diff --git a/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfUtils.cpp b/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfUtils.cpp
index 1611f9d..2fb5985 100644
--- a/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfUtils.cpp
+++ b/Tethering/jni/com_android_networkstack_tethering_BpfUtils.cpp
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
             return false;
         default:
             jniThrowExceptionFmt(env, "java/io/IOException",
-                                 "Unknown hardware address type %s on interface %s", rv,
+                                 "Unknown hardware address type %d on interface %s", rv,
                                  interface.c_str());
             return false;
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java
index e0fcbfa..07aab63 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 package android.tethering.mts;
 
+import static android.Manifest.permission.ACCESS_WIFI_STATE;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.READ_DEVICE_CONFIG;
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@
     @Before
     public void setUp() throws Exception {
         mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity(MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS, NETWORK_SETTINGS,
-                WRITE_SETTINGS, READ_DEVICE_CONFIG, TETHER_PRIVILEGED);
+                WRITE_SETTINGS, READ_DEVICE_CONFIG, TETHER_PRIVILEGED, ACCESS_WIFI_STATE);
         mContext = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext();
         mTm = mContext.getSystemService(TetheringManager.class);
         mCtsTetheringUtils = new CtsTetheringUtils(mContext);
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@
         TestNetworkTracker tnt = null;
         try {
             tetherEventCallback.assumeTetheringSupported();
-            assumeTrue(isWifiTetheringSupported(tetherEventCallback));
+            assumeTrue(isWifiTetheringSupported(mContext, tetherEventCallback));
             tetherEventCallback.expectNoTetheringActive();
 
             final TetheringInterface tetheredIface =
diff --git a/framework/Android.bp b/framework/Android.bp
index ee71e15..a447a9c 100644
--- a/framework/Android.bp
+++ b/framework/Android.bp
@@ -55,22 +55,6 @@
     ],
 }
 
-java_library {
-    name: "framework-connectivity-annotations",
-    sdk_version: "module_current",
-    srcs: [
-        "src/android/net/ConnectivityAnnotations.java",
-    ],
-    libs: [
-        "framework-annotations-lib",
-        "framework-connectivity",
-    ],
-    visibility: [
-        "//frameworks/base:__subpackages__",
-        "//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__",
-    ],
-}
-
 java_sdk_library {
     name: "framework-connectivity",
     sdk_version: "module_current",
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityAnnotations.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityAnnotations.java
deleted file mode 100644
index eb1faa0..0000000
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityAnnotations.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package android.net;
-
-import android.annotation.IntDef;
-
-import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
-import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
-
-/**
- * Type annotations for constants used in the connectivity API surface.
- *
- * The annotations are maintained in a separate class so that it can be built as
- * a separate library that other modules can build against, as Typedef should not
- * be exposed as SystemApi.
- *
- * @hide
- */
-public final class ConnectivityAnnotations {
-    private ConnectivityAnnotations() {}
-
-    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
-    @IntDef(flag = true, value = {
-            ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_HANDOVER,
-            ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_RELIABILITY,
-            ConnectivityManager.MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE,
-    })
-    public @interface MultipathPreference {}
-
-    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
-    @IntDef(flag = false, value = {
-            ConnectivityManager.RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_DISABLED,
-            ConnectivityManager.RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_WHITELISTED,
-            ConnectivityManager.RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_ENABLED,
-    })
-    public @interface RestrictBackgroundStatus {}
-}
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index 3af90db..a3fc621 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -40,8 +40,6 @@
 import android.content.ComponentName;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.Intