diff --git a/apex/permission/framework/Android.bp b/apex/permission/framework/Android.bp
index 8b03da3..09571a1 100644
--- a/apex/permission/framework/Android.bp
+++ b/apex/permission/framework/Android.bp
@@ -26,7 +26,13 @@
     srcs: [
         ":framework-permission-sources",
     ],
-    sdk_version: "system_current",
+    // TODO(b/146758669): Use "system_current" after nullability annotations are system APIs.
+    sdk_version: "core_current",
+    libs: [
+        "framework-annotations-lib",
+        // TODO(b/146758669): Remove this line after nullability annotations are system APIs.
+        "android_system_stubs_current",
+    ],
     apex_available: [
         "com.android.permission",
         "test_com.android.permission",
diff --git a/apex/permission/service/Android.bp b/apex/permission/service/Android.bp
index 972b362..4172e95 100644
--- a/apex/permission/service/Android.bp
+++ b/apex/permission/service/Android.bp
@@ -12,13 +12,24 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-java_library {
-    name: "service-permission",
+filegroup {
+    name: "service-permission-sources",
     srcs: [
         "java/**/*.java",
     ],
-    sdk_version: "system_current",
+}
+
+java_library {
+    name: "service-permission",
+    srcs: [
+        ":service-permission-sources",
+    ],
+    // TODO(b/146758669): Use "system_current" after nullability annotations are system APIs.
+    sdk_version: "core_current",
     libs: [
+        "framework-annotations-lib",
+        // TODO(b/146758669): Remove this line after nullability annotations are system APIs.
+        "android_system_stubs_current",
         "framework-permission",
     ],
     apex_available: [
diff --git a/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/IoUtils.java b/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/IoUtils.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ae4460
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/IoUtils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.permission.persistence;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+
+/**
+ * Utility class for IO.
+ */
+public class IoUtils {
+
+    private IoUtils() {}
+
+    /**
+     * Close 'closeable' ignoring any exceptions.
+     */
+    public static void closeQuietly(@NonNull AutoCloseable closeable) {
+        try {
+            closeable.close();
+        } catch (Exception ignored) {
+            // Ignored.
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/RuntimePermissionsPersistence.java b/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/RuntimePermissionsPersistence.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5f2d944
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/RuntimePermissionsPersistence.java
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.permission.persistence;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.SystemApi;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+
+/**
+ * Persistence for runtime permissions.
+ *
+ * TODO(b/147914847): Remove @hide when it becomes the default.
+ * @hide
+ */
+@SystemApi(client = SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES, process = SystemApi.Process.SYSTEM_SERVER)
+public interface RuntimePermissionsPersistence {
+
+    /**
+     * Read the runtime permissions from persistence.
+     *
+     * This will perform I/O operations synchronously.
+     *
+     * @param user the user to read for
+     * @return the runtime permissions read
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    RuntimePermissionsState read(@NonNull UserHandle user);
+
+    /**
+     * Write the runtime permissions to persistence.
+     *
+     * This will perform I/O operations synchronously.
+     *
+     * @param runtimePermissions the runtime permissions to write
+     * @param user the user to write for
+     */
+    void write(@NonNull RuntimePermissionsState runtimePermissions, @NonNull UserHandle user);
+
+    /**
+     * Delete the runtime permissions from persistence.
+     *
+     * This will perform I/O operations synchronously.
+     *
+     * @param user the user to delete for
+     */
+    void delete(@NonNull UserHandle user);
+
+    /**
+     * Create a new instance of {@link RuntimePermissionsPersistence} implementation.
+     *
+     * @return the new instance.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    static RuntimePermissionsPersistence createInstance() {
+        return new RuntimePermissionsPersistenceImpl();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/RuntimePermissionsPersistenceImpl.java b/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/RuntimePermissionsPersistenceImpl.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51b911a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/RuntimePermissionsPersistenceImpl.java
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.permission.persistence;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.os.UserHandle;
+import android.util.ArrayMap;
+import android.util.AtomicFile;
+import android.util.Log;
+import android.util.Xml;
+
+import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParser;
+import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlPullParserException;
+import org.xmlpull.v1.XmlSerializer;
+
+import java.io.File;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Persistence implementation for runtime permissions.
+ *
+ * TODO(b/147914847): Remove @hide when it becomes the default.
+ * @hide
+ */
+public class RuntimePermissionsPersistenceImpl implements RuntimePermissionsPersistence {
+
+    private static final String LOG_TAG = RuntimePermissionsPersistenceImpl.class.getSimpleName();
+
+    private static final String RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS_FILE_NAME = "runtime-permissions.xml";
+
+    private static final String TAG_PACKAGE = "package";
+    private static final String TAG_PERMISSION = "permission";
+    private static final String TAG_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS = "runtime-permissions";
+    private static final String TAG_SHARED_USER = "shared-user";
+
+    private static final String ATTRIBUTE_FINGERPRINT = "fingerprint";
+    private static final String ATTRIBUTE_FLAGS = "flags";
+    private static final String ATTRIBUTE_GRANTED = "granted";
+    private static final String ATTRIBUTE_NAME = "name";
+    private static final String ATTRIBUTE_VERSION = "version";
+
+    @Nullable
+    @Override
+    public RuntimePermissionsState read(@NonNull UserHandle user) {
+        File file = getFile(user);
+        try (FileInputStream inputStream = new AtomicFile(file).openRead()) {
+            XmlPullParser parser = Xml.newPullParser();
