idmap2: introduce improved Result class

Add a new version of the Result class that functions like the old
Result, but in case of an error, also encodes a string detailing the
error. This will allow us to write the following type of code:

Result<Foo> CreateFoo() {
    if (...) {
        return Error("errno=%d", errno());
    }
    return Foo(...);
}

auto foo = CreateFoo();
if (!foo) {
    std::cerr << "error: " << foo.GetErrorMessage() << std::endl;
    abort();
}
std::cout << "foo=" << *foo << std::endl;

This commit only adds the new Result class. A later change will replace
uses of the old version.

Test: make idmap2_tests
Change-Id: I674d8a06866402adedf85f8514400f25840d5eda
diff --git a/cmds/idmap2/tests/ResultTests.cpp b/cmds/idmap2/tests/ResultTests.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d82f0c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cmds/idmap2/tests/ResultTests.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2019 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+#include "idmap2/Result.h"
+
+namespace android::idmap2 {
+
+struct Container {
+  uint32_t value;  // NOLINT(misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)
+};
+
+// Tests: Error
+
+TEST(ResultTests, ErrorTraits) {
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_move_constructible<v2::Error>::value);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_move_assignable<v2::Error>::value);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_copy_constructible<v2::Error>::value);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_copy_assignable<v2::Error>::value);
+}
+
+TEST(ResultTests, ErrorCtorFormat) {
+  v2::Error e("%s=0x%08x", "resid", 0x7f010002);
+  ASSERT_EQ(e.GetMessage(), "resid=0x7f010002");
+}
+
+TEST(ResultTests, ErrorPropagateParent) {
+  v2::Error e1("foo");
+  ASSERT_EQ(e1.GetMessage(), "foo");
+
+  v2::Error e2(e1, "bar");
+  ASSERT_EQ(e2.GetMessage(), "foo -> bar");
+
+  v2::Error e3(e2);  // NOLINT(performance-unnecessary-copy-initialization)
+  ASSERT_EQ(e3.GetMessage(), "foo -> bar");
+
+  v2::Error e4(e3, "%02d", 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(e4.GetMessage(), "foo -> bar -> 01");
+}
+
+// Tests: Result<T> member functions
+
+// Result(const Result&)
+TEST(ResultTests, CopyConstructor) {
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r1(42U);
+
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r2(r1);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(*r2, 42U);
+
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r3 = r2;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r3);
+  ASSERT_EQ(*r3, 42U);
+}
+
+// Result(const T&)
+TEST(ResultTests, Constructor) {
+  uint32_t v = 42U;
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r1(v);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(*r1, 42U);
+
+  v2::Error e("foo");
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r2(e);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(r2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r2.GetErrorMessage(), "foo");
+}
+
+// Result(const T&&)
+TEST(ResultTests, MoveConstructor) {
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r1(42U);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(*r1, 42U);
+
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r2(v2::Error("foo"));
+  ASSERT_FALSE(r2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r2.GetErrorMessage(), "foo");
+}
+
+// operator=
+TEST(ResultTests, CopyAssignmentOperator) {
+  // note: 'Result<...> r2 = r1;' calls the copy ctor
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r1(42U);
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r2(0U);
+  r2 = r1;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(*r2, 42U);
+
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r3(v2::Error("foo"));
+  r2 = r3;
+  ASSERT_FALSE(r2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r2.GetErrorMessage(), "foo");
+}
+
+TEST(ResultTests, MoveAssignmentOperator) {
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r(0U);
+  r = v2::Result<uint32_t>(42U);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r);
+  ASSERT_EQ(*r, 42U);
+
+  r = v2::Result<uint32_t>(v2::Error("foo"));
+  ASSERT_FALSE(r);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r.GetErrorMessage(), "foo");
+}
+
+// operator bool()
+TEST(ResultTests, BoolOperator) {
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r1(42U);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(*r1, 42U);
+
+  v2::Result<uint32_t> r2(v2::Error("foo"));
+  ASSERT_FALSE(r2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r2.GetErrorMessage(), "foo");
+}
+
+// operator*
+TEST(ResultTests, IndirectionOperator) {
+  const v2::Result<uint32_t> r1(42U);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(*r1, 42U);
+
+  const v2::Result<Container> r2(Container{42U});
