diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/Android.mk b/vehicle/2.0/default/Android.mk
index e61aaa3..4a27eeb 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/Android.mk
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/Android.mk
@@ -25,13 +25,15 @@
     vehicle_hal_manager/AccessControlConfigParser.cpp \
     vehicle_hal_manager/SubscriptionManager.cpp \
     vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleHalManager.cpp \
+    vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleObjectPool.cpp \
+    vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleUtils.cpp \
 
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    liblog \
     libbinder \
     libhidlbase \
     libhidltransport \
     libhwbinder \
+    liblog \
     libutils \
     $(module_prefix) \
 
@@ -47,11 +49,11 @@
     impl/DefaultVehicleHal.cpp \
 
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    liblog \
     libbinder \
     libhidlbase \
     libhidltransport \
     libhwbinder \
+    liblog \
     libutils \
     $(module_prefix) \
 
@@ -69,17 +71,17 @@
 
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES:= \
     tests/AccessControlConfigParser_test.cpp \
-    tests/VehicleObjectPool_test.cpp \
-    tests/VehiclePropConfigIndex_test.cpp \
     tests/SubscriptionManager_test.cpp \
     tests/VehicleHalManager_test.cpp \
+    tests/VehicleObjectPool_test.cpp \
+    tests/VehiclePropConfigIndex_test.cpp \
 
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    liblog \
     libbinder \
     libhidlbase \
     libhidltransport \
     libhwbinder \
+    liblog \
     libutils \
     $(module_prefix) \
 
@@ -105,11 +107,11 @@
     $(module_prefix)-default-impl-lib \
 
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    liblog \
     libbinder \
     libhidlbase \
     libhidltransport \
     libhwbinder \
+    liblog \
     libutils \
     android.hardware.vehicle@2.0
 
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/DefaultConfig.h b/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/DefaultConfig.h
index b1c49c8..e4ca5ca 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/DefaultConfig.h
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/impl/DefaultConfig.h
@@ -83,12 +83,13 @@
         .changeMode = VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE,
         .permissionModel = VehiclePermissionModel::NO_RESTRICTION,
         .supportedAreas = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1),
-        .areaConfigs = init_hidl_vec({
-                VehicleAreaConfig {
-                    .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1),
-                    .minInt32Value = 1,
-                    .maxInt32Value = 7
-                }})
+        .areaConfigs = {
+            VehicleAreaConfig {
+                .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1),
+                .minInt32Value = 1,
+                .maxInt32Value = 7
+            }
+        }
     },
 
     {
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@
         .supportedAreas =
                 VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT
                 | VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_RIGHT,
-        .areaConfigs = init_hidl_vec({
+        .areaConfigs = {
             VehicleAreaConfig {
                 .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
                 .minFloatValue = 16,
@@ -117,7 +118,8 @@
                 .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_RIGHT),
                 .minFloatValue = 16,
                 .maxFloatValue = 32,
-            }})
+            }
+        }
     },
 
     {
@@ -146,12 +148,12 @@
         .access = VehiclePropertyAccess::READ,
         .changeMode = VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE,
         .permissionModel = VehiclePermissionModel::OEM_ONLY,
-        .areaConfigs = init_hidl_vec({
-                                         VehicleAreaConfig {
-                                             .minFloatValue = 0,
-                                             .maxFloatValue = 1.0
-                                         }
-                                     })
+        .areaConfigs = {
+            VehicleAreaConfig {
+                .minFloatValue = 0,
+                .maxFloatValue = 1.0
+            }
+        }
     },
 
     {
@@ -159,12 +161,12 @@
         .access = VehiclePropertyAccess::READ_WRITE,
         .changeMode = VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE,
         .permissionModel = VehiclePermissionModel::OEM_ONLY,
-        .areaConfigs = init_hidl_vec({
-                                         VehicleAreaConfig {
-                                             .minInt32Value = 0,
-                                             .maxInt32Value = 10
-                                         }
-                                     })
+        .areaConfigs = {
+            VehicleAreaConfig {
+                .minInt32Value = 0,
+                .maxInt32Value = 10
+            }
+        }
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/SubscriptionManager_test.cpp b/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/SubscriptionManager_test.cpp
index 171a692..863142e 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/SubscriptionManager_test.cpp
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/SubscriptionManager_test.cpp
@@ -43,35 +43,32 @@
     sp<IVehicleCallback> cb2 = new MockedVehicleCallback();
     sp<IVehicleCallback> cb3 = new MockedVehicleCallback();
 
-    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> subscrToProp1 = init_hidl_vec(
-        {
-            SubscribeOptions {
-                .propId = PROP1,
-                .vehicleAreas = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
-                .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
-            },
-        });
+    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> subscrToProp1 = {
+        SubscribeOptions {
+            .propId = PROP1,
+            .vehicleAreas = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
+            .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
+        },
+    };
 
-    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> subscrToProp2 = init_hidl_vec(
-        {
-            SubscribeOptions {
-                .propId = PROP2,
-                .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
-            },
-        });
+    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> subscrToProp2 = {
+        SubscribeOptions {
+            .propId = PROP2,
+            .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
+        },
+    };
 
