootImageSpace(klass) ||
+        !ContainsBootClassLoaderNonImageClass(klass);
   }
   std::string temp;
   return compiler_driver_.IsImageClass(klass->GetDescriptor(&temp));
@@ -843,25 +900,25 @@
     for (size_t i = 0, num = dex_cache->NumResolvedMethods(); i != num; ++i) {
       ArtMethod* method =
           mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(resolved_methods, i, target_ptr_size_);
-      if (method != nullptr) {
-        auto* declaring_class = method->GetDeclaringClass();
-        // Miranda methods may be held live by a class which was not an image class but have a
-        // declaring class which is an image class. Set it to the resolution method to be safe and
-        // prevent dangling pointers.
-        if (method->IsMiranda() || !KeepClass(declaring_class)) {
-          mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(resolved_methods,
-                                              i,
-                                              resolution_method,
-                                              target_ptr_size_);
-        } else {
-          // Check that the class is still in the classes table.
-          DCHECK(class_linker->ClassInClassTable(declaring_class)) << "Class "
-              << PrettyClass(declaring_class) << " not in class linker table";
-        }
+      DCHECK(method != nullptr) << "Expected resolution method instead of null method";
+      mirror::Class* declaring_class = method->GetDeclaringClass();
+      // Miranda methods may be held live by a class which was not an image class but have a
+      // declaring class which is an image class. Set it to the resolution method to be safe and
+      // prevent dangling pointers.
+      if (method->IsMiranda() || !KeepClass(declaring_class)) {
+        mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(resolved_methods,
+                                            i,
+                                            resolution_method,
+                                            target_ptr_size_);
+      } else {
+        // Check that the class is still in the classes table.
+        DCHECK(class_linker->ClassInClassTable(declaring_class)) << "Class "
+            << PrettyClass(declaring_class) << " not in class linker table";
       }
     }
+    ArtField** resolved_fields = dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
     for (size_t i = 0; i < dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); i++) {
-      ArtField* field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(i, target_ptr_size_);
+      ArtField* field = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(resolved_fields, i, target_ptr_size_);
       if (field != nullptr && !KeepClass(field->GetDeclaringClass())) {
         dex_cache->SetResolvedField(i, nullptr, target_ptr_size_);
       }
@@ -906,6 +963,32 @@
   }
 }
 
+mirror::String* ImageWriter::FindInternedString(mirror::String* string) {
+  Thread* const self = Thread::Current();
+  for (auto& pair : image_info_map_) {
+    const ImageInfo& image_info = pair.second;
+    mirror::String* const found = image_info.intern_table_->LookupStrong(self, string);
+    DCHECK(image_info.intern_table_->LookupWeak(self, string) == nullptr)
+        << string->ToModifiedUtf8();
+    if (found != nullptr) {
+      return found;
+    }
+  }
+  if (compile_app_image_) {
+    Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();
+    mirror::String* found = runtime->GetInternTable()->LookupStrong(self, string);
+    // If we found it in the runtime intern table it could either be in the boot image or interned
+    // during app image compilation. If it was in the boot image return that, otherwise return null
+    // since it belongs to another image space.
+    if (found != nullptr && runtime->GetHeap()->ObjectIsInBootImageSpace(found)) {
+      return found;
+    }
+    DCHECK(runtime->GetInternTable()->LookupWeak(self, string) == nullptr)
+        << string->ToModifiedUtf8();
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
 void ImageWriter::CalculateObjectBinSlots(Object* obj) {
   DCHECK(obj != nullptr);
   // if it is a string, we want to intern it if its not interned.
@@ -915,13 +998,16 @@
 
     // we must be an interned string that was forward referenced and already assigned
     if (IsImageBinSlotAssigned(obj)) {
-      DCHECK_EQ(obj, image_info.intern_table_->InternStrongImageString(obj->AsString()));
+      DCHECK_EQ(obj, FindInternedString(obj->AsString()));
       return;
     }
-    // InternImageString allows us to intern while holding the heap bitmap lock. This is safe since
-    // we are guaranteed to not have GC during image writing.
-    mirror::String* const interned = image_info.intern_table_->InternStrongImageString(
-        obj->AsString());
+    // Need to check if the string is already interned in another image info so that we don't have
+    // the intern tables of two different images contain the same string.
+    mirror::String* interned = FindInternedString(obj->AsString());
+    if (interned == nullptr) {
+      // Not in another image space, insert to our table.
+      interned = image_info.intern_table_->InternStrongImageString(obj->AsString());
+    }
     if (obj != interned) {
       if (!IsImageBinSlotAssigned(interned)) {
         // interned obj is after us, allocate its location early
@@ -1066,6 +1152,11 @@
       // Visit and assign offsets for fields and field arrays.
       auto* as_klass = h_obj->AsClass();
       mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = as_klass->GetDexCache();
+      DCHECK_NE(klass->GetStatus(), mirror::Class::kStatusError);
+      if (compile_app_image_) {
+        // Extra sanity, no boot loader classes should be left!
+        CHECK(!IsBootClassLoaderClass(as_klass)) << PrettyClass(as_klass);
+      }
       LengthPrefixedArray<ArtField>* fields[] = {
           as_klass->GetSFieldsPtr(), as_klass->GetIFieldsPtr(),
       };
@@ -1405,6 +1496,13 @@
               << " Oat data end=" << reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(oat_data_end)
               << " Oat file end=" << reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(oat_file_end);
   }
+  // Store boot image info for app image so that we can relocate.
+  uint32_t boot_image_begin = 0;
+  uint32_t boot_image_end = 0;
+  uint32_t boot_oat_begin = 0;
+  uint32_t boot_oat_end = 0;
+  gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
+  heap->GetBootImagesSize(&boot_image_begin, &boot_image_end, &boot_oat_begin, &boot_oat_end);
 
   // Create the header, leave 0 for data size since we will fill this in as we are writing the
   // image.
@@ -1417,8 +1515,13 @@
                                                PointerToLowMemUInt32(image_info.oat_data_begin_),
                                                PointerToLowMemUInt32(oat_data_end),
                                                PointerToLowMemUInt32(oat_file_end),
+                                               boot_image_begin,
+                                               boot_image_end - boot_image_begin,
+                                               boot_oat_begin,
+                                               boot_oat_end - boot_oat_begin,
                                                target_ptr_size_,
                                                compile_pic_,
+                                               /*is_pic*/compile_app_image_,
                                                image_storage_mode_,
                                                /*data_size*/0u);
 }
@@ -1805,13 +1908,14 @@
       if (klass == class_linker->GetClassRoot(ClassLinker::kJavaLangDexCache)) {
         FixupDexCache(down_cast<mirror::DexCache*>(orig), down_cast<mirror::DexCache*>(copy));
       } else if (klass->IsClassLoaderClass()) {
+        mirror::ClassLoader* copy_loader = down_cast<mirror::ClassLoader*>(copy);
         // If src is a ClassLoader, set the class table to null so that it gets recreated by the
         // ClassLoader.
-        down_cast<mirror::ClassLoader*>(copy)->SetClassTable(nullptr);
+        copy_loader->SetClassTable(nullptr);
         // Also set allocator to null to be safe. The allocator is created when we create the class
         // table. We also never expect to unload things in the image since they are held live as
         // roots.
-        down_cast<mirror::ClassLoader*>(copy)->SetAllocator(nullptr);
+        copy_loader->SetAllocator(nullptr);
       }
     }
     FixupVisitor visitor(this, copy);
@@ -1896,7 +2000,7 @@
   // If we are compiling an app image, we need to use the stubs of the boot image.
   if (compile_app_image_) {
     // Use the current image pointers.
-    std::vector<gc::space::ImageSpace*> image_spaces =
+    const std::vector<gc::space::ImageSpace*>& image_spaces =
         Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetBootImageSpaces();
     DCHECK(!image_spaces.empty());
     const OatFile* oat_file = image_spaces[0]->GetOatFile();
diff --git a/compiler/image_writer.h b/compiler/image_writer.h
index ad69038..622eb19 100644
--- a/compiler/image_writer.h
+++ b/compiler/image_writer.h
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 
 class ClassTable;
 
-static constexpr int kInvalidImageFd = -1;
+static constexpr int kInvalidFd = -1;
 
 // Write a Space built during compilation for use during execution.
 class ImageWriter FINAL {
@@ -103,11 +103,15 @@
 
   uint8_t* GetOatFileBegin(const char* oat_filename) const;
 
-  // If image_fd is not kInvalidImageFd, then we use that for the file. Otherwise we open
+  // If image_fd is not kInvalidFd, then we use that for the image file. Otherwise we open
   // the names in image_filenames.
+  // If oat_fd is not kInvalidFd, then we use that for the oat file. Otherwise we open
+  // the names in oat_filenames.
   bool Write(int image_fd,
              const std::vector<const char*>& image_filenames,
-             const std::vector<const char*>& oat_filenames)
+             int oat_fd,
+             const std::vector<const char*>& oat_filenames,
+             const std::string& oat_location)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   uintptr_t GetOatDataBegin(const char* oat_filename) {
@@ -447,6 +451,10 @@
   const ImageInfo& GetConstImageInfo(const char* oat_filename) const;
   const ImageInfo& GetImageInfo(size_t index) const;
 
+  // Find an already strong interned string in the other images or in the boot image. Used to
+  // remove duplicates in the multi image and app image case.
+  mirror::String* FindInternedString(mirror::String* string) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   const CompilerDriver& compiler_driver_;
 
   // Beginning target image address for the first image.
diff --git a/compiler/oat_writer.cc b/compiler/oat_writer.cc
index c74c41f..a542162 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_writer.cc
+++ b/compiler/oat_writer.cc
@@ -725,8 +725,18 @@
 
       // Deduplicate code arrays if we are not producing debuggable code.
       bool deduped = false;
+      MethodReference method_ref(dex_file_, it.GetMemberIndex());
+      auto method_lb = writer_->method_offset_map_.map.lower_bound(method_ref);
       if (debuggable_) {
-        quick_code_offset = NewQuickCodeOffset(compiled_method, it, thumb_offset);
+        if (method_lb != writer_->method_offset_map_.map.end() &&
+            !writer_->method_offset_map_.map.key_comp()(method_ref, method_lb->first)) {
+          // Duplicate methods, we want the same code for both of them so that the oat writer puts
+          // the same code in both ArtMethods so that we do not get different oat code at runtime.
+          quick_code_offset = method_lb->second;
+          deduped = true;
+        } else {
+          quick_code_offset = NewQuickCodeOffset(compiled_method, it, thumb_offset);
+        }
       } else {
         auto lb = dedupe_map_.lower_bound(compiled_method);
         if (lb != dedupe_map_.end() && !dedupe_map_.key_comp()(compiled_method, lb->first)) {
@@ -739,14 +749,12 @@
       }
 
       if (code_size != 0) {
-        MethodReference method_ref(dex_file_, it.GetMemberIndex());
-        auto method_lb = writer_->method_offset_map_.map.lower_bound(method_ref);
         if (method_lb != writer_->method_offset_map_.map.end() &&
             !writer_->method_offset_map_.map.key_comp()(method_ref, method_lb->first)) {
           // TODO: Should this be a hard failure?
           LOG(WARNING) << "Multiple definitions of "
               << PrettyMethod(method_ref.dex_method_index, *method_ref.dex_file)
-              << ((method_lb->second != quick_code_offset) ? "; OFFSET MISMATCH" : "");
+              << " offsets " << method_lb->second << " " << quick_code_offset;
         } else {
           writer_->method_offset_map_.map.PutBefore(method_lb, method_ref, quick_code_offset);
         }
@@ -958,30 +966,40 @@
     }
 
     ClassLinker* linker = Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker();
-    InvokeType invoke_type = it.GetMethodInvokeType(dex_file_->GetClassDef(class_def_index_));
     // Unchecked as we hold mutator_lock_ on entry.
     ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(Thread::Current());
     StackHandleScope<1> hs(soa.Self());
     Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs.NewHandle(linker->FindDexCache(
         Thread::Current(), *dex_file_)));
-    ArtMethod* method = linker->ResolveMethod<ClassLinker::kNoICCECheckForCache>(
-        *dex_file_,
-        it.GetMemberIndex(),
-        dex_cache,
-        ScopedNullHandle<mirror::ClassLoader>(),
-        nullptr,
-        invoke_type);
-    if (method == nullptr) {
-      LOG(INTERNAL_FATAL) << "Unexpected failure to resolve a method: "
-                          << PrettyMethod(it.GetMemberIndex(), *dex_file_, true);
-      soa.Self()->AssertPendingException();
-      mirror::Throwable* exc = soa.Self()->GetException();
-      std::string dump = exc->Dump();
-      LOG(FATAL) << dump;
-      UNREACHABLE();
+    ArtMethod* method;
+    if (writer_->HasBootImage()) {
+      const InvokeType invoke_type = it.GetMethodInvokeType(
+          dex_file_->GetClassDef(class_def_index_));
+      method = linker->ResolveMethod<ClassLinker::kNoICCECheckForCache>(
+          *dex_file_,
+          it.GetMemberIndex(),
+          dex_cache,
+          ScopedNullHandle<mirror::ClassLoader>(),
+          nullptr,
+          invoke_type);
+      if (method == nullptr) {
+        LOG(INTERNAL_FATAL) << "Unexpected failure to resolve a method: "
+            << PrettyMethod(it.GetMemberIndex(), *dex_file_, true);
+        soa.Self()->AssertPendingException();
+        mirror::Throwable* exc = soa.Self()->GetException();
+        std::string dump = exc->Dump();
+        LOG(FATAL) << dump;
+        UNREACHABLE();
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Should already have been resolved by the compiler, just peek into the dex cache.
+      // It may not be resolved if the class failed to verify, in this case, don't set the
+      // entrypoint. This is not fatal since the dex cache will contain a resolution method.
+      method = dex_cache->GetResolvedMethod(it.GetMemberIndex(), linker->GetImagePointerSize());
     }
-
-    if (compiled_method != nullptr && compiled_method->GetQuickCode().size() != 0) {
+    if (method != nullptr &&
+        compiled_method != nullptr &&
+        compiled_method->GetQuickCode().size() != 0) {
       method->SetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCodePtrSize(
           reinterpret_cast<void*>(offsets.code_offset_), pointer_size_);
     }
@@ -1467,7 +1485,7 @@
     } while (false)
 
   VISIT(InitCodeMethodVisitor);
-  if (compiler_driver_->IsBootImage()) {
+  if (HasImage()) {
     VISIT(InitImageMethodVisitor);
   }
 
diff --git a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
index 918a01b..86f51e1 100644
--- a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@
       dump_timing_(false),
       dump_slow_timing_(kIsDebugBuild),
       swap_fd_(-1),
-      app_image_fd_(kInvalidImageFd),
+      app_image_fd_(kInvalidFd),
       timings_(timings) {}
 
   ~Dex2Oat() {
@@ -1442,6 +1442,11 @@
     return true;
   }
 
+  // If we need to keep the oat file open for the image writer.
+  bool ShouldKeepOatFileOpen() const {
+    return IsImage() && oat_fd_ != kInvalidFd;
+  }
+
   // Create and invoke the compiler driver. This will compile all the dex files.
   void Compile() {
     TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t("dex2oat Compile", timings_);
@@ -1593,13 +1598,17 @@
 
     if (IsImage()) {
       if (app_image_ && image_base_ == 0) {
-        std::vector<gc::space::ImageSpace*> image_spaces =
-            Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetBootImageSpaces();
-        for (gc::space::ImageSpace* image_space : image_spaces) {
+        gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
+        for (gc::space::ImageSpace* image_space : heap->GetBootImageSpaces()) {
           image_base_ = std::max(image_base_, RoundUp(
               reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(image_space->GetImageHeader().GetOatFileEnd()),
               kPageSize));
         }
+        // The non moving space is right after the oat file. Put the preferred app image location
+        // right after the non moving space so that we ideally get a continuous immune region for
+        // the GC.
+        const size_t non_moving_space_capacity = heap->GetNonMovingSpace()->Capacity();
+        image_base_ += non_moving_space_capacity;
         VLOG(compiler) << "App image base=" << reinterpret_cast<void*>(image_base_);
       }
 
@@ -2139,9 +2148,14 @@
       REQUIRES(!Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     CHECK(image_writer_ != nullptr);
     if (!IsBootImage()) {
+      CHECK(image_filenames_.empty());
       image_filenames_.push_back(app_image_file_name_.c_str());
     }
-    if (!image_writer_->Write(app_image_fd_, image_filenames_, oat_filenames_)) {
+    if (!image_writer_->Write(app_image_fd_,
+                              image_filenames_,
+                              oat_fd_,
+                              oat_filenames_,
+                              oat_location_)) {
       LOG(ERROR) << "Failure during image file creation";
       return false;
     }
@@ -2423,9 +2437,14 @@
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
-  // Close the image oat files. We always expect the output file by name, and it will be
-  // re-opened from the unstripped name. Note: it's easier to *flush* and close...
-  if (!dex2oat.FlushCloseOatFiles()) {
+  // Flush boot.oat. We always expect the output file by name, and it will be re-opened from the
+  // unstripped name. Do not close the file if we are compiling the image with an oat fd since the
+  // image writer will require this fd to generate the image.
+  if (dex2oat.ShouldKeepOatFileOpen()) {
+    if (!dex2oat.FlushOatFiles()) {
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+    }
+  } else if (!dex2oat.FlushCloseOatFiles()) {
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
   }
 
diff --git a/patchoat/patchoat.cc b/patchoat/patchoat.cc
index d836532..7e4ce91 100644
--- a/patchoat/patchoat.cc
+++ b/patchoat/patchoat.cc
@@ -547,6 +547,9 @@
 
 void PatchOat::PatchClassTable(const ImageHeader* image_header) {
   const auto& section = image_header->GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionClassTable);
+  if (section.Size() == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
   // Note that we require that ReadFromMemory does not make an internal copy of the elements.
   // This also relies on visit roots not doing any verification which could fail after we update
   // the roots to be the image addresses.
diff --git a/runtime/art_field-inl.h b/runtime/art_field-inl.h
index 4166e22..3463b0d 100644
--- a/runtime/art_field-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/art_field-inl.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
   GcRootSource gc_root_source(this);
   mirror::Class* result = declaring_class_.Read(&gc_root_source);
   DCHECK(result != nullptr);
-  DCHECK(result->IsLoaded() || result->IsErroneous());
+  DCHECK(result->IsLoaded() || result->IsErroneous()) << result->GetStatus();
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -334,6 +334,15 @@
   visitor.VisitRoot(declaring_class_.AddressWithoutBarrier());
 }
 
+template <typename Visitor>
+inline void ArtField::UpdateObjects(const Visitor& visitor) {
+  mirror::Class* old_class = DeclaringClassRoot().Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>();
+  mirror::Class* new_class = visitor(old_class);
+  if (old_class != new_class) {
+    SetDeclaringClass(new_class);
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace art
 
 #endif  // ART_RUNTIME_ART_FIELD_INL_H_
diff --git a/runtime/art_field.h b/runtime/art_field.h
index a943a34..ee1ba1f 100644
--- a/runtime/art_field.h
+++ b/runtime/art_field.h
@@ -190,6 +190,11 @@
     return declaring_class_;
   }
 
+  // Update the declaring class with the passed in visitor. Does not use read barrier.
+  template <typename Visitor>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void UpdateObjects(const Visitor& visitor)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
  private:
   mirror::Class* ProxyFindSystemClass(const char* descriptor)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/art_method-inl.h b/runtime/art_method-inl.h
index a5f5c49..74eb722 100644
--- a/runtime/art_method-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/art_method-inl.h
@@ -467,6 +467,43 @@
   }
 }
 
