diff --git a/libc/bionic/debug_stacktrace.cpp b/libc/bionic/debug_stacktrace.cpp
index b86e2af..7d3c76e 100644
--- a/libc/bionic/debug_stacktrace.cpp
+++ b/libc/bionic/debug_stacktrace.cpp
@@ -44,12 +44,7 @@
 #define PAD_PTR "08" PRIxPTR
 #endif
 
-/* depends how the system includes define this */
-#ifdef HAVE_UNWIND_CONTEXT_STRUCT
 typedef struct _Unwind_Context __unwind_context;
-#else
-typedef _Unwind_Context __unwind_context;
-#endif
 
 static mapinfo_t* g_map_info = NULL;
 static void* g_demangler;
diff --git a/libc/bionic/libc_init_common.cpp b/libc/bionic/libc_init_common.cpp
index 15b3fd5..94b7dd2 100644
--- a/libc/bionic/libc_init_common.cpp
+++ b/libc/bionic/libc_init_common.cpp
@@ -85,8 +85,10 @@
   // because things like environment variables with global scope live on it.
   // We also can't free the pthread_internal_t itself, since that lives on the main
   // thread's stack rather than on the heap.
+  // The main thread has no mmap allocated space for stack or pthread_internal_t.
+  main_thread.mmap_size = 0;
   pthread_attr_init(&main_thread.attr);
-  main_thread.attr.flags = PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_USER_ALLOCATED_STACK | PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_MAIN_THREAD;
+  main_thread.attr.flags = PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_MAIN_THREAD;
   main_thread.attr.guard_size = 0; // The main thread has no guard page.
   main_thread.attr.stack_size = 0; // User code should never see this; we'll compute it when asked.
   // TODO: the main thread's sched_policy and sched_priority need to be queried.
diff --git a/libc/bionic/pthread_create.cpp b/libc/bionic/pthread_create.cpp
index 9b45161..7e74dac 100644
--- a/libc/bionic/pthread_create.cpp
+++ b/libc/bionic/pthread_create.cpp
@@ -52,8 +52,9 @@
 
 // This code is used both by each new pthread and the code that initializes the main thread.
 void __init_tls(pthread_internal_t* thread) {
-  if (thread->user_allocated_stack()) {
-    // We don't know where the user got their stack, so assume the worst and zero the TLS area.
+  if (thread->mmap_size == 0) {
+    // If the TLS area was not allocated by mmap(), it may not have been cleared to zero.
+    // So assume the worst and zero the TLS area.
     memset(&thread->tls[0], 0, BIONIC_TLS_SLOTS * sizeof(void*));
   }
 
@@ -106,62 +107,62 @@
   return error;
 }
 
-static void* __create_thread_stack(size_t stack_size, size_t guard_size) {
+static void* __create_thread_mapped_space(size_t mmap_size, size_t stack_guard_size) {
   // Create a new private anonymous map.
   int prot = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
   int flags = MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_NORESERVE;
-  void* stack = mmap(NULL, stack_size, prot, flags, -1, 0);
-  if (stack == MAP_FAILED) {
+  void* space = mmap(NULL, mmap_size, prot, flags, -1, 0);
+  if (space == MAP_FAILED) {
     __libc_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_WARN,
                       "libc",
-                      "pthread_create failed: couldn't allocate %zd-byte stack: %s",
-                      stack_size, strerror(errno));
+                      "pthread_create failed: couldn't allocate %zu-bytes mapped space: %s",
+                      mmap_size, strerror(errno));
     return NULL;
   }
 
-  // Set the guard region at the end of the stack to PROT_NONE.
-  if (mprotect(stack, guard_size, PROT_NONE) == -1) {
+  // Stack is at the lower end of mapped space, stack guard region is at the lower end of stack.
+  // Set the stack guard region to PROT_NONE, so we can detect thread stack overflow.
+  if (mprotect(space, stack_guard_size, PROT_NONE) == -1) {
     __libc_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, "libc",
-                      "pthread_create failed: couldn't mprotect PROT_NONE %zd-byte stack guard region: %s",
-                      guard_size, strerror(errno));
-    munmap(stack, stack_size);
+                      "pthread_create failed: couldn't mprotect PROT_NONE %zu-byte stack guard region: %s",
+                      stack_guard_size, strerror(errno));
+    munmap(space, mmap_size);
     return NULL;
   }
 
-  return stack;
+  return space;
 }
 
 static int __allocate_thread(pthread_attr_t* attr, pthread_internal_t** threadp, void** child_stack) {
-  size_t allocate_stack_size;
+  size_t mmap_size;
   uint8_t* stack_top;
 
   if (attr->stack_base == NULL) {
     // The caller didn't provide a stack, so allocate one.
     // Make sure the stack size and guard size are multiples of PAGE_SIZE.
-    allocate_stack_size = BIONIC_ALIGN(attr->stack_size + sizeof(pthread_internal_t), PAGE_SIZE);
+    mmap_size = BIONIC_ALIGN(attr->stack_size + sizeof(pthread_internal_t), PAGE_SIZE);
     attr->guard_size = BIONIC_ALIGN(attr->guard_size, PAGE_SIZE);
-    attr->stack_base = __create_thread_stack(allocate_stack_size, attr->guard_size);
+    attr->stack_base = __create_thread_mapped_space(mmap_size, attr->guard_size);
     if (attr->stack_base == NULL) {
       return EAGAIN;
     }
-    stack_top = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(attr->stack_base) + allocate_stack_size;
+    stack_top = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(attr->stack_base) + mmap_size;
   } else {
-    // The caller did provide a stack, so remember we're not supposed to free it.
-    attr->flags |= PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_USER_ALLOCATED_STACK;
-    allocate_stack_size = 0;
+    // Remember the mmap size is zero and we don't need to free it.
+    mmap_size = 0;
     stack_top = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(attr->stack_base) + attr->stack_size;
   }
 
-  // Thread stack is used for two sections:
-  //   pthread_internal_t.
-  //   regular stack, from top to down.
+  // Mapped space(or user allocated stack) is used for:
+  //   thread_internal_t (including tls array)
+  //   thread stack (including guard page)
   stack_top -= sizeof(pthread_internal_t);
   pthread_internal_t* thread = reinterpret_cast<pthread_internal_t*>(stack_top);
 
   // No need to check stack_top alignment. The size of pthread_internal_t is 16-bytes aligned,
   // and user allocated stack is guaranteed by pthread_attr_setstack.
 
-  thread->allocated_stack_size = allocate_stack_size;
+  thread->mmap_size = mmap_size;
   thread->attr = *attr;
   __init_tls(thread);
 
@@ -248,8 +249,8 @@
     // be unblocked, but we're about to unmap the memory the mutex is stored in, so this serves as a
     // reminder that you can't rewrite this function to use a ScopedPthreadMutexLocker.
     pthread_mutex_unlock(&thread->startup_handshake_mutex);
-    if (!thread->user_allocated_stack()) {
-      munmap(thread->attr.stack_base, thread->allocated_stack_size);
+    if (thread->mmap_size != 0) {
+      munmap(thread->attr.stack_base, thread->mmap_size);
     }
     __libc_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, "libc", "pthread_create failed: clone failed: %s", strerror(errno));
     return clone_errno;
diff --git a/libc/bionic/pthread_exit.cpp b/libc/bionic/pthread_exit.cpp
index ee76e2b..9603a79 100644
--- a/libc/bionic/pthread_exit.cpp
+++ b/libc/bionic/pthread_exit.cpp
@@ -87,30 +87,23 @@
     thread->alternate_signal_stack = NULL;
   }
 
-  // Keep track of what we need to know about the stack before we lose the pthread_internal_t.
-  void* stack_base = thread->attr.stack_base;
-  size_t stack_size = thread->allocated_stack_size;
-  bool free_stack = false;
-
+  bool free_mapped_space = false;
   pthread_mutex_lock(&g_thread_list_lock);
   if ((thread->attr.flags & PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED) != 0) {
-    // The thread is detached, so we can free the pthread_internal_t.
+    // The thread is detached, no one will use pthread_internal_t after pthread_exit.
+    // So we can free mapped space, which includes pthread_internal_t and thread stack.
     // First make sure that the kernel does not try to clear the tid field
     // because we'll have freed the memory before the thread actually exits.
     __set_tid_address(NULL);
 