-    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> subscrToProp1and2 = init_hidl_vec(
-        {
-            SubscribeOptions {
-                .propId = PROP1,
-                .vehicleAreas = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
-                .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
-            },
-            SubscribeOptions {
-                .propId = PROP2,
-                .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
-            },
-        });
+    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> subscrToProp1and2 = {
+        SubscribeOptions {
+            .propId = PROP1,
+            .vehicleAreas = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
+            .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
+        },
+        SubscribeOptions {
+            .propId = PROP2,
+            .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
+        },
+    };
 
     static std::list<sp<IVehicleCallback>> extractCallbacks(
             const std::list<sp<HalClient>>& clients) {
@@ -144,14 +141,13 @@
 
     // Same property, but different zone, to make sure we didn't unsubscribe
     // from previous zone.
-    manager.addOrUpdateSubscription(cb1, init_hidl_vec(
-        {
-            SubscribeOptions {
+    manager.addOrUpdateSubscription(cb1, {
+        SubscribeOptions {
                 .propId = PROP1,
                 .vehicleAreas = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_2),
                 .flags = SubscribeFlags::DEFAULT
             }
-        }));
+        });
 
     clients = manager.getSubscribedClients(PROP1,
                                            toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VehicleHalManager_test.cpp b/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VehicleHalManager_test.cpp
index d06f6f4..964c7c8 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VehicleHalManager_test.cpp
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VehicleHalManager_test.cpp
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(VehicleHalManagerTest, getPropConfigs) {
-    hidl_vec<VehicleProperty> properties = init_hidl_vec(
-        { VehicleProperty::HVAC_FAN_SPEED,VehicleProperty::INFO_MAKE} );
+    hidl_vec<VehicleProperty> properties =
+        { VehicleProperty::HVAC_FAN_SPEED, VehicleProperty::INFO_MAKE };
     bool called = false;
 
     manager->getPropConfigs(properties,
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
     ASSERT_TRUE(called);  // Verify callback received.
 
     called = false;
-    manager->getPropConfigs(init_hidl_vec({VehicleProperty::HVAC_FAN_SPEED}),
+    manager->getPropConfigs({ VehicleProperty::HVAC_FAN_SPEED },
             [&called] (StatusCode status,
                        const hidl_vec<VehiclePropConfig>& c) {
         ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK, status);
@@ -230,13 +230,12 @@
 
     sp<MockedVehicleCallback> cb = new MockedVehicleCallback();
 
-    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> options = init_hidl_vec(
-        {
-            SubscribeOptions {
-                .propId = PROP,
-                .flags = SubscribeFlags::DEFAULT
-            },
-        });
+    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> options = {
+        SubscribeOptions {
+            .propId = PROP,
+            .flags = SubscribeFlags::DEFAULT
+        },
+    };
 
     StatusCode res = manager->subscribe(cb, options);
     ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK, res);
@@ -249,13 +248,12 @@
 
     sp<MockedVehicleCallback> cb = new MockedVehicleCallback();
 
-    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> options = init_hidl_vec(
-        {
-            SubscribeOptions {
-                .propId = PROP,
-                .flags = SubscribeFlags::DEFAULT
-            },
-        });
+    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> options = {
+        SubscribeOptions {
+            .propId = PROP,
+            .flags = SubscribeFlags::DEFAULT
+        }
+    };
 
     StatusCode res = manager->subscribe(cb, options);
     ASSERT_EQ(StatusCode::OK, res);
@@ -291,13 +289,12 @@
 
     sp<MockedVehicleCallback> cb = new MockedVehicleCallback();
 
-    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> options = init_hidl_vec(
-        {
-            SubscribeOptions {
-                .propId = PROP,
-                .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
-            },
-        });
+    hidl_vec<SubscribeOptions> options = {
+        SubscribeOptions {
+            .propId = PROP,
+            .flags = SubscribeFlags::HAL_EVENT
+        },
+    };
 
     StatusCode res = manager->subscribe(cb, options);
     // Unable to subscribe on Hal Events for write-only properties.
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VehicleHalTestUtils.h b/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VehicleHalTestUtils.h
index 16d0be9..586b5ab 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VehicleHalTestUtils.h
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/tests/VehicleHalTestUtils.h
@@ -43,17 +43,17 @@
         .permissionModel = VehiclePermissionModel::NO_RESTRICTION,
         .supportedAreas = static_cast<int32_t>(
             VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT | VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_RIGHT),
-        .areaConfigs = init_hidl_vec({
-             VehicleAreaConfig {
-                 .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
-                 .minInt32Value = 1,
-                 .maxInt32Value = 7},
-             VehicleAreaConfig {
-                 .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_RIGHT),
-                 .minInt32Value = 1,
-                 .maxInt32Value = 5,
-             }
-         }),
+        .areaConfigs = {
+            VehicleAreaConfig {
+                .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
+                .minInt32Value = 1,
+                .maxInt32Value = 7},
+            VehicleAreaConfig {
+                .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_RIGHT),
+                .minInt32Value = 1,
+                .maxInt32Value = 5,
+            }
+        }
     },
 