+template <typename Visitor>
+inline void ArtMethod::UpdateObjectsForImageRelocation(const Visitor& visitor) {
+  mirror::Class* old_class = GetDeclaringClassNoBarrier();
+  mirror::Class* new_class = visitor(old_class);
+  if (old_class != new_class) {
+    SetDeclaringClass(new_class);
+  }
+  ArtMethod** old_methods = GetDexCacheResolvedMethods(sizeof(void*));
+  ArtMethod** new_methods = visitor(old_methods);
+  if (old_methods != new_methods) {
+    SetDexCacheResolvedMethods(new_methods, sizeof(void*));
+  }
+  GcRoot<mirror::Class>* old_types = GetDexCacheResolvedTypes(sizeof(void*));
+  GcRoot<mirror::Class>* new_types = visitor(old_types);
+  if (old_types != new_types) {
+    SetDexCacheResolvedTypes(new_types, sizeof(void*));
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename Visitor>
+inline void ArtMethod::UpdateEntrypoints(const Visitor& visitor) {
+  if (IsNative()) {
+    const void* old_native_code = GetEntryPointFromJni();
+    const void* new_native_code = visitor(old_native_code);
+    if (old_native_code != new_native_code) {
+      SetEntryPointFromJni(new_native_code);
+    }
+  } else {
+    DCHECK(GetEntryPointFromJni() == nullptr);
+  }
+  const void* old_code = GetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode();
+  const void* new_code = visitor(old_code);
+  if (old_code != new_code) {
+    SetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode(new_code);
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace art
 
 #endif  // ART_RUNTIME_ART_METHOD_INL_H_
diff --git a/runtime/art_method.h b/runtime/art_method.h
index 0be2fa2..440e796 100644
--- a/runtime/art_method.h
+++ b/runtime/art_method.h
@@ -477,6 +477,17 @@
   // Returns whether the method has any compiled code, JIT or AOT.
   bool HasAnyCompiledCode() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+
+  // Update heap objects and non-entrypoint pointers by the passed in visitor for image relocation.
+  // Does not use read barrier.
+  template <typename Visitor>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void UpdateObjectsForImageRelocation(const Visitor& visitor)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  // Update entry points by passing them through the visitor.
+  template <typename Visitor>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void UpdateEntrypoints(const Visitor& visitor);
+
  protected:
   // Field order required by test "ValidateFieldOrderOfJavaCppUnionClasses".
   // The class we are a part of.
diff --git a/runtime/base/logging.h b/runtime/base/logging.h
index 115c260..de46b0c 100644
--- a/runtime/base/logging.h
+++ b/runtime/base/logging.h
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
   bool third_party_jni;  // Enabled with "-verbose:third-party-jni".
   bool threads;
   bool verifier;
+  bool image;
 };
 
 // Global log verbosity setting, initialized by InitLogging.
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.cc b/runtime/class_linker.cc
index ed833c4..ff38394 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.cc
@@ -336,6 +336,10 @@
 
   // Use the pointer size from the runtime since we are probably creating the image.
   image_pointer_size_ = InstructionSetPointerSize(runtime->GetInstructionSet());
+  if (!ValidPointerSize(image_pointer_size_)) {
+    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Invalid image pointer size: %zu", image_pointer_size_);
+    return false;
+  }
 
   // java_lang_Class comes first, it's needed for AllocClass
   // The GC can't handle an object with a null class since we can't get the size of this object.
@@ -489,7 +493,7 @@
       return false;
     }
     AppendToBootClassPath(self, *dex_file);
-    opened_dex_files_.push_back(std::move(dex_file));
+    boot_dex_files_.push_back(std::move(dex_file));
   }
 
   // now we can use FindSystemClass
@@ -878,6 +882,7 @@
   ArtMethod* m;
   bool error;
 };
+
 static void CheckTrampolines(mirror::Object* obj, void* arg) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
   if (obj->IsClass()) {
     mirror::Class* klass = obj->AsClass();
@@ -896,8 +901,8 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool ClassLinker::InitFromImage(std::string* error_msg) {
-  VLOG(startup) << "ClassLinker::InitFromImage entering";
+bool ClassLinker::InitFromBootImage(std::string* error_msg) {
+  VLOG(startup) << __FUNCTION__ << " entering";
   CHECK(!init_done_);
 
   Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();
@@ -906,6 +911,21 @@
   std::vector<gc::space::ImageSpace*> spaces = heap->GetBootImageSpaces();
   CHECK(!spaces.empty());
   image_pointer_size_ = spaces[0]->GetImageHeader().GetPointerSize();
+  if (!ValidPointerSize(image_pointer_size_)) {
+    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Invalid image pointer size: %zu", image_pointer_size_);
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (!runtime->IsAotCompiler()) {
+    // Only the Aot compiler supports having an image with a different pointer size than the
+    // runtime. This happens on the host for compiling 32 bit tests since we use a 64 bit libart
+    // compiler. We may also use 32 bit dex2oat on a system with 64 bit apps.
+    if (image_pointer_size_ != sizeof(void*)) {
+      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Runtime must use current image pointer size: %zu vs %zu",
+                                image_pointer_size_,
+                                sizeof(void*));
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
   dex_cache_boot_image_class_lookup_required_ = true;
   std::vector<const OatFile*> oat_files =
       runtime->GetOatFileManager().RegisterImageOatFiles(spaces);
@@ -957,19 +977,10 @@
     }
   }
 
-  StackHandleScopeCollection handles(self);
-  std::vector<Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::DexCache>>> dex_caches_vector;
-  for (gc::space::ImageSpace* space : spaces) {
-    Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::DexCache>> dex_caches(handles.NewHandle(
-        space->GetImageHeader().GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kDexCaches)->
-        AsObjectArray<mirror::DexCache>()));
-    dex_caches_vector.push_back(dex_caches);
-  }
-
-  Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> class_roots(handles.NewHandle(
-      spaces[0]->GetImageHeader().GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kClassRoots)->
-      AsObjectArray<mirror::Class>()));
-  class_roots_ = GcRoot<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(class_roots.Get());
+  class_roots_ = GcRoot<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(
+      down_cast<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>*>(
+          spaces[0]->GetImageHeader().GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kClassRoots)));
+  mirror::Class::SetClassClass(class_roots_.Read()->Get(kJavaLangClass));
 
   // Special case of setting up the String class early so that we can test arbitrary objects
   // as being Strings or not
@@ -982,116 +993,6 @@
   runtime->SetSentinel(heap->AllocNonMovableObject<true>(
       self, java_lang_Object, java_lang_Object->GetObjectSize(), VoidFunctor()));
 
-  uint32_t dex_file_count = 0;
-  for (const OatFile* oat_file : oat_files) {
-    dex_file_count += oat_file->GetOatHeader().GetDexFileCount();
-  }
-  uint32_t dex_caches_count = 0;
-  for (auto dex_caches : dex_caches_vector) {
-    dex_caches_count += dex_caches->GetLength();
-  }
-  if (dex_file_count != dex_caches_count) {
-    *error_msg = "Dex cache count and dex file count mismatch while trying to initialize from "
-                 "image";
-    return false;
-  }
-  for (auto dex_caches : dex_caches_vector) {
-    for (int32_t i = 0; i < dex_caches->GetLength(); i++) {
-      StackHandleScope<1> hs2(self);
-      Handle<mirror::DexCache> dex_cache(hs2.NewHandle(dex_caches->Get(i)));
-      const std::string& dex_file_location(dex_cache->GetLocation()->ToModifiedUtf8());
-      const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = nullptr;
-      for (const OatFile* oat_file : oat_files) {
-        const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex =
-            oat_file->GetOatDexFile(dex_file_location.c_str(), nullptr, false);
-        if (oat_dex != nullptr) {
-          DCHECK(oat_dex_file == nullptr);
-          oat_dex_file = oat_dex;
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (oat_dex_file == nullptr) {
-        *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed finding oat dex file for %s",
-                                  dex_file_location.c_str());
-        return false;
-      }
-      std::string inner_error_msg;
-      std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&inner_error_msg);
-      if (dex_file == nullptr) {
-        *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to open dex file %s error '%s'",
-                                  dex_file_location.c_str(),
-                                  inner_error_msg.c_str());
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (kSanityCheckObjects) {
-        SanityCheckArtMethodPointerArray(dex_cache->GetResolvedMethods(),
-                                         dex_cache->NumResolvedMethods(),
-                                         image_pointer_size_,
-                                         spaces);
-      }
-
-      if (dex_file->GetLocationChecksum() != oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocationChecksum()) {
-        *error_msg = StringPrintf("Checksums do not match for %s: %x vs %x",
-                                  dex_file_location.c_str(),
-                                  dex_file->GetLocationChecksum(),
-                                  oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocationChecksum());
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      AppendToBootClassPath(*dex_file.get(), dex_cache);
-      opened_dex_files_.push_back(std::move(dex_file));
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!ValidPointerSize(image_pointer_size_)) {
-    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Invalid image pointer size: %zu", image_pointer_size_);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // Set classes on AbstractMethod early so that IsMethod tests can be performed during the live
-  // bitmap walk.
-  if (!runtime->IsAotCompiler()) {
-    // Only the Aot compiler supports having an image with a different pointer size than the
-    // runtime. This happens on the host for compile 32 bit tests since we use a 64 bit libart
-    // compiler. We may also use 32 bit dex2oat on a system with 64 bit apps.
-    if (image_pointer_size_ != sizeof(void*)) {
-      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Runtime must use current image pointer size: %zu vs %zu",
-                                image_pointer_size_ ,
-                                sizeof(void*));
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (kSanityCheckObjects) {
-    for (auto dex_caches : dex_caches_vector) {
-      for (int32_t i = 0; i < dex_caches->GetLength(); i++) {
-        auto* dex_cache = dex_caches->Get(i);
-        for (size_t j = 0; j < dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); ++j) {
-          auto* field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(j, image_pointer_size_);
-          if (field != nullptr) {
-            CHECK(field->GetDeclaringClass()->GetClass() != nullptr);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    heap->VisitObjects(SanityCheckObjectsCallback, nullptr);
-  }
-
-  // Set entry point to interpreter if in InterpretOnly mode.
-  if (!runtime->IsAotCompiler() && runtime->GetInstrumentation()->InterpretOnly()) {
-    for (gc::space::ImageSpace* space : spaces) {
-      const ImageHeader& header = space->GetImageHeader();
-      const ImageSection& methods = header.GetMethodsSection();
-      SetInterpreterEntrypointArtMethodVisitor visitor(image_pointer_size_);
-      methods.VisitPackedArtMethods(&visitor, space->Begin(), image_pointer_size_);
-    }
-  }
-
-  // reinit class_roots_
-  mirror::Class::SetClassClass(class_roots->Get(kJavaLangClass));
-  class_roots_ = GcRoot<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>>(class_roots.Get());
-
   // reinit array_iftable_ from any array class instance, they should be ==
   array_iftable_ = GcRoot<mirror::IfTable>(GetClassRoot(kObjectArrayClass)->GetIfTable());
   DCHECK_EQ(array_iftable_.Read(), GetClassRoot(kBooleanArrayClass)->GetIfTable());
@@ -1114,30 +1015,573 @@
   mirror::Throwable::SetClass(GetClassRoot(kJavaLangThrowable));
   mirror::StackTraceElement::SetClass(GetClassRoot(kJavaLangStackTraceElement));
 
-  size_t class_tables_added = 0;
-  for (gc::space::ImageSpace* space : spaces) {
-    const ImageHeader& header = space->GetImageHeader();
-    const ImageSection& section = header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionClassTable);
-    if (section.Size() > 0u) {
-      WriterMutexLock mu(self, *Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
-      ClassTable* const class_table = InsertClassTableForClassLoader(nullptr);
-      class_table->ReadFromMemory(space->Begin() + section.Offset());
-      ++class_tables_added;
+  for (gc::space::ImageSpace* image_space : spaces) {
+    // Boot class loader, use a null handle.
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> dex_files;
+    if (!AddImageSpace(image_space,
+                       ScopedNullHandle<mirror::ClassLoader>(),
+                       /*dex_elements*/nullptr,
+                       /*dex_location*/nullptr,
+                       /*out*/&dex_files,
+                       error_msg)) {
+      return false;
     }
+    // Append opened dex files at the end.
+    boot_dex_files_.insert(boot_dex_files_.end(),
+                           std::make_move_iterator(dex_files.begin()),
+                           std::make_move_iterator(dex_files.end()));
   }
-  if (class_tables_added != 0) {
-    // Either all of the image spaces have an empty class section or none do. In the case where
-    // an image space has no classes, it will still have a non-empty class section that contains
-    // metadata.
-    CHECK_EQ(spaces.size(), class_tables_added)
-        << "Expected non-empty class section for each image space.";
-    dex_cache_boot_image_class_lookup_required_ = false;
-  }
-
   FinishInit(self);
 
-  VLOG(startup) << "ClassLinker::InitFromImage exiting";
+  VLOG(startup) << __FUNCTION__ << " exiting";
+  return true;
+}
 