+            parser.setInput(inputStream, null);
+            return parseXml(parser);
+        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+            Log.i(LOG_TAG, "runtime-permissions.xml not found");
+            return null;
+        } catch (XmlPullParserException | IOException e) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to read runtime-permissions.xml: " + file , e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private static RuntimePermissionsState parseXml(@NonNull XmlPullParser parser)
+            throws IOException, XmlPullParserException {
+        int type;
+        int depth;
+        int innerDepth = parser.getDepth() + 1;
+        while ((type = parser.next()) != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT
+                && ((depth = parser.getDepth()) >= innerDepth || type != XmlPullParser.END_TAG)) {
+            if (depth > innerDepth || type != XmlPullParser.START_TAG) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (parser.getName().equals(TAG_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS)) {
+                return parseRuntimePermissions(parser);
+            }
+        }
+        throw new IllegalStateException("Missing <" + TAG_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS
+                + "> in runtime-permissions.xml");
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private static RuntimePermissionsState parseRuntimePermissions(@NonNull XmlPullParser parser)
+            throws IOException, XmlPullParserException {
+        String versionValue = parser.getAttributeValue(null, ATTRIBUTE_VERSION);
+        int version = versionValue != null ? Integer.parseInt(versionValue)
+                : RuntimePermissionsState.NO_VERSION;
+        String fingerprint = parser.getAttributeValue(null, ATTRIBUTE_FINGERPRINT);
+
+        Map<String, List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> packagePermissions =
+                new ArrayMap<>();
+        Map<String, List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> sharedUserPermissions =
+                new ArrayMap<>();
+        int type;
+        int depth;
+        int innerDepth = parser.getDepth() + 1;
+        while ((type = parser.next()) != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT
+                && ((depth = parser.getDepth()) >= innerDepth || type != XmlPullParser.END_TAG)) {
+            if (depth > innerDepth || type != XmlPullParser.START_TAG) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            switch (parser.getName()) {
+                case TAG_PACKAGE: {
+                    String packageName = parser.getAttributeValue(null, ATTRIBUTE_NAME);
+                    List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions = parsePermissions(
+                            parser);
+                    packagePermissions.put(packageName, permissions);
+                    break;
+                }
+                case TAG_SHARED_USER: {
+                    String sharedUserName = parser.getAttributeValue(null, ATTRIBUTE_NAME);
+                    List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions = parsePermissions(
+                            parser);
+                    sharedUserPermissions.put(sharedUserName, permissions);
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new RuntimePermissionsState(version, fingerprint, packagePermissions,
+                sharedUserPermissions);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private static List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> parsePermissions(
+            @NonNull XmlPullParser parser) throws IOException, XmlPullParserException {
+        List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions = new ArrayList<>();
+        int type;
+        int depth;
+        int innerDepth = parser.getDepth() + 1;
+        while ((type = parser.next()) != XmlPullParser.END_DOCUMENT
+                && ((depth = parser.getDepth()) >= innerDepth || type != XmlPullParser.END_TAG)) {
+            if (depth > innerDepth || type != XmlPullParser.START_TAG) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (parser.getName().equals(TAG_PERMISSION)) {
+                String name = parser.getAttributeValue(null, ATTRIBUTE_NAME);
+                boolean granted = Boolean.parseBoolean(parser.getAttributeValue(null,
+                        ATTRIBUTE_GRANTED));
+                int flags = Integer.parseInt(parser.getAttributeValue(null,
+                        ATTRIBUTE_FLAGS), 16);
+                RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState permission =
+                        new RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState(name, granted, flags);
+                permissions.add(permission);
+            }
+        }
+        return permissions;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void write(@NonNull RuntimePermissionsState runtimePermissions,
+            @NonNull UserHandle user) {
+        File file = getFile(user);
+        AtomicFile atomicFile = new AtomicFile(file);
+        FileOutputStream outputStream = null;
+        try {
+            outputStream = atomicFile.startWrite();
+
+            XmlSerializer serializer = Xml.newSerializer();
+            serializer.setOutput(outputStream, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
+            serializer.setFeature("http://xmlpull.org/v1/doc/features.html#indent-output", true);
+            serializer.startDocument(null, true);
+
+            serializeRuntimePermissions(serializer, runtimePermissions);
+
+            serializer.endDocument();
+            atomicFile.finishWrite(outputStream);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            Log.wtf(LOG_TAG, "Failed to write runtime-permissions.xml, restoring backup: " + file,
+                    e);
+            atomicFile.failWrite(outputStream);
+        } finally {
+            IoUtils.closeQuietly(outputStream);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void serializeRuntimePermissions(@NonNull XmlSerializer serializer,
+            @NonNull RuntimePermissionsState runtimePermissions) throws IOException {
+        serializer.startTag(null, TAG_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS);
+
+        int version = runtimePermissions.getVersion();
+        serializer.attribute(null, ATTRIBUTE_VERSION, Integer.toString(version));
+        String fingerprint = runtimePermissions.getFingerprint();
+        if (fingerprint != null) {
+            serializer.attribute(null, ATTRIBUTE_FINGERPRINT, fingerprint);
+        }
+
+        for (Map.Entry<String, List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> entry
