diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
index 5b9e282..1525a09 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/Output.h
@@ -132,15 +132,19 @@
     // Gets the ordered set of output layers for this output
     virtual const OutputLayers& getOutputLayersOrderedByZ() const = 0;
 
-    // Sets the new set of layers being released this frame.
+    // Sets the new set of layers being released this frame
     virtual void setReleasedLayers(ReleasedLayers&&) = 0;
 
     // Takes (moves) the set of layers being released this frame.
     virtual ReleasedLayers takeReleasedLayers() = 0;
 
+    // Prepares a frame for display
+    virtual void prepareFrame() = 0;
+
 protected:
     virtual void setDisplayColorProfile(std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>) = 0;
     virtual void setRenderSurface(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>) = 0;
+    virtual void chooseCompositionStrategy() = 0;
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h
index d3a4e09..d7f00a9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/OutputLayer.h
@@ -21,8 +21,13 @@
 
 #include <utils/StrongPointer.h>
 
+#include "DisplayHardware/ComposerHal.h"
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
 
+namespace HWC2 {
+class Layer;
+} // namespace HWC2
+
 namespace android {
 
 namespace compositionengine {
@@ -73,6 +78,21 @@
     // skipped.
     virtual void writeStateToHWC(bool includeGeometry) = 0;
 
+    // Returns the HWC2::Layer associated with this layer, if it exists
+    virtual HWC2::Layer* getHwcLayer() const = 0;
+
+    // Returns true if the current layer state requires client composition
+    virtual bool requiresClientComposition() const = 0;
+
+    // Applies a HWC device requested composition type change
+    virtual void applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition) = 0;
+
+    // Prepares to apply any HWC device layer requests
+    virtual void prepareForDeviceLayerRequests() = 0;
+
+    // Applies a HWC device layer request
+    virtual void applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest request) = 0;
+
     // Debugging
     virtual void dump(std::string& result) const = 0;
 };
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
index 9bff73e..6859846 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/RenderSurface.h
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
     virtual status_t beginFrame(bool mustRecompose) = 0;
 
     // Prepares the frame for rendering
-    virtual status_t prepareFrame() = 0;
+    virtual void prepareFrame(bool usesClientComposition, bool usesDeviceComposition) = 0;
 
     // Allocates a buffer as scratch space for GPU composition
     virtual sp<GraphicBuffer> dequeueBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence) = 0;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
index 1265533..8a3f8a7 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Display.h
@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <memory>
-
 #include <compositionengine/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
 
+#include <memory>
+
 #include "DisplayHardware/DisplayIdentification.h"
+#include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@
     void dump(std::string&) const override;
     void setColorTransform(const mat4&) override;
     void setColorMode(ui::ColorMode, ui::Dataspace, ui::RenderIntent, ui::Dataspace) override;
+    void chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
 
     // compositionengine::Display overrides
     const std::optional<DisplayId>& getId() const override;
@@ -49,6 +51,16 @@
     void createDisplayColorProfile(compositionengine::DisplayColorProfileCreationArgs&&) override;
     void createRenderSurface(compositionengine::RenderSurfaceCreationArgs&&) override;
 
+    // Internal helpers used by chooseCompositionStrategy()
+    using ChangedTypes = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::ChangedTypes;
+    using DisplayRequests = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::DisplayRequests;
+    using LayerRequests = android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::LayerRequests;
+    virtual bool anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
+    virtual bool allLayersRequireClientComposition() const;
+    virtual void applyChangedTypesToLayers(const ChangedTypes&);
+    virtual void applyDisplayRequests(const DisplayRequests&);
+    virtual void applyLayerRequestsToLayers(const LayerRequests&);
+
 private:
     const bool mIsVirtual;
     std::optional<DisplayId> mId;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
index 20812d2..503d2fa 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/Output.h
@@ -75,12 +75,15 @@
     void setReleasedLayers(ReleasedLayers&&) override;
     ReleasedLayers takeReleasedLayers() override;
 
+    void prepareFrame() override;
+
     // Testing
     void setDisplayColorProfileForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::DisplayColorProfile>);
     void setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<compositionengine::RenderSurface>);
 
 protected:
     const CompositionEngine& getCompositionEngine() const;
+    void chooseCompositionStrategy() override;
     void dumpBase(std::string&) const;
 
 private:
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
index 45b8308..1078f11 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h
@@ -35,6 +35,16 @@
     // If false, this output is not considered secure
     bool isSecure{false};
 
+    // If true, the current frame on this output uses client composition
+    bool usesClientComposition{false};
+
+    // If true, the current frame on this output uses device composition
+    bool usesDeviceComposition{false};
+
+    // If true, the client target should be flipped when performing client
+    // composition
+    bool flipClientTarget{false};
+
     // If true, this output displays layers that are internal-only
     bool layerStackInternal{false};
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
index 708f3a1..d8ad02a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h
@@ -50,6 +50,12 @@
     void updateCompositionState(bool) override;
     void writeStateToHWC(bool) override;
 
+    HWC2::Layer* getHwcLayer() const override;
+    bool requiresClientComposition() const override;
+    void applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition) override;
+    void prepareForDeviceLayerRequests() override;
+    void applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest request) override;
+
     void dump(std::string& result) const override;
 
     virtual FloatRect calculateOutputSourceCrop() const;
@@ -66,6 +72,8 @@
     void writeSidebandStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
     void writeBufferStateToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, const LayerFECompositionState&);
     void writeCompositionTypeToHWC(HWC2::Layer*, Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition);
+    void detectDisallowedCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition from,
+                                               Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition to) const;
 
     const compositionengine::Output& mOutput;
     std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer> mLayer;
@@ -79,4 +87,4 @@
         std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::Layer>, sp<compositionengine::LayerFE>);
 
 } // namespace impl
-} // namespace android::compositionengine
\ No newline at end of file
+} // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
index e4c9c80..0a04462 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
     void setDisplaySize(const ui::Size&) override;
     void setProtected(bool useProtected) override;
     status_t beginFrame(bool mustRecompose) override;
-    status_t prepareFrame() override;
+    void prepareFrame(bool usesClientComposition, bool usesDeviceComposition) override;
     sp<GraphicBuffer> dequeueBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence) override;
     void queueBuffer(base::unique_fd&& readyFence) override;
     void onPresentDisplayCompleted() override;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
index 924d72c..b8679d8 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/Output.h
@@ -72,6 +72,9 @@
 
     MOCK_METHOD1(setReleasedLayers, void(ReleasedLayers&&));
     MOCK_METHOD0(takeReleasedLayers, ReleasedLayers());
+
+    MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, void());
 };
 
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::mock
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h
index dab8b9d..195648f 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h
@@ -41,6 +41,12 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(updateCompositionState, void(bool));
     MOCK_METHOD1(writeStateToHWC, void(bool));
 
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(getHwcLayer, HWC2::Layer*());
+    MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(requiresClientComposition, bool());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange, void(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition));
+    MOCK_METHOD0(prepareForDeviceLayerRequests, void());
+    MOCK_METHOD1(applyDeviceLayerRequest, void(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest request));
+
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(dump, void(std::string&));
 };
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
index 146a2ea..ba6746a 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/include/compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
     MOCK_METHOD1(setProtected, void(bool));
     MOCK_METHOD1(setBufferDataspace, void(ui::Dataspace));
     MOCK_METHOD1(beginFrame, status_t(bool mustRecompose));
-    MOCK_METHOD0(prepareFrame, status_t());
+    MOCK_METHOD2(prepareFrame, void(bool, bool));
     MOCK_METHOD1(dequeueBuffer, sp<GraphicBuffer>(base::unique_fd*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(queueBuffer, void(base::unique_fd&&));
     MOCK_METHOD0(onPresentDisplayCompleted, void());
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
index 8520d70..528a8a6 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Display.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Display.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h>
+#include <utils/Trace.h>
 