+static bool IsBootClassLoader(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
+                              mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader)
+    SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  return class_loader == nullptr ||
+      class_loader->GetClass() ==
+          soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader);
+}
+
+static mirror::String* GetDexPathListElementName(ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked& soa,
+                                                 mirror::Object* element)
+    SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  ArtField* const dex_file_field =
+      soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList__Element_dexFile);
+  ArtField* const dex_file_name_field =
+      soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile_fileName);
+  DCHECK(dex_file_field != nullptr);
+  DCHECK(dex_file_name_field != nullptr);
+  DCHECK(element != nullptr);
+  CHECK_EQ(dex_file_field->GetDeclaringClass(), element->GetClass()) << PrettyTypeOf(element);
+  mirror::Object* dex_file = dex_file_field->GetObject(element);
+  if (dex_file == nullptr) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  mirror::Object* const name_object = dex_file_name_field->GetObject(dex_file);
+  if (name_object != nullptr) {
+    return name_object->AsString();
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+static bool FlattenPathClassLoader(mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader,
+                                   std::list<mirror::String*>* out_dex_file_names,
+                                   std::string* error_msg)
+    SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  DCHECK(out_dex_file_names != nullptr);
+  DCHECK(error_msg != nullptr);
+  ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(Thread::Current());
+  ArtField* const dex_path_list_field =
+      soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader_pathList);
+  ArtField* const dex_elements_field =
+      soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList_dexElements);
+  CHECK(dex_path_list_field != nullptr);
+  CHECK(dex_elements_field != nullptr);
+  while (!IsBootClassLoader(soa, class_loader)) {
+    if (class_loader->GetClass() !=
+        soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader)) {
+      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Unknown class loader type %s", PrettyTypeOf(class_loader).c_str());
+      // Unsupported class loader.
+      return false;
+    }
+    mirror::Object* dex_path_list = dex_path_list_field->GetObject(class_loader);
+    if (dex_path_list != nullptr) {
+      // DexPathList has an array dexElements of Elements[] which each contain a dex file.
+      mirror::Object* dex_elements_obj = dex_elements_field->GetObject(dex_path_list);
+      // Loop through each dalvik.system.DexPathList$Element's dalvik.system.DexFile and look
+      // at the mCookie which is a DexFile vector.
+      if (dex_elements_obj != nullptr) {
+        mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>* dex_elements =
+            dex_elements_obj->AsObjectArray<mirror::Object>();
+        // Reverse order since we insert the parent at the front.
+        for (int32_t i = dex_elements->GetLength() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+          mirror::Object* const element = dex_elements->GetWithoutChecks(i);
+          if (element == nullptr) {
+            *error_msg = StringPrintf("Null dex element at index %d", i);
+            return false;
+          }
+          mirror::String* const name = GetDexPathListElementName(soa, element);
+          if (name == nullptr) {
+            *error_msg = StringPrintf("Null name for dex element at index %d", i);
+            return false;
+          }
+          out_dex_file_names->push_front(name);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    class_loader = class_loader->GetParent();
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+class FixupArtMethodArrayVisitor : public ArtMethodVisitor {
+ public:
+  explicit FixupArtMethodArrayVisitor(const ImageHeader& header) : header_(header) {}
+
+  virtual void Visit(ArtMethod* method) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    GcRoot<mirror::Class>* resolved_types = method->GetDexCacheResolvedTypes(sizeof(void*));
+    const bool is_miranda = method->IsMiranda();
+    if (resolved_types != nullptr) {
+      bool in_image_space = false;
+      if (kIsDebugBuild || is_miranda) {
+        in_image_space = header_.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionDexCacheArrays).Contains(
+            reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(resolved_types) - header_.GetImageBegin());
+      }
+      // Must be in image space for non-miranda method.
+      DCHECK(is_miranda || in_image_space)
+          << resolved_types << " is not in image starting at "
+          << reinterpret_cast<void*>(header_.GetImageBegin());
+      if (!is_miranda || in_image_space) {
+        // Go through the array so that we don't need to do a slow map lookup.
+        method->SetDexCacheResolvedTypes(*reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::Class>**>(resolved_types),
+                                         sizeof(void*));
+      }
+    }
+    ArtMethod** resolved_methods = method->GetDexCacheResolvedMethods(sizeof(void*));
+    if (resolved_methods != nullptr) {
+      bool in_image_space = false;
+      if (kIsDebugBuild || is_miranda) {
+        in_image_space = header_.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionDexCacheArrays).Contains(
+              reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(resolved_methods) - header_.GetImageBegin());
+      }
+      // Must be in image space for non-miranda method.
+      DCHECK(is_miranda || in_image_space)
+          << resolved_methods << " is not in image starting at "
+          << reinterpret_cast<void*>(header_.GetImageBegin());
+      if (!is_miranda || in_image_space) {
+        // Go through the array so that we don't need to do a slow map lookup.
+        method->SetDexCacheResolvedMethods(*reinterpret_cast<ArtMethod***>(resolved_methods),
+                                           sizeof(void*));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const ImageHeader& header_;
+};
+
+class VerifyClassInTableArtMethodVisitor : public ArtMethodVisitor {
+ public:
+  explicit VerifyClassInTableArtMethodVisitor(ClassTable* table) : table_(table) {}
+
+  virtual void Visit(ArtMethod* method)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_, Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_) {
+    mirror::Class* klass = method->GetDeclaringClass();
+    if (klass != nullptr && !Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->ObjectIsInBootImageSpace(klass)) {
+      CHECK_EQ(table_->LookupByDescriptor(klass), klass) << PrettyClass(klass);
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  ClassTable* const table_;
+};
+
+void ClassLinker::UpdateAppImageClassLoadersAndDexCaches(
+    gc::space::ImageSpace* space,
+    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
+    Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::DexCache>> dex_caches,
+    bool added_class_table) {
+  Thread* const self = Thread::Current();
+  gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
+  const ImageHeader& header = space->GetImageHeader();
+  // Add image classes into the class table for the class loader, and fixup the dex caches and
+  // class loader fields.
+  WriterMutexLock mu(self, *Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
+  ClassTable* table = InsertClassTableForClassLoader(class_loader.Get());
+  // TODO: Store class table in the image to avoid manually adding the classes.
+  for (int32_t i = 0, num_dex_caches = dex_caches->GetLength(); i < num_dex_caches; i++) {
+    mirror::DexCache* const dex_cache = dex_caches->Get(i);
+    const DexFile* const dex_file = dex_cache->GetDexFile();
+    // If the oat file expects the dex cache arrays to be in the BSS, then allocate there and
+    // copy over the arrays.
+    DCHECK(dex_file != nullptr);
+    const size_t num_strings = dex_file->NumStringIds();
+    const size_t num_types = dex_file->NumTypeIds();
+    const size_t num_methods = dex_file->NumMethodIds();
+    const size_t num_fields = dex_file->NumFieldIds();
+    CHECK_EQ(num_strings, dex_cache->NumStrings());
+    CHECK_EQ(num_types, dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes());
+    CHECK_EQ(num_methods, dex_cache->NumResolvedMethods());
+    CHECK_EQ(num_fields, dex_cache->NumResolvedFields());
+    if (dex_file->GetOatDexFile() != nullptr &&
+        dex_file->GetOatDexFile()->GetDexCacheArrays() != nullptr) {
+      DexCacheArraysLayout layout(image_pointer_size_, dex_file);
+      uint8_t* const raw_arrays = dex_file->GetOatDexFile()->GetDexCacheArrays();
+      // The space is not yet visible to the GC, we can avoid the read barriers and use
+      // std::copy_n.
+      if (num_strings != 0u) {
+        GcRoot<mirror::String>* const strings =
+            reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::String>*>(raw_arrays + layout.StringsOffset());
+        for (size_t j = 0; kIsDebugBuild && j < num_strings; ++j) {
+          DCHECK(strings[j].IsNull());
+        }
+        std::copy_n(dex_cache->GetStrings(), num_strings, strings);
+        dex_cache->SetStrings(strings);
+      }
+
+      if (num_types != 0u) {
+        GcRoot<mirror::Class>* const image_resolved_types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+        GcRoot<mirror::Class>* const types =
+            reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::Class>*>(raw_arrays + layout.TypesOffset());
+        for (size_t j = 0; kIsDebugBuild && j < num_types; ++j) {
+          DCHECK(types[j].IsNull());
+        }
+        std::copy_n(image_resolved_types, num_types, types);
+        // Store a pointer to the new location for fast ArtMethod patching without requiring map.
+        // This leaves random garbage at the start of the dex cache array, but nobody should ever
+        // read from it again.
+        *reinterpret_cast<GcRoot<mirror::Class>**>(image_resolved_types) = types;
+        dex_cache->SetResolvedTypes(types);
+      }
+      if (num_methods != 0u) {
+        ArtMethod** const methods = reinterpret_cast<ArtMethod**>(
+            raw_arrays + layout.MethodsOffset());
+        ArtMethod** const image_resolved_methods = dex_cache->GetResolvedMethods();
+        for (size_t j = 0; kIsDebugBuild && j < num_methods; ++j) {
+          DCHECK(methods[j] == nullptr);
+        }
+        std::copy_n(image_resolved_methods, num_methods, methods);
+        // Store a pointer to the new location for fast ArtMethod patching without requiring map.
+        *reinterpret_cast<ArtMethod***>(image_resolved_methods) = methods;
+        dex_cache->SetResolvedMethods(methods);
+      }
+      if (num_fields != 0u) {
+        ArtField** const fields = reinterpret_cast<ArtField**>(raw_arrays + layout.FieldsOffset());
+        for (size_t j = 0; kIsDebugBuild && j < num_fields; ++j) {
+          DCHECK(fields[j] == nullptr);
+        }
+        std::copy_n(dex_cache->GetResolvedFields(), num_fields, fields);
+        dex_cache->SetResolvedFields(fields);
+      }
+    }
+    {
+      WriterMutexLock mu2(self, dex_lock_);
+      // Make sure to do this after we update the arrays since we store the resolved types array
+      // in DexCacheData in RegisterDexFileLocked. We need the array pointer to be the one in the
+      // BSS.
+      mirror::DexCache* existing_dex_cache = FindDexCacheLocked(self,
+                                                                *dex_file,
+                                                                /*allow_failure*/true);
+      CHECK(existing_dex_cache == nullptr);
+      StackHandleScope<1> hs3(self);
+      RegisterDexFileLocked(*dex_file, hs3.NewHandle(dex_cache));
+    }
+    GcRoot<mirror::Class>* const types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+    if (!added_class_table) {
+      for (int32_t j = 0; j < static_cast<int32_t>(num_types); j++) {
+        // The image space is not yet added to the heap, avoid read barriers.
+        mirror::Class* klass = types[j].Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>();
+        if (klass != nullptr) {
+          DCHECK_NE(klass->GetStatus(), mirror::Class::kStatusError);
+          // Update the class loader from the one in the image class loader to the one that loaded
+          // the app image.
+          klass->SetClassLoader(class_loader.Get());
+          // If there are multiple dex caches, there may be the same class multiple times
+          // in different dex caches. Check for this since inserting will add duplicates
+          // otherwise.
+          if (num_dex_caches > 1) {
+            mirror::Class* existing = table->LookupByDescriptor(klass);
+            if (existing != nullptr) {
+              DCHECK_EQ(existing, klass) << PrettyClass(klass);
+            } else {
+              table->Insert(klass);
+            }
+          } else {
+            table->Insert(klass);
+          }
+          // Double checked VLOG to avoid overhead.
+          if (VLOG_IS_ON(image)) {
+            VLOG(image) << PrettyClass(klass) << " " << klass->GetStatus();
+            if (!klass->IsArrayClass()) {
+              VLOG(image) << "From " << klass->GetDexCache()->GetDexFile()->GetBaseLocation();
+            }
+            VLOG(image) << "Direct methods";
+            for (ArtMethod& m : klass->GetDirectMethods(sizeof(void*))) {
+              VLOG(image) << PrettyMethod(&m);
+            }
+            VLOG(image) << "Virtual methods";
+            for (ArtMethod& m : klass->GetVirtualMethods(sizeof(void*))) {
+              VLOG(image) << PrettyMethod(&m);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (kIsDebugBuild) {
+      for (int32_t j = 0; j < static_cast<int32_t>(num_types); j++) {
+        // The image space is not yet added to the heap, avoid read barriers.
+        mirror::Class* klass = types[j].Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>();
+        if (klass != nullptr) {
+          DCHECK_NE(klass->GetStatus(), mirror::Class::kStatusError);
+          if (kIsDebugBuild) {
+            DCHECK_EQ(table->LookupByDescriptor(klass), klass);
+            mirror::Class* super_class = klass->GetSuperClass();
+            if (super_class != nullptr && !heap->ObjectIsInBootImageSpace(super_class)) {
+              CHECK_EQ(table->LookupByDescriptor(super_class), super_class);
+            }
+          }
+          DCHECK_EQ(klass->GetClassLoader(), class_loader.Get());
+          if (kIsDebugBuild) {
+            for (ArtMethod& m : klass->GetDirectMethods(sizeof(void*))) {
+              const void* code = m.GetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode();
+              const void* oat_code = m.IsInvokable() ? GetQuickOatCodeFor(&m) : code;
+              if (!IsQuickResolutionStub(code) &&
+                  !IsQuickGenericJniStub(code) &&
+                  !IsQuickToInterpreterBridge(code) &&
+                  !m.IsNative()) {
+                DCHECK_EQ(code, oat_code) << PrettyMethod(&m);
+              }
+            }
+            VLOG(image) << "Virtual methods";
+            for (ArtMethod& m : klass->GetVirtualMethods(sizeof(void*))) {
+              const void* code = m.GetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode();
+              const void* oat_code = m.IsInvokable() ? GetQuickOatCodeFor(&m) : code;
+              if (!IsQuickResolutionStub(code) &&
+                  !IsQuickGenericJniStub(code) &&
+                  !IsQuickToInterpreterBridge(code) &&
+                  !m.IsNative()) {
+                DCHECK_EQ(code, oat_code) << PrettyMethod(&m);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    FixupArtMethodArrayVisitor visitor(header);
+    header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionArtMethods).VisitPackedArtMethods(
+        &visitor, space->Begin(), sizeof(void*));
+    Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->WriteBarrierEveryFieldOf(class_loader.Get());
+  }
+  if (kIsDebugBuild) {
+    ClassTable* const class_table = class_loader.Get()->GetClassTable();
+    VerifyClassInTableArtMethodVisitor visitor2(class_table);
+    header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionArtMethods).VisitPackedArtMethods(
+        &visitor2, space->Begin(), sizeof(void*));
+  }
+}
+
+bool ClassLinker::AddImageSpace(
+    gc::space::ImageSpace* space,
+    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
+    jobjectArray dex_elements,
+    const char* dex_location,
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>>* out_dex_files,
+    std::string* error_msg) {
+  DCHECK(out_dex_files != nullptr);
+  DCHECK(error_msg != nullptr);
+  const uint64_t start_time = NanoTime();
+  const bool app_image = class_loader.Get() != nullptr;
+  const ImageHeader& header = space->GetImageHeader();
+  mirror::Object* dex_caches_object = header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kDexCaches);
+  DCHECK(dex_caches_object != nullptr);
+  Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();
+  gc::Heap* const heap = runtime->GetHeap();
+  Thread* const self = Thread::Current();
+  StackHandleScope<2> hs(self);
+  Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::DexCache>> dex_caches(
+      hs.NewHandle(dex_caches_object->AsObjectArray<mirror::DexCache>()));
+  Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>> class_roots(hs.NewHandle(
+      header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kClassRoots)->AsObjectArray<mirror::Class>()));
+  const OatFile* oat_file = space->GetOatFile();
+  std::unordered_set<mirror::ClassLoader*> image_class_loaders;
+  // Check that the image is what we are expecting.
+  if (image_pointer_size_ != space->GetImageHeader().GetPointerSize()) {
+    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Application image pointer size does not match runtime: %zu vs %zu",
+                              static_cast<size_t>(space->GetImageHeader().GetPointerSize()),
+                              image_pointer_size_);
+    return false;
+  }
+  DCHECK(class_roots.Get() != nullptr);
+  if (class_roots->GetLength() != static_cast<int32_t>(kClassRootsMax)) {
+    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Expected %d class roots but got %d",
+                              class_roots->GetLength(),
+                              static_cast<int32_t>(kClassRootsMax));
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Check against existing class roots to make sure they match the ones in the boot image.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kClassRootsMax; i++) {
+    if (class_roots->Get(i) != GetClassRoot(static_cast<ClassRoot>(i))) {
+      *error_msg = "App image class roots must have pointer equality with runtime ones.";
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  if (oat_file->GetOatHeader().GetDexFileCount() !=
+      static_cast<uint32_t>(dex_caches->GetLength())) {
+    *error_msg = "Dex cache count and dex file count mismatch while trying to initialize from "
+                 "image";
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  StackHandleScope<1> hs2(self);
+  MutableHandle<mirror::DexCache> h_dex_cache(hs2.NewHandle<mirror::DexCache>(nullptr));
+  for (int32_t i = 0; i < dex_caches->GetLength(); i++) {
+    h_dex_cache.Assign(dex_caches->Get(i));
+    std::string dex_file_location(h_dex_cache->GetLocation()->ToModifiedUtf8());
+    // TODO: Only store qualified paths.
+    // If non qualified, qualify it.
+    if (dex_file_location.find('/') == std::string::npos) {
+      std::string dex_location_path = dex_location;
+      const size_t pos = dex_location_path.find_last_of('/');
+      CHECK_NE(pos, std::string::npos);
+      dex_location_path = dex_location_path.substr(0, pos + 1);  // Keep trailing '/'
+      dex_file_location = dex_location_path + dex_file_location;
+    }
+    const OatFile::OatDexFile* oat_dex_file = oat_file->GetOatDexFile(dex_file_location.c_str(),
+                                                                      nullptr);
+    if (oat_dex_file == nullptr) {
+      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed finding oat dex file for %s %s",
+                                oat_file->GetLocation().c_str(),
+                                dex_file_location.c_str());
+      return false;
+    }
+    std::string inner_error_msg;
+    std::unique_ptr<const DexFile> dex_file = oat_dex_file->OpenDexFile(&inner_error_msg);
+    if (dex_file == nullptr) {
+      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to open dex file %s from within oat file %s error '%s'",
+                                dex_file_location.c_str(),
+                                oat_file->GetLocation().c_str(),
+                                inner_error_msg.c_str());
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (dex_file->GetLocationChecksum() != oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocationChecksum()) {
+      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Checksums do not match for %s: %x vs %x",
+                                dex_file_location.c_str(),
+                                dex_file->GetLocationChecksum(),
+                                oat_dex_file->GetDexFileLocationChecksum());
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (app_image) {
+      // The current dex file field is bogus, overwrite it so that we can get the dex file in the
+      // loop below.
+      h_dex_cache->SetDexFile(dex_file.get());
+      // Check that each class loader resolved the same way.
+      // TODO: Store image class loaders as image roots.
+      GcRoot<mirror::Class>* const types = h_dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+      for (int32_t j = 0, num_types = h_dex_cache->NumResolvedTypes(); j < num_types; j++) {
+        mirror::Class* klass = types[j].Read();
+        if (klass != nullptr) {
+          DCHECK_NE(klass->GetStatus(), mirror::Class::kStatusError);
+          mirror::ClassLoader* image_class_loader = klass->GetClassLoader();
+          image_class_loaders.insert(image_class_loader);
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (kSanityCheckObjects) {
+        SanityCheckArtMethodPointerArray(h_dex_cache->GetResolvedMethods(),
+                                         h_dex_cache->NumResolvedMethods(),
+                                         image_pointer_size_,
+                                         heap->GetBootImageSpaces());
+      }
+      // Register dex files, keep track of existing ones that are conflicts.
+      AppendToBootClassPath(*dex_file.get(), h_dex_cache);
+    }
+    out_dex_files->push_back(std::move(dex_file));
+  }
+
+  if (app_image) {
+    ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(Thread::Current());
+    // Check that the class loader resolves the same way as the ones in the image.
+    // Image class loader [A][B][C][image dex files]
+    // Class loader = [???][dex_elements][image dex files]
+    // Need to ensure that [???][dex_elements] == [A][B][C].
+    // For each class loader, PathClassLoader, the laoder checks the parent first. Also the logic
+    // for PathClassLoader does this by looping through the array of dex files. To ensure they
+    // resolve the same way, simply flatten the hierarchy in the way the resolution order would be,
+    // and check that the dex file names are the same.
+    for (mirror::ClassLoader* image_class_loader : image_class_loaders) {
+      std::list<mirror::String*> image_dex_file_names;
+      std::string temp_error_msg;
+      if (!FlattenPathClassLoader(image_class_loader, &image_dex_file_names, &temp_error_msg)) {
+        *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to flatten image class loader hierarchy '%s'",
+                                  temp_error_msg.c_str());
+        return false;
+      }
+      std::list<mirror::String*> loader_dex_file_names;
+      if (!FlattenPathClassLoader(class_loader.Get(), &loader_dex_file_names, &temp_error_msg)) {
+        *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to flatten class loader hierarchy '%s'",
+                                  temp_error_msg.c_str());
+        return false;
+      }
+      // Add the temporary dex path list elements at the end.
+      auto* elements = soa.Decode<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Object>*>(dex_elements);
+      for (size_t i = 0, num_elems = elements->GetLength(); i < num_elems; ++i) {
+        mirror::Object* element = elements->GetWithoutChecks(i);
+        if (element != nullptr) {
+          // If we are somewhere in the middle of the array, there may be nulls at the end.
+          loader_dex_file_names.push_back(GetDexPathListElementName(soa, element));
+        }
+      }
+      // Ignore the number of image dex files since we are adding those to the class loader anyways.
+      CHECK_GE(static_cast<size_t>(image_dex_file_names.size()),
+               static_cast<size_t>(dex_caches->GetLength()));
+      size_t image_count = image_dex_file_names.size() - dex_caches->GetLength();
+      // Check that the dex file names match.
+      bool equal = image_count == loader_dex_file_names.size();
+      if (equal) {
+        auto it1 = image_dex_file_names.begin();
+        auto it2 = loader_dex_file_names.begin();
+        for (size_t i = 0; equal && i < image_count; ++i, ++it1, ++it2) {
+          equal = equal && (*it1)->Equals(*it2);
+        }
+      }
+      if (!equal) {
+        *error_msg = "Rejecting application image due to class loader mismatch";
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (kSanityCheckObjects) {
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < dex_caches->GetLength(); i++) {
+      auto* dex_cache = dex_caches->Get(i);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); ++j) {
+        auto* field = dex_cache->GetResolvedField(j, image_pointer_size_);
+        if (field != nullptr) {
+          CHECK(field->GetDeclaringClass()->GetClass() != nullptr);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!app_image) {
+      heap->VisitObjects(SanityCheckObjectsCallback, nullptr);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Set entry point to interpreter if in InterpretOnly mode.
+  if (!runtime->IsAotCompiler() && runtime->GetInstrumentation()->InterpretOnly()) {
+    const ImageSection& methods = header.GetMethodsSection();
+    SetInterpreterEntrypointArtMethodVisitor visitor(image_pointer_size_);
+    methods.VisitPackedArtMethods(&visitor, space->Begin(), image_pointer_size_);
+  }
+
+  const ImageSection& class_table_section = header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionClassTable);
+  bool added_class_table = false;
+  if (app_image) {
+    GetOrCreateAllocatorForClassLoader(class_loader.Get());  // Make sure we have a linear alloc.
+  }
+  if (class_table_section.Size() > 0u) {
+    const uint64_t start_time2 = NanoTime();
+    WriterMutexLock mu(self, *Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
+    ClassTable* const class_table = InsertClassTableForClassLoader(class_loader.Get());
+    class_table->ReadFromMemory(space->Begin() + class_table_section.Offset());
+    if (app_image) {
+      class_table->SetClassLoader(class_loader.Get());
+    } else {
+      dex_cache_boot_image_class_lookup_required_ = false;
+    }
+    VLOG(image) << "Adding class table classes took " << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time2);
+    added_class_table = true;
+  }
+  if (app_image) {
+    UpdateAppImageClassLoadersAndDexCaches(space, class_loader, dex_caches, added_class_table);
+  }
+  VLOG(class_linker) << "Adding image space took " << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time);
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -1527,14 +1971,6 @@
   return ClassPathEntry(nullptr, nullptr);
 }
 
-static bool IsBootClassLoader(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
-                              mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader)
-    SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-  return class_loader == nullptr ||
-      class_loader->GetClass() ==
-          soa.Decode<mirror::Class*>(WellKnownClasses::java_lang_BootClassLoader);
-}
-
 bool ClassLinker::FindClassInPathClassLoader(ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable& soa,
                                              Thread* self,
                                              const char* descriptor,
@@ -1820,6 +2256,7 @@
   // inserted before we allocate / fill in these fields.
   LoadClass(self, dex_file, dex_class_def, klass);
   if (self->IsExceptionPending()) {
+    VLOG(class_linker) << self->GetException()->Dump();
     // An exception occured during load, set status to erroneous while holding klass' lock in case
     // notification is necessary.
     if (!klass->IsErroneous()) {
@@ -2487,7 +2924,20 @@
   Thread* const self = Thread::Current();
   dex_lock_.AssertExclusiveHeld(self);
   CHECK(dex_cache.Get() != nullptr) << dex_file.GetLocation();
-  CHECK(dex_cache->GetLocation()->Equals(dex_file.GetLocation()))
+  // For app images, the dex cache location may be a suffix of the dex file location since the
+  // dex file location is an absolute path.
+  const size_t dex_cache_length = dex_cache->GetLocation()->GetLength();
+  CHECK_GT(dex_cache_length, 0u) << dex_file.GetLocation();
+  std::string dex_file_location = dex_file.GetLocation();
+  CHECK_GE(dex_file_location.length(), dex_cache_length)
+      << dex_cache->GetLocation()->ToModifiedUtf8() << " " << dex_file.GetLocation();
+  // Take suffix.
+  const std::string dex_file_suffix = dex_file_location.substr(
+      dex_file_location.length() - dex_cache_length,
+      dex_cache_length);
+  // Example dex_cache location is SettingsProvider.apk and
+  // dex file location is /system/priv-app/SettingsProvider/SettingsProvider.apk
+  CHECK(dex_cache->GetLocation()->Equals(dex_file_suffix))
       << dex_cache->GetLocation()->ToModifiedUtf8() << " " << dex_file.GetLocation();
   // Clean up pass to remove null dex caches.
   // Null dex caches can occur due to class unloading and we are lazily removing null entries.
@@ -6931,10 +7381,13 @@
   ArtField* cookie_field = soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile_cookie);
   DCHECK_EQ(cookie_field->GetDeclaringClass(), element_file_field->GetType<false>());
 
+  ArtField* file_name_field = soa.DecodeField(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile_fileName);
+  DCHECK_EQ(file_name_field->GetDeclaringClass(), element_file_field->GetType<false>());
+
   // Fill the elements array.
   int32_t index = 0;
   for (const DexFile* dex_file : dex_files) {
-    StackHandleScope<3> hs2(self);
+    StackHandleScope<4> hs2(self);
 