+                : runtimePermissions.getPackagePermissions().entrySet()) {
+            String packageName = entry.getKey();
+            List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions = entry.getValue();
+
+            serializer.startTag(null, TAG_PACKAGE);
+            serializer.attribute(null, ATTRIBUTE_NAME, packageName);
+            serializePermissions(serializer, permissions);
+            serializer.endTag(null, TAG_PACKAGE);
+        }
+
+        for (Map.Entry<String, List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> entry
+                : runtimePermissions.getSharedUserPermissions().entrySet()) {
+            String sharedUserName = entry.getKey();
+            List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions = entry.getValue();
+
+            serializer.startTag(null, TAG_SHARED_USER);
+            serializer.attribute(null, ATTRIBUTE_NAME, sharedUserName);
+            serializePermissions(serializer, permissions);
+            serializer.endTag(null, TAG_SHARED_USER);
+        }
+
+        serializer.endTag(null, TAG_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS);
+    }
+
+    private static void serializePermissions(@NonNull XmlSerializer serializer,
+            @NonNull List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions) throws IOException {
+        int permissionsSize = permissions.size();
+        for (int i = 0; i < permissionsSize; i++) {
+            RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState permissionState = permissions.get(i);
+
+            serializer.startTag(null, TAG_PERMISSION);
+            serializer.attribute(null, ATTRIBUTE_NAME, permissionState.getName());
+            serializer.attribute(null, ATTRIBUTE_GRANTED, Boolean.toString(
+                    permissionState.isGranted()));
+            serializer.attribute(null, ATTRIBUTE_FLAGS, Integer.toHexString(
+                    permissionState.getFlags()));
+            serializer.endTag(null, TAG_PERMISSION);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public void delete(@NonNull UserHandle user) {
+        getFile(user).delete();
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    private static File getFile(@NonNull UserHandle user) {
+        // TODO: Use an API for this.
+        File dataDirectory = new File("/data/misc_de/" + user.getIdentifier()
+                + "/apexdata/com.android.permission");
+        return new File(dataDirectory, RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS_FILE_NAME);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/RuntimePermissionsState.java b/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/RuntimePermissionsState.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a939e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/permission/persistence/RuntimePermissionsState.java
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package com.android.permission.persistence;
+
+import android.annotation.NonNull;
+import android.annotation.Nullable;
+import android.annotation.SystemApi;
+
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * State of all runtime permissions.
+ *
+ * TODO(b/147914847): Remove @hide when it becomes the default.
+ * @hide
+ */
+@SystemApi(client = SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES, process = SystemApi.Process.SYSTEM_SERVER)
+public final class RuntimePermissionsState {
+
+    /**
+     * Special value for {@link #mVersion} to indicate that no version was read.
+     */
+    public static final int NO_VERSION = -1;
+
+    /**
+     * The version of the runtime permissions.
+     */
+    private final int mVersion;
+
+    /**
+     * The fingerprint of the runtime permissions.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    private final String mFingerprint;
+
+    /**
+     * The runtime permissions by packages.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private final Map<String, List<PermissionState>> mPackagePermissions;
+
+    /**
+     * The runtime permissions by shared users.
+     */
+    @NonNull
+    private final Map<String, List<PermissionState>> mSharedUserPermissions;
+
+    public RuntimePermissionsState(int version, @Nullable String fingerprint,
+            @NonNull Map<String, List<PermissionState>> packagePermissions,
+            @NonNull Map<String, List<PermissionState>> sharedUserPermissions) {
+        mVersion = version;
+        mFingerprint = fingerprint;
+        mPackagePermissions = packagePermissions;
+        mSharedUserPermissions = sharedUserPermissions;
+    }
+
+    public int getVersion() {
+        return mVersion;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    public String getFingerprint() {
+        return mFingerprint;
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    public Map<String, List<PermissionState>> getPackagePermissions() {
+        return mPackagePermissions;
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
+    public Map<String, List<PermissionState>> getSharedUserPermissions() {
+        return mSharedUserPermissions;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * State of a single permission.
+     */
+    public static class PermissionState {
+
+        /**
+         * Name of the permission.
+         */
+        @NonNull
+        private final String mName;
+
+        /**
+         * Whether the permission is granted.
+         */
+        private final boolean mGranted;
+
+        /**
+         * Flags of the permission.
+         */
+        private final int mFlags;
+
+        public PermissionState(@NonNull String name, boolean granted, int flags) {
+            mName = name;
+            mGranted = granted;
+            mFlags = flags;
+        }
+
+        @NonNull
+        public String getName() {
+            return mName;
+        }
+
+        public boolean isGranted() {
+            return mGranted;
+        }
+
+        public int getFlags() {
+            return mFlags;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/server/permission/RuntimePermissionPersistence.java b/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/server/permission/RuntimePermissionPersistence.java
deleted file mode 100644
index a534e22..0000000
--- a/apex/permission/service/java/com/android/server/permission/RuntimePermissionPersistence.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.server.permission;
-
-/**
- * Persistence for runtime permissions.
- */
-public class RuntimePermissionPersistence {}
diff --git a/services/Android.bp b/services/Android.bp
index 5afed6c..914ea28 100644
--- a/services/Android.bp
+++ b/services/Android.bp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 }
 