 #include "DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h"
 
@@ -124,4 +126,91 @@
                                                                   std::move(args)));
 }
 
+void Display::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    // Default to the base settings -- client composition only.
+    Output::chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    // If we don't have a HWC display, then we are done
+    if (!mId) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Get any composition changes requested by the HWC device, and apply them.
+    std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges> changes;
+    auto& hwc = getCompositionEngine().getHwComposer();
+    if (status_t result = hwc.getDeviceCompositionChanges(*mId, anyLayersRequireClientComposition(),
+                                                          &changes);
+        result != NO_ERROR) {
+        ALOGE("chooseCompositionStrategy failed for %s: %d (%s)", getName().c_str(), result,
+              strerror(-result));
+        return;
+    }
+    if (changes) {
+        applyChangedTypesToLayers(changes->changedTypes);
+        applyDisplayRequests(changes->displayRequests);
+        applyLayerRequestsToLayers(changes->layerRequests);
+    }
+
+    // Determine what type of composition we are doing from the final state
+    auto& state = editState();
+    state.usesClientComposition = anyLayersRequireClientComposition();
+    state.usesDeviceComposition = !allLayersRequireClientComposition();
+}
+
+bool Display::anyLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
+    const auto& layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
+    return std::any_of(layers.cbegin(), layers.cend(),
+                       [](const auto& layer) { return layer->requiresClientComposition(); });
+}
+
+bool Display::allLayersRequireClientComposition() const {
+    const auto& layers = getOutputLayersOrderedByZ();
+    return std::all_of(layers.cbegin(), layers.cend(),
+                       [](const auto& layer) { return layer->requiresClientComposition(); });
+}
+
+void Display::applyChangedTypesToLayers(const ChangedTypes& changedTypes) {
+    if (changedTypes.empty()) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (auto& layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        auto hwcLayer = layer->getHwcLayer();
+        if (!hwcLayer) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (auto it = changedTypes.find(hwcLayer); it != changedTypes.end()) {
+            layer->applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(
+                    static_cast<Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition>(it->second));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Display::applyDisplayRequests(const DisplayRequests& displayRequests) {
+    auto& state = editState();
+    state.flipClientTarget = (static_cast<uint32_t>(displayRequests) &
+                              static_cast<uint32_t>(HWC2::DisplayRequest::FlipClientTarget)) != 0;
+    // Note: HWC2::DisplayRequest::WriteClientTargetToOutput is currently ignored.
+}
+
+void Display::applyLayerRequestsToLayers(const LayerRequests& layerRequests) {
+    for (auto& layer : getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
+        layer->prepareForDeviceLayerRequests();
+
+        auto hwcLayer = layer->getHwcLayer();
+        if (!hwcLayer) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (auto it = layerRequests.find(hwcLayer); it != layerRequests.end()) {
+            layer->applyDeviceLayerRequest(
+                    static_cast<Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest>(it->second));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 } // namespace android::compositionengine::impl
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
index 845e3c6..8319522 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/Output.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <ui/DebugUtils.h>
+#include <utils/Trace.h>
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 
@@ -250,9 +251,28 @@
     return std::move(mReleasedLayers);
 }
 
+void Output::prepareFrame() {
+    ATRACE_CALL();
+    ALOGV(__FUNCTION__);
+
+    if (!mState.isEnabled) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    mRenderSurface->prepareFrame(mState.usesClientComposition, mState.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
 void Output::dirtyEntireOutput() {
     mState.dirtyRegion.set(mState.bounds);
 }
 
+void Output::chooseCompositionStrategy() {
+    // The base output implementation can only do client composition
+    mState.usesClientComposition = true;
+    mState.usesDeviceComposition = false;
+}
+
 } // namespace impl
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
index 0b15dad..3e47fe2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputCompositionState.cpp
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@
     dumpVal(out, "isEnabled", isEnabled);
     dumpVal(out, "isSecure", isSecure);
 
+    dumpVal(out, "usesClientComposition", usesClientComposition);
+    dumpVal(out, "usesDeviceComposition", usesDeviceComposition);
+    dumpVal(out, "flipClientTarget", flipClientTarget);
+
     dumpVal(out, "layerStack", layerStackId);
     dumpVal(out, "layerStackInternal", layerStackInternal);
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
index ebfc704..6e744b9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/OutputLayer.cpp
@@ -550,6 +550,70 @@
     }
 }
 
+HWC2::Layer* OutputLayer::getHwcLayer() const {
+    return mState.hwc ? mState.hwc->hwcLayer.get() : nullptr;
+}
+
+bool OutputLayer::requiresClientComposition() const {
+    return !mState.hwc ||
+            mState.hwc->hwcCompositionType == Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT;
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::detectDisallowedCompositionTypeChange(
+        Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition from, Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition to) const {
+    bool result = false;
+    switch (from) {
+        case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::INVALID:
+        case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT:
+            result = false;
+            break;
+
+        case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE:
+        case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SOLID_COLOR:
+            result = (to == Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT);
+            break;
+
+        case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CURSOR:
+        case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SIDEBAND:
+            result = (to == Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT ||
+                      to == Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE);
+            break;
+    }
+
+    if (!result) {
+        ALOGE("[%s] Invalid device requested composition type change: %s (%d) --> %s (%d)",
+              mLayerFE->getDebugName(), toString(from).c_str(), static_cast<int>(from),
+              toString(to).c_str(), static_cast<int>(to));
+    }
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(
+        Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition compositionType) {
+    LOG_FATAL_IF(!mState.hwc);
+    auto& hwcState = *mState.hwc;
+
+    detectDisallowedCompositionTypeChange(hwcState.hwcCompositionType, compositionType);
+
+    hwcState.hwcCompositionType = compositionType;
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::prepareForDeviceLayerRequests() {
+    mState.clearClientTarget = false;
+}
+
+void OutputLayer::applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest request) {
+    switch (request) {
+        case Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET:
+            mState.clearClientTarget = true;
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            ALOGE("[%s] Unknown device layer request %s (%d)", mLayerFE->getDebugName(),
+                  toString(request).c_str(), static_cast<int>(request));
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
 void OutputLayer::dump(std::string& out) const {
     using android::base::StringAppendF;
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
index 8a91316..1ce6b4c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/src/RenderSurface.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <compositionengine/DisplaySurface.h>
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/DumpHelpers.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <renderengine/RenderEngine.h>
@@ -110,24 +111,13 @@
     return mDisplaySurface->beginFrame(mustRecompose);
 }
 
