diff --git a/bluetooth/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBluetoothV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/bluetooth/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBluetoothV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index ce15875..c8c7cb5 100644
--- a/bluetooth/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBluetoothV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/bluetooth/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalBluetoothV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
  public:
   virtual void SetUp() override {
     // currently test passthrough mode only
-    bluetooth = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<IBluetoothHci>();
+    bluetooth = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<IBluetoothHci>();
     ASSERT_NE(bluetooth, nullptr);
     ALOGI("%s: getService() for bluetooth is %s", __func__,
           bluetooth->isRemote() ? "remote" : "local");
diff --git a/ir/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalIrV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/ir/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalIrV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index 1dd0405..605eabb 100644
--- a/ir/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalIrV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/ir/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalIrV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 class ConsumerIrHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest {
  public:
   virtual void SetUp() override {
-    ir = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<IConsumerIr>();
+    ir = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<IConsumerIr>();
     ASSERT_NE(ir, nullptr);
   }
 
diff --git a/nfc/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNfcV1_0TargetTest.cpp b/nfc/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNfcV1_0TargetTest.cpp
index ae21f9a..5b6089d 100644
--- a/nfc/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNfcV1_0TargetTest.cpp
+++ b/nfc/1.0/vts/functional/VtsHalNfcV1_0TargetTest.cpp
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
 class NfcHidlTest : public ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest {
  public:
   virtual void SetUp() override {
-    nfc_ = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<INfc>();
+    nfc_ = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<INfc>();
     ASSERT_NE(nfc_, nullptr);
 
     nfc_cb_ = new NfcClientCallback(*this);
diff --git a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
index d1ab06a..3bb786d 100644
--- a/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
+++ b/radio/1.0/vts/functional/radio_hidl_hal_test.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include<radio_hidl_hal_utils.h>
 
 void RadioHidlTest::SetUp() {
-    radio = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<IRadio>(hidl_string("rild"));
+    radio = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<IRadio>(hidl_string("rild"));
     ASSERT_NE(radio, nullptr);
 
     radioRsp = new RadioResponse(*this);
diff --git a/wifi/1.0/vts/functional/wifi_hidl_test_utils.cpp b/wifi/1.0/vts/functional/wifi_hidl_test_utils.cpp
index 820a75d..9042075 100644
--- a/wifi/1.0/vts/functional/wifi_hidl_test_utils.cpp
+++ b/wifi/1.0/vts/functional/wifi_hidl_test_utils.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
 void startFramework() { ASSERT_EQ(std::system("svc wifi enable"), 0); }
 
 sp<IWifi> getWifi() {
-    sp<IWifi> wifi = testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<IWifi>();
+    sp<IWifi> wifi = ::testing::VtsHalHidlTargetBaseTest::getService<IWifi>();
     return wifi;
 }