     // Write-only property
@@ -64,17 +64,17 @@
         .permissionModel = VehiclePermissionModel::NO_RESTRICTION,
         .supportedAreas = static_cast<int32_t>(
             VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT | VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_RIGHT),
-        .areaConfigs = init_hidl_vec({
-             VehicleAreaConfig {
-                 .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
-                 .minInt32Value = 64,
-                 .maxInt32Value = 80},
-             VehicleAreaConfig {
-                 .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_RIGHT),
-                 .minInt32Value = 64,
-                 .maxInt32Value = 80,
-             }
-         }),
+        .areaConfigs = {
+            VehicleAreaConfig {
+                .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_LEFT),
+                .minInt32Value = 64,
+                .maxInt32Value = 80},
+            VehicleAreaConfig {
+                .areaId = toInt(VehicleAreaZone::ROW_1_RIGHT),
+                .minInt32Value = 64,
+                .maxInt32Value = 80,
+            }
+        }
     },
 
     {
@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@
         .access = VehiclePropertyAccess::READ,
         .changeMode = VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE,
         .permissionModel = VehiclePermissionModel::OEM_ONLY,
-        .areaConfigs = init_hidl_vec({
-                                         VehicleAreaConfig {
-                                             .minFloatValue = 0,
-                                             .maxFloatValue = 1.0
-                                         }
-                                     })
+        .areaConfigs = {
+            VehicleAreaConfig {
+                .minFloatValue = 0,
+                .maxFloatValue = 1.0
+            }
+        }
     },
 
     {
@@ -95,12 +95,12 @@
         .access = VehiclePropertyAccess::READ_WRITE,
         .changeMode = VehiclePropertyChangeMode::ON_CHANGE,
         .permissionModel = VehiclePermissionModel::OEM_ONLY,
-        .areaConfigs = init_hidl_vec({
-                                         VehicleAreaConfig {
-                                             .minInt32Value = 0,
-                                             .maxInt32Value = 10
-                                         }
-                                     })
+        .areaConfigs = {
+            VehicleAreaConfig {
+                .minInt32Value = 0,
+                .maxInt32Value = 10
+            }
+        }
     },
 
     {
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/AccessControlConfigParser.cpp b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/AccessControlConfigParser.cpp
index 1d436c5..d6458c2 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/AccessControlConfigParser.cpp
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/AccessControlConfigParser.cpp
@@ -15,13 +15,14 @@
  */
 
 #define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.vehicle@2.0-impl"
-#include <android/log.h>
+
+#include "AccessControlConfigParser.h"
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <iostream>
 
-#include "AccessControlConfigParser.h"
+#include <android/log.h>
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/AccessControlConfigParser.h b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/AccessControlConfigParser.h
index 17cbbd6..5cd0c3e 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/AccessControlConfigParser.h
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/AccessControlConfigParser.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <list>
+
 #include <android/hardware/vehicle/2.0/types.h>
 
 namespace android {
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/SubscriptionManager.cpp b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/SubscriptionManager.cpp
index 910413e..c190c71 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/SubscriptionManager.cpp
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/SubscriptionManager.cpp
@@ -16,12 +16,13 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.vehicle@2.0-impl"
 
+#include "SubscriptionManager.h"
+
 #include <cmath>
 
-#include <utils/Errors.h>
+#include <android/log.h>
 
 #include "VehicleUtils.h"
-#include "SubscriptionManager.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleHalManager.cpp b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleHalManager.cpp
index 267c515..b4eb484 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleHalManager.cpp
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleHalManager.cpp
@@ -13,19 +13,17 @@
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */
+
 #define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.vehicle@2.0-impl"
 
-#include <cmath>
+#include "VehicleHalManager.h"
 
-#include <utils/Errors.h>
-#include <android/log.h>
-#include <hidl/Status.h>
-#include <future>
-#include <bitset>
 #include <fstream>
+
+#include <android/log.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
-#include "VehicleHalManager.h"
+#include "VehicleUtils.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleHalManager.h b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleHalManager.h
index cb846c9..519b09b 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleHalManager.h
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleHalManager.h
@@ -17,24 +17,24 @@
 #ifndef android_hardware_vehicle_V2_0_VehicleHalManager_H_
 #define android_hardware_vehicle_V2_0_VehicleHalManager_H_
 
-#include <stdint.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <memory>
-#include <map>
-#include <set>
-#include <list>
 
-#include <hwbinder/IPCThreadState.h>
+#include <list>
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <set>
 
 #include <android/hardware/vehicle/2.0/IVehicle.h>
+#include <hwbinder/IPCThreadState.h>
 
 #include "AccessControlConfigParser.h"
 #include "ConcurrentQueue.h"
 #include "SubscriptionManager.h"
 #include "VehicleHal.h"
-#include "VehiclePropConfigIndex.h"
 #include "VehicleObjectPool.h"
+#include "VehiclePropConfigIndex.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace hardware {
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleObjectPool.cpp b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleObjectPool.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70b93e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleObjectPool.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.vehicle@2.0-impl"
+
+#include "VehicleObjectPool.h"
+
+#include <android/log.h>
+
+#include "VehicleUtils.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace vehicle {
+namespace V2_0 {
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtain(
+        VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vecSize) {
+    return isDisposable(type, vecSize)
+           ? obtainDisposable(type, vecSize)
+           : obtainRecylable(type, vecSize);
+}
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtain(
+        const VehiclePropValue& src) {
+    if (src.prop == VehicleProperty::INVALID) {
+        ALOGE("Unable to obtain an object from pool for unknown property");
+        return RecyclableType();
+    }
+    VehiclePropertyType type = getPropType(src.prop);
+    size_t vecSize = getVehicleRawValueVectorSize(src.value, type);;
+    auto dest = obtain(type, vecSize);
+
+    dest->prop = src.prop;
+    dest->areaId = src.areaId;
+    dest->timestamp = src.timestamp;
+    copyVehicleRawValue(&dest->value, src.value);
+
+    return dest;
+}
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtainInt32(
+        int32_t value) {
+    auto val = obtain(VehiclePropertyType::INT32);
+    val->value.int32Values[0] = value;
+    return val;
+}
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtainInt64(
+        int64_t value) {
+    auto val = obtain(VehiclePropertyType::INT64);
+    val->value.int64Values[0] = value;
+    return val;
+}
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtainFloat(
+        float value)  {
+    auto val = obtain(VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT);
+    val->value.floatValues[0] = value;
+    return val;
+}
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtainString(
+        const char* cstr) {
+    auto val = obtain(VehiclePropertyType::STRING);
+    val->value.stringValue = cstr;
+    return val;
+}
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtainRecylable(
+        VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vecSize) {
+    // VehiclePropertyType is not overlapping with vectorSize.
+    int32_t key = static_cast<int32_t>(type)
+                  | static_cast<int32_t>(vecSize);
+
+    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> g(mLock);
+    auto it = mValueTypePools.find(key);
+
+    if (it == mValueTypePools.end()) {
+        auto newPool(std::make_unique<InternalPool>(type, vecSize));
+        it = mValueTypePools.emplace(key, std::move(newPool)).first;
+    }
+    return it->second->obtain();
+}
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtainBoolean(
+        bool value)  {
+    return obtainInt32(value);
+}
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtainDisposable(
+        VehiclePropertyType valueType, size_t vectorSize) const {
+    return RecyclableType {
+        createVehiclePropValue(valueType, vectorSize).release(),
+        mDisposableDeleter
+    };
+}
+
+VehiclePropValuePool::RecyclableType VehiclePropValuePool::obtain(
+        VehiclePropertyType type) {
+    return obtain(type, 1);
+}
+
+
+void VehiclePropValuePool::InternalPool::recycle(VehiclePropValue* o) {
+    if (o == nullptr) {
+        ALOGE("Attempt to recycle nullptr");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!check(&o->value)) {
+        ALOGE("Discarding value for prop 0x%x because it contains "
+                  "data that is not consistent with this pool. "
+                  "Expected type: %d, vector size: %d",
+              o->prop, mPropType, mVectorSize);
+        delete o;
+    } else {
+        ObjectPool<VehiclePropValue>::recycle(o);
+    }
+}
+
+bool VehiclePropValuePool::InternalPool::check(VehiclePropValue::RawValue* v) {
+    return check(&v->int32Values,
+                 (VehiclePropertyType::INT32 == mPropType
+                  || VehiclePropertyType::INT32_VEC == mPropType
+                  || VehiclePropertyType::BOOLEAN == mPropType))
+           && check(&v->floatValues,
+                    (VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT == mPropType
+                     || VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT_VEC == mPropType))
+           && check(&v->int64Values,
+                    VehiclePropertyType::INT64 == mPropType)
+           && check(&v->bytes,
+                    VehiclePropertyType::BYTES == mPropType)
+           && v->stringValue.size() == 0;
+}
+
+VehiclePropValue* VehiclePropValuePool::InternalPool::createObject() {
+    return createVehiclePropValue(mPropType, mVectorSize).release();
+}
+
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace vehicle
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleObjectPool.h b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleObjectPool.h
index 0029380..1ca9211 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleObjectPool.h
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleObjectPool.h
@@ -18,19 +18,10 @@
 #ifndef android_hardware_vehicle_V2_0_VehicleObjectPool_H_
 #define android_hardware_vehicle_V2_0_VehicleObjectPool_H_
 
-#include "VehicleUtils.h" // defines LOG_TAG and includes <android/log.h>
-
-#include <iostream>
-#include <memory>
 #include <deque>
-#include <string>
 #include <map>
 #include <mutex>
 
-#ifndef LOG_TAG
-#define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.vehicle@2.0-impl"
-#endif
-#include <android/log.h>
 #include <android/hardware/vehicle/2.0/types.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -38,8 +29,6 @@
 namespace vehicle {
 namespace V2_0 {
 
-using android::hardware::hidl_vec;
-
 // Handy metric mostly for unit tests and debug.
 #define INC_METRIC_IF_DEBUG(val) PoolStats::instance()->val++;
 struct PoolStats {
@@ -53,6 +42,29 @@
     }
 };
 