-status_t RenderSurface::prepareFrame() {
-    auto& hwc = mCompositionEngine.getHwComposer();
-    const auto id = mDisplay.getId();
-    if (id) {
-        status_t error = hwc.prepare(*id, mDisplay);
-        if (error != NO_ERROR) {
-            return error;
-        }
-    }
-
+void RenderSurface::prepareFrame(bool usesClientComposition, bool usesDeviceComposition) {
     DisplaySurface::CompositionType compositionType;
-    const bool hasClient = hwc.hasClientComposition(id);
-    const bool hasDevice = hwc.hasDeviceComposition(id);
-    if (hasClient && hasDevice) {
+    if (usesClientComposition && usesDeviceComposition) {
         compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_MIXED;
-    } else if (hasClient) {
+    } else if (usesClientComposition) {
         compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_GLES;
-    } else if (hasDevice) {
+    } else if (usesDeviceComposition) {
         compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_HWC;
     } else {
         // Nothing to do -- when turning the screen off we get a frame like
@@ -135,7 +125,11 @@
         // will do a prepare/set cycle.
         compositionType = DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_HWC;
     }
-    return mDisplaySurface->prepareFrame(compositionType);
+
+    if (status_t result = mDisplaySurface->prepareFrame(compositionType); result != NO_ERROR) {
+        ALOGE("updateCompositionType failed for %s: %d (%s)", mDisplay.getName().c_str(), result,
+              strerror(-result));
+    }
 }
 
 sp<GraphicBuffer> RenderSurface::dequeueBuffer(base::unique_fd* bufferFence) {
@@ -163,10 +157,9 @@
 }
 
 void RenderSurface::queueBuffer(base::unique_fd&& readyFence) {
-    auto& hwc = mCompositionEngine.getHwComposer();
-    const auto id = mDisplay.getId();
+    auto& state = mDisplay.getState();
 
-    if (hwc.hasClientComposition(id) || hwc.hasFlipClientTargetRequest(id)) {
+    if (state.usesClientComposition || state.flipClientTarget) {
         // hasFlipClientTargetRequest could return true even if we haven't
         // dequeued a buffer before. Try dequeueing one if we don't have a
         // buffer ready.
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
index f0aea25..d0f79f2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/DisplayTest.cpp
@@ -24,33 +24,54 @@
 #include <compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/NativeWindow.h>
+#include <compositionengine/mock/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include "MockHWC2.h"
 #include "MockHWComposer.h"
 
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
 
 using testing::_;
+using testing::DoAll;
 using testing::Return;
 using testing::ReturnRef;
+using testing::Sequence;
+using testing::SetArgPointee;
 using testing::StrictMock;
 
 constexpr DisplayId DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = DisplayId{42};
 
-class DisplayTest : public testing::Test {
-public:
-    ~DisplayTest() override = default;
+struct DisplayTest : public testing::Test {
+    DisplayTest() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1, getHwcLayer()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&mHWC2Layer1));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2, getHwcLayer()).WillRepeatedly(Return(&mHWC2Layer2));
+        EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3, getHwcLayer()).WillRepeatedly(Return(nullptr));
+
+        std::vector<std::unique_ptr<OutputLayer>> layers;
+        layers.emplace_back(mLayer1);
+        layers.emplace_back(mLayer2);
+        layers.emplace_back(mLayer3);
+        mDisplay.setOutputLayersOrderedByZ(std::move(layers));
+    }
 
     StrictMock<android::mock::HWComposer> mHwComposer;
     StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
     sp<mock::NativeWindow> mNativeWindow = new StrictMock<mock::NativeWindow>();
+    StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> mHWC2Layer1;
+    StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> mHWC2Layer2;
+    StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer> mHWC2LayerUnknown;
+    mock::OutputLayer* mLayer1 = new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>();
+    mock::OutputLayer* mLayer2 = new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>();
+    mock::OutputLayer* mLayer3 = new StrictMock<mock::OutputLayer>();
     impl::Display mDisplay{mCompositionEngine,
                            DisplayCreationArgsBuilder().setDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID).build()};
 };
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Basic construction
  */
 
@@ -90,13 +111,11 @@
     }
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Display::disconnect()
  */
 
 TEST_F(DisplayTest, disconnectDisconnectsDisplay) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
-
     // The first call to disconnect will disconnect the display with the HWC and
     // set mHwcId to -1.
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, disconnectDisplay(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).Times(1);
@@ -109,7 +128,7 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay.getId());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Display::setColorTransform()
  */
 
@@ -117,8 +136,6 @@
     // Identity matrix sets an identity state value
     const mat4 identity;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
-
     EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, setColorTransform(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, identity)).Times(1);
 
     mDisplay.setColorTransform(identity);
@@ -135,7 +152,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(HAL_COLOR_TRANSFORM_ARBITRARY_MATRIX, mDisplay.getState().colorTransform);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Display::setColorMode()
  */
 
@@ -145,7 +162,6 @@
     mock::DisplayColorProfile* colorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
     mDisplay.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(colorProfile));
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
     EXPECT_CALL(*colorProfile, getTargetDataspace(_, _, _))
             .WillRepeatedly(Return(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN));
 
@@ -202,7 +218,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(ui::Dataspace::UNKNOWN, mDisplay.getState().targetDataspace);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Display::createDisplayColorProfile()
  */
 
@@ -214,7 +230,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay.getDisplayColorProfile() != nullptr);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Display::createRenderSurface()
  */
 
@@ -225,5 +241,227 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay.getRenderSurface() != nullptr);
 }
 