 filegroup {
-    name: "services-sources",
+    name: "services-stub-sources",
     srcs: [
         ":services.core-sources",
         ":services.accessibility-sources",
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
         ":services.usage-sources",
         ":services.usb-sources",
         ":services.voiceinteraction-sources",
+        ":service-permission-sources",
     ],
     visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
 }
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@
 
 droidstubs {
     name: "services-stubs.sources",
-    srcs: [":services-sources"],
+    srcs: [":services-stub-sources"],
     installable: false,
     // TODO: remove the --hide options below
     args: " --show-annotation android.annotation.SystemApi\\(client=android.annotation.SystemApi.Client.MODULE_LIBRARIES,process=android.annotation.SystemApi.Process.SYSTEM_SERVER\\)" +
diff --git a/services/api/current.txt b/services/api/current.txt
index 18e38b1..5ca0486 100644
--- a/services/api/current.txt
+++ b/services/api/current.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,31 @@
 // Signature format: 2.0
+package com.android.permission.persistence {
+
+  public interface RuntimePermissionsPersistence {
+    method @NonNull public static com.android.permission.persistence.RuntimePermissionsPersistence createInstance();
+    method public void delete(@NonNull android.os.UserHandle);
+    method @Nullable public com.android.permission.persistence.RuntimePermissionsState read(@NonNull android.os.UserHandle);
+    method public void write(@NonNull com.android.permission.persistence.RuntimePermissionsState, @NonNull android.os.UserHandle);
+  }
+
+  public final class RuntimePermissionsState {
+    ctor public RuntimePermissionsState(int, @Nullable String, @NonNull java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.util.List<com.android.permission.persistence.RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>>, @NonNull java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.util.List<com.android.permission.persistence.RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>>);
+    method @Nullable public String getFingerprint();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.util.List<com.android.permission.persistence.RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> getPackagePermissions();
+    method @NonNull public java.util.Map<java.lang.String,java.util.List<com.android.permission.persistence.RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> getSharedUserPermissions();
+    method public int getVersion();
+    field public static final int NO_VERSION = -1; // 0xffffffff
+  }
+
+  public static class RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState {
+    ctor public RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState(@NonNull String, boolean, int);
+    method public int getFlags();
+    method @NonNull public String getName();
+    method public boolean isGranted();
+  }
+
+}
+
 package com.android.server {
 