+template<typename T>
+struct Deleter  {
+    using OnDeleteFunc = std::function<void(T*)>;
+
+    Deleter(const OnDeleteFunc& f) : mOnDelete(f) {};
+
+    Deleter() = default;
+    Deleter(const Deleter&) = default;
+
+    void operator()(T* o) {
+        mOnDelete(o);
+    }
+private:
+    OnDeleteFunc mOnDelete;
+};
+
+/**
+ * This is std::unique_ptr<> with custom delete operation that typically moves
+ * the pointer it holds back to ObjectPool.
+ */
+template <typename T>
+using recyclable_ptr = typename std::unique_ptr<T, Deleter<T>>;
+
 /**
  * Generic abstract object pool class. Users of this class must implement
  * #createObject method.
@@ -68,24 +80,7 @@
     ObjectPool() = default;
     virtual ~ObjectPool() = default;
 
-    struct Deleter  {
-        using OnDeleteFunc = std::function<void(T*)>;
-
-        Deleter(const OnDeleteFunc& f) : mOnDelete(f) {};
-
-        Deleter() = default;
-        Deleter(const Deleter&) = default;
-
-        void operator()(T* o) {
-            mOnDelete(o);
-        }
-    private:
-        OnDeleteFunc mOnDelete;
-    };
-
-    using RecyclableType = std::unique_ptr<T, Deleter>;
-
-    virtual RecyclableType obtain() {
+    virtual recyclable_ptr<T> obtain() {
         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> g(mLock);
         INC_METRIC_IF_DEBUG(Obtained)
         if (mObjects.empty()) {
@@ -112,34 +107,26 @@
     }
 
 private:
-    const Deleter& getDeleter() {
+    const Deleter<T>& getDeleter() {
         if (!mDeleter.get()) {
-            Deleter *d = new Deleter(std::bind(&ObjectPool::recycle,
-                                               this,
-                                               std::placeholders::_1));
+            Deleter<T> *d = new Deleter<T>(std::bind(
+                &ObjectPool::recycle, this, std::placeholders::_1));
             mDeleter.reset(d);
         }
         return *mDeleter.get();
     }
 
-    RecyclableType wrap(T* raw) {
-        return RecyclableType { raw, getDeleter() };
+    recyclable_ptr<T> wrap(T* raw) {
+        return recyclable_ptr<T> { raw, getDeleter() };
     }
 
 private:
     mutable std::mutex mLock;
     std::deque<std::unique_ptr<T>> mObjects;
-    std::unique_ptr<Deleter> mDeleter;
+    std::unique_ptr<Deleter<T>> mDeleter;
 };
 
 /**
- * This is std::unique_ptr<> with custom delete operation that typically moves
- * the pointer it holds back to ObectPool.
- */
-template <typename T>
-using recyclable_ptr = typename ObjectPool<T>::RecyclableType;
-
-/**
  * This class provides a pool of recycable VehiclePropertyValue objects.
  *
  * It has only one overloaded public method - obtain(...), users must call this
@@ -186,66 +173,20 @@
      *
      */
     VehiclePropValuePool(size_t maxRecyclableVectorSize = 4) :
-        mMaxRecyclableVectorSize(maxRecyclableVectorSize) { };
+        mMaxRecyclableVectorSize(maxRecyclableVectorSize) {};
 
-    RecyclableType obtain(VehiclePropertyType type) {
-        return obtain(type, 1);
-    }
+    RecyclableType obtain(VehiclePropertyType type);
 
-    RecyclableType obtain(VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vecSize) {
-        return isDisposable(type, vecSize)
-                ? obtainDisposable(type, vecSize)
-                : obtainRecylable(type, vecSize);
-    }
-
-    RecyclableType obtain(const VehiclePropValue& src) {
-        if (src.prop == VehicleProperty::INVALID) {
-            ALOGE("Unable to obtain an object from pool for unknown property");
-            return RecyclableType();
-        }
-        VehiclePropertyType type = getPropType(src.prop);
-        size_t vecSize = getVehicleRawValueVectorSize(src.value, type);;
-        auto dest = obtain(type, vecSize);
-
-        dest->prop = src.prop;
-        dest->areaId = src.areaId;
-        dest->timestamp = src.timestamp;
-        copyVehicleRawValue(&dest->value, src.value);
-
-        return dest;
-    }
-
-    RecyclableType obtainBoolean(bool value) {
-        return obtainInt32(value);
-    }
-
-    RecyclableType obtainInt32(int32_t value) {
-        auto val = obtain(VehiclePropertyType::INT32);
-        val->value.int32Values[0] = value;
-        return val;
-    }
-
-    RecyclableType obtainInt64(int64_t value) {
-        auto val = obtain(VehiclePropertyType::INT64);
-        val->value.int64Values[0] = value;
-        return val;
-    }
-
-    RecyclableType obtainFloat(float value) {
-        auto val = obtain(VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT);
-        val->value.floatValues[0] = value;
-        return val;
-    }
-
-    RecyclableType obtainString(const char* cstr) {
-        auto val = obtain(VehiclePropertyType::STRING);
-        val->value.stringValue = cstr;
-        return val;
-    }
+    RecyclableType obtain(VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vecSize);
+    RecyclableType obtain(const VehiclePropValue& src);
+    RecyclableType obtainBoolean(bool value);
+    RecyclableType obtainInt32(int32_t value);
+    RecyclableType obtainInt64(int64_t value);
+    RecyclableType obtainFloat(float value);
+    RecyclableType obtainString(const char* cstr);
 
     VehiclePropValuePool(VehiclePropValuePool& ) = delete;
     VehiclePropValuePool& operator=(VehiclePropValuePool&) = delete;
-
 private:
     bool isDisposable(VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vecSize) const {
         return vecSize > mMaxRecyclableVectorSize ||
@@ -253,70 +194,23 @@
     }
 
     RecyclableType obtainDisposable(VehiclePropertyType valueType,
-                                    size_t vectorSize) const {
-        return RecyclableType {
-            createVehiclePropValue(valueType, vectorSize).release(),
-            mDisposableDeleter
-        };
-    }
-
-    RecyclableType obtainRecylable(VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vecSize) {
-        // VehiclePropertyType is not overlapping with vectorSize.
-        int32_t key = static_cast<int32_t>(type)
-                      | static_cast<int32_t>(vecSize);
-
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> g(mLock);
-        auto it = mValueTypePools.find(key);
-
-        if (it == mValueTypePools.end()) {
-            auto newPool(std::make_unique<InternalPool>(type, vecSize));
-            it = mValueTypePools.emplace(key, std::move(newPool)).first;
-        }
-        return it->second->obtain();
-    }
+                                    size_t vectorSize) const;
+    RecyclableType obtainRecylable(VehiclePropertyType type,
+                                   size_t vecSize);
 
     class InternalPool: public ObjectPool<VehiclePropValue> {
     public:
         InternalPool(VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vectorSize)
-            : mPropType(type), mVectorSize(vectorSize) {
-        }
+            : mPropType(type), mVectorSize(vectorSize) {}
 
         RecyclableType obtain() {
             return ObjectPool<VehiclePropValue>::obtain();
         }
     protected:
-        VehiclePropValue* createObject() override {
-            return createVehiclePropValue(mPropType, mVectorSize).release();
-        }
-
-        void recycle(VehiclePropValue* o) override {
-            ALOGE_IF(o == nullptr, "Attempt to recycle nullptr");
-
-            if (!check(&o->value)) {
-                ALOGE("Discarding value for prop 0x%x because it contains "
-                          "data that is not consistent with this pool. "
-                          "Expected type: %d, vector size: %d",
-                      o->prop, mPropType, mVectorSize);
-                delete o;
-            }
-            ObjectPool<VehiclePropValue>::recycle(o);
-        }
-
+        VehiclePropValue* createObject() override;
+        void recycle(VehiclePropValue* o) override;
     private:
-        bool check(VehiclePropValue::RawValue* v) {
-            return check(&v->int32Values,
-                         (VehiclePropertyType::INT32 == mPropType
-                             || VehiclePropertyType::INT32_VEC == mPropType
-                             || VehiclePropertyType::BOOLEAN == mPropType))
-                    && check(&v->floatValues,
-                             (VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT == mPropType
-                              || VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT_VEC == mPropType))
-                    && check(&v->int64Values,
-                             VehiclePropertyType::INT64 == mPropType)
-                    && check(&v->bytes,
-                             VehiclePropertyType::BYTES == mPropType)
-                    && v->stringValue.size() == 0;
-        }
+        bool check(VehiclePropValue::RawValue* v);
 
         template <typename VecType>
         bool check(hidl_vec<VecType>* vec, bool expected) {
@@ -328,7 +222,7 @@
     };
 