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r2);
+  const Container& c = *r2;
+  ASSERT_EQ(c.value, 42U);
+
+  v2::Result<Container> r3(Container{42U});
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r3);
+  ASSERT_EQ((*r3).value, 42U);
+  (*r3).value = 0U;
+  ASSERT_EQ((*r3).value, 0U);
+}
+
+// operator->
+TEST(ResultTests, DereferenceOperator) {
+  const v2::Result<Container> r1(Container{42U});
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r1->value, 42U);
+
+  v2::Result<Container> r2(Container{42U});
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r2->value, 42U);
+  r2->value = 0U;
+  ASSERT_EQ(r2->value, 0U);
+}
+
+// Tests: intended use of Result<T>
+
+TEST(ResultTests, ResultTraits) {
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_move_constructible<v2::Result<uint32_t>>::value);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_move_assignable<v2::Result<uint32_t>>::value);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_copy_constructible<v2::Result<uint32_t>>::value);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_copy_assignable<v2::Result<uint32_t>>::value);
+}
+
+TEST(ResultTests, UnitTypeResult) {
+  v2::Result<v2::Unit> r(v2::Unit{});
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r);
+}
+
+struct RefCountData {
+  int ctor;       // NOLINT(misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)
+  int copy_ctor;  // NOLINT(misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)
+  int dtor;       // NOLINT(misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)
+  int move;       // NOLINT(misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)
+};
+
+class RefCountContainer {
+ public:
+  explicit RefCountContainer(RefCountData& data) : data_(data) {
+    ++data_.ctor;
+  }
+
+  RefCountContainer(RefCountContainer const&) = delete;
+
+  RefCountContainer(RefCountContainer&& rhs) noexcept : data_(rhs.data_) {
+    ++data_.copy_ctor;
+  }
+
+  RefCountContainer& operator=(RefCountContainer const&) = delete;
+
+  RefCountContainer& operator=(RefCountContainer&& rhs) noexcept {
+    data_ = rhs.data_;
+    ++data_.move;
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  ~RefCountContainer() {
+    ++data_.dtor;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  RefCountData& data_;
+};
+
+TEST(ResultTests, ReferenceCount) {
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_move_constructible<RefCountContainer>::value);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(std::is_move_assignable<RefCountContainer>::value);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(std::is_copy_constructible<RefCountContainer>::value);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(std::is_copy_assignable<RefCountContainer>::value);
+
+  RefCountData rc{0, 0, 0, 0};
+  { v2::Result<RefCountContainer> r(RefCountContainer{rc}); }
+  ASSERT_EQ(rc.ctor, 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(rc.copy_ctor, 1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(rc.move, 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(rc.dtor, 2);
+}
+
+v2::Result<Container> CreateContainer(bool succeed) {
+  if (!succeed) {
+    return v2::Error("foo");
+  }
+  return Container{42U};
+}
+
+TEST(ResultTests, FunctionReturn) {
+  auto r1 = CreateContainer(true);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r1);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r1->value, 42U);
+
+  auto r2 = CreateContainer(false);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(r2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r2.GetErrorMessage(), "foo");
+  ASSERT_EQ(r2.GetError().GetMessage(), "foo");
+}
+
+v2::Result<Container> FailToCreateContainer() {
+  auto container = CreateContainer(false);
+  if (!container) {
+    return v2::Error(container.GetError(), "bar");
+  }
+  return container;
+}
+
+TEST(ResultTests, CascadeError) {
+  auto container = FailToCreateContainer();
+  ASSERT_FALSE(container);
+  ASSERT_EQ(container.GetErrorMessage(), "foo -> bar");
+}
+
+struct NoCopyContainer {
+  uint32_t value;  // NOLINT(misc-non-private-member-variables-in-classes)
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(NoCopyContainer);
+};
+
+v2::Result<std::unique_ptr<NoCopyContainer>> CreateNoCopyContainer(bool succeed) {
+  if (!succeed) {
+    return v2::Error("foo");
+  }
+  std::unique_ptr<NoCopyContainer> p(new NoCopyContainer{0U});
+  p->value = 42U;
+  return std::move(p);
+}
+
+TEST(ResultTests, UniquePtr) {
+  auto r1 = CreateNoCopyContainer(true);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(r1);
+  ASSERT_EQ((*r1)->value, 42U);
+  (*r1)->value = 0U;
+  ASSERT_EQ((*r1)->value, 0U);
+
+  auto r2 = CreateNoCopyContainer(false);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(r2);
+  ASSERT_EQ(r2.GetErrorMessage(), "foo");
+}
+
+}  // namespace android::idmap2