   public abstract class SystemService {
diff --git a/services/core/Android.bp b/services/core/Android.bp
index b2fba73..02d4f94 100644
--- a/services/core/Android.bp
+++ b/services/core/Android.bp
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@
     ],
 
     libs: [
+        "services-stubs",
         "services.net",
         "android.hardware.light-V2.0-java",
         "android.hardware.power-V1.0-java",
diff --git a/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/Settings.java b/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/Settings.java
index 4f18cb4..5d948b2 100644
--- a/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/Settings.java
+++ b/services/core/java/com/android/server/pm/Settings.java
@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.IndentingPrintWriter;
 import com.android.internal.util.JournaledFile;
 import com.android.internal.util.XmlUtils;
+import com.android.permission.persistence.RuntimePermissionsPersistence;
+import com.android.permission.persistence.RuntimePermissionsState;
 import com.android.server.LocalServices;
 import com.android.server.pm.Installer.InstallerException;
 import com.android.server.pm.permission.BasePermission;
@@ -5096,6 +5098,9 @@
         private static final int UPGRADE_VERSION = -1;
         private static final int INITIAL_VERSION = 0;
 
+        private final RuntimePermissionsPersistence mPersistence =
+                RuntimePermissionsPersistence.createInstance();
+
         private final Handler mHandler = new MyHandler();
 
         private final Object mPersistenceLock;
@@ -5185,98 +5190,72 @@
         }
 
         private void writePermissionsSync(int userId) {
-            AtomicFile destination = new AtomicFile(getUserRuntimePermissionsFile(userId),
-                    "package-perms-" + userId);
-
-            ArrayMap<String, List<PermissionState>> permissionsForPackage = new ArrayMap<>();
-            ArrayMap<String, List<PermissionState>> permissionsForSharedUser = new ArrayMap<>();
-
+            RuntimePermissionsState runtimePermissions;
             synchronized (mPersistenceLock) {
                 mWriteScheduled.delete(userId);
 
-                final int packageCount = mPackages.size();
-                for (int i = 0; i < packageCount; i++) {
+                int version = mVersions.get(userId, INITIAL_VERSION);
+
+                String fingerprint = mFingerprints.get(userId);
+
+                Map<String, List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> packagePermissions =
+                        new ArrayMap<>();
+                int packagesSize = mPackages.size();
+                for (int i = 0; i < packagesSize; i++) {
                     String packageName = mPackages.keyAt(i);
                     PackageSetting packageSetting = mPackages.valueAt(i);
                     if (packageSetting.sharedUser == null) {
-                        PermissionsState permissionsState = packageSetting.getPermissionsState();
-                        List<PermissionState> permissionsStates = permissionsState
-                                .getRuntimePermissionStates(userId);
-                        if (!permissionsStates.isEmpty()) {
-                            permissionsForPackage.put(packageName, permissionsStates);
+                        List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions =
+                                getPermissionsFromPermissionsState(
+                                        packageSetting.getPermissionsState(), userId);
+                        if (permissions != null) {
+                            packagePermissions.put(packageName, permissions);
                         }
                     }
                 }
 