 private:
-    const ObjectPool<VehiclePropValue>::Deleter mDisposableDeleter {
+    const Deleter<VehiclePropValue> mDisposableDeleter {
         [] (VehiclePropValue* v) {
             delete v;
         }
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleUtils.cpp b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleUtils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c461833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleUtils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.vehicle@2.0-impl"
+
+#include "VehicleUtils.h"
+
+#include <android/log.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace hardware {
+namespace vehicle {
+namespace V2_0 {
+
+//namespace utils {
+
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> createVehiclePropValue(
+    VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vecSize) {
+    auto val = std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>(new VehiclePropValue);
+    switch (type) {
+        case VehiclePropertyType::INT32:      // fall through
+        case VehiclePropertyType::INT32_VEC:  // fall through
+        case VehiclePropertyType::BOOLEAN:
+            val->value.int32Values.resize(vecSize);
+            break;
+        case VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT:      // fall through
+        case VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT_VEC:
+            val->value.floatValues.resize(vecSize);
+            break;
+        case VehiclePropertyType::INT64:
+            val->value.int64Values.resize(vecSize);
+            break;
+        case VehiclePropertyType::BYTES:
+            val->value.bytes.resize(vecSize);
+            break;
+        case VehiclePropertyType::STRING:
+            break; // Valid, but nothing to do.
+        default:
+            ALOGE("createVehiclePropValue: unknown type: %d", type);
+            val.reset(nullptr);
+    }
+    return val;
+}
+
+size_t getVehicleRawValueVectorSize(
+    const VehiclePropValue::RawValue& value, VehiclePropertyType type) {
+    switch (type) {
+        case VehiclePropertyType::INT32:      // fall through
+        case VehiclePropertyType::INT32_VEC:  // fall through
+        case VehiclePropertyType::BOOLEAN:
+            return value.int32Values.size();
+        case VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT:      // fall through
+        case VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT_VEC:
+            return value.floatValues.size();
+        case VehiclePropertyType::INT64:
+            return value.int64Values.size();
+        case VehiclePropertyType::BYTES:
+            return value.bytes.size();
+        default:
+            return 0;
+    }
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+inline void copyHidlVec(hidl_vec <T>* dest, const hidl_vec <T>& src) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(dest->size(), src.size()); i++) {
+        (*dest)[i] = src[i];
+    }
+}
+
+void copyVehicleRawValue(VehiclePropValue::RawValue* dest,
+                         const VehiclePropValue::RawValue& src) {
+    dest->int32Values = src.int32Values;
+    dest->floatValues = src.floatValues;
+    dest->int64Values = src.int64Values;
+    dest->bytes = src.bytes;
+    dest->stringValue = src.stringValue;
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+void shallowCopyHidlVec(hidl_vec <T>* dest, const hidl_vec <T>& src) {
+    if (src.size() > 0) {
+        dest->setToExternal(const_cast<T*>(&src[0]), src.size());
+    } else if (dest->size() > 0) {
+        dest->resize(0);
+    }
+}
+
+void shallowCopyHidlStr(hidl_string* dest, const hidl_string& src) {
+    if (!src.empty()) {
+        dest->setToExternal(src.c_str(), src.size());
+    } else if (dest->size() > 0) {
+        dest->setToExternal(0, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+void shallowCopy(VehiclePropValue* dest, const VehiclePropValue& src) {
+    dest->prop = src.prop;
+    dest->areaId = src.areaId;
+    dest->timestamp = src.timestamp;
+    shallowCopyHidlVec(&dest->value.int32Values, src.value.int32Values);
+    shallowCopyHidlVec(&dest->value.int64Values, src.value.int64Values);
+    shallowCopyHidlVec(&dest->value.floatValues, src.value.floatValues);
+    shallowCopyHidlVec(&dest->value.bytes, src.value.bytes);
+    shallowCopyHidlStr(&dest->value.stringValue, src.value.stringValue);
+}
+
+
+//}  // namespace utils
+
+}  // namespace V2_0
+}  // namespace vehicle
+}  // namespace hardware
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleUtils.h b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleUtils.h
index f06e97e..1177ddd 100644
--- a/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleUtils.h
+++ b/vehicle/2.0/default/vehicle_hal_manager/VehicleUtils.h
@@ -17,11 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef android_hardware_vehicle_V2_0_VehicleUtils_H_
 #define android_hardware_vehicle_V2_0_VehicleUtils_H_
 
-#ifndef LOG_TAG
-#define LOG_TAG "android.hardware.vehicle@2.0-impl"
-#endif
-#include <android/log.h>
-
 #include <memory>
 
 #include <hidl/HidlSupport.h>
@@ -36,43 +31,22 @@
 /** Represents all supported areas for a property. Can be used is  */
 constexpr int32_t kAllSupportedAreas = 0;
 
-template <typename T>
-inline hidl_vec<T> init_hidl_vec(std::initializer_list<const T> values) {
-    hidl_vec<T> vector;
-    vector.resize(values.size());
-    size_t i = 0;
-    for (auto& c : values) {
-        vector[i++] = c;
-    }
-    return vector;
-}
-
-/**
- * Logical 'and' operator for class enums. The return type will be enum's
- * underline type
- */
-template <typename ENUM>
-inline typename std::underlying_type<ENUM>::type operator &(ENUM v1, ENUM v2) {
-    return static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<ENUM>::type>(v1)
-           & static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<ENUM>::type>(v2);
-}
-
 /** Returns underlying (integer) value for given enum. */
-template <typename ENUM>
+template<typename ENUM>
 inline typename std::underlying_type<ENUM>::type toInt(ENUM const value) {
     return static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<ENUM>::type>(value);
 }
 
 inline VehiclePropertyType getPropType(VehicleProperty prop) {
     return static_cast<VehiclePropertyType>(
-            static_cast<int32_t>(prop)
-            & static_cast<int32_t>(VehiclePropertyType::MASK));
+        static_cast<int32_t>(prop)
+        & static_cast<int32_t>(VehiclePropertyType::MASK));
 }
 
 inline VehiclePropertyGroup getPropGroup(VehicleProperty prop) {
     return static_cast<VehiclePropertyGroup>(
-                static_cast<int32_t>(prop)
-                & static_cast<int32_t>(VehiclePropertyGroup::MASK));
+        static_cast<int32_t>(prop)
+        & static_cast<int32_t>(VehiclePropertyGroup::MASK));
 }
 
 inline VehicleArea getPropArea(VehicleProperty prop) {
@@ -84,106 +58,25 @@
     return getPropArea(prop) == VehicleArea::GLOBAL;
 }
 
