commit | 05dffe43a75cf29563ae508d71e7f1085db3ad2b | [log] [tgz] |
---|---|---|
author | Yann Collet <cyan@fb.com> | Thu Nov 16 12:18:56 2017 -0800 |
committer | Yann Collet <cyan@fb.com> | Thu Nov 16 12:18:56 2017 -0800 |
tree | f8938c1b38cd3030e7e05239cb037917d0ec6018 | |
parent | dfc14579f5344a5f225bf0b30f22785127f4e6b5 [diff] |
Fixed Btree update ZSTD_updateTree() expected to be followed by a Bt match finder, which would update zc->nextToUpdate. With the new optimal match finder, it's not necessarily the case : a match might be found during repcode or hash3, and stops there because it reaches sufficient_len, without even entering the binary tree. Previous policy was to nonetheless update zc->nextToUpdate, but the current position would not be inserted, creating "holes" in the btree, aka positions that will no longer be searched. Now, when current position is not inserted, zc->nextToUpdate is not update, expecting ZSTD_updateTree() to fill the tree later on. Solution selected is that ZSTD_updateTree() takes care of properly setting zc->nextToUpdate, so that it no longer depends on a future function to do this job. It took time to get there, as the issue started with a memory sanitizer error. The pb would have been easier to spot with a proper `assert()`. So this patch add a few of them. Additionnally, I discovered that `make test` does not enable `assert()` during CLI tests. This patch enables them. Unfortunately, these `assert()` triggered other (unrelated) bugs during CLI tests, mostly within zstdmt. So this patch also fixes them. - Changed packed structure for gcc memory access : memory sanitizer would complain that a read "might" reach out-of-bound position on the ground that the `union` is larger than the type accessed. Now, to avoid this issue, each type is independent. - ZSTD_CCtxParams_setParameter() : @return provides the value of parameter, clamped/fixed appropriately. - ZSTDMT : changed constant name to ZSTDMT_JOBSIZE_MIN - ZSTDMT : multithreading is automatically disabled when srcSize <= ZSTDMT_JOBSIZE_MIN, since only one thread will be used in this case (saves memory and runtime). - ZSTDMT : nbThreads is automatically clamped on setting the value.
Zstandard, or zstd
as short version, is a fast lossless compression algorithm, targeting real-time compression scenarios at zlib-level and better compression ratios.
It is provided as an open-source BSD-licensed C library, and a command line utility producing and decoding .zst
and .gz
files. For other programming languages, you can consult a list of known ports on Zstandard homepage.
dev branch status |
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As a reference, several fast compression algorithms were tested and compared on a server running Linux Debian (Linux version 4.8.0-1-amd64
), with a Core i7-6700K CPU @ 4.0GHz, using lzbench, an open-source in-memory benchmark by @inikep compiled with GCC 6.3.0, on the Silesia compression corpus.
Compressor name | Ratio | Compression | Decompress. |
---|---|---|---|
zstd 1.1.3 -1 | 2.877 | 430 MB/s | 1110 MB/s |
zlib 1.2.8 -1 | 2.743 | 110 MB/s | 400 MB/s |
brotli 0.5.2 -0 | 2.708 | 400 MB/s | 430 MB/s |
quicklz 1.5.0 -1 | 2.238 | 550 MB/s | 710 MB/s |
lzo1x 2.09 -1 | 2.108 | 650 MB/s | 830 MB/s |
lz4 1.7.5 | 2.101 | 720 MB/s | 3600 MB/s |
snappy 1.1.3 | 2.091 | 500 MB/s | 1650 MB/s |
lzf 3.6 -1 | 2.077 | 400 MB/s | 860 MB/s |
Zstd can also offer stronger compression ratios at the cost of compression speed. Speed vs Compression trade-off is configurable by small increments. Decompression speed is preserved and remains roughly the same at all settings, a property shared by most LZ compression algorithms, such as zlib or lzma.
The following tests were run on a server running Linux Debian (Linux version 4.8.0-1-amd64
) with a Core i7-6700K CPU @ 4.0GHz, using lzbench, an open-source in-memory benchmark by @inikep compiled with GCC 6.3.0, on the Silesia compression corpus.
Compression Speed vs Ratio | Decompression Speed |
---|---|
Several algorithms can produce higher compression ratios, but at slower speeds, falling outside of the graph. For a larger picture including very slow modes, click on this link .
Previous charts provide results applicable to typical file and stream scenarios (several MB). Small data comes with different perspectives.
The smaller the amount of data to compress, the more difficult it is to compress. This problem is common to all compression algorithms, and reason is, compression algorithms learn from past data how to compress future data. But at the beginning of a new data set, there is no "past" to build upon.
To solve this situation, Zstd offers a training mode, which can be used to tune the algorithm for a selected type of data. Training Zstandard is achieved by providing it with a few samples (one file per sample). The result of this training is stored in a file called "dictionary", which must be loaded before compression and decompression. Using this dictionary, the compression ratio achievable on small data improves dramatically.
The following example uses the github-users
sample set, created from github public API. It consists of roughly 10K records weighing about 1KB each.
Compression Ratio | Compression Speed | Decompression Speed |
---|---|---|
These compression gains are achieved while simultaneously providing faster compression and decompression speeds.
Training works if there is some correlation in a family of small data samples. The more data-specific a dictionary is, the more efficient it is (there is no universal dictionary). Hence, deploying one dictionary per type of data will provide the greatest benefits. Dictionary gains are mostly effective in the first few KB. Then, the compression algorithm will gradually use previously decoded content to better compress the rest of the file.
zstd --train FullPathToTrainingSet/* -o dictionaryName
zstd -D dictionaryName FILE
zstd -D dictionaryName --decompress FILE.zst
Once you have the repository cloned, there are multiple ways provided to build Zstandard.
If your system is compatible with a standard make
(or gmake
) binary generator, you can simply run it at the root directory. It will generate zstd
within root directory.
Other available options include :
make install
: create and install zstd binary, library and man pagemake test
: create and run zstd
and test tools on local platformA cmake
project generator is provided within build/cmake
. It can generate Makefiles or other build scripts to create zstd
binary, and libzstd
dynamic and static libraries.
A Meson project is provided within contrib/meson
.
Going into build
directory, you will find additional possibilities :
build/VS_scripts
, which will build zstd
cli and libzstd
library without any need to open Visual Studio solution.Zstandard is currently deployed within Facebook. It is used continuously to compress large amounts of data in multiple formats and use cases. Zstandard is considered safe for production environments.
Zstandard is dual-licensed under BSD and GPLv2.
The "dev" branch is the one where all contributions will be merged before reaching "master". If you plan to propose a patch, please commit into the "dev" branch or its own feature branch. Direct commit to "master" are not permitted. For more information, please read CONTRIBUTING.
Zstd entropy stage is provided by Huff0 and FSE, from Finite State Entropy library.