+/*
+ * Display::chooseCompositionStrategy()
+ */
+
+struct DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct DisplayPartialMock : public impl::Display {
+        DisplayPartialMock(const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine,
+                           compositionengine::DisplayCreationArgs&& args)
+              : impl::Display(compositionEngine, std::move(args)) {}
+
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by chooseCompositionStrategy to
+        // use a mock implementations.
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(anyLayersRequireClientComposition, bool());
+        MOCK_CONST_METHOD0(allLayersRequireClientComposition, bool());
+        MOCK_METHOD1(applyChangedTypesToLayers, void(const impl::Display::ChangedTypes&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(applyDisplayRequests, void(const impl::Display::DisplayRequests&));
+        MOCK_METHOD1(applyLayerRequestsToLayers, void(const impl::Display::LayerRequests&));
+    };
+
+    DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest() {
+        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
+    }
+
+    StrictMock<android::mock::HWComposer> mHwComposer;
+    StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
+    StrictMock<DisplayPartialMock>
+            mDisplay{mCompositionEngine,
+                     DisplayCreationArgsBuilder().setDisplayId(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID).build()};
+};
+
+TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, takesEarlyOutIfNotAHwcDisplay) {
+    impl::Display nonHwcDisplay{mCompositionEngine, DisplayCreationArgsBuilder().build()};
+    EXPECT_FALSE(nonHwcDisplay.getId());
+
+    nonHwcDisplay.chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    auto& state = nonHwcDisplay.getState();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, takesEarlyOutOnHwcError) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, getDeviceCompositionChanges(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, false, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
+
+    mDisplay.chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay.getState();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, normalOperation) {
+    // Since two calls are made to anyLayersRequireClientComposition with different return values,
+    // use a Sequence to control the matching so the values are returned in a known order.
+    Sequence s;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition()).InSequence(s).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition())
+            .InSequence(s)
+            .WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, getDeviceCompositionChanges(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true, _))
+            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    mDisplay.chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay.getState();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayChooseCompositionStrategyTest, normalOperationWithChanges) {
+    android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges changes{
+            {{nullptr, HWC2::Composition::Client}},
+            HWC2::DisplayRequest::FlipClientTarget,
+            {{nullptr, HWC2::LayerRequest::ClearClientTarget}},
+    };
+
+    // Since two calls are made to anyLayersRequireClientComposition with different return values,
+    // use a Sequence to control the matching so the values are returned in a known order.
+    Sequence s;
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition()).InSequence(s).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, anyLayersRequireClientComposition())
+            .InSequence(s)
+            .WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, getDeviceCompositionChanges(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, true, _))
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<2>(changes), Return(NO_ERROR)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, applyChangedTypesToLayers(changes.changedTypes)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, applyDisplayRequests(changes.displayRequests)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, applyLayerRequestsToLayers(changes.layerRequests)).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, allLayersRequireClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    mDisplay.chooseCompositionStrategy();
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay.getState();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::anyLayersRequireClientComposition()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, anyLayersRequireClientCompositionReturnsFalse) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay.anyLayersRequireClientComposition());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, anyLayersRequireClientCompositionReturnsTrue) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay.anyLayersRequireClientComposition());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::allLayersRequireClientComposition()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, allLayersRequireClientCompositionReturnsTrue) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mDisplay.allLayersRequireClientComposition());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, allLayersRequireClientCompositionReturnsFalse) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2, requiresClientComposition()).WillOnce(Return(false));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mDisplay.allLayersRequireClientComposition());
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::applyChangedTypesToLayers()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, applyChangedTypesToLayersTakesEarlyOutIfNoChangedLayers) {
+    mDisplay.applyChangedTypesToLayers(impl::Display::ChangedTypes());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, applyChangedTypesToLayersAppliesChanges) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1,
+                applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT))
+            .Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2,
+                applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE))
+            .Times(1);
+
+    mDisplay.applyChangedTypesToLayers(impl::Display::ChangedTypes{
+            {&mHWC2Layer1, HWC2::Composition::Client},
+            {&mHWC2Layer2, HWC2::Composition::Device},
+            {&mHWC2LayerUnknown, HWC2::Composition::SolidColor},
+    });
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::applyDisplayRequests()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, applyDisplayRequestsToLayersHandlesNoRequests) {
+    mDisplay.applyDisplayRequests(static_cast<HWC2::DisplayRequest>(0));
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay.getState();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.flipClientTarget);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, applyDisplayRequestsToLayersHandlesFlipClientTarget) {
+    mDisplay.applyDisplayRequests(HWC2::DisplayRequest::FlipClientTarget);
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay.getState();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.flipClientTarget);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, applyDisplayRequestsToLayersHandlesWriteClientTargetToOutput) {
+    mDisplay.applyDisplayRequests(HWC2::DisplayRequest::WriteClientTargetToOutput);
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay.getState();
+    EXPECT_FALSE(state.flipClientTarget);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, applyDisplayRequestsToLayersHandlesAllRequestFlagsSet) {
+    mDisplay.applyDisplayRequests(static_cast<HWC2::DisplayRequest>(~0));
+
+    auto& state = mDisplay.getState();
+    EXPECT_TRUE(state.flipClientTarget);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Display::applyLayerRequestsToLayers()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, applyLayerRequestsToLayersPreparesAllLayers) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+
+    mDisplay.applyLayerRequestsToLayers(impl::Display::LayerRequests());
+}
+
+TEST_F(DisplayTest, applyLayerRequestsToLayers2) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer2, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer3, prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()).Times(1);
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mLayer1,
+                applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET))
+            .Times(1);
+
+    mDisplay.applyLayerRequestsToLayers(impl::Display::LayerRequests{
+            {&mHWC2Layer1, HWC2::LayerRequest::ClearClientTarget},
+            {&mHWC2LayerUnknown, HWC2::LayerRequest::ClearClientTarget},
+    });
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
index 94349de..5cfec77 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/MockHWComposer.h
@@ -40,7 +40,9 @@
                  std::optional<DisplayId>(uint32_t, uint32_t, ui::PixelFormat*));
     MOCK_METHOD1(createLayer, HWC2::Layer*(DisplayId));
     MOCK_METHOD2(destroyLayer, void(DisplayId, HWC2::Layer*));
-    MOCK_METHOD2(prepare, status_t(DisplayId, const compositionengine::Output&));
+    MOCK_METHOD3(getDeviceCompositionChanges,
+                 status_t(DisplayId, bool,
+                          std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>*));
     MOCK_METHOD5(setClientTarget,
                  status_t(DisplayId, uint32_t, const sp<Fence>&, const sp<GraphicBuffer>&,
                           ui::Dataspace));
@@ -50,8 +52,6 @@
     MOCK_METHOD2(setColorTransform, status_t(DisplayId, const mat4&));
     MOCK_METHOD1(disconnectDisplay, void(DisplayId));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(hasDeviceComposition, bool(const std::optional<DisplayId>&));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(hasFlipClientTargetRequest, bool(const std::optional<DisplayId>&));
-    MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(hasClientComposition, bool(const std::optional<DisplayId>&));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD1(getPresentFence, sp<Fence>(DisplayId));
     MOCK_CONST_METHOD2(getLayerReleaseFence, sp<Fence>(DisplayId, HWC2::Layer*));
     MOCK_METHOD3(setOutputBuffer, status_t(DisplayId, const sp<Fence>&, const sp<GraphicBuffer>&));
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
index 7b9528b..a5428ad 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputLayerTest.cpp
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@
     return expected.r == arg.r && expected.g == arg.g && expected.b == arg.b && expected.a == arg.a;
 }
 
-class OutputLayerTest : public testing::Test {
-public:
+struct OutputLayerTest : public testing::Test {
     OutputLayerTest() {
         EXPECT_CALL(*mLayerFE, getDebugName()).WillRepeatedly(Return("Test LayerFE"));
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getName()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(kOutputName));
@@ -66,8 +65,6 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, getState()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mOutputState));
     }
 
-    ~OutputLayerTest() override = default;
-
     compositionengine::mock::Output mOutput;
     std::shared_ptr<compositionengine::mock::Layer> mLayer{
             new StrictMock<compositionengine::mock::Layer>()};
@@ -784,5 +781,99 @@
     mOutputLayer.writeStateToHWC(false);
 }
 
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::getHwcLayer()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, getHwcLayerHandlesNoHwcState) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc.reset();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.getHwcLayer() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, getHwcLayerHandlesNoHwcLayer) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.getHwcLayer() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, getHwcLayerReturnsHwcLayer) {
+    auto hwcLayer = std::make_shared<StrictMock<HWC2::mock::Layer>>();
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{hwcLayer};
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(hwcLayer.get(), mOutputLayer.getHwcLayer());
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::requiresClientComposition()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, requiresClientCompositionReturnsTrueIfNoHWC2State) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc.reset();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.requiresClientComposition());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, requiresClientCompositionReturnsTrueIfSetToClientComposition) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc->hwcCompositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT;
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.requiresClientComposition());
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, requiresClientCompositionReturnsFalseIfSetToDeviceComposition) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc->hwcCompositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.requiresClientComposition());
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, applyDeviceCompositionTypeChangeSetsNewType) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc = impl::OutputLayerCompositionState::Hwc{nullptr};
+    mOutputLayer.editState().hwc->hwcCompositionType = Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE;
+
+    mOutputLayer.applyDeviceCompositionTypeChange(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.getState().hwc);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT,
+              mOutputLayer.getState().hwc->hwcCompositionType);
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::prepareForDeviceLayerRequests()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, prepareForDeviceLayerRequestsResetsRequestState) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().clearClientTarget = true;
+
+    mOutputLayer.prepareForDeviceLayerRequests();
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.getState().clearClientTarget);
+}
+
+/*
+ * OutputLayer::applyDeviceLayerRequest()
+ */
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, applyDeviceLayerRequestHandlesClearClientTarget) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().clearClientTarget = false;
+
+    mOutputLayer.applyDeviceLayerRequest(Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest::CLEAR_CLIENT_TARGET);
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutputLayer.getState().clearClientTarget);
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputLayerTest, applyDeviceLayerRequestHandlesUnknownRequest) {
+    mOutputLayer.editState().clearClientTarget = false;
+
+    mOutputLayer.applyDeviceLayerRequest(static_cast<Hwc2::IComposerClient::LayerRequest>(0));
+
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutputLayer.getState().clearClientTarget);
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
index 6f087d9..aa35d25 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/OutputTest.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <cmath>
 