     // CreatePathClassLoader is only used by gtests. Index 0 of h_long_array is supposed to be the
     // oat file but we can leave it null.
@@ -6949,6 +7402,11 @@
     DCHECK(h_dex_file.Get() != nullptr);
     cookie_field->SetObject<false>(h_dex_file.Get(), h_long_array.Get());
 
+    Handle<mirror::String> h_file_name = hs2.NewHandle(
+        mirror::String::AllocFromModifiedUtf8(self, dex_file->GetLocation().c_str()));
+    DCHECK(h_file_name.Get() != nullptr);
+    file_name_field->SetObject<false>(h_dex_file.Get(), h_file_name.Get());
+
     Handle<mirror::Object> h_element = hs2.NewHandle(h_dex_element_class->AllocObject(self));
     DCHECK(h_element.Get() != nullptr);
     element_file_field->SetObject<false>(h_element.Get(), h_dex_file.Get());
@@ -7048,6 +7506,7 @@
     if (class_loader != nullptr) {
       ++it;
     } else {
+      VLOG(class_linker) << "Freeing class loader";
       DeleteClassLoader(self, data);
       it = class_loaders_.erase(it);
     }
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.h b/runtime/class_linker.h
index f1fd0c3..d503dd4 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.h
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.h
@@ -120,11 +120,25 @@
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
-  // Initialize class linker from one or more images.
-  bool InitFromImage(std::string* error_msg)
+  // Initialize class linker from one or more boot images.
+  bool InitFromBootImage(std::string* error_msg)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(!dex_lock_);
 
+  // Add an image space to the class linker, may fix up classloader fields and dex cache fields.
+  // The dex files that were newly opened for the space are placed in the out argument
+  // out_dex_files. Returns true if the operation succeeded.
+  // The space must be already added to the heap before calling AddImageSpace since we need to
+  // properly handle read barriers and object marking.
+  bool AddImageSpace(gc::space::ImageSpace* space,
+                     Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
+                     jobjectArray dex_elements,
+                     const char* dex_location,
+                     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>>* out_dex_files,
+                     std::string* error_msg)
+      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   // Finds a class by its descriptor, loading it if necessary.
   // If class_loader is null, searches boot_class_path_.
   mirror::Class* FindClass(Thread* self,
@@ -985,8 +999,16 @@
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
 
+  void UpdateAppImageClassLoadersAndDexCaches(
+      gc::space::ImageSpace* space,
+      Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
+      Handle<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::DexCache>> dex_caches,
+      bool added_class_table)
+      REQUIRES(!dex_lock_)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   std::vector<const DexFile*> boot_class_path_;
-  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> opened_dex_files_;
+  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> boot_dex_files_;
 
   mutable ReaderWriterMutex dex_lock_ DEFAULT_MUTEX_ACQUIRED_AFTER;
   // JNI weak globals and side data to allow dex caches to get unloaded. We lazily delete weak
diff --git a/runtime/class_table.cc b/runtime/class_table.cc
index df2dbf4..2a4f0e01 100644
--- a/runtime/class_table.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_table.cc
@@ -40,6 +40,16 @@
   return false;
 }
 
+mirror::Class* ClassTable::LookupByDescriptor(mirror::Class* klass) {
+  for (ClassSet& class_set : classes_) {
+    auto it = class_set.Find(GcRoot<mirror::Class>(klass));
+    if (it != class_set.end()) {
+      return it->Read();
+    }
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
 mirror::Class* ClassTable::UpdateClass(const char* descriptor, mirror::Class* klass, size_t hash) {
   // Should only be updating latest table.
   auto existing_it = classes_.back().FindWithHash(descriptor, hash);
@@ -173,4 +183,12 @@
   return read_count;
 }
 
+void ClassTable::SetClassLoader(mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader) {
+  for (const ClassSet& class_set : classes_) {
+    for (const GcRoot<mirror::Class>& root : class_set) {
+      root.Read()->SetClassLoader(class_loader);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/class_table.h b/runtime/class_table.h
index 911f3c2..0b42035 100644
--- a/runtime/class_table.h
+++ b/runtime/class_table.h
@@ -84,9 +84,14 @@
   bool Visit(ClassVisitor* visitor)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_, Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  // Return the first class that matches the descriptor. Returns null if there are none.
   mirror::Class* Lookup(const char* descriptor, size_t hash)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_, Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  // Return the first class that matches the descriptor of klass. Returns null if there are none.
+  mirror::Class* LookupByDescriptor(mirror::Class* klass)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_, Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   void Insert(mirror::Class* klass)
       REQUIRES(Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -107,10 +112,17 @@
   // Combines all of the tables into one class set.
   size_t WriteToMemory(uint8_t* ptr) const
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_, Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  // Read a table from ptr and put it at the front of the class set.
   size_t ReadFromMemory(uint8_t* ptr)
       REQUIRES(Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  // Change the class loader of all the contained classes.
+  void SetClassLoader(mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader)
+    REQUIRES(Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_)
+    SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
  private:
   class ClassDescriptorHashEquals {
    public:
diff --git a/runtime/gc/accounting/card_table.h b/runtime/gc/accounting/card_table.h
index 88a6c6c..b6af908 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/accounting/card_table.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/accounting/card_table.h
@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@
 
   // Resets all of the bytes in the card table to clean.
   void ClearCardTable();
+
+  // Clear a range of cards that covers start to end, start and end must be aligned to kCardSize.
   void ClearCardRange(uint8_t* start, uint8_t* end);
 
   // Resets all of the bytes in the card table which do not map to the image space.
diff --git a/runtime/gc/accounting/space_bitmap-inl.h b/runtime/gc/accounting/space_bitmap-inl.h
index 61c67f8..4cf5b4f 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/accounting/space_bitmap-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/accounting/space_bitmap-inl.h
@@ -167,8 +167,12 @@
   uintptr_t* address = &bitmap_begin_[index];
   uintptr_t old_word = *address;
   if (kSetBit) {
+    // Check the bit before setting the word incase we are trying to mark a read only bitmap
+    // like an image space bitmap. This bitmap is mapped as read only and will fault if we
+    // attempt to change any words. Since all of the objects are marked, this will never
+    // occur if we check before setting the bit. This also prevents dirty pages that would
+    // occur if the bitmap was read write and we did not check the bit.
     if ((old_word & mask) == 0) {
-      // Avoid dirtying the page if possible.
       *address = old_word | mask;
     }
   } else {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/collector/immune_spaces_test.cc b/runtime/gc/collector/immune_spaces_test.cc
index 4884e66..ea290dd 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/collector/immune_spaces_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/collector/immune_spaces_test.cc
@@ -112,8 +112,13 @@
         /*oat_data_begin*/PointerToLowMemUInt32(map->End()),
         /*oat_data_end*/PointerToLowMemUInt32(map->End() + oat_size),
         /*oat_file_end*/PointerToLowMemUInt32(map->End() + oat_size),
+        /*boot_image_begin*/0u,
+        /*boot_image_size*/0u,
+        /*boot_oat_begin*/0u,
+        /*boot_oat_size*/0u,
         /*pointer_size*/sizeof(void*),
         /*compile_pic*/false,
+        /*is_pic*/false,
         ImageHeader::kStorageModeUncompressed,
         /*storage_size*/0u);
     return new DummyImageSpace(map.release(), live_bitmap.release());
diff --git a/runtime/gc/heap.cc b/runtime/gc/heap.cc
index 2fb5e34..8cd8d73 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/heap.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/heap.cc
@@ -273,10 +273,11 @@
       std::string& image_name = image_file_names[index];
       ATRACE_BEGIN("ImageSpace::Create");
       std::string error_msg;
-      space::ImageSpace* boot_image_space = space::ImageSpace::Create(image_name.c_str(),
-                                                                      image_instruction_set,
-                                                                      index > 0,
-                                                                      &error_msg);
+      space::ImageSpace* boot_image_space = space::ImageSpace::CreateBootImage(
+          image_name.c_str(),
+          image_instruction_set,
+          index > 0,
+          &error_msg);
       ATRACE_END();
       if (boot_image_space != nullptr) {
         AddSpace(boot_image_space);
@@ -491,7 +492,15 @@
   ATRACE_END();
   // Allocate the card table.
   ATRACE_BEGIN("Create card table");
-  card_table_.reset(accounting::CardTable::Create(heap_begin, heap_capacity));
+  // We currently don't support dynamically resizing the card table.
+  // Since we don't know where in the low_4gb the app image will be located, make the card table
+  // cover the whole low_4gb. TODO: Extend the card table in AddSpace.
+  UNUSED(heap_capacity);
+  // Start at 64 KB, we can be sure there are no spaces mapped this low since the address range is
+  // reserved by the kernel.
+  static constexpr size_t kMinHeapAddress = 4 * KB;
+  card_table_.reset(accounting::CardTable::Create(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(kMinHeapAddress),
+                                                  4 * GB - kMinHeapAddress));
   CHECK(card_table_.get() != nullptr) << "Failed to create card table";
   ATRACE_END();
   if (foreground_collector_type_ == kCollectorTypeCC && kUseTableLookupReadBarrier) {
@@ -1252,10 +1261,6 @@
   return FindDiscontinuousSpaceFromObject(obj, fail_ok);
 }
 
-std::vector<space::ImageSpace*> Heap::GetBootImageSpaces() const {
-  return boot_image_spaces_;
-}
-
 void Heap::ThrowOutOfMemoryError(Thread* self, size_t byte_count, AllocatorType allocator_type) {
   std::ostringstream oss;
   size_t total_bytes_free = GetFreeMemory();
@@ -3194,7 +3199,13 @@
     } else if (process_alloc_space_cards) {
       TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t2("AllocSpaceClearCards", timings);
       if (clear_alloc_space_cards) {
-        card_table_->ClearCardRange(space->Begin(), space->End());
+        uint8_t* end = space->End();
+        if (space->IsImageSpace()) {
+          // Image space end is the end of the mirror objects, it is not necessarily page or card
+          // aligned. Align up so that the check in ClearCardRange does not fail.
+          end = AlignUp(end, accounting::CardTable::kCardSize);
+        }
+        card_table_->ClearCardRange(space->Begin(), end);
       } else {
         // No mod union table for the AllocSpace. Age the cards so that the GC knows that these
         // cards were dirty before the GC started.
@@ -3989,5 +4000,43 @@
   gc_disabled_for_shutdown_ = true;
 }
 
+bool Heap::ObjectIsInBootImageSpace(mirror::Object* obj) const {
+  for (gc::space::ImageSpace* space : boot_image_spaces_) {
+    if (space->HasAddress(obj)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+void Heap::GetBootImagesSize(uint32_t* boot_image_begin,
+                             uint32_t* boot_image_end,
+                             uint32_t* boot_oat_begin,
+                             uint32_t* boot_oat_end) {
+  DCHECK(boot_image_begin != nullptr);
+  DCHECK(boot_image_end != nullptr);
+  DCHECK(boot_oat_begin != nullptr);
+  DCHECK(boot_oat_end != nullptr);
+  *boot_image_begin = 0u;
+  *boot_image_end = 0u;
+  *boot_oat_begin = 0u;
+  *boot_oat_end = 0u;
+  for (gc::space::ImageSpace* space_ : GetBootImageSpaces()) {
+    const uint32_t image_begin = PointerToLowMemUInt32(space_->Begin());
+    const uint32_t image_size = space_->GetImageHeader().GetImageSize();
+    if (*boot_image_begin == 0 || image_begin < *boot_image_begin) {
+      *boot_image_begin = image_begin;
+    }
+    *boot_image_end = std::max(*boot_image_end, image_begin + image_size);
+    const OatFile* boot_oat_file = space_->GetOatFile();
+    const uint32_t oat_begin = PointerToLowMemUInt32(boot_oat_file->Begin());
+    const uint32_t oat_size = boot_oat_file->Size();
+    if (*boot_oat_begin == 0 || oat_begin < *boot_oat_begin) {
+      *boot_oat_begin = oat_begin;
+    }
+    *boot_oat_end = std::max(*boot_oat_end, oat_begin + oat_size);
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace gc
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/gc/heap.h b/runtime/gc/heap.h
index 7b531ba..1b7e2c9 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/heap.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/heap.h
@@ -580,7 +580,17 @@
   void UnBindBitmaps() REQUIRES(Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
 
   // Returns the boot image spaces. There may be multiple boot image spaces.
-  std::vector<space::ImageSpace*> GetBootImageSpaces() const;
+  const std::vector<space::ImageSpace*>& GetBootImageSpaces() const {
+    return boot_image_spaces_;
+  }
+
+  bool ObjectIsInBootImageSpace(mirror::Object* obj) const
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  void GetBootImagesSize(uint32_t* boot_image_begin,
+                         uint32_t* boot_image_end,
+                         uint32_t* boot_oat_begin,
+                         uint32_t* boot_oat_end);
 
   // Permenantly disable moving garbage collection.
   void DisableMovingGc() REQUIRES(!*gc_complete_lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
index 5f6bb8e..9ff3d8d 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.cc
@@ -475,10 +475,10 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-ImageSpace* ImageSpace::Create(const char* image_location,
-                               const InstructionSet image_isa,
-                               bool secondary_image,
-                               std::string* error_msg) {
+ImageSpace* ImageSpace::CreateBootImage(const char* image_location,
+                                        const InstructionSet image_isa,
+                                        bool secondary_image,
+                                        std::string* error_msg) {
   std::string system_filename;
   bool has_system = false;
   std::string cache_filename;
@@ -584,8 +584,13 @@
       // assume this if we are using a relocated image (i.e. image checksum
       // matches) since this is only different by the offset. We need this to
       // make sure that host tests continue to work.
-      space = ImageSpace::Init(image_filename->c_str(), image_location,
-                               !(is_system || relocated_version_used), error_msg);
+      // Since we are the boot image, pass null since we load the oat file from the boot image oat
+      // file name.
+      space = ImageSpace::Init(image_filename->c_str(),
+                               image_location,
+                               !(is_system || relocated_version_used),
+                               /* oat_file */nullptr,
+                               error_msg);
     }
     if (space != nullptr) {
       return space;
@@ -646,7 +651,7 @@
     // we leave Create.
     ScopedFlock image_lock;
     image_lock.Init(cache_filename.c_str(), error_msg);
-    space = ImageSpace::Init(cache_filename.c_str(), image_location, true, error_msg);
+    space = ImageSpace::Init(cache_filename.c_str(), image_location, true, nullptr, error_msg);
     if (space == nullptr) {
       *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to load generated image '%s': %s",
                                 cache_filename.c_str(), error_msg->c_str());
@@ -669,34 +674,494 @@
   }
 }
 