-inline bool checkPropType(VehicleProperty prop, VehiclePropertyType type) {
-    return getPropType(prop) == type;
-}
-
 inline bool isSystemProperty(VehicleProperty prop) {
     return VehiclePropertyGroup::SYSTEM == getPropGroup(prop);
 }
 
-inline std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> createVehiclePropValue(
-    VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vecSize) {
-    auto val = std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue>(new VehiclePropValue);
-    switch (type) {
-        case VehiclePropertyType::INT32:      // fall through
-        case VehiclePropertyType::INT32_VEC:  // fall through
-        case VehiclePropertyType::BOOLEAN:
-            val->value.int32Values.resize(vecSize);
-            break;
-        case VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT:
-        case VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT_VEC:  // fall through
-            val->value.floatValues.resize(vecSize);
-            break;
-        case VehiclePropertyType::INT64:
-            val->value.int64Values.resize(vecSize);
-            break;
-        case VehiclePropertyType::BYTES:
-            val->value.bytes.resize(vecSize);
-            break;
-        case VehiclePropertyType::STRING:
-            break; // Valid, but nothing to do.
-        default:
-            ALOGE("createVehiclePropValue: unknown type: %d", type);
-            val.reset(nullptr);
-    }
-    return val;
-}
+std::unique_ptr<VehiclePropValue> createVehiclePropValue(
+    VehiclePropertyType type, size_t vecSize);
 
-inline size_t getVehicleRawValueVectorSize(
-        const VehiclePropValue::RawValue& value, VehiclePropertyType type) {
-    switch (type) {
-        case VehiclePropertyType::INT32:      // fall through
-        case VehiclePropertyType::INT32_VEC:  // fall through
-        case VehiclePropertyType::BOOLEAN:
-            return value.int32Values.size();
-        case VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT:      // fall through
-        case VehiclePropertyType::FLOAT_VEC:
-            return value.floatValues.size();
-        case VehiclePropertyType::INT64:
-            return value.int64Values.size();
-        case VehiclePropertyType::BYTES:
-            return value.bytes.size();
-        default:
-            return 0;
-    }
-}
+size_t getVehicleRawValueVectorSize(
+    const VehiclePropValue::RawValue& value, VehiclePropertyType type);
 
-/** Copies vector src to dest, dest should have enough space. */
-template <typename T>
-inline void copyHidlVec(hidl_vec<T>* dest, const hidl_vec<T>& src) {
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < std::min(dest->size(), src.size()); i++) {
-        (*dest)[i] = src[i];
-    }
-}
+void copyVehicleRawValue(VehiclePropValue::RawValue* dest,
+                                const VehiclePropValue::RawValue& src);
 
-inline void copyVehicleRawValue(VehiclePropValue::RawValue* dest,
-                                const VehiclePropValue::RawValue& src) {
-    copyHidlVec(&dest->int32Values, src.int32Values);
-    copyHidlVec(&dest->floatValues, src.floatValues);
-    copyHidlVec(&dest->int64Values, src.int64Values);
-    copyHidlVec(&dest->bytes, src.bytes);
-    dest->stringValue = src.stringValue;
-}
+template<typename T>
+void shallowCopyHidlVec(hidl_vec<T>* dest, const hidl_vec<T>& src);
 
-template <typename T>
-inline void shallowCopyHidlVec(hidl_vec<T>* dest, const hidl_vec<T>& src) {
-    if (src.size() > 0) {
-        dest->setToExternal(const_cast<T*>(&src[0]), src.size());
-    } else if (dest->size() > 0) {
-        dest->resize(0);
-    }
-}
+void shallowCopyHidlStr(hidl_string* dest, const hidl_string& src);
 
-inline void shallowCopyHidlStr(hidl_string* dest, const hidl_string& src ) {
-    if (!src.empty()) {
-        dest->setToExternal(src.c_str(), src.size());
-    } else if (dest->size() > 0) {
-        dest->setToExternal(0, 0);
-    }
-}
-
-inline void shallowCopy(VehiclePropValue* dest,
-                        const VehiclePropValue& src) {
-    dest->prop = src.prop;
-    dest->areaId = src.areaId;
-    dest->timestamp = src.timestamp;
-    shallowCopyHidlVec(&dest->value.int32Values, src.value.int32Values);
-    shallowCopyHidlVec(&dest->value.int64Values, src.value.int64Values);
-    shallowCopyHidlVec(&dest->value.floatValues, src.value.floatValues);
-    shallowCopyHidlVec(&dest->value.bytes, src.value.bytes);
-    shallowCopyHidlStr(&dest->value.stringValue, src.value.stringValue);
-}
+void shallowCopy(VehiclePropValue* dest, const VehiclePropValue& src);
 
 }  // namespace V2_0
 }  // namespace vehicle