 #include <compositionengine/impl/Output.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/DisplayColorProfile.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/Layer.h>
@@ -37,8 +38,7 @@
 using testing::ReturnRef;
 using testing::StrictMock;
 
-class OutputTest : public testing::Test {
-public:
+struct OutputTest : public testing::Test {
     OutputTest() {
         mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
                 std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
@@ -46,7 +46,6 @@
 
         mOutput.editState().bounds = kDefaultDisplaySize;
     }
-    ~OutputTest() override = default;
 
     static const Rect kDefaultDisplaySize;
 
@@ -58,7 +57,7 @@
 
 const Rect OutputTest::kDefaultDisplaySize{100, 200};
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Basic construction
  */
 
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.isValid());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setCompositionEnabled()
  */
 
@@ -108,7 +107,7 @@
     EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setProjection()
  */
 
@@ -130,7 +129,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(needsFiltering, mOutput.getState().needsFiltering);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setBounds()
  */
 
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@
     EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(Rect(displaySize))));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setLayerStackFilter()
  */
 
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@
     EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setColorTransform
  */
 
@@ -200,7 +199,7 @@
     EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region(kDefaultDisplaySize)));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setColorMode
  */
 
@@ -239,7 +238,7 @@
     EXPECT_THAT(mOutput.getState().dirtyRegion, RegionEq(Region()));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::setRenderSurface()
  */
 
@@ -254,7 +253,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(Rect(newDisplaySize), mOutput.getState().bounds);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::getDirtyRegion()
  */
 
@@ -283,7 +282,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::belongsInOutput()
  */
 
@@ -310,7 +309,7 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.belongsInOutput(layerStack2, false));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::getOutputLayerForLayer()
  */
 
@@ -342,7 +341,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mOutput.getOutputLayerForLayer(&layer));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Output::getOrCreateOutputLayer()
  */
 
@@ -389,5 +388,63 @@
     }
 }
 
+/*
+ * Output::prepareFrame()
+ */
+
+struct OutputPrepareFrameTest : public testing::Test {
+    struct OutputPartialMock : public impl::Output {
+        OutputPartialMock(const compositionengine::CompositionEngine& compositionEngine)
+              : impl::Output(compositionEngine) {}
+
+        // Sets up the helper functions called by prepareFrame to use a mock
+        // implementations.
+        MOCK_METHOD0(chooseCompositionStrategy, void());
+    };
+
+    OutputPrepareFrameTest() {
+        mOutput.setDisplayColorProfileForTest(
+                std::unique_ptr<DisplayColorProfile>(mDisplayColorProfile));
+        mOutput.setRenderSurfaceForTest(std::unique_ptr<RenderSurface>(mRenderSurface));
+    }
+
+    StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
+    mock::DisplayColorProfile* mDisplayColorProfile = new StrictMock<mock::DisplayColorProfile>();
+    mock::RenderSurface* mRenderSurface = new StrictMock<mock::RenderSurface>();
+    StrictMock<OutputPartialMock> mOutput{mCompositionEngine};
+};
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameTest, takesEarlyOutIfNotEnabled) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = false;
+
+    mOutput.prepareFrame();
+}
+
+TEST_F(OutputPrepareFrameTest, delegatesToChooseCompositionStrategyAndRenderSurface) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mOutput, chooseCompositionStrategy()).Times(1);
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(false, true));
+
+    mOutput.prepareFrame();
+}
+
+// Note: Use OutputTest and not OutputPrepareFrameTest, so the real
+// base chooseCompositionStrategy() is invoked.
+TEST_F(OutputTest, prepareFrameSetsClientCompositionOnlyByDefault) {
+    mOutput.editState().isEnabled = true;
+    mOutput.editState().usesClientComposition = false;
+    mOutput.editState().usesDeviceComposition = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(*mRenderSurface, prepareFrame(true, false));
+
+    mOutput.prepareFrame();
+
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mOutput.getState().usesClientComposition);
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mOutput.getState().usesDeviceComposition);
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace android::compositionengine
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
index 87419ea..da3f4fb 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/CompositionEngine/tests/RenderSurfaceTest.cpp
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 
 #include <compositionengine/RenderSurfaceCreationArgs.h>
+#include <compositionengine/impl/OutputCompositionState.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/RenderSurface.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/CompositionEngine.h>
 #include <compositionengine/mock/Display.h>
@@ -27,15 +28,9 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <renderengine/mock/RenderEngine.h>
 
-#include "MockHWComposer.h"
-
 namespace android::compositionengine {
 namespace {
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * RenderSurfaceTest
- */
-
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_WIDTH = 1920;
 constexpr int32_t DEFAULT_DISPLAY_HEIGHT = 1080;
 constexpr std::optional<DisplayId> DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID = std::make_optional(DisplayId{123u});
@@ -55,14 +50,11 @@
     RenderSurfaceTest() {
         EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getId()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID));
         EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getName()).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_NAME));
-        EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getHwComposer).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mHwComposer));
         EXPECT_CALL(mCompositionEngine, getRenderEngine).WillRepeatedly(ReturnRef(mRenderEngine));
         EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, disconnect(NATIVE_WINDOW_API_EGL))
                 .WillRepeatedly(Return(NO_ERROR));
     }
-    ~RenderSurfaceTest() override = default;
 
-    StrictMock<android::mock::HWComposer> mHwComposer;
     StrictMock<renderengine::mock::RenderEngine> mRenderEngine;
     StrictMock<mock::CompositionEngine> mCompositionEngine;
     StrictMock<mock::Display> mDisplay;
@@ -74,7 +66,7 @@
                                                            mDisplaySurface}};
 };
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * Basic construction
  */
 
@@ -82,7 +74,7 @@
     EXPECT_TRUE(mSurface.isValid());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::initialize()
  */
 
@@ -95,7 +87,7 @@
     mSurface.initialize();
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::getSize()
  */
 
@@ -105,7 +97,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(expected, mSurface.getSize());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::getClientTargetAcquireFence()
  */
 
@@ -117,7 +109,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(fence.get(), mSurface.getClientTargetAcquireFence().get());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::setDisplaySize()
  */
 
@@ -127,7 +119,7 @@
     mSurface.setDisplaySize(ui::Size(640, 480));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::setBufferDataspace()
  */
 
@@ -138,7 +130,7 @@
     mSurface.setBufferDataspace(ui::Dataspace::DISPLAY_P3);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::setProtected()
  */
 
@@ -179,7 +171,7 @@
     EXPECT_FALSE(mSurface.isProtected());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::beginFrame()
  */
 
@@ -189,73 +181,39 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, mSurface.beginFrame(true));
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::prepareFrame()
  */
 
-TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFramePassesOutputLayersToHwc) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION, mSurface.prepareFrame());
-}
-
-TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameTakesEarlyOutOnHwcError) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION, mSurface.prepareFrame());
-}
-
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameHandlesMixedComposition) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasDeviceComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
-
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, prepareFrame(DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_MIXED))
-            .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
+            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(INVALID_OPERATION, mSurface.prepareFrame());
+    mSurface.prepareFrame(true, true);
 }
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameHandlesOnlyGlesComposition) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasDeviceComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, prepareFrame(DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_GLES))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, mSurface.prepareFrame());
+    mSurface.prepareFrame(true, false);
 }
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameHandlesOnlyHwcComposition) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasDeviceComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
-
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, prepareFrame(DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_HWC))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, mSurface.prepareFrame());
+    mSurface.prepareFrame(false, true);
 }
 
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, prepareFrameHandlesNoComposition) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, prepare(*DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID, Ref(mDisplay)))
-            .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasDeviceComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, prepareFrame(DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_HWC))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(NO_ERROR, mSurface.prepareFrame());
+    mSurface.prepareFrame(false, false);
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::dequeueBuffer()
  */
 
@@ -272,7 +230,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(buffer.get(), mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::queueBuffer()
  */
 
@@ -280,9 +238,11 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
     mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasFlipClientTargetRequest(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID))
-            .WillOnce(Return(false));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = false;
+    state.flipClientTarget = false;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, advanceFrame()).Times(1);
 
     mSurface.queueBuffer(base::unique_fd());
@@ -294,7 +254,11 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
     mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = true;
+    state.flipClientTarget = false;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, advanceFrame()).Times(1);
@@ -308,8 +272,11 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
     mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasFlipClientTargetRequest(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = false;
+    state.flipClientTarget = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(NO_ERROR));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mDisplaySurface, advanceFrame()).Times(1);
@@ -322,8 +289,11 @@
 TEST_F(RenderSurfaceTest, queueBufferHandlesFlipClientTargetRequestWithNoBufferYetDequeued) {
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(false));
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasFlipClientTargetRequest(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = false;
+    state.flipClientTarget = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, dequeueBuffer(_, _))
             .WillOnce(
                     DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(buffer.get()), SetArgPointee<1>(-1), Return(NO_ERROR)));
@@ -340,7 +310,10 @@
     sp<GraphicBuffer> buffer = new GraphicBuffer();
     mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest() = buffer;
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(mHwComposer, hasClientComposition(DEFAULT_DISPLAY_ID)).WillOnce(Return(true));
+    impl::OutputCompositionState state;
+    state.usesClientComposition = true;
+
+    EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, getState()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(state));
     EXPECT_CALL(*mNativeWindow, queueBuffer(buffer->getNativeBuffer(), -1))
             .WillOnce(Return(INVALID_OPERATION));
     EXPECT_CALL(mDisplay, isVirtual()).WillOnce(Return(true));
@@ -353,7 +326,7 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, mSurface.mutableGraphicBufferForTest().get());
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::onPresentDisplayCompleted()
  */
 
@@ -363,7 +336,7 @@
     mSurface.onPresentDisplayCompleted();
 }
 
-/* ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
  * RenderSurface::flip()
  */
 
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
index 1099041..d480f7c 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "HWComposer"
 #define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_GRAPHICS
 
+#include "HWComposer.h"
+
 #include <compositionengine/Output.h>
 #include <compositionengine/OutputLayer.h>
 #include <compositionengine/impl/OutputLayerCompositionState.h>
@@ -29,12 +31,10 @@
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/Trace.h>
 
-#include "HWComposer.h"
-#include "HWC2.h"
-#include "ComposerHal.h"
-
-#include "../Layer.h"           // needed only for debugging
+#include "../Layer.h" // needed only for debugging
 #include "../SurfaceFlinger.h"
+#include "ComposerHal.h"
+#include "HWC2.h"
 
 #define LOG_HWC_DISPLAY_ERROR(hwcDisplayId, msg) \
     ALOGE("%s failed for HWC display %" PRIu64 ": %s", __FUNCTION__, hwcDisplayId, msg)
@@ -113,31 +113,6 @@
     return mDisplayData.at(*displayId).hwcDisplay->getCapabilities().count(capability) > 0;
 }
 
-void HWComposer::validateChange(HWC2::Composition from, HWC2::Composition to) {
-    bool valid = true;
-    switch (from) {
-        case HWC2::Composition::Client:
-            valid = false;
-            break;
-        case HWC2::Composition::Device:
-        case HWC2::Composition::SolidColor:
-            valid = (to == HWC2::Composition::Client);
-            break;
-        case HWC2::Composition::Cursor:
-        case HWC2::Composition::Sideband:
-            valid = (to == HWC2::Composition::Client ||
-                    to == HWC2::Composition::Device);
-            break;
-        default:
-            break;
-    }
-
-    if (!valid) {
-        ALOGE("Invalid layer type change: %s --> %s", to_string(from).c_str(),
-                to_string(to).c_str());
-    }
-}
-
 std::optional<DisplayIdentificationInfo> HWComposer::onHotplug(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId,
                                                                HWC2::Connection connection) {
     std::optional<DisplayIdentificationInfo> info;
@@ -399,7 +374,9 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-status_t HWComposer::prepare(DisplayId displayId, const compositionengine::Output& output) {
+status_t HWComposer::getDeviceCompositionChanges(
+        DisplayId displayId, bool frameUsesClientComposition,
+        std::optional<android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges>* outChanges) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
 
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, BAD_INDEX);
@@ -419,12 +396,8 @@
     // composition.  When there is client composition, since we haven't
     // rendered to the client target yet, we should not attempt to skip
     // validate.
-    //
-    // displayData.hasClientComposition hasn't been updated for this frame.
-    // The check below is incorrect.  We actually rely on HWC here to fall
-    // back to validate when there is any client layer.
     displayData.validateWasSkipped = false;
-    if (!displayData.hasClientComposition) {
+    if (!frameUsesClientComposition) {
         sp<Fence> outPresentFence;
         uint32_t state = UINT32_MAX;
         error = hwcDisplay->presentOrValidate(&numTypes, &numRequests, &outPresentFence , &state);
@@ -449,58 +422,19 @@
         RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("validate", error, displayId, BAD_INDEX);
     }
 
-    std::unordered_map<HWC2::Layer*, HWC2::Composition> changedTypes;
+    android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::ChangedTypes changedTypes;
     changedTypes.reserve(numTypes);
     error = hwcDisplay->getChangedCompositionTypes(&changedTypes);
     RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("getChangedCompositionTypes", error, displayId, BAD_INDEX);
 
-    displayData.displayRequests = static_cast<HWC2::DisplayRequest>(0);
-    std::unordered_map<HWC2::Layer*, HWC2::LayerRequest> layerRequests;
+    auto displayRequests = static_cast<HWC2::DisplayRequest>(0);
+    android::HWComposer::DeviceRequestedChanges::LayerRequests layerRequests;
     layerRequests.reserve(numRequests);
-    error = hwcDisplay->getRequests(&displayData.displayRequests,
-            &layerRequests);
+    error = hwcDisplay->getRequests(&displayRequests, &layerRequests);
     RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("getRequests", error, displayId, BAD_INDEX);
 