-ImageSpace* ImageSpace::Init(const char* image_filename, const char* image_location,
-                             bool validate_oat_file, std::string* error_msg) {
+// Helper class for relocating from one range of memory to another.
+class RelocationRange {
+ public:
+  RelocationRange() = default;
+  RelocationRange(const RelocationRange&) = default;
+  RelocationRange(uintptr_t source, uintptr_t dest, uintptr_t length)
+      : source_(source),
+        dest_(dest),
+        length_(length) {}
+
+  bool ContainsSource(uintptr_t address) const {
+    return address - source_ < length_;
+  }
+
+  // Translate a source address to the destination space.
+  uintptr_t ToDest(uintptr_t address) const {
+    DCHECK(ContainsSource(address));
+    return address + Delta();
+  }
+
+  // Returns the delta between the dest from the source.
+  off_t Delta() const {
+    return dest_ - source_;
+  }
+
+  uintptr_t Source() const {
+    return source_;
+  }
+
+  uintptr_t Dest() const {
+    return dest_;
+  }
+
+  uintptr_t Length() const {
+    return length_;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const uintptr_t source_;
+  const uintptr_t dest_;
+  const uintptr_t length_;
+};
+
+class FixupVisitor : public ValueObject {
+ public:
+  FixupVisitor(const RelocationRange& boot_image,
+               const RelocationRange& boot_oat,
+               const RelocationRange& app_image,
+               const RelocationRange& app_oat)
+      : boot_image_(boot_image),
+        boot_oat_(boot_oat),
+        app_image_(app_image),
+        app_oat_(app_oat) {}
+
+  // Return the relocated address of a heap object.
+  template <typename T>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE T* ForwardObject(T* src) const {
+    const uintptr_t uint_src = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(src);
+    if (boot_image_.ContainsSource(uint_src)) {
+      return reinterpret_cast<T*>(boot_image_.ToDest(uint_src));
+    }
+    if (app_image_.ContainsSource(uint_src)) {
+      return reinterpret_cast<T*>(app_image_.ToDest(uint_src));
+    }
+    return src;
+  }
+
+  // Return the relocated address of a code pointer (contained by an oat file).
+  ALWAYS_INLINE const void* ForwardCode(const void* src) const {
+    const uintptr_t uint_src = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(src);
+    if (boot_oat_.ContainsSource(uint_src)) {
+     return reinterpret_cast<const void*>(boot_oat_.ToDest(uint_src));
+    }
+    if (app_oat_.ContainsSource(uint_src)) {
+      return reinterpret_cast<const void*>(app_oat_.ToDest(uint_src));
+    }
+    return src;
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  // Source section.
+  const RelocationRange boot_image_;
+  const RelocationRange boot_oat_;
+  const RelocationRange app_image_;
+  const RelocationRange app_oat_;
+};
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const RelocationRange& reloc) {
+  return os << "(" << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(reloc.Source()) << "-"
+            << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(reloc.Source() + reloc.Length()) << ")->("
+            << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(reloc.Dest()) << "-"
+            << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(reloc.Dest() + reloc.Length()) << ")";
+}
+
+// Adapt for mirror::Class::FixupNativePointers.
+class FixupObjectAdapter : public FixupVisitor {
+ public:
+  template<typename... Args>
+  explicit FixupObjectAdapter(Args... args) : FixupVisitor(args...) {}
+
+  template <typename T>
+  T* operator()(T* obj) const {
+    return ForwardObject(obj);
+  }
+};
+
+class FixupClassVisitor : public FixupVisitor {
+ public:
+  template<typename... Args>
+  explicit FixupClassVisitor(Args... args) : FixupVisitor(args...) {}
+
+  // The image space is contained so the GC doesn't need to know about it. Avoid requiring mutator
+  // lock to prevent possible pauses.
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void operator()(mirror::Object* obj) const NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+    mirror::Class* klass = obj->GetClass<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>();
+    DCHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Null class in image";
+    // No AsClass since our fields aren't quite fixed up yet.
+    mirror::Class* new_klass = down_cast<mirror::Class*>(ForwardObject(klass));
+    // Keep clean if possible.
+    if (klass != new_klass) {
+      obj->SetClass<kVerifyNone>(new_klass);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+class FixupRootVisitor : public FixupVisitor {
+ public:
+  template<typename... Args>
+  explicit FixupRootVisitor(Args... args) : FixupVisitor(args...) {}
+
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void VisitRootIfNonNull(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root) const
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    if (!root->IsNull()) {
+      VisitRoot(root);
+    }
+  }
+
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void VisitRoot(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root) const
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    mirror::Object* ref = root->AsMirrorPtr();
+    mirror::Object* new_ref = ForwardObject(ref);
+    if (ref != new_ref) {
+      root->Assign(new_ref);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+class FixupObjectVisitor : public FixupVisitor {
+ public:
+  template<typename... Args>
+  explicit FixupObjectVisitor(Args... args) : FixupVisitor(args...) {}
+
+  // Fix up separately since we also need to fix up method entrypoints.
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void VisitRootIfNonNull(
+      mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) const {}
+
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void VisitRoot(mirror::CompressedReference<mirror::Object>* root ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED)
+      const {}
+
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void operator()(mirror::Object* obj,
+                                MemberOffset offset,
+                                bool is_static ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) const
+      NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+    // There could be overlap between ranges, we must avoid visiting the same reference twice.
+    // Avoid the class field since we already fixed it up in FixupClassVisitor.
+    if (offset.Uint32Value() != mirror::Object::ClassOffset().Uint32Value()) {
+      // Space is not yet added to the heap, don't do a read barrier.
+      mirror::Object* ref = obj->GetFieldObject<mirror::Object, kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(
+          offset);
+      // Use SetFieldObjectWithoutWriteBarrier to avoid card marking since we are writing to the
+      // image.
+      obj->SetFieldObjectWithoutWriteBarrier<false, true, kVerifyNone>(offset, ForwardObject(ref));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // java.lang.ref.Reference visitor.
+  void operator()(mirror::Class* klass ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED, mirror::Reference* ref) const
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_) {
+    mirror::Object* obj = ref->GetReferent<kWithoutReadBarrier>();
+    ref->SetFieldObjectWithoutWriteBarrier<false, true, kVerifyNone>(
+        mirror::Reference::ReferentOffset(),
+        ForwardObject(obj));
+  }
+
+  ALWAYS_INLINE void operator()(mirror::Object* obj) const NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+    obj->VisitReferences</*visit native roots*/false, kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(
+        *this,
+        *this);
+    // We want to use our own class loader and not the one in the image.
+    if (obj->IsClass<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>()) {
+      mirror::Class* klass = obj->AsClass<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>();
+      FixupObjectAdapter visitor(boot_image_, boot_oat_, app_image_, app_oat_);
+      klass->FixupNativePointers(klass, sizeof(void*), visitor);
+      // Deal with the arrays.
+      mirror::PointerArray* vtable = klass->GetVTable<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>();
+      if (vtable != nullptr) {
+        vtable->Fixup(vtable, sizeof(void*), visitor);
+      }
+      mirror::IfTable* iftable = klass->GetIfTable<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>();
+      if (iftable != nullptr) {
+        for (int32_t i = 0; i < klass->GetIfTableCount(); ++i) {
+          if (iftable->GetMethodArrayCount(i) > 0) {
+            mirror::PointerArray* methods =
+                iftable->GetMethodArray<kVerifyNone, kWithoutReadBarrier>(i);
+            DCHECK(methods != nullptr);
+            methods->Fixup(methods, sizeof(void*), visitor);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+class ForwardObjectAdapter {
+ public:
+  ALWAYS_INLINE ForwardObjectAdapter(const FixupVisitor* visitor) : visitor_(visitor) {}
+
+  template <typename T>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE T* operator()(T* src) const {
+    return visitor_->ForwardObject(src);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const FixupVisitor* const visitor_;
+};
+
+class ForwardCodeAdapter {
+ public:
+  ALWAYS_INLINE ForwardCodeAdapter(const FixupVisitor* visitor) : visitor_(visitor) {}
+
+  template <typename T>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE T* operator()(T* src) const {
+    return visitor_->ForwardCode(src);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const FixupVisitor* const visitor_;
+};
+
+class FixupArtMethodVisitor : public FixupVisitor, public ArtMethodVisitor {
+ public:
+  template<typename... Args>
+  explicit FixupArtMethodVisitor(bool fixup_heap_objects, Args... args)
+      : FixupVisitor(args...),
+        fixup_heap_objects_(fixup_heap_objects) {}
+
+  virtual void Visit(ArtMethod* method) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+    if (fixup_heap_objects_) {
+      method->UpdateObjectsForImageRelocation(ForwardObjectAdapter(this));
+    }
+    method->UpdateEntrypoints(ForwardCodeAdapter(this));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const bool fixup_heap_objects_;
+};
+
+class FixupArtFieldVisitor : public FixupVisitor, public ArtFieldVisitor {
+ public:
+  template<typename... Args>
+  explicit FixupArtFieldVisitor(Args... args) : FixupVisitor(args...) {}
+
+  virtual void Visit(ArtField* field) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+    field->UpdateObjects(ForwardObjectAdapter(this));
+  }
+};
+
+// Relocate an image space mapped at target_base which possibly used to be at a different base
+// address. Only needs a single image space, not one for both source and destination.
+// In place means modifying a single ImageSpace in place rather than relocating from one ImageSpace
+// to another.
+static bool RelocateInPlace(ImageHeader& image_header,
+                            uint8_t* target_base,
+                            accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap* bitmap,
+                            const OatFile* app_oat_file,
+                            std::string* error_msg) {
+  DCHECK(error_msg != nullptr);
+  if (!image_header.IsPic()) {
+    if (image_header.GetImageBegin() == target_base) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Cannot relocate non-pic image for oat file %s",
+                              (app_oat_file != nullptr) ? app_oat_file->GetLocation().c_str() : "");
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Set up sections.
+  uint32_t boot_image_begin = 0;
+  uint32_t boot_image_end = 0;
+  uint32_t boot_oat_begin = 0;
+  uint32_t boot_oat_end = 0;
+  gc::Heap* const heap = Runtime::Current()->GetHeap();
+  heap->GetBootImagesSize(&boot_image_begin, &boot_image_end, &boot_oat_begin, &boot_oat_end);
+  CHECK_NE(boot_image_begin, boot_image_end)
+      << "Can not relocate app image without boot image space";
+  CHECK_NE(boot_oat_begin, boot_oat_end) << "Can not relocate app image without boot oat file";
+  const uint32_t boot_image_size = boot_image_end - boot_image_begin;
+  const uint32_t boot_oat_size = boot_oat_end - boot_oat_begin;
+  const uint32_t image_header_boot_image_size = image_header.GetBootImageSize();
+  const uint32_t image_header_boot_oat_size = image_header.GetBootOatSize();
+  if (boot_image_size != image_header_boot_image_size) {
+    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Boot image size %" PRIu64 " does not match expected size %"
+                                  PRIu64,
+                              static_cast<uint64_t>(boot_image_size),
+                              static_cast<uint64_t>(image_header_boot_image_size));
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (boot_oat_size != image_header_boot_oat_size) {
+    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Boot oat size %" PRIu64 " does not match expected size %"
+                                  PRIu64,
+                              static_cast<uint64_t>(boot_oat_size),
+                              static_cast<uint64_t>(image_header_boot_oat_size));
+    return false;
+  }
+  TimingLogger logger(__FUNCTION__, true, false);
+  RelocationRange boot_image(image_header.GetBootImageBegin(),
+                             boot_image_begin,
+                             boot_image_size);
+  RelocationRange boot_oat(image_header.GetBootOatBegin(),
+                           boot_oat_begin,
+                           boot_oat_size);
+  RelocationRange app_image(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(image_header.GetImageBegin()),
+                            reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(target_base),
+                            image_header.GetImageSize());
+  // Use the oat data section since this is where the OatFile::Begin is.
+  RelocationRange app_oat(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(image_header.GetOatDataBegin()),
+                          // Not necessarily in low 4GB.
+                          reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(app_oat_file->Begin()),
+                          image_header.GetOatDataEnd() - image_header.GetOatDataBegin());
+  VLOG(image) << "App image " << app_image;
+  VLOG(image) << "App oat " << app_oat;
+  VLOG(image) << "Boot image " << boot_image;
+  VLOG(image) << "Boot oat " << boot_oat;
+  // True if we need to fixup any heap pointers, otherwise only code pointers.
+  const bool fixup_image = boot_image.Delta() != 0 || app_image.Delta() != 0;
+  const bool fixup_code = boot_oat.Delta() != 0 || app_oat.Delta() != 0;
+  if (!fixup_image && !fixup_code) {
+    // Nothing to fix up.
+    return true;
+  }
+  // Need to update the image to be at the target base.
+  const ImageSection& objects_section = image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionObjects);
+  uintptr_t objects_begin = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(target_base + objects_section.Offset());
+  uintptr_t objects_end = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(target_base + objects_section.End());
+  // Two pass approach, fix up all classes first, then fix up non class-objects.
+  FixupObjectVisitor fixup_object_visitor(boot_image, boot_oat, app_image, app_oat);
+  if (fixup_image) {
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("Fixup classes", &logger);
+    // Fixup class only touches app image classes, don't need the mutator lock since the space is
+    // not yet visible to the GC.
+    FixupClassVisitor fixup_class_visitor(boot_image, boot_oat, app_image, app_oat);
+    bitmap->VisitMarkedRange(objects_begin, objects_end, fixup_class_visitor);
+    // Fixup objects may read fields in the boot image, use the mutator lock here for sanity. Though
+    // its probably not required.
+    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+    timing.NewTiming("Fixup objects");
+    bitmap->VisitMarkedRange(objects_begin, objects_end, fixup_object_visitor);
+    FixupObjectAdapter fixup_adapter(boot_image, boot_oat, app_image, app_oat);
+    // Fixup image roots.
+    CHECK(app_image.ContainsSource(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(image_header.GetImageRoots())));
+    image_header.RelocateImageObjects(app_image.Delta());
+    CHECK_EQ(image_header.GetImageBegin(), target_base);
+    // Fix up dex cache DexFile pointers.
+    auto* dex_caches = image_header.GetImageRoot(ImageHeader::kDexCaches)->
+        AsObjectArray<mirror::DexCache>();
+    for (int32_t i = 0, count = dex_caches->GetLength(); i < count; ++i) {
+      mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = dex_caches->Get(i);
+      // Fix up dex cache pointers.
+      GcRoot<mirror::String>* strings = dex_cache->GetStrings();
+      if (strings != nullptr) {
+        GcRoot<mirror::String>* new_strings = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(strings);
+        if (strings != new_strings) {
+          dex_cache->SetFieldPtr64<false>(mirror::DexCache::StringsOffset(), new_strings);
+        }
+        dex_cache->FixupStrings(new_strings, fixup_adapter);
+      }
+      GcRoot<mirror::Class>* types = dex_cache->GetResolvedTypes();
+      if (types != nullptr) {
+        GcRoot<mirror::Class>* new_types = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(types);
+        if (types != new_types) {
+          dex_cache->SetFieldPtr64<false>(mirror::DexCache::ResolvedTypesOffset(), new_types);
+        }
+        dex_cache->FixupResolvedTypes(new_types, fixup_adapter);
+      }
+      ArtMethod** methods = dex_cache->GetResolvedMethods();
+      if (methods != nullptr) {
+        ArtMethod** new_methods = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(methods);
+        if (methods != new_methods) {
+          dex_cache->SetFieldPtr64<false>(mirror::DexCache::ResolvedMethodsOffset(), new_methods);
+        }
+        for (size_t j = 0, num = dex_cache->NumResolvedMethods(); j != num; ++j) {
+          ArtMethod* orig = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(new_methods, j, sizeof(void*));
+          ArtMethod* copy = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(orig);
+          if (orig != copy) {
+            mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(new_methods, j, copy, sizeof(void*));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      ArtField** fields = dex_cache->GetResolvedFields();
+      if (fields != nullptr) {
+        ArtField** new_fields = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(fields);
+        if (fields != new_fields) {
+          dex_cache->SetFieldPtr64<false>(mirror::DexCache::ResolvedFieldsOffset(), new_fields);
+        }
+        for (size_t j = 0, num = dex_cache->NumResolvedFields(); j != num; ++j) {
+          ArtField* orig = mirror::DexCache::GetElementPtrSize(new_fields, j, sizeof(void*));
+          ArtField* copy = fixup_adapter.ForwardObject(orig);
+          if (orig != copy) {
+            mirror::DexCache::SetElementPtrSize(new_fields, j, copy, sizeof(void*));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  {
+    // Only touches objects in the app image, no need for mutator lock.
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("Fixup methods", &logger);
+    FixupArtMethodVisitor method_visitor(fixup_image, boot_image, boot_oat, app_image, app_oat);
+    image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionArtMethods).VisitPackedArtMethods(
+        &method_visitor,
+        target_base,
+        sizeof(void*));
+  }
+  if (fixup_image) {
+    {
+      // Only touches objects in the app image, no need for mutator lock.
+      TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("Fixup fields", &logger);
+      FixupArtFieldVisitor field_visitor(boot_image, boot_oat, app_image, app_oat);
+      image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionArtFields).VisitPackedArtFields(
+          &field_visitor,
+          target_base);
+    }
+    // In the app image case, the image methods are actually in the boot image.
+    image_header.RelocateImageMethods(boot_image.Delta());
+    const auto& class_table_section = image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionClassTable);
+    if (class_table_section.Size() > 0u) {
+      // Note that we require that ReadFromMemory does not make an internal copy of the elements.
+      // This also relies on visit roots not doing any verification which could fail after we update
+      // the roots to be the image addresses.
+      ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+      WriterMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
+      ClassTable temp_table;
+      temp_table.ReadFromMemory(target_base + class_table_section.Offset());
+      FixupRootVisitor root_visitor(boot_image, boot_oat, app_image, app_oat);
+      temp_table.VisitRoots(root_visitor);
+    }
+  }
+  if (VLOG_IS_ON(image)) {
+    logger.Dump(LOG(INFO));
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+ImageSpace* ImageSpace::Init(const char* image_filename,
+                             const char* image_location,
+                             bool validate_oat_file,
+                             const OatFile* oat_file,
+                             std::string* error_msg) {
   CHECK(image_filename != nullptr);
   CHECK(image_location != nullptr);
 
-  uint64_t start_time = 0;
-  if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
-    start_time = NanoTime();
-    LOG(INFO) << "ImageSpace::Init entering image_filename=" << image_filename;
-  }
+  TimingLogger logger(__FUNCTION__, true, false);
+  VLOG(image) << "ImageSpace::Init entering image_filename=" << image_filename;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<File> file(OS::OpenFileForReading(image_filename));
-  if (file.get() == nullptr) {
-    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to open '%s'", image_filename);
-    return nullptr;
+  std::unique_ptr<File> file;
+  {
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("OpenImageFile", &logger);
+    file.reset(OS::OpenFileForReading(image_filename));
+    if (file == nullptr) {
+      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to open '%s'", image_filename);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
   }
-  ImageHeader image_header;
-  bool success = file->ReadFully(&image_header, sizeof(image_header));
-  if (!success || !image_header.IsValid()) {
-    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Invalid image header in '%s'", image_filename);
-    return nullptr;
+  ImageHeader temp_image_header;
+  ImageHeader* image_header = &temp_image_header;
+  {
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("ReadImageHeader", &logger);
+    bool success = file->ReadFully(image_header, sizeof(*image_header));
+    if (!success || !image_header->IsValid()) {
+      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Invalid image header in '%s'", image_filename);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
   }
   // Check that the file is larger or equal to the header size + data size.
   const uint64_t image_file_size = static_cast<uint64_t>(file->GetLength());
-  if (image_file_size < sizeof(ImageHeader) + image_header.GetDataSize()) {
+  if (image_file_size < sizeof(ImageHeader) + image_header->GetDataSize()) {
     *error_msg = StringPrintf("Image file truncated: %" PRIu64 " vs. %" PRIu64 ".",
                               image_file_size,
-                              image_header.GetDataSize());
+                              sizeof(ImageHeader) + image_header->GetDataSize());
     return nullptr;
   }
 
@@ -704,17 +1169,17 @@
     LOG(INFO) << "Dumping image sections";
     for (size_t i = 0; i < ImageHeader::kSectionCount; ++i) {
       const auto section_idx = static_cast<ImageHeader::ImageSections>(i);
-      auto& section = image_header.GetImageSection(section_idx);
+      auto& section = image_header->GetImageSection(section_idx);
       LOG(INFO) << section_idx << " start="
-          << reinterpret_cast<void*>(image_header.GetImageBegin() + section.Offset()) << " "
-          << section;
+                << reinterpret_cast<void*>(image_header->GetImageBegin() + section.Offset()) << " "
+                << section;
     }
   }
 
-  const auto& bitmap_section = image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionImageBitmap);
+  const auto& bitmap_section = image_header->GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionImageBitmap);
   // The location we want to map from is the first aligned page after the end of the stored
   // (possibly compressed) data.
-  const size_t image_bitmap_offset = RoundUp(sizeof(image_header) + image_header.GetDataSize(),
+  const size_t image_bitmap_offset = RoundUp(sizeof(ImageHeader) + image_header->GetDataSize(),
                                              kPageSize);
   const size_t end_of_bitmap = image_bitmap_offset + bitmap_section.Size();
   if (end_of_bitmap != image_file_size) {
@@ -724,67 +1189,84 @@
     return nullptr;
   }
 
+  // The preferred address to map the image, null specifies any address. If we manage to map the
+  // image at the image begin, the amount of fixup work required is minimized.
+  std::vector<uint8_t*> addresses(1, image_header->GetImageBegin());
+  if (image_header->IsPic()) {
+    // Can also map at a random low_4gb address since we can relocate in-place.
+    addresses.push_back(nullptr);
+  }
+
   // Note: The image header is part of the image due to mmap page alignment required of offset.
   std::unique_ptr<MemMap> map;
-  if (image_header.GetStorageMode() == ImageHeader::kStorageModeUncompressed) {
-    map.reset(MemMap::MapFileAtAddress(image_header.GetImageBegin(),
-                                       image_header.GetImageSize(),
-                                       PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
-                                       MAP_PRIVATE,
-                                       file->Fd(),
-                                       0,
-                                       /*low_4gb*/false,
-                                       /*reuse*/false,
-                                       image_filename,
-                                       error_msg));
-  } else {
-    // Reserve output and decompress into it.
-    map.reset(MemMap::MapAnonymous(image_location,
-                                   image_header.GetImageBegin(),
-                                   image_header.GetImageSize(),
-                                   PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
-                                   /*low_4gb*/false,
-                                   /*reuse*/false,
-                                   error_msg));
+  std::string temp_error_msg;
+  for (uint8_t* address : addresses) {
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("MapImageFile", &logger);
+    // Only care about the error message for the last address in addresses. We want to avoid the
+    // overhead of printing the process maps if we can relocate.
+    std::string* out_error_msg = (address == addresses.back()) ? &temp_error_msg : nullptr;
+    if (image_header->GetStorageMode() == ImageHeader::kStorageModeUncompressed) {
+      map.reset(MemMap::MapFileAtAddress(address,
+                                         image_header->GetImageSize(),
+                                         PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+                                         MAP_PRIVATE,
+                                         file->Fd(),
+                                         0,
+                                         /*low_4gb*/true,
+                                         /*reuse*/false,
+                                         image_filename,
+                                         /*out*/out_error_msg));
+    } else {
+      // Reserve output and decompress into it.
+      map.reset(MemMap::MapAnonymous(image_location,
+                                     address,
+                                     image_header->GetImageSize(),
+                                     PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+                                     /*low_4gb*/true,
+                                     /*reuse*/false,
+                                     out_error_msg));
+      if (map != nullptr) {
+        const size_t stored_size = image_header->GetDataSize();
+        const size_t write_offset = sizeof(ImageHeader);  // Skip the header.
+        std::unique_ptr<MemMap> temp_map(MemMap::MapFile(sizeof(ImageHeader) + stored_size,
+                                                         PROT_READ,
+                                                         MAP_PRIVATE,
+                                                         file->Fd(),
+                                                         /*offset*/0,
+                                                         /*low_4gb*/false,
+                                                         image_filename,
+                                                         out_error_msg));
+        if (temp_map == nullptr) {
+          DCHECK(!out_error_msg->empty());
+          return nullptr;
+        }
+        memcpy(map->Begin(), image_header, sizeof(ImageHeader));
+        const uint64_t start = NanoTime();
+        const size_t decompressed_size = LZ4_decompress_safe(
+            reinterpret_cast<char*>(temp_map->Begin()) + sizeof(ImageHeader),
+            reinterpret_cast<char*>(map->Begin()) + write_offset,
+            stored_size,
+            map->Size());
+        VLOG(image) << "Decompressing image took " << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start);
+        if (decompressed_size + sizeof(ImageHeader) != image_header->GetImageSize()) {
+          *error_msg = StringPrintf("Decompressed size does not match expected image size %zu vs %zu",
+                                    decompressed_size + sizeof(ImageHeader),
+                                    image_header->GetImageSize());
+          return nullptr;
+        }
+      }
+    }
     if (map != nullptr) {
-      const size_t stored_size = image_header.GetDataSize();
-      const size_t write_offset = sizeof(image_header);  // Skip the header.
-      std::unique_ptr<MemMap> temp_map(MemMap::MapFile(sizeof(ImageHeader) + stored_size,
-                                                       PROT_READ,
-                                                       MAP_PRIVATE,
-                                                       file->Fd(),
-                                                       /*offset*/0,
-                                                       /*low_4gb*/false,
-                                                       image_filename,
-                                                       error_msg));
-      if (temp_map == nullptr) {
-        DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
-        return nullptr;
-      }
-      memcpy(map->Begin(), &image_header, sizeof(image_header));
-      const uint64_t start = NanoTime();
-      const size_t decompressed_size = LZ4_decompress_safe(
-          reinterpret_cast<char*>(temp_map->Begin()) + sizeof(ImageHeader),
-          reinterpret_cast<char*>(map->Begin()) + write_offset,
-          stored_size,
-          map->Size());
-      // TODO: VLOG(image)
-      VLOG(class_linker) << "Decompressing image took " << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start);
-      if (decompressed_size + sizeof(ImageHeader) != image_header.GetImageSize()) {
-        *error_msg = StringPrintf("Decompressed size does not match expected image size %zu vs %zu",
-                                  decompressed_size + sizeof(ImageHeader),
-                                  image_header.GetImageSize());
-        return nullptr;
-      }
+      break;
     }
   }
 