-                final int sharedUserCount = mSharedUsers.size();
-                for (int i = 0; i < sharedUserCount; i++) {
+                Map<String, List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> sharedUserPermissions =
+                        new ArrayMap<>();
+                final int sharedUsersSize = mSharedUsers.size();
+                for (int i = 0; i < sharedUsersSize; i++) {
                     String sharedUserName = mSharedUsers.keyAt(i);
-                    SharedUserSetting sharedUser = mSharedUsers.valueAt(i);
-                    PermissionsState permissionsState = sharedUser.getPermissionsState();
-                    List<PermissionState> permissionsStates = permissionsState
-                            .getRuntimePermissionStates(userId);
-                    if (!permissionsStates.isEmpty()) {
-                        permissionsForSharedUser.put(sharedUserName, permissionsStates);
+                    SharedUserSetting sharedUserSetting = mSharedUsers.valueAt(i);
+                    List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions =
+                            getPermissionsFromPermissionsState(
+                                    sharedUserSetting.getPermissionsState(), userId);
+                    if (permissions != null) {
+                        sharedUserPermissions.put(sharedUserName, permissions);
                     }
                 }
+
+                runtimePermissions = new RuntimePermissionsState(version, fingerprint,
+                        packagePermissions, sharedUserPermissions);
             }
 
-            FileOutputStream out = null;
-            try {
-                out = destination.startWrite();
+            mPersistence.write(runtimePermissions, UserHandle.of(userId));
+        }
 
-                XmlSerializer serializer = Xml.newSerializer();
-                serializer.setOutput(out, StandardCharsets.UTF_8.name());
-                serializer.setFeature(
-                        "http://xmlpull.org/v1/doc/features.html#indent-output", true);
-                serializer.startDocument(null, true);
-
-                serializer.startTag(null, TAG_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS);
-
-                final int version = mVersions.get(userId, INITIAL_VERSION);
-                serializer.attribute(null, ATTR_VERSION, Integer.toString(version));
-
-                String fingerprint = mFingerprints.get(userId);
-                if (fingerprint != null) {
-                    serializer.attribute(null, ATTR_FINGERPRINT, fingerprint);
-                }
-
-                final int packageCount = permissionsForPackage.size();
-                for (int i = 0; i < packageCount; i++) {
-                    String packageName = permissionsForPackage.keyAt(i);
-                    List<PermissionState> permissionStates = permissionsForPackage.valueAt(i);
-                    serializer.startTag(null, TAG_PACKAGE);
-                    serializer.attribute(null, ATTR_NAME, packageName);
-                    writePermissions(serializer, permissionStates);
-                    serializer.endTag(null, TAG_PACKAGE);
-                }
-
-                final int sharedUserCount = permissionsForSharedUser.size();
-                for (int i = 0; i < sharedUserCount; i++) {
-                    String packageName = permissionsForSharedUser.keyAt(i);
-                    List<PermissionState> permissionStates = permissionsForSharedUser.valueAt(i);
-                    serializer.startTag(null, TAG_SHARED_USER);
-                    serializer.attribute(null, ATTR_NAME, packageName);
-                    writePermissions(serializer, permissionStates);
-                    serializer.endTag(null, TAG_SHARED_USER);
-                }
-
-                serializer.endTag(null, TAG_RUNTIME_PERMISSIONS);
-
-                serializer.endDocument();
-                destination.finishWrite(out);
-
-                if (Build.FINGERPRINT.equals(fingerprint)) {
-                    mDefaultPermissionsGranted.put(userId, true);
-                }
-            // Any error while writing is fatal.
-            } catch (Throwable t) {
-                Slog.wtf(PackageManagerService.TAG,
-                        "Failed to write settings, restoring backup", t);
-                destination.failWrite(out);
-            } finally {
-                IoUtils.closeQuietly(out);
+        @Nullable
+        private List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> getPermissionsFromPermissionsState(
+                @NonNull PermissionsState permissionsState, @UserIdInt int userId) {
+            List<PermissionState> permissionStates = permissionsState.getRuntimePermissionStates(
+                    userId);
+            if (permissionStates.isEmpty()) {
+                return null;
             }
+
+            List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions =
+                    new ArrayList<>();
+            int permissionStatesSize = permissionStates.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < permissionStatesSize; i++) {
+                PermissionState permissionState = permissionStates.get(i);
+
+                RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState permission =
+                        new RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState(permissionState.getName(),
+                                permissionState.isGranted(), permissionState.getFlags());
+                permissions.add(permission);
+            }
+            return permissions;
         }
 
         @GuardedBy("Settings.this.mLock")
@@ -5311,11 +5290,88 @@
         }
 
         public void deleteUserRuntimePermissionsFile(int userId) {
-            getUserRuntimePermissionsFile(userId).delete();
+            mPersistence.delete(UserHandle.of(userId));
         }
 