     // pthread_internal_t is freed below with stack, not here.
     _pthread_internal_remove_locked(thread, false);
-    if (!thread->user_allocated_stack()) {
-      free_stack = true;
-    }
+    free_mapped_space = true;
   }
   pthread_mutex_unlock(&g_thread_list_lock);
 
-  // Detached threads exit with stack teardown, and everything deallocated here.
-  // Threads that can be joined exit but leave their stacks for the pthread_join caller to clean up.
-  if (free_stack) {
-    // We need to munmap the stack we're running on before calling exit.
+  if (free_mapped_space && thread->mmap_size != 0) {
+    // We need to free mapped space for detached threads when they exit.
     // That's not something we can do in C.
 
     // We don't want to take a signal after we've unmapped the stack.
@@ -119,8 +112,10 @@
     sigfillset(&mask);
     sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &mask, NULL);
 
-    _exit_with_stack_teardown(stack_base, stack_size);
+    _exit_with_stack_teardown(thread->attr.stack_base, thread->mmap_size);
   } else {
+    // No need to free mapped space. Either there was no space mapped, or it is left for
+    // the pthread_join caller to clean up.
     __exit(0);
   }
 }
diff --git a/libc/bionic/pthread_internal.h b/libc/bionic/pthread_internal.h
index 62ec543..80002e9 100644
--- a/libc/bionic/pthread_internal.h
+++ b/libc/bionic/pthread_internal.h
@@ -35,11 +35,8 @@
 /* Has the thread been detached by a pthread_join or pthread_detach call? */
 #define PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_DETACHED 0x00000001
 
-/* Was the thread's stack allocated by the user rather than by us? */
-#define PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_USER_ALLOCATED_STACK 0x00000002
-
 /* Has the thread been joined by another thread? */
-#define PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_JOINED 0x00000004
+#define PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_JOINED 0x00000002
 
 /* Is this the main thread? */
 #define PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_MAIN_THREAD 0x80000000
@@ -70,10 +67,6 @@
     return (*cached_pid != 0);
   }
 
-  bool user_allocated_stack() {
-    return (attr.flags & PTHREAD_ATTR_FLAG_USER_ALLOCATED_STACK) != 0;
-  }
-
   pthread_attr_t attr;
 
   __pthread_cleanup_t* cleanup_stack;
@@ -86,8 +79,7 @@
 
   pthread_mutex_t startup_handshake_mutex;
 
-  /* Store real allocated stack size, including thread stack and pthread_internal_t. */
-  int allocated_stack_size;
+  size_t mmap_size;
 
   void* tls[BIONIC_TLS_SLOTS];
 
diff --git a/libc/bionic/pthread_internals.cpp b/libc/bionic/pthread_internals.cpp
index a0a8df0..14061d1 100644
--- a/libc/bionic/pthread_internals.cpp
+++ b/libc/bionic/pthread_internals.cpp
@@ -51,11 +51,9 @@
     g_thread_list = thread->next;
   }
 
-  // For threads using user allocated stack (including the main thread), the pthread_internal_t
-  // can't be freed since it is on the stack.
-  if (free_thread && !thread->user_allocated_stack()) {
-    // Use one munmap to free allocated stack size, including thread stack and pthread_internal_t.
-    munmap(thread->attr.stack_base, thread->allocated_stack_size);
+  if (free_thread && thread->mmap_size != 0) {
+    // Free mapped space, including thread stack and pthread_internal_t.
+    munmap(thread->attr.stack_base, thread->mmap_size);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/linker/linker.cpp b/linker/linker.cpp
index b8a8800..e2f514e 100644
--- a/linker/linker.cpp
+++ b/linker/linker.cpp
@@ -2724,7 +2724,10 @@
 
   somain = si;
 
-  si->prelink_image();
+  if (!si->prelink_image()) {
+    __libc_format_fd(2, "CANNOT LINK EXECUTABLE: %s\n", linker_get_error_buffer());
+    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+  }
 
   // add somain to global group
   si->set_dt_flags_1(si->get_dt_flags_1() | DF_1_GLOBAL);