   if (map == nullptr) {
-    DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
+    DCHECK(!temp_error_msg.empty());
+    *error_msg = temp_error_msg;
     return nullptr;
   }
-  CHECK_EQ(image_header.GetImageBegin(), map->Begin());
-  DCHECK_EQ(0, memcmp(&image_header, map->Begin(), sizeof(ImageHeader)));
+  DCHECK_EQ(0, memcmp(image_header, map->Begin(), sizeof(ImageHeader)));
 
   std::unique_ptr<MemMap> image_bitmap_map(MemMap::MapFileAtAddress(nullptr,
                                                                     bitmap_section.Size(),
@@ -799,25 +1281,42 @@
     *error_msg = StringPrintf("Failed to map image bitmap: %s", error_msg->c_str());
     return nullptr;
   }
-  uint32_t bitmap_index = bitmap_index_.FetchAndAddSequentiallyConsistent(1);
-  std::string bitmap_name(StringPrintf("imagespace %s live-bitmap %u", image_filename,
+  // Loaded the map, use the image header from the file now in case we patch it with
+  // RelocateInPlace.
+  image_header = reinterpret_cast<ImageHeader*>(map->Begin());
+  const uint32_t bitmap_index = bitmap_index_.FetchAndAddSequentiallyConsistent(1);
+  std::string bitmap_name(StringPrintf("imagespace %s live-bitmap %u",
+                                       image_filename,
                                        bitmap_index));
   // Bitmap only needs to cover until the end of the mirror objects section.
-  const ImageSection& image_objects = image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionObjects);
-  std::unique_ptr<accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap> bitmap(
+  const ImageSection& image_objects = image_header->GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionObjects);
+  // We only want the mirror object, not the ArtFields and ArtMethods.
+  uint8_t* const image_end = map->Begin() + image_objects.End();
+  std::unique_ptr<accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap> bitmap;
+  {
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("CreateImageBitmap", &logger);
+    bitmap.reset(
       accounting::ContinuousSpaceBitmap::CreateFromMemMap(
           bitmap_name,
           image_bitmap_map.release(),
           reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(map->Begin()),
           image_objects.End()));
-  if (bitmap == nullptr) {
-    *error_msg = StringPrintf("Could not create bitmap '%s'", bitmap_name.c_str());
-    return nullptr;
+    if (bitmap == nullptr) {
+      *error_msg = StringPrintf("Could not create bitmap '%s'", bitmap_name.c_str());
+      return nullptr;
+    }
   }
-
+  {
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("RelocateImage", &logger);
+    if (!RelocateInPlace(*image_header,
+                         map->Begin(),
+                         bitmap.get(),
+                         oat_file,
+                         error_msg)) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+  }
   // We only want the mirror object, not the ArtFields and ArtMethods.
-  uint8_t* const image_end =
-      map->Begin() + image_header.GetImageSection(ImageHeader::kSectionObjects).End();
   std::unique_ptr<ImageSpace> space(new ImageSpace(image_filename,
                                                    image_location,
                                                    map.release(),
@@ -829,38 +1328,61 @@
   // and ArtField::java_lang_reflect_ArtField_, which are used from
   // Object::SizeOf() which VerifyImageAllocations() calls, are not
   // set yet at this point.
-
-  space->oat_file_.reset(space->OpenOatFile(image_filename, error_msg));
-  if (space->oat_file_.get() == nullptr) {
-    DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
-    return nullptr;
+  if (oat_file == nullptr) {
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("OpenOatFile", &logger);
+    space->oat_file_.reset(space->OpenOatFile(image_filename, error_msg));
+    if (space->oat_file_ == nullptr) {
+      DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    space->oat_file_non_owned_ = space->oat_file_.get();
+  } else {
+    space->oat_file_non_owned_ = oat_file;
   }
-  space->oat_file_non_owned_ = space->oat_file_.get();
 
-  if (validate_oat_file && !space->ValidateOatFile(error_msg)) {
-    DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
-    return nullptr;
+  if (validate_oat_file) {
+    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming timing("ValidateOatFile", &logger);
+    if (!space->ValidateOatFile(error_msg)) {
+     DCHECK(!error_msg->empty());
+      return nullptr;
+    }
   }
 
   Runtime* runtime = Runtime::Current();
-  runtime->SetInstructionSet(space->oat_file_->GetOatHeader().GetInstructionSet());
 
-  if (!runtime->HasResolutionMethod()) {
-    runtime->SetResolutionMethod(image_header.GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kResolutionMethod));
-    runtime->SetImtConflictMethod(image_header.GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtConflictMethod));
+  // If oat_file is null, then it is the boot image space. Use oat_file_non_owned_ from the space
+  // to set the runtime methods.
+  CHECK_EQ(oat_file != nullptr, image_header->IsAppImage());
+  if (image_header->IsAppImage()) {
+    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetResolutionMethod(),
+             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kResolutionMethod));
+    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetImtConflictMethod(),
+             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtConflictMethod));
+    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetImtUnimplementedMethod(),
+             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtUnimplementedMethod));
+    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetCalleeSaveMethod(Runtime::kSaveAll),
+             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kCalleeSaveMethod));
+    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetCalleeSaveMethod(Runtime::kRefsOnly),
+             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsOnlySaveMethod));
+    CHECK_EQ(runtime->GetCalleeSaveMethod(Runtime::kRefsAndArgs),
+             image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsAndArgsSaveMethod));
+  } else if (!runtime->HasResolutionMethod()) {
+    runtime->SetInstructionSet(space->oat_file_non_owned_->GetOatHeader().GetInstructionSet());
+    runtime->SetResolutionMethod(image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kResolutionMethod));
+    runtime->SetImtConflictMethod(image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtConflictMethod));
     runtime->SetImtUnimplementedMethod(
-        image_header.GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtUnimplementedMethod));
+        image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kImtUnimplementedMethod));
     runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(
-        image_header.GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kCalleeSaveMethod), Runtime::kSaveAll);
+        image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kCalleeSaveMethod), Runtime::kSaveAll);
     runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(
-        image_header.GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsOnlySaveMethod), Runtime::kRefsOnly);
+        image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsOnlySaveMethod), Runtime::kRefsOnly);
     runtime->SetCalleeSaveMethod(
-        image_header.GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsAndArgsSaveMethod), Runtime::kRefsAndArgs);
+        image_header->GetImageMethod(ImageHeader::kRefsAndArgsSaveMethod), Runtime::kRefsAndArgs);
   }
 
-  if (VLOG_IS_ON(heap) || VLOG_IS_ON(startup)) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "ImageSpace::Init exiting (" << PrettyDuration(NanoTime() - start_time)
-             << ") " << *space.get();
+  VLOG(image) << "ImageSpace::Init exiting " << *space.get();
+  if (VLOG_IS_ON(image)) {
+    logger.Dump(LOG(INFO));
   }
   return space.release();
 }
@@ -1002,6 +1524,16 @@
   }
 }
 
+ImageSpace* ImageSpace::CreateFromAppImage(const char* image,
+                                           const OatFile* oat_file,
+                                           std::string* error_msg) {
+  return gc::space::ImageSpace::Init(image,
+                                     image,
+                                     /*validate_oat_file*/false,
+                                     oat_file,
+                                     /*out*/error_msg);
+}
+
 }  // namespace space
 }  // namespace gc
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.h b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.h
index 9c8e8b2..f2f4163 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/image_space.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/image_space.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
     return kSpaceTypeImageSpace;
   }
 
-  // Create a Space from an image file for a specified instruction
+  // Create a boot image space from an image file for a specified instruction
   // set. Cannot be used for future allocation or collected.
   //
   // Create also opens the OatFile associated with the image file so
@@ -43,10 +43,16 @@
   // creation of the alloc space. The ReleaseOatFile will later be
   // used to transfer ownership of the OatFile to the ClassLinker when
   // it is initialized.
-  static ImageSpace* Create(const char* image,
-                            InstructionSet image_isa,
-                            bool secondary_image,
-                            std::string* error_msg)
+  static ImageSpace* CreateBootImage(const char* image,
+                                     InstructionSet image_isa,
+                                     bool secondary_image,
+                                     std::string* error_msg)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  // Try to open an existing app image space.
+  static ImageSpace* CreateFromAppImage(const char* image,
+                                        const OatFile* oat_file,
+                                        std::string* error_msg)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Reads the image header from the specified image location for the
@@ -144,15 +150,17 @@
   }
 
  protected:
-  // Tries to initialize an ImageSpace from the given image path,
-  // returning null on error.
+  // Tries to initialize an ImageSpace from the given image path, returning null on error.
   //
-  // If validate_oat_file is false (for /system), do not verify that
-  // image's OatFile is up-to-date relative to its DexFile
-  // inputs. Otherwise (for /data), validate the inputs and generate
-  // the OatFile in /data/dalvik-cache if necessary.
-  static ImageSpace* Init(const char* image_filename, const char* image_location,
-                          bool validate_oat_file, std::string* error_msg)
+  // If validate_oat_file is false (for /system), do not verify that image's OatFile is up-to-date
+  // relative to its DexFile inputs. Otherwise (for /data), validate the inputs and generate the
+  // OatFile in /data/dalvik-cache if necessary. If the oat_file is null, it uses the oat file from
+  // the image.
+  static ImageSpace* Init(const char* image_filename,
+                          const char* image_location,
+                          bool validate_oat_file,
+                          const OatFile* oat_file,
+                          std::string* error_msg)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   OatFile* OpenOatFile(const char* image, std::string* error_msg) const
diff --git a/runtime/image.cc b/runtime/image.cc
index 4254d94..2fed4d3 100644
--- a/runtime/image.cc
+++ b/runtime/image.cc
@@ -35,8 +35,13 @@
                          uint32_t oat_data_begin,
                          uint32_t oat_data_end,
                          uint32_t oat_file_end,
+                         uint32_t boot_image_begin,
+                         uint32_t boot_image_size,
+                         uint32_t boot_oat_begin,
+                         uint32_t boot_oat_size,
                          uint32_t pointer_size,
                          bool compile_pic,
+                         bool is_pic,
                          StorageMode storage_mode,
                          size_t data_size)
   : image_begin_(image_begin),
@@ -46,10 +51,15 @@
     oat_data_begin_(oat_data_begin),
     oat_data_end_(oat_data_end),
     oat_file_end_(oat_file_end),
+    boot_image_begin_(boot_image_begin),
+    boot_image_size_(boot_image_size),
+    boot_oat_begin_(boot_oat_begin),
+    boot_oat_size_(boot_oat_size),
     patch_delta_(0),
     image_roots_(image_roots),
     pointer_size_(pointer_size),
     compile_pic_(compile_pic),
+    is_pic_(is_pic),
     storage_mode_(storage_mode),
     data_size_(data_size) {
   CHECK_EQ(image_begin, RoundUp(image_begin, kPageSize));
@@ -67,13 +77,21 @@
 
 void ImageHeader::RelocateImage(off_t delta) {
   CHECK_ALIGNED(delta, kPageSize) << " patch delta must be page aligned";
-  image_begin_ += delta;
   oat_file_begin_ += delta;
   oat_data_begin_ += delta;
   oat_data_end_ += delta;
   oat_file_end_ += delta;
-  image_roots_ += delta;
   patch_delta_ += delta;
+  RelocateImageObjects(delta);
+  RelocateImageMethods(delta);
+}
+
+void ImageHeader::RelocateImageObjects(off_t delta) {
+  image_begin_ += delta;
+  image_roots_ += delta;
+}
+
+void ImageHeader::RelocateImageMethods(off_t delta) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < kImageMethodsCount; ++i) {
     image_methods_[i] += delta;
   }
diff --git a/runtime/image.h b/runtime/image.h
index 7418f66..b3f177b 100644
--- a/runtime/image.h
+++ b/runtime/image.h
@@ -93,10 +93,15 @@
         oat_data_begin_(0U),
         oat_data_end_(0U),
         oat_file_end_(0U),
+        boot_image_begin_(0U),
+        boot_image_size_(0U),
+        boot_oat_begin_(0U),
+        boot_oat_size_(0U),
         patch_delta_(0),
         image_roots_(0U),
         pointer_size_(0U),
         compile_pic_(0),
+        is_pic_(0),
         storage_mode_(kDefaultStorageMode),
         data_size_(0) {}
 
@@ -109,8 +114,13 @@
               uint32_t oat_data_begin,
               uint32_t oat_data_end,
               uint32_t oat_file_end,
+              uint32_t boot_image_begin,
+              uint32_t boot_image_size,
+              uint32_t boot_oat_begin,
+              uint32_t boot_oat_size,
               uint32_t pointer_size,
               bool compile_pic,
+              bool is_pic,
               StorageMode storage_mode,
               size_t data_size);
 
@@ -208,11 +218,33 @@
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void RelocateImage(off_t delta);
+  void RelocateImageMethods(off_t delta);
+  void RelocateImageObjects(off_t delta);
 
   bool CompilePic() const {
     return compile_pic_ != 0;
   }
 
+  bool IsPic() const {
+    return is_pic_ != 0;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t GetBootImageBegin() const {
+    return boot_image_begin_;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t GetBootImageSize() const {
+    return boot_image_size_;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t GetBootOatBegin() const {
+    return boot_oat_begin_;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t GetBootOatSize() const {
+    return boot_oat_size_;
+  }
+
   StorageMode GetStorageMode() const {
     return storage_mode_;
   }
@@ -221,6 +253,12 @@
     return data_size_;
   }
 
+  bool IsAppImage() const {
+    // App images currently require a boot image, if the size is non zero then it is an app image
+    // header.
+    return boot_image_size_ != 0u;
+  }
+
  private:
   static const uint8_t kImageMagic[4];
   static const uint8_t kImageVersion[4];
@@ -250,6 +288,16 @@
   // .so files. Used for positioning a following alloc spaces.
   uint32_t oat_file_end_;
 
+  // Boot image begin and end (app image headers only).
+  uint32_t boot_image_begin_;
+  uint32_t boot_image_size_;
+
+  // Boot oat begin and end (app image headers only).
+  uint32_t boot_oat_begin_;
+  uint32_t boot_oat_size_;
+
+  // TODO: We should probably insert a boot image checksum for app images.
+
   // The total delta that this image has been patched.
   int32_t patch_delta_;
 
@@ -262,10 +310,15 @@
   // Boolean (0 or 1) to denote if the image was compiled with --compile-pic option
   const uint32_t compile_pic_;
 
+  // Boolean (0 or 1) to denote if the image can be mapped at a random address, this only refers to
+  // the .art file. Currently, app oat files do not depend on their app image. There are no pointers
+  // from the app oat code to the app image.
+  const uint32_t is_pic_;
+
   // Image section sizes/offsets correspond to the uncompressed form.
   ImageSection sections_[kSectionCount];
 
-  // Image methods.
+  // Image methods, may be inside of the boot image for app images.
   uint64_t image_methods_[kImageMethodsCount];
 
   // Storage method for the image, the image may be compressed.
diff --git a/runtime/intern_table.cc b/runtime/intern_table.cc
index 015bf98..96854da 100644
--- a/runtime/intern_table.cc
+++ b/runtime/intern_table.cc
@@ -86,14 +86,24 @@
   // Note: we deliberately don't visit the weak_interns_ table and the immutable image roots.
 }
 
-mirror::String* InternTable::LookupStrong(mirror::String* s) {
-  return strong_interns_.Find(s);
+mirror::String* InternTable::LookupWeak(Thread* self, mirror::String* s) {
+  MutexLock mu(self, *Locks::intern_table_lock_);
+  return LookupWeakLocked(s);
 }
 
-mirror::String* InternTable::LookupWeak(mirror::String* s) {
+mirror::String* InternTable::LookupStrong(Thread* self, mirror::String* s) {
+  MutexLock mu(self, *Locks::intern_table_lock_);
+  return LookupStrongLocked(s);
+}
+
+mirror::String* InternTable::LookupWeakLocked(mirror::String* s) {
   return weak_interns_.Find(s);
 }
 
+mirror::String* InternTable::LookupStrongLocked(mirror::String* s) {
+  return strong_interns_.Find(s);
+}
+
 void InternTable::AddNewTable() {
   MutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::intern_table_lock_);
   weak_interns_.AddNewTable();
@@ -169,7 +179,7 @@
         for (size_t j = 0; j < num_strings; ++j) {
           mirror::String* image_string = dex_cache->GetResolvedString(j);
           if (image_string != nullptr) {
-            mirror::String* found = LookupStrong(image_string);
+            mirror::String* found = LookupStrongLocked(image_string);
             if (found == nullptr) {
               InsertStrong(image_string);
             } else {
@@ -250,7 +260,7 @@
       }
     }
     // Check the strong table for a match.
-    mirror::String* strong = LookupStrong(s);
+    mirror::String* strong = LookupStrongLocked(s);
     if (strong != nullptr) {
       return strong;
     }
@@ -272,7 +282,7 @@
     CHECK(self->GetWeakRefAccessEnabled());
   }
   // There is no match in the strong table, check the weak table.
-  mirror::String* weak = LookupWeak(s);
+  mirror::String* weak = LookupWeakLocked(s);
   if (weak != nullptr) {
     if (is_strong) {
       // A match was found in the weak table. Promote to the strong table.
@@ -317,8 +327,7 @@
 }
 
 bool InternTable::ContainsWeak(mirror::String* s) {
-  MutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::intern_table_lock_);
-  return LookupWeak(s) == s;
+  return LookupWeak(Thread::Current(), s) == s;
 }
 
 void InternTable::SweepInternTableWeaks(IsMarkedVisitor* visitor) {
diff --git a/runtime/intern_table.h b/runtime/intern_table.h
index 2b2176e..274f5ad 100644
--- a/runtime/intern_table.h
+++ b/runtime/intern_table.h
@@ -84,10 +84,22 @@
   bool ContainsWeak(mirror::String* s) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_);
 
+  // Lookup a strong intern, returns null if not found.
+  mirror::String* LookupStrong(Thread* self, mirror::String* s)
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
+  // Lookup a weak intern, returns null if not found.
+  mirror::String* LookupWeak(Thread* self, mirror::String* s)
+      REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   // Total number of interned strings.
   size_t Size() const REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_);
+
   // Total number of weakly live interned strings.
   size_t StrongSize() const REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_);
+
   // Total number of strongly live interned strings.
   size_t WeakSize() const REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_);
 