-    displayData.hasClientComposition = false;
-    displayData.hasDeviceComposition = false;
-    for (auto& outputLayer : output.getOutputLayersOrderedByZ()) {
-        auto& state = outputLayer->editState();
-        LOG_FATAL_IF(!state.hwc.);
-        auto hwcLayer = (*state.hwc).hwcLayer;
-
-        if (auto it = changedTypes.find(hwcLayer.get()); it != changedTypes.end()) {
-            auto newCompositionType = it->second;
-            validateChange(static_cast<HWC2::Composition>((*state.hwc).hwcCompositionType),
-                           newCompositionType);
-            (*state.hwc).hwcCompositionType =
-                    static_cast<Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition>(newCompositionType);
-        }
-
-        switch ((*state.hwc).hwcCompositionType) {
-            case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CLIENT:
-                displayData.hasClientComposition = true;
-                break;
-            case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::DEVICE:
-            case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SOLID_COLOR:
-            case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::CURSOR:
-            case Hwc2::IComposerClient::Composition::SIDEBAND:
-                displayData.hasDeviceComposition = true;
-                break;
-            default:
-                break;
-        }
-
-        state.clearClientTarget = false;
-        if (auto it = layerRequests.find(hwcLayer.get()); it != layerRequests.end()) {
-            auto request = it->second;
-            if (request == HWC2::LayerRequest::ClearClientTarget) {
-                state.clearClientTarget = true;
-            } else {
-                LOG_DISPLAY_ERROR(displayId,
-                                  ("Unknown layer request " + to_string(request)).c_str());
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    outChanges->emplace(DeviceRequestedChanges{std::move(changedTypes), std::move(displayRequests),
+                                               std::move(layerRequests)});
 
     error = hwcDisplay->acceptChanges();
     RETURN_IF_HWC_ERROR_FOR("acceptChanges", error, displayId, BAD_INDEX);
@@ -508,40 +442,6 @@
     return NO_ERROR;
 }
 
-bool HWComposer::hasDeviceComposition(const std::optional<DisplayId>& displayId) const {
-    if (!displayId) {
-        // Displays without a corresponding HWC display are never composed by
-        // the device
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(*displayId, false);
-    return mDisplayData.at(*displayId).hasDeviceComposition;
-}
-
-bool HWComposer::hasFlipClientTargetRequest(const std::optional<DisplayId>& displayId) const {
-    if (!displayId) {
-        // Displays without a corresponding HWC display are never composed by
-        // the device
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(*displayId, false);
-    return ((static_cast<uint32_t>(mDisplayData.at(*displayId).displayRequests) &
-             static_cast<uint32_t>(HWC2::DisplayRequest::FlipClientTarget)) != 0);
-}
-
-bool HWComposer::hasClientComposition(const std::optional<DisplayId>& displayId) const {
-    if (!displayId) {
-        // Displays without a corresponding HWC display are always composed by
-        // the client
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(*displayId, true);
-    return mDisplayData.at(*displayId).hasClientComposition;
-}
-
 sp<Fence> HWComposer::getPresentFence(DisplayId displayId) const {
     RETURN_IF_INVALID_DISPLAY(displayId, Fence::NO_FENCE);
     return mDisplayData.at(displayId).lastPresentFence;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
index de863b8..e87c5c3 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/DisplayHardware/HWComposer.h
@@ -71,8 +71,26 @@
     // Destroy a previously created layer
     virtual void destroyLayer(DisplayId displayId, HWC2::Layer* layer) = 0;
 
-    // Asks the HAL what it can do
-    virtual status_t prepare(DisplayId displayId, const compositionengine::Output&) = 0;
+    struct DeviceRequestedChanges {
+        using ChangedTypes = std::unordered_map<HWC2::Layer*, HWC2::Composition>;
+        using DisplayRequests = HWC2::DisplayRequest;
+        using LayerRequests = std::unordered_map<HWC2::Layer*, HWC2::LayerRequest>;
+
+        ChangedTypes changedTypes;
+        DisplayRequests displayRequests;
+        LayerRequests layerRequests;
+    };
+
+    // Gets any required composition change requests from the HWC device.
+    //
+    // Note that frameUsesClientComposition must be set correctly based on
+    // whether the current frame appears to use client composition. If it is
+    // false some internal optimizations are allowed to present the display
+    // with fewer handshakes, but this does not work if client composition is
+    // expected.
+    virtual status_t getDeviceCompositionChanges(
+            DisplayId, bool frameUsesClientComposition,
+            std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>* outChanges) = 0;
 
     virtual status_t setClientTarget(DisplayId displayId, uint32_t slot,
                                      const sp<Fence>& acquireFence, const sp<GraphicBuffer>& target,
@@ -93,15 +111,6 @@
     // reset state when an external, non-virtual display is disconnected
     virtual void disconnectDisplay(DisplayId displayId) = 0;
 
-    // does this display have layers handled by HWC
-    virtual bool hasDeviceComposition(const std::optional<DisplayId>& displayId) const = 0;
-
-    // does this display have pending request to flip client target
-    virtual bool hasFlipClientTargetRequest(const std::optional<DisplayId>& displayId) const = 0;
-
-    // does this display have layers handled by GLES
-    virtual bool hasClientComposition(const std::optional<DisplayId>& displayId) const = 0;
-
     // get the present fence received from the last call to present.
     virtual sp<Fence> getPresentFence(DisplayId displayId) const = 0;
 
@@ -210,8 +219,9 @@
     // Destroy a previously created layer
     void destroyLayer(DisplayId displayId, HWC2::Layer* layer) override;
 
-    // Asks the HAL what it can do
-    status_t prepare(DisplayId displayId, const compositionengine::Output&) override;
+    status_t getDeviceCompositionChanges(
+            DisplayId, bool frameUsesClientComposition,
+            std::optional<DeviceRequestedChanges>* outChanges) override;
 
     status_t setClientTarget(DisplayId displayId, uint32_t slot, const sp<Fence>& acquireFence,
                              const sp<GraphicBuffer>& target, ui::Dataspace dataspace) override;
@@ -231,15 +241,6 @@
     // reset state when an external, non-virtual display is disconnected
     void disconnectDisplay(DisplayId displayId) override;
 
-    // does this display have layers handled by HWC
-    bool hasDeviceComposition(const std::optional<DisplayId>& displayId) const override;
-
-    // does this display have pending request to flip client target
-    bool hasFlipClientTargetRequest(const std::optional<DisplayId>& displayId) const override;
-
-    // does this display have layers handled by GLES
-    bool hasClientComposition(const std::optional<DisplayId>& displayId) const override;
-
     // get the present fence received from the last call to present.
     sp<Fence> getPresentFence(DisplayId displayId) const override;
 
@@ -326,14 +327,10 @@
 
     std::optional<DisplayIdentificationInfo> onHotplugConnect(hwc2_display_t hwcDisplayId);
 
-    static void validateChange(HWC2::Composition from, HWC2::Composition to);
-
     struct DisplayData {
         bool isVirtual = false;
-        bool hasClientComposition = false;
-        bool hasDeviceComposition = false;
+
         HWC2::Display* hwcDisplay = nullptr;
-        HWC2::DisplayRequest displayRequests;
         sp<Fence> lastPresentFence = Fence::NO_FENCE; // signals when the last set op retires
         std::unordered_map<HWC2::Layer*, sp<Fence>> releaseFences;
         buffer_handle_t outbufHandle = nullptr;
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
index 7345e8d..017c3d2 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.cpp
@@ -1792,7 +1792,7 @@
     calculateWorkingSet();
     for (const auto& [token, display] : mDisplays) {
         beginFrame(display);
-        prepareFrame(display);
+        display->getCompositionDisplay()->prepareFrame();
         doDebugFlashRegions(display, repaintEverything);
         doComposition(display, repaintEverything);
     }
@@ -1802,16 +1802,16 @@
     postFrame();
     postComposition();
 