         @GuardedBy("Settings.this.mLock")
         public void readStateForUserSyncLPr(int userId) {
+            RuntimePermissionsState runtimePermissions = mPersistence.read(UserHandle.of(userId));
+            if (runtimePermissions == null) {
+                readLegacyStateForUserSyncLPr(userId);
+                writePermissionsForUserAsyncLPr(userId);
+                return;
+            }
+
+            // If the runtime permissions file exists but the version is not set this is
+            // an upgrade from P->Q. Hence mark it with the special UPGRADE_VERSION.
+            int version = runtimePermissions.getVersion();
+            if (version == RuntimePermissionsState.NO_VERSION) {
+                version = UPGRADE_VERSION;
+            }
+            mVersions.put(userId, version);
+
+            String fingerprint = runtimePermissions.getFingerprint();
+            mFingerprints.put(userId, fingerprint);
+            boolean defaultPermissionsGranted = Build.FINGERPRINT.equals(fingerprint);
+            mDefaultPermissionsGranted.put(userId, defaultPermissionsGranted);
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> entry
+                    : runtimePermissions.getPackagePermissions().entrySet()) {
+                String packageName = entry.getKey();
+                List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions = entry.getValue();
+
+                PackageSetting packageSetting = mPackages.get(packageName);
+                if (packageSetting == null) {
+                    Slog.w(PackageManagerService.TAG, "Unknown package:" + packageName);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                readPermissionsStateLpr(permissions, packageSetting.getPermissionsState(), userId);
+            }
+
+            for (Map.Entry<String, List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState>> entry
+                    : runtimePermissions.getSharedUserPermissions().entrySet()) {
+                String sharedUserName = entry.getKey();
+                List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions = entry.getValue();
+
+                SharedUserSetting sharedUserSetting = mSharedUsers.get(sharedUserName);
+                if (sharedUserSetting == null) {
+                    Slog.w(PackageManagerService.TAG, "Unknown shared user:" + sharedUserName);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                readPermissionsStateLpr(permissions, sharedUserSetting.getPermissionsState(),
+                        userId);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void readPermissionsStateLpr(
+                @NonNull List<RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState> permissions,
+                @NonNull PermissionsState permissionsState, @UserIdInt int userId) {
+            int permissionsSize = permissions.size();
+            for (int i = 0; i < permissionsSize; i++) {
+                RuntimePermissionsState.PermissionState permission = permissions.get(i);
+
+                String name = permission.getName();
+                BasePermission basePermission = mPermissions.getPermission(name);
+                if (basePermission == null) {
+                    Slog.w(PackageManagerService.TAG, "Unknown permission:" + name);
+                    continue;
+                }
+                boolean granted = permission.isGranted();
+                int flags = permission.getFlags();
+
+                if (granted) {
+                    permissionsState.grantRuntimePermission(basePermission, userId);
+                    permissionsState.updatePermissionFlags(basePermission, userId,
+                            PackageManager.MASK_PERMISSION_FLAGS_ALL, flags);
+                } else {
+                    permissionsState.updatePermissionFlags(basePermission, userId,
+                            PackageManager.MASK_PERMISSION_FLAGS_ALL, flags);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        @GuardedBy("Settings.this.mLock")
+        private void readLegacyStateForUserSyncLPr(int userId) {
             File permissionsFile = getUserRuntimePermissionsFile(userId);
             if (!permissionsFile.exists()) {
                 return;
@@ -5435,19 +5491,6 @@
             }
         }
 
-        private void writePermissions(XmlSerializer serializer,
-                List<PermissionState> permissionStates) throws IOException {
-            for (PermissionState permissionState : permissionStates) {
-                serializer.startTag(null, TAG_ITEM);
-                serializer.attribute(null, ATTR_NAME,permissionState.getName());
-                serializer.attribute(null, ATTR_GRANTED,
-                        String.valueOf(permissionState.isGranted()));
-                serializer.attribute(null, ATTR_FLAGS,
-                        Integer.toHexString(permissionState.getFlags()));
-                serializer.endTag(null, TAG_ITEM);
-            }
-        }
-
         private final class MyHandler extends Handler {
             public MyHandler() {
                 super(BackgroundThread.getHandler().getLooper());