@@ -186,9 +198,9 @@
   mirror::String* Insert(mirror::String* s, bool is_strong, bool holding_locks)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::intern_table_lock_) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  mirror::String* LookupStrong(mirror::String* s)
+  mirror::String* LookupStrongLocked(mirror::String* s)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_);
-  mirror::String* LookupWeak(mirror::String* s)
+  mirror::String* LookupWeakLocked(mirror::String* s)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_);
   mirror::String* InsertStrong(mirror::String* s)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::intern_table_lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h
index 53118e0..75a3f1a 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h
@@ -47,11 +47,15 @@
   return GetField32(ObjectSizeOffset());
 }
 
+template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
 inline Class* Class::GetSuperClass() {
   // Can only get super class for loaded classes (hack for when runtime is
   // initializing)
-  DCHECK(IsLoaded() || IsErroneous() || !Runtime::Current()->IsStarted()) << IsLoaded();
-  return GetFieldObject<Class>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, super_class_));
+  DCHECK(IsLoaded<kVerifyFlags>() ||
+         IsErroneous<kVerifyFlags>() ||
+         !Runtime::Current()->IsStarted()) << IsLoaded();
+  return GetFieldObject<Class, kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(
+      OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, super_class_));
 }
 
 inline ClassLoader* Class::GetClassLoader() {
@@ -226,9 +230,12 @@
   return &GetVirtualMethodsSliceUnchecked(pointer_size).At(i);
 }
 
+template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags,
+         ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
 inline PointerArray* Class::GetVTable() {
-  DCHECK(IsResolved() || IsErroneous());
-  return GetFieldObject<PointerArray>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, vtable_));
+  DCHECK(IsResolved<kVerifyFlags>() || IsErroneous<kVerifyFlags>());
+  return GetFieldObject<PointerArray, kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(
+      OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, vtable_));
 }
 
 inline PointerArray* Class::GetVTableDuringLinking() {
@@ -499,8 +506,11 @@
   return FindVirtualMethodForVirtual(method, pointer_size);
 }
 
+template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags,
+         ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
 inline IfTable* Class::GetIfTable() {
-  return GetFieldObject<IfTable>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, iftable_));
+  return GetFieldObject<IfTable, kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(
+      OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, iftable_));
 }
 
 inline int32_t Class::GetIfTableCount() {
@@ -516,7 +526,7 @@
 }
 
 inline LengthPrefixedArray<ArtField>* Class::GetIFieldsPtr() {
-  DCHECK(IsLoaded() || IsErroneous());
+  DCHECK(IsLoaded() || IsErroneous()) << GetStatus();
   return GetFieldPtr<LengthPrefixedArray<ArtField>*>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, ifields_));
 }
 
@@ -747,9 +757,12 @@
   return size;
 }
 
-template <typename Visitor>
+template <bool kVisitNativeRoots,
+          VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags,
+          ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption,
+          typename Visitor>
 inline void Class::VisitReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor) {
-  VisitInstanceFieldsReferences(klass, visitor);
+  VisitInstanceFieldsReferences<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(klass, visitor);
   // Right after a class is allocated, but not yet loaded
   // (kStatusNotReady, see ClassLinker::LoadClass()), GC may find it
   // and scan it. IsTemp() may call Class::GetAccessFlags() but may
@@ -757,14 +770,16 @@
   // status is kStatusNotReady. To avoid it, rely on IsResolved()
   // only. This is fine because a temp class never goes into the
   // kStatusResolved state.
-  if (IsResolved()) {
+  if (IsResolved<kVerifyFlags>()) {
     // Temp classes don't ever populate imt/vtable or static fields and they are not even
     // allocated with the right size for those. Also, unresolved classes don't have fields
     // linked yet.
-    VisitStaticFieldsReferences(this, visitor);
+    VisitStaticFieldsReferences<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(this, visitor);
   }
-  // Since this class is reachable, we must also visit the associated roots when we scan it.
-  VisitNativeRoots(visitor, Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize());
+  if (kVisitNativeRoots) {
+    // Since this class is reachable, we must also visit the associated roots when we scan it.
+    VisitNativeRoots(visitor, Runtime::Current()->GetClassLinker()->GetImagePointerSize());
+  }
 }
 
 template<ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class.h b/runtime/mirror/class.h
index 6b5ed91..3017820 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class.h
@@ -494,10 +494,11 @@
         (IsAbstract() && IsArrayClass());
   }
 
-  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags>
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   bool IsObjectArrayClass() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return GetComponentType<kVerifyFlags>() != nullptr &&
-        !GetComponentType<kVerifyFlags>()->IsPrimitive();
+    mirror::Class* const component_type = GetComponentType<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>();
+    return component_type != nullptr && !component_type->IsPrimitive();
   }
 
   template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags>
@@ -656,6 +657,8 @@
   // to themselves. Classes for primitive types may not assign to each other.
   ALWAYS_INLINE bool IsAssignableFrom(Class* src) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   ALWAYS_INLINE Class* GetSuperClass() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Get first common super class. It will never return null.
@@ -791,6 +794,8 @@
   ArtMethod* GetVirtualMethodDuringLinking(size_t i, size_t pointer_size)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   ALWAYS_INLINE PointerArray* GetVTable() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   ALWAYS_INLINE PointerArray* GetVTableDuringLinking() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -941,6 +946,8 @@
 
   ALWAYS_INLINE int32_t GetIfTableCount() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   ALWAYS_INLINE IfTable* GetIfTable() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   ALWAYS_INLINE void SetIfTable(IfTable* new_iftable) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -1226,7 +1233,8 @@
 
   // Fix up all of the native pointers in the class by running them through the visitor. Only sets
   // the corresponding entry in dest if visitor(obj) != obj to prevent dirty memory. Dest should be
-  // initialized to a copy of *this to prevent issues.
+  // initialized to a copy of *this to prevent issues. Does not visit the ArtMethod and ArtField
+  // roots.
   template <typename Visitor>
   void FixupNativePointers(mirror::Class* dest, size_t pointer_size, const Visitor& visitor)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -1277,7 +1285,10 @@
   static MemberOffset EmbeddedImTableOffset(size_t pointer_size);
   static MemberOffset EmbeddedVTableOffset(size_t pointer_size);
 
-  template <typename Visitor>
+  template <bool kVisitNativeRoots,
+            VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+            ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier,
+            typename Visitor>
   void VisitReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class_loader-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/class_loader-inl.h
index e22ddd7..84fa80f 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class_loader-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class_loader-inl.h
@@ -25,15 +25,20 @@
 namespace art {
 namespace mirror {
 
-template <VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, typename Visitor>
+template <bool kVisitClasses,
+          VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags,
+          ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption,
+          typename Visitor>
 inline void ClassLoader::VisitReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor) {
   // Visit instance fields first.
-  VisitInstanceFieldsReferences(klass, visitor);
-  // Visit classes loaded after.
-  ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
-  ClassTable* const class_table = GetClassTable();
-  if (class_table != nullptr) {
-    class_table->VisitRoots(visitor);
+  VisitInstanceFieldsReferences<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(klass, visitor);
+  if (kVisitClasses) {
+    // Visit classes loaded after.
+    ReaderMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
+    ClassTable* const class_table = GetClassTable();
+    if (class_table != nullptr) {
+      class_table->VisitRoots(visitor);
+    }
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class_loader.h b/runtime/mirror/class_loader.h
index c2a65d6..1957e13 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class_loader.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class_loader.h
@@ -63,7 +63,10 @@
  private:
   // Visit instance fields of the class loader as well as its associated classes.
   // Null class loader is handled by ClassLinker::VisitClassRoots.
-  template <VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, typename Visitor>
+  template <bool kVisitClasses,
+            VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+            ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier,
+            typename Visitor>
   void VisitReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::classlinker_classes_lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
index 975af61..2ecc9fb 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache-inl.h
@@ -122,18 +122,23 @@
   }
 }
 
-template <VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, typename Visitor>
+template <bool kVisitNativeRoots,
+          VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags,
+          ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption,
+          typename Visitor>
 inline void DexCache::VisitReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor) {
   // Visit instance fields first.
-  VisitInstanceFieldsReferences(klass, visitor);
+  VisitInstanceFieldsReferences<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(klass, visitor);
   // Visit arrays after.
-  GcRoot<mirror::String>* strings = GetStrings();
-  for (size_t i = 0, num_strings = NumStrings(); i != num_strings; ++i) {
-    visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(strings[i].AddressWithoutBarrier());
-  }
-  GcRoot<mirror::Class>* resolved_types = GetResolvedTypes();
-  for (size_t i = 0, num_types = NumResolvedTypes(); i != num_types; ++i) {
-    visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(resolved_types[i].AddressWithoutBarrier());
+  if (kVisitNativeRoots) {
+    GcRoot<mirror::String>* strings = GetStrings();
+    for (size_t i = 0, num_strings = NumStrings(); i != num_strings; ++i) {
+      visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(strings[i].AddressWithoutBarrier());
+    }
+    GcRoot<mirror::Class>* resolved_types = GetResolvedTypes();
+    for (size_t i = 0, num_types = NumResolvedTypes(); i != num_types; ++i) {
+      visitor.VisitRootIfNonNull(resolved_types[i].AddressWithoutBarrier());
+    }
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.cc b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.cc
index 349a319..7b058d0 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.cc
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@
 
   SetDexFile(dex_file);
   SetFieldObject<false>(OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(DexCache, location_), location);
-  SetField64<false>(StringsOffset(), reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(strings));
-  SetField64<false>(ResolvedTypesOffset(), reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(resolved_types));
-  SetField64<false>(ResolvedMethodsOffset(), reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(resolved_methods));
-  SetField64<false>(ResolvedFieldsOffset(), reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(resolved_fields));
+  SetStrings(strings);
+  SetResolvedTypes(resolved_types);
+  SetResolvedMethods(resolved_methods);
+  SetResolvedFields(resolved_fields);
   SetField32<false>(NumStringsOffset(), num_strings);
   SetField32<false>(NumResolvedTypesOffset(), num_resolved_types);
   SetField32<false>(NumResolvedMethodsOffset(), num_resolved_methods);
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h
index 32eb595..5ed061f 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache.h
@@ -137,18 +137,40 @@
     return GetFieldPtr<GcRoot<String>*>(StringsOffset());
   }
 
+  void SetStrings(GcRoot<String>* strings) ALWAYS_INLINE SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    SetFieldPtr<false>(StringsOffset(), strings);
+  }
+
   GcRoot<Class>* GetResolvedTypes() ALWAYS_INLINE SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return GetFieldPtr<GcRoot<Class>*>(ResolvedTypesOffset());
   }
 
+  void SetResolvedTypes(GcRoot<Class>* resolved_types)
+      ALWAYS_INLINE
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    SetFieldPtr<false>(ResolvedTypesOffset(), resolved_types);
+  }
+
   ArtMethod** GetResolvedMethods() ALWAYS_INLINE SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return GetFieldPtr<ArtMethod**>(ResolvedMethodsOffset());
   }
 
+  void SetResolvedMethods(ArtMethod** resolved_methods)
+      ALWAYS_INLINE
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    SetFieldPtr<false>(ResolvedMethodsOffset(), resolved_methods);
+  }
+
   ArtField** GetResolvedFields() ALWAYS_INLINE SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return GetFieldPtr<ArtField**>(ResolvedFieldsOffset());
   }
 
+  void SetResolvedFields(ArtField** resolved_fields)
+      ALWAYS_INLINE
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    SetFieldPtr<false>(ResolvedFieldsOffset(), resolved_fields);
+  }
+
   size_t NumStrings() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return GetField32(NumStringsOffset());
   }
@@ -186,7 +208,10 @@
 
  private:
   // Visit instance fields of the dex cache as well as its associated arrays.
-  template <VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, typename Visitor>
+  template <bool kVisitNativeRoots,
+            VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+            ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier,
+            typename Visitor>
   void VisitReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/iftable.h b/runtime/mirror/iftable.h
index b21ecdf..605deac 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/iftable.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/iftable.h
@@ -34,8 +34,11 @@
   ALWAYS_INLINE void SetInterface(int32_t i, Class* interface)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   PointerArray* GetMethodArray(int32_t i) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    auto* method_array = down_cast<PointerArray*>(Get((i * kMax) + kMethodArray));
+    auto* method_array = down_cast<PointerArray*>(Get<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(
+        (i * kMax) + kMethodArray));
     DCHECK(method_array != nullptr);
     return method_array;
   }
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h
index 4603428..760de9a 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h
@@ -1031,7 +1031,10 @@
   return success;
 }
 
-template<bool kIsStatic, typename Visitor>
+template<bool kIsStatic,
+         VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags,
+         ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption,
+         typename Visitor>
 inline void Object::VisitFieldsReferences(uint32_t ref_offsets, const Visitor& visitor) {
   if (!kIsStatic && (ref_offsets != mirror::Class::kClassWalkSuper)) {
     // Instance fields and not the slow-path.
@@ -1047,9 +1050,12 @@
     // There is no reference offset bitmap. In the non-static case, walk up the class
     // inheritance hierarchy and find reference offsets the hard way. In the static case, just
     // consider this class.
-    for (mirror::Class* klass = kIsStatic ? AsClass() : GetClass(); klass != nullptr;
-        klass = kIsStatic ? nullptr : klass->GetSuperClass()) {
-      size_t num_reference_fields =
+    for (mirror::Class* klass = kIsStatic
+            ? AsClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()
+            : GetClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>();
+        klass != nullptr;
+        klass = kIsStatic ? nullptr : klass->GetSuperClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()) {
+      const size_t num_reference_fields =
           kIsStatic ? klass->NumReferenceStaticFields() : klass->NumReferenceInstanceFields();
       if (num_reference_fields == 0u) {
         continue;
@@ -1072,49 +1078,54 @@
   }
 }
 
-template<typename Visitor>
+template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption, typename Visitor>
 inline void Object::VisitInstanceFieldsReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor) {
-  VisitFieldsReferences<false>(klass->GetReferenceInstanceOffsets<kVerifyNone>(), visitor);
+  VisitFieldsReferences<false, kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(
+      klass->GetReferenceInstanceOffsets<kVerifyFlags>(), visitor);
 }
 
-template<typename Visitor>
+template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption, typename Visitor>
 inline void Object::VisitStaticFieldsReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor) {
   DCHECK(!klass->IsTemp());
-  klass->VisitFieldsReferences<true>(0, visitor);
+  klass->VisitFieldsReferences<true, kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(0, visitor);
 }
 
-template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags>
+template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
 inline bool Object::IsClassLoader() {
-  return GetClass<kVerifyFlags>()->IsClassLoaderClass();
+  return GetClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()->IsClassLoaderClass();
 }
 
-template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags>
+template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
 inline mirror::ClassLoader* Object::AsClassLoader() {
-  DCHECK(IsClassLoader<kVerifyFlags>());
+  DCHECK((IsClassLoader<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()));
   return down_cast<mirror::ClassLoader*>(this);
 }
 
-template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags>
+template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
 inline bool Object::IsDexCache() {
-  return GetClass<kVerifyFlags>()->IsDexCacheClass();
+  return GetClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()->IsDexCacheClass();
 }
 
-template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags>
+template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
 inline mirror::DexCache* Object::AsDexCache() {
-  DCHECK(IsDexCache<kVerifyFlags>());
+  DCHECK((IsDexCache<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()));
   return down_cast<mirror::DexCache*>(this);
 }
 
-template <VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, typename Visitor, typename JavaLangRefVisitor>
+template <bool kVisitNativeRoots,
+          VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags,
+          ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption,
+          typename Visitor,
+          typename JavaLangRefVisitor>
 inline void Object::VisitReferences(const Visitor& visitor,
                                     const JavaLangRefVisitor& ref_visitor) {
-  mirror::Class* klass = GetClass<kVerifyFlags>();
+  mirror::Class* klass = GetClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>();
   visitor(this, ClassOffset(), false);
   const uint32_t class_flags = klass->GetClassFlags<kVerifyNone>();
   if (LIKELY(class_flags == kClassFlagNormal)) {
     DCHECK(!klass->IsVariableSize());
     VisitInstanceFieldsReferences(klass, visitor);
-    DCHECK(!klass->IsClassClass());
+    DCHECK((!klass->IsClassClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()));
     DCHECK(!klass->IsStringClass());
     DCHECK(!klass->IsClassLoaderClass());
     DCHECK(!klass->IsArrayClass());
@@ -1123,23 +1134,29 @@
       DCHECK(!klass->IsStringClass());
       if (class_flags == kClassFlagClass) {
         DCHECK(klass->IsClassClass());
-        AsClass<kVerifyNone>()->VisitReferences(klass, visitor);
+        AsClass<kVerifyNone>()->VisitReferences<kVisitNativeRoots,
+                                                kVerifyFlags,
+                                                kReadBarrierOption>(klass, visitor);
       } else if (class_flags == kClassFlagObjectArray) {
-        DCHECK(klass->IsObjectArrayClass());
+        DCHECK((klass->IsObjectArrayClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()));
         AsObjectArray<mirror::Object, kVerifyNone>()->VisitReferences(visitor);
       } else if ((class_flags & kClassFlagReference) != 0) {
         VisitInstanceFieldsReferences(klass, visitor);
         ref_visitor(klass, AsReference());
       } else if (class_flags == kClassFlagDexCache) {
-        mirror::DexCache* const dex_cache = AsDexCache<kVerifyFlags>();
-        dex_cache->VisitReferences<kVerifyFlags>(klass, visitor);
+        mirror::DexCache* const dex_cache = AsDexCache<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>();
+        dex_cache->VisitReferences<kVisitNativeRoots,
+                                   kVerifyFlags,
+                                   kReadBarrierOption>(klass, visitor);
       } else {
-        mirror::ClassLoader* const class_loader = AsClassLoader<kVerifyFlags>();
-        class_loader->VisitReferences<kVerifyFlags>(klass, visitor);
+        mirror::ClassLoader* const class_loader = AsClassLoader<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>();
+        class_loader->VisitReferences<kVisitNativeRoots,
+                                      kVerifyFlags,
+                                      kReadBarrierOption>(klass, visitor);
       }
     } else if (kIsDebugBuild) {
-      CHECK(!klass->IsClassClass());
-      CHECK(!klass->IsObjectArrayClass());
+      CHECK((!klass->IsClassClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()));
+      CHECK((!klass->IsObjectArrayClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()));
       // String still has instance fields for reflection purposes but these don't exist in
       // actual string instances.
       if (!klass->IsStringClass()) {
@@ -1147,7 +1164,7 @@
         mirror::Class* super_class = klass;
         do {
           total_reference_instance_fields += super_class->NumReferenceInstanceFields();
-          super_class = super_class->GetSuperClass();
+          super_class = super_class->GetSuperClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>();
         } while (super_class != nullptr);
         // The only reference field should be the object's class. This field is handled at the
         // beginning of the function.
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object.h b/runtime/mirror/object.h
index 71e704e..d635002 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object.h
@@ -164,14 +164,18 @@
   template<class T, VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags>
   ObjectArray<T>* AsObjectArray() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags>
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   bool IsClassLoader() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags>
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   ClassLoader* AsClassLoader() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags>
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   bool IsDexCache() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags>
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   DexCache* AsDexCache() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
@@ -456,6 +460,13 @@
     SetFieldPtrWithSize<kTransactionActive, kCheckTransaction, kVerifyFlags>(
         field_offset, new_value, sizeof(void*));
   }
+  template<bool kTransactionActive, bool kCheckTransaction = true,
+      VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags, typename T>
+  void SetFieldPtr64(MemberOffset field_offset, T new_value)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    SetFieldPtrWithSize<kTransactionActive, kCheckTransaction, kVerifyFlags>(
+        field_offset, new_value, 8u);
+  }
 
   template<bool kTransactionActive, bool kCheckTransaction = true,
       VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags, typename T>
@@ -475,7 +486,9 @@
   }
   // TODO fix thread safety analysis broken by the use of template. This should be
   // SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_).
-  template <VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+  template <bool kVisitNativeRoots = true,
+            VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+            ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier,
             typename Visitor,
             typename JavaLangRefVisitor = VoidFunctor>
   void VisitReferences(const Visitor& visitor, const JavaLangRefVisitor& ref_visitor)
@@ -495,6 +508,11 @@
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return GetFieldPtrWithSize<T, kVerifyFlags, kIsVolatile>(field_offset, sizeof(void*));
   }
+  template<class T, VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags, bool kIsVolatile = false>
+  T GetFieldPtr64(MemberOffset field_offset)
+      SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    return GetFieldPtrWithSize<T, kVerifyFlags, kIsVolatile>(field_offset, 8u);
+  }
 
   template<class T, VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags, bool kIsVolatile = false>
   ALWAYS_INLINE T GetFieldPtrWithSize(MemberOffset field_offset, size_t pointer_size)
@@ -511,13 +529,20 @@
   }
 
   // TODO: Fixme when anotatalysis works with visitors.
-  template<bool kIsStatic, typename Visitor>
+  template<bool kIsStatic,
+          VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+          ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier,
+          typename Visitor>
   void VisitFieldsReferences(uint32_t ref_offsets, const Visitor& visitor) HOT_ATTR
       NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS;
-  template<typename Visitor>
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier,
+           typename Visitor>
   void VisitInstanceFieldsReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor) HOT_ATTR
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  template<typename Visitor>
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier,
+           typename Visitor>
   void VisitStaticFieldsReferences(mirror::Class* klass, const Visitor& visitor) HOT_ATTR
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object_array-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/object_array-inl.h
index 5337760..6f9d642 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object_array-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object_array-inl.h
@@ -55,13 +55,13 @@
                Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->GetCurrentAllocator());
 }
 
-template<class T>
+template<class T> template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
 inline T* ObjectArray<T>::Get(int32_t i) {
   if (!CheckIsValidIndex(i)) {
     DCHECK(Thread::Current()->IsExceptionPending());
     return nullptr;
   }
-  return GetFieldObject<T>(OffsetOfElement(i));
+  return GetFieldObject<T, kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>(OffsetOfElement(i));
 }
 
 template<class T> template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags>
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object_array.h b/runtime/mirror/object_array.h
index b45cafd..1b1295c 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object_array.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object_array.h
@@ -37,7 +37,9 @@
   static ObjectArray<T>* Alloc(Thread* self, Class* object_array_class, int32_t length)
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_) REQUIRES(!Roles::uninterruptible_);
 
-  T* Get(int32_t i) ALWAYS_INLINE SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags,
+           ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
+  ALWAYS_INLINE T* Get(int32_t i) SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Returns true if the object can be stored into the array. If not, throws
   // an ArrayStoreException and returns false.
diff --git a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc
index da6cf1f..6643ac2 100644
--- a/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc
+++ b/runtime/native/dalvik_system_DexFile.cc
@@ -154,10 +154,8 @@
                                          jstring javaSourceName,
                                          jstring javaOutputName,
                                          jint flags ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
-                                         // class_loader will be used for app images.
-                                         jobject class_loader ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED,
-                                         // dex_elements will be used for app images.
-                                         jobject dex_elements ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED) {
+                                         jobject class_loader,
+                                         jobjectArray dex_elements) {
   ScopedUtfChars sourceName(env, javaSourceName);
   if (sourceName.c_str() == nullptr) {
     return 0;
@@ -174,6 +172,8 @@
 
   dex_files = runtime->GetOatFileManager().OpenDexFilesFromOat(sourceName.c_str(),
                                                                outputName.c_str(),
+                                                               class_loader,
+                                                               dex_elements,
                                                                /*out*/ &oat_file,
                                                                /*out*/ &error_msgs);
 
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
index d6b0868..2bd5c76 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.cc
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 #include "os.h"
 #include "profiler.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 #include "ScopedFd.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
@@ -326,6 +327,17 @@
   return cached_odex_file_is_up_to_date_;
 }
 
+std::string OatFileAssistant::ArtFileName(const OatFile* oat_file) const {
+  const std::string oat_file_location = oat_file->GetLocation();
+  // Replace extension with .art
+  const size_t last_ext = oat_file_location.find_last_of('.');
+  if (last_ext == std::string::npos) {
+    LOG(ERROR) << "No extension in oat file " << oat_file_location;
+    return std::string();
+  }
+  return oat_file_location.substr(0, last_ext) + ".art";
+}
+
 const std::string* OatFileAssistant::OatFileName() {
   if (!cached_oat_file_name_attempted_) {
     cached_oat_file_name_attempted_ = true;
@@ -1003,5 +1015,22 @@
   return old_profile_load_succeeded_ ? &cached_old_profile_ : nullptr;
 }
 
+gc::space::ImageSpace* OatFileAssistant::OpenImageSpace(const OatFile* oat_file) {
+  DCHECK(oat_file != nullptr);
+  std::string art_file = ArtFileName(oat_file);
+  if (art_file.empty()) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  std::string error_msg;
+  ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+  gc::space::ImageSpace* ret = gc::space::ImageSpace::CreateFromAppImage(art_file.c_str(),
+                                                                         oat_file,
+                                                                         &error_msg);
+  if (ret == nullptr) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Failed to open app image " << art_file.c_str() << " " << error_msg;
+  }
+  return ret;
+}
+
 }  // namespace art
 
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.h b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.h
index f781532..7b45bca 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_assistant.h
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_assistant.h
@@ -30,6 +30,12 @@
 
 namespace art {
 
+namespace gc {
+namespace space {
+class ImageSpace;
+}  // namespace space
+}  // namespace gc
+
 // Class for assisting with oat file management.
 //
 // This class collects common utilities for determining the status of an oat
@@ -163,6 +169,9 @@
   // the OatFileAssistant object.
   std::unique_ptr<OatFile> GetBestOatFile();
 
+  // Open and returns an image space associated with the oat file.
+  gc::space::ImageSpace* OpenImageSpace(const OatFile* oat_file);
+
   // Loads the dex files in the given oat file for the given dex location.
   // The oat file should be up to date for the given dex location.
   // This loads multiple dex files in the case of multidex.
@@ -214,6 +223,9 @@
   bool OatFileNeedsRelocation();
   bool OatFileIsUpToDate();
 
+  // Return image file name. Does not cache since it relies on the oat file.
+  std::string ArtFileName(const OatFile* oat_file) const;
+
   // These methods return the status for a given opened oat file with respect
   // to the dex location.
   OatStatus GivenOatFileStatus(const OatFile& file);
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc b/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc
index f994f0c..25dcbe4 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_assistant_test.cc
@@ -996,6 +996,8 @@
     dex_files = Runtime::Current()->GetOatFileManager().OpenDexFilesFromOat(
         dex_location_.c_str(),
         oat_location_.c_str(),
+        /*class_loader*/nullptr,
+        /*dex_elements*/nullptr,
         &oat_file,
         &error_msgs);
     CHECK(!dex_files.empty()) << Join(error_msgs, '\n');
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_manager.cc b/runtime/oat_file_manager.cc
index 7f216f9..b34b550 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_manager.cc
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_manager.cc
@@ -22,9 +22,13 @@
 
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "base/stl_util.h"
+#include "class_linker.h"
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "gc/space/image_space.h"
+#include "handle_scope-inl.h"
+#include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "oat_file_assistant.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 #include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -34,6 +38,9 @@
 // normal builds.
 static constexpr bool kDuplicateClassesCheck = kIsDebugBuild;
 
+// If true, then we attempt to load the application image if it exists.
+static constexpr bool kEnableAppImage = true;
+
 const OatFile* OatFileManager::RegisterOatFile(std::unique_ptr<const OatFile> oat_file) {
   WriterMutexLock mu(Thread::Current(), *Locks::oat_file_manager_lock_);
   DCHECK(oat_file != nullptr);
@@ -284,6 +291,8 @@
 std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> OatFileManager::OpenDexFilesFromOat(
     const char* dex_location,
     const char* oat_location,
+    jobject class_loader,
+    jobjectArray dex_elements,
     const OatFile** out_oat_file,
     std::vector<std::string>* error_msgs) {
   CHECK(dex_location != nullptr);
@@ -291,12 +300,13 @@
 
   // Verify we aren't holding the mutator lock, which could starve GC if we
   // have to generate or relocate an oat file.
-  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertNotHeld(Thread::Current());
-
+  Thread* const self = Thread::Current();
+  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertNotHeld(self);
+  Runtime* const runtime = Runtime::Current();
   OatFileAssistant oat_file_assistant(dex_location,
                                       oat_location,
                                       kRuntimeISA,
-                                      !Runtime::Current()->IsAotCompiler());
+                                      !runtime->IsAotCompiler());
 
   // Lock the target oat location to avoid races generating and loading the
   // oat file.
@@ -317,6 +327,7 @@
 
   // Get the oat file on disk.
   std::unique_ptr<const OatFile> oat_file(oat_file_assistant.GetBestOatFile().release());
+
   if (oat_file != nullptr) {
     // Take the file only if it has no collisions, or we must take it because of preopting.
     bool accept_oat_file = !HasCollisions(oat_file.get(), /*out*/ &error_msg);
@@ -351,7 +362,42 @@
 
   // Load the dex files from the oat file.
   if (source_oat_file != nullptr) {
-    dex_files = oat_file_assistant.LoadDexFiles(*source_oat_file, dex_location);
+    bool added_image_space = false;
+    if (source_oat_file->IsExecutable()) {
+      std::unique_ptr<gc::space::ImageSpace> image_space(
+          kEnableAppImage ? oat_file_assistant.OpenImageSpace(source_oat_file) : nullptr);
+      if (image_space != nullptr) {
+        ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
+        StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
+        Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> h_loader(
+            hs.NewHandle(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader)));
+        // Can not load app image without class loader.
+        if (h_loader.Get() != nullptr) {
+          std::string temp_error_msg;
+          // Add image space has a race condition since other threads could be reading from the
+          // spaces array.
+          runtime->GetHeap()->AddSpace(image_space.get());
+          added_image_space = true;
+          if (!runtime->GetClassLinker()->AddImageSpace(image_space.get(),
+                                                        h_loader,
+                                                        dex_elements,
+                                                        dex_location,
+                                                        /*out*/&dex_files,
+                                                        /*out*/&temp_error_msg)) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "Failed to add image file " << temp_error_msg;
+            dex_files.clear();
+            runtime->GetHeap()->RemoveSpace(image_space.get());
+            added_image_space = false;
+            // Non-fatal, don't update error_msg.
+          }
+          image_space.release();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!added_image_space) {
+      DCHECK(dex_files.empty());
+      dex_files = oat_file_assistant.LoadDexFiles(*source_oat_file, dex_location);
+    }
     if (dex_files.empty()) {
       error_msgs->push_back("Failed to open dex files from " + source_oat_file->GetLocation());
     }
diff --git a/runtime/oat_file_manager.h b/runtime/oat_file_manager.h
index 4690e45..c508c4b 100644
--- a/runtime/oat_file_manager.h
+++ b/runtime/oat_file_manager.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "base/mutex.h"
+#include "jni.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -101,6 +102,8 @@
   std::vector<std::unique_ptr<const DexFile>> OpenDexFilesFromOat(
       const char* dex_location,
       const char* oat_location,
+      jobject class_loader,
+      jobjectArray dex_elements,
       /*out*/ const OatFile** out_oat_file,
       /*out*/ std::vector<std::string>* error_msgs)
       REQUIRES(!Locks::oat_file_manager_lock_, !Locks::mutator_lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/runtime.cc b/runtime/runtime.cc
index e30c26d..f138c81 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime.cc
+++ b/runtime/runtime.cc
@@ -1097,7 +1097,7 @@
   if (GetHeap()->HasBootImageSpace()) {
     ATRACE_BEGIN("InitFromImage");
     std::string error_msg;
-    bool result = class_linker_->InitFromImage(&error_msg);
+    bool result = class_linker_->InitFromBootImage(&error_msg);
     ATRACE_END();
     if (!result) {
       LOG(ERROR) << "Could not initialize from image: " << error_msg;
diff --git a/runtime/runtime.h b/runtime/runtime.h
index 20acffb..c8c2ee5 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime.h
+++ b/runtime/runtime.h
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@
       SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Returns a special method that calls into a trampoline for runtime method resolution
-  ArtMethod* GetResolutionMethod() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  ArtMethod* GetResolutionMethod();
 
   bool HasResolutionMethod() const {
     return resolution_method_ != nullptr;
@@ -377,8 +377,8 @@
   ArtMethod* CreateResolutionMethod() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Returns a special method that calls into a trampoline for runtime imt conflicts.
-  ArtMethod* GetImtConflictMethod() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
-  ArtMethod* GetImtUnimplementedMethod() SHARED_REQUIRES(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  ArtMethod* GetImtConflictMethod();
+  ArtMethod* GetImtUnimplementedMethod();
 
   bool HasImtConflictMethod() const {
     return imt_conflict_method_ != nullptr;
diff --git a/runtime/thread_list.cc b/runtime/thread_list.cc
index 727ffe5..c8714a6 100644
--- a/runtime/thread_list.cc
+++ b/runtime/thread_list.cc
@@ -1191,6 +1191,7 @@
   }
   LOG(WARNING) << "timed out suspending all daemon threads";
 }
+
 void ThreadList::Register(Thread* self) {
   DCHECK_EQ(self, Thread::Current());
 
diff --git a/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h b/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h
index 90e24b9..f6ee6a2 100644
--- a/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/utils/dex_cache_arrays_layout-inl.h
@@ -60,7 +60,9 @@
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::TypesSize(size_t num_elements) const {
-  return ArraySize(sizeof(GcRoot<mirror::Class>), num_elements);
+  // App image patching relies on having enough room for a forwarding pointer in the types array.
+  // See FixupArtMethodArrayVisitor and ClassLinker::AddImageSpace.
+  return std::max(ArraySize(sizeof(GcRoot<mirror::Class>), num_elements), pointer_size_);
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::TypesAlignment() const {
@@ -72,7 +74,8 @@
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::MethodsSize(size_t num_elements) const {
-  return ArraySize(pointer_size_, num_elements);
+  // App image patching relies on having enough room for a forwarding pointer in the methods array.
+  return std::max(ArraySize(pointer_size_, num_elements), pointer_size_);
 }
 
 inline size_t DexCacheArraysLayout::MethodsAlignment() const {
diff --git a/runtime/well_known_classes.cc b/runtime/well_known_classes.cc
index 8300921..cfa8329 100644
--- a/runtime/well_known_classes.cc
+++ b/runtime/well_known_classes.cc
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@
 jmethodID WellKnownClasses::org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer_dispatch;
 
 jfieldID WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile_cookie;
+jfieldID WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexFile_fileName;
 jfieldID WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader_pathList;
 jfieldID WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList_dexElements;
 jfieldID WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_DexPathList__Element_dexFile;
@@ -333,6 +334,7 @@
        true, "newStringFromStringBuilder", "(Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;)Ljava/lang/String;");
 
   dalvik_system_DexFile_cookie = CacheField(env, dalvik_system_DexFile, false, "mCookie", "Ljava/lang/Object;");
+  dalvik_system_DexFile_fileName = CacheField(env, dalvik_system_DexFile, false, "mFileName", "Ljava/lang/String;");
   dalvik_system_PathClassLoader_pathList = CacheField(env, dalvik_system_PathClassLoader, false, "pathList", "Ldalvik/system/DexPathList;");
   dalvik_system_DexPathList_dexElements = CacheField(env, dalvik_system_DexPathList, false, "dexElements", "[Ldalvik/system/DexPathList$Element;");
   dalvik_system_DexPathList__Element_dexFile = CacheField(env, dalvik_system_DexPathList__Element, false, "dexFile", "Ldalvik/system/DexFile;");
diff --git a/runtime/well_known_classes.h b/runtime/well_known_classes.h
index 55158a7..482ff0a 100644
--- a/runtime/well_known_classes.h
+++ b/runtime/well_known_classes.h
@@ -140,6 +140,7 @@
   static jmethodID org_apache_harmony_dalvik_ddmc_DdmServer_dispatch;
 
   static jfieldID dalvik_system_DexFile_cookie;
+  static jfieldID dalvik_system_DexFile_fileName;
   static jfieldID dalvik_system_DexPathList_dexElements;
   static jfieldID dalvik_system_DexPathList__Element_dexFile;
   static jfieldID dalvik_system_PathClassLoader_pathList;
diff --git a/test/496-checker-inlining-and-class-loader/src/Main.java b/test/496-checker-inlining-and-class-loader/src/Main.java
index 39c031a..ea6df62 100644
--- a/test/496-checker-inlining-and-class-loader/src/Main.java
+++ b/test/496-checker-inlining-and-class-loader/src/Main.java
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 import java.lang.reflect.Field;
 import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 
 class MyClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
@@ -30,18 +31,31 @@
     Object pathList = f.get(loader);
 
     // Some magic to get access to the dexField field of pathList.
+    // Need to make a copy of the dex elements since we don't want an app image with pre-resolved
+    // things.
     f = pathList.getClass().getDeclaredField("dexElements");
     f.setAccessible(true);
-    dexElements = (Object[]) f.get(pathList);
-    dexFileField = dexElements[0].getClass().getDeclaredField("dexFile");
-    dexFileField.setAccessible(true);
+    Object[] dexElements = (Object[]) f.get(pathList);
+    f = dexElements[0].getClass().getDeclaredField("dexFile");
+    f.setAccessible(true);
+    for (Object element : dexElements) {
+      Object dexFile = f.get(element);
+      // Make copy.
+      Field fileNameField = dexFile.getClass().getDeclaredField("mFileName");
+      fileNameField.setAccessible(true);
+      dexFiles.add(dexFile.getClass().getDeclaredConstructor(String.class).newInstance(
+        fileNameField.get(dexFile)));
+    }
   }
 
-  Object[] dexElements;
+  ArrayList<Object> dexFiles = new ArrayList<Object>();
   Field dexFileField;
 
   protected Class<?> loadClass(String className, boolean resolve) throws ClassNotFoundException {
-    System.out.println("Request for " + className);
+    // Other classes may also get loaded, ignore those.
+    if (className.equals("LoadedByMyClassLoader") || className.equals("FirstSeenByMyClassLoader")) {
+      System.out.println("Request for " + className);
+    }
 
     // We're only going to handle LoadedByMyClassLoader.
     if (className != "LoadedByMyClassLoader") {
@@ -50,13 +64,12 @@
 
     // Mimic what DexPathList.findClass is doing.
     try {
-      for (Object element : dexElements) {
-        Object dex = dexFileField.get(element);
-        Method method = dex.getClass().getDeclaredMethod(
+      for (Object dexFile : dexFiles) {
+        Method method = dexFile.getClass().getDeclaredMethod(
             "loadClassBinaryName", String.class, ClassLoader.class, List.class);
 
-        if (dex != null) {
-          Class clazz = (Class)method.invoke(dex, className, this, null);
+        if (dexFile != null) {
+          Class clazz = (Class)method.invoke(dexFile, className, this, null);
           if (clazz != null) {
             return clazz;
           }
diff --git a/test/506-verify-aput/src/Main.java b/test/506-verify-aput/src/Main.java
index 8359f2c..08368d4 100644
--- a/test/506-verify-aput/src/Main.java
+++ b/test/506-verify-aput/src/Main.java
@@ -23,11 +23,12 @@
     try {
       Class.forName("VerifyAPut1");
       throw new Error("expected verification error");
-    } catch (VerifyError e) { /* ignore */ }
-
+    } catch (VerifyError e) { /* ignore */
+    } catch (Error e) { System.out.println(e.getClass() + " " + e.getClass().getClassLoader()); }
     try {
       Class.forName("VerifyAPut2");
       throw new Error("expected verification error");
-    } catch (VerifyError e) { /* ignore */ }
+    } catch (VerifyError e) { /* ignore */
+    } catch (Error e) { System.out.println(e.getClass() + " " + e.getClass().getClassLoader()); }
   }
 }