-    mHadClientComposition = false;
-    mHadDeviceComposition = false;
-    for (const auto& [token, displayDevice] : mDisplays) {
-        auto display = displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay();
-        const auto displayId = display->getId();
-        mHadClientComposition =
-                mHadClientComposition || getHwComposer().hasClientComposition(displayId);
-        mHadDeviceComposition =
-                mHadDeviceComposition || getHwComposer().hasDeviceComposition(displayId);
-    }
+    mHadClientComposition =
+            std::any_of(mDisplays.cbegin(), mDisplays.cend(), [](const auto& tokenDisplayPair) {
+                auto& displayDevice = tokenDisplayPair.second;
+                return displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay()->getState().usesClientComposition;
+            });
+    mHadDeviceComposition =
+            std::any_of(mDisplays.cbegin(), mDisplays.cend(), [](const auto& tokenDisplayPair) {
+                auto& displayDevice = tokenDisplayPair.second;
+                return displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay()->getState().usesDeviceComposition;
+            });
 
     mVSyncModulator->onRefreshed(mHadClientComposition);
 
@@ -1954,7 +1954,7 @@
         usleep(mDebugRegion * 1000);
     }
 
-    prepareFrame(displayDevice);
+    displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay()->prepareFrame();
 }
 
 void SurfaceFlinger::logLayerStats() {
@@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@
 
     getBE().mGlCompositionDoneTimeline.updateSignalTimes();
     std::shared_ptr<FenceTime> glCompositionDoneFenceTime;
-    if (displayDevice && getHwComposer().hasClientComposition(displayDevice->getId())) {
+    if (displayDevice && displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay()->getState().usesClientComposition) {
         glCompositionDoneFenceTime =
                 std::make_shared<FenceTime>(displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay()
                                                     ->getRenderSurface()
@@ -2405,19 +2405,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-void SurfaceFlinger::prepareFrame(const sp<DisplayDevice>& displayDevice) {
-    auto display = displayDevice->getCompositionDisplay();
-    const auto& displayState = display->getState();
-
-    if (!displayState.isEnabled) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    status_t result = display->getRenderSurface()->prepareFrame();
-    ALOGE_IF(result != NO_ERROR, "prepareFrame failed for %s: %d (%s)",
-             displayDevice->getDebugName().c_str(), result, strerror(-result));
-}
-
 void SurfaceFlinger::doComposition(const sp<DisplayDevice>& displayDevice, bool repaintEverything) {
     ATRACE_CALL();
     ALOGV("doComposition");
@@ -3354,9 +3341,7 @@
     const Region bounds(displayState.bounds);
     const DisplayRenderArea renderArea(displayDevice);
     const TracedOrdinal<bool> hasClientComposition = {"hasClientComposition",
-                                                      getHwComposer().hasClientComposition(
-                                                              displayId)};
-
+                                                      displayState.usesClientComposition};
     bool applyColorMatrix = false;
 
     renderengine::DisplaySettings clientCompositionDisplay;
@@ -3409,7 +3394,7 @@
         clientCompositionDisplay.maxLuminance =
                 profile->getHdrCapabilities().getDesiredMaxLuminance();
 
-        const bool hasDeviceComposition = getHwComposer().hasDeviceComposition(displayId);
+        const bool hasDeviceComposition = displayState.usesDeviceComposition;
         const bool skipClientColorTransform =
                 getHwComposer()
                         .hasDisplayCapability(displayId,
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
index 04e0c89..f2bcd36 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/SurfaceFlinger.h
@@ -769,11 +769,6 @@
      * CompositionInfo
      */
     void beginFrame(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display);
-    /* prepareFrame - This function will call into the DisplayDevice to prepare a
-     * frame after CompositionInfo has been programmed.   This provides a mechanism
-     * to prepare the hardware composer
-     */
-    void prepareFrame(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display);
     void doComposition(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, bool repainEverything);
     void doDebugFlashRegions(const sp<DisplayDevice>& display, bool repaintEverything);
     void logLayerStats();
diff --git a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
index 0f21ad8..47243a9 100644
--- a/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
+++ b/services/surfaceflinger/tests/unittests/CompositionTest.cpp
@@ -296,7 +296,6 @@
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer,
                     setColorTransform(HWC_DISPLAY, _, Hwc2::ColorTransform::IDENTITY))
                 .Times(1);
-        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, presentOrValidateDisplay(HWC_DISPLAY, _, _, _, _)).Times(1);
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, getDisplayRequests(HWC_DISPLAY, _, _, _)).Times(1);
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, acceptDisplayChanges(HWC_DISPLAY)).Times(1);
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, presentDisplay(HWC_DISPLAY, _)).Times(1);
@@ -336,11 +335,21 @@
     }
 
     static void setupHwcCompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, presentOrValidateDisplay(HWC_DISPLAY, _, _, _, _)).Times(1);
+
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mDisplaySurface,
                     prepareFrame(compositionengine::DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_HWC))
                 .Times(1);
     }
 
+    static void setupHwcClientCompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, presentOrValidateDisplay(HWC_DISPLAY, _, _, _, _)).Times(1);
+    }
+
+    static void setupHwcForcedClientCompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
+        EXPECT_CALL(*test->mComposer, validateDisplay(HWC_DISPLAY, _, _)).Times(1);
+    }
+
     static void setupRECompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mDisplaySurface,
                     prepareFrame(compositionengine::DisplaySurface::COMPOSITION_GLES))
@@ -414,6 +423,8 @@
     }
 
     static void setupHwcCompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest*) {}
+    static void setupHwcClientCompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest*) {}
+    static void setupHwcForcedClientCompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest*) {}
 
     static void setupRECompositionCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         EXPECT_CALL(*test->mRenderEngine, useNativeFenceSync()).WillRepeatedly(Return(true));
@@ -981,12 +992,13 @@
     template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
         Case::Display::setupNonEmptyFrameCompositionCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::Display::setupHwcClientCompositionCallExpectations(test);
         Case::Display::setupRECompositionCallExpectations(test);
         Case::Display::template setupRELayerCompositionCallExpectations<Case>(test);
     }
 };
 
-struct ForcedClientCompositionResultVariant : public RECompositionResultVariant {
+struct ForcedClientCompositionResultVariant : public CompositionResultBaseVariant {
     static void setupLayerState(CompositionTest* test, sp<Layer> layer) {
         const auto outputLayer = layer->findOutputLayerForDisplay(test->mDisplay);
         LOG_FATAL_IF(!outputLayer);
@@ -994,6 +1006,14 @@
     }
 
     template <typename Case>
+    static void setupCallExpectations(CompositionTest* test) {
+        Case::Display::setupNonEmptyFrameCompositionCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::Display::setupHwcForcedClientCompositionCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::Display::setupRECompositionCallExpectations(test);
+        Case::Display::template setupRELayerCompositionCallExpectations<Case>(test);
+    }
+
+    template <typename Case>
     static void setupCallExpectationsForDirtyGeometry(CompositionTest*) {}
 
     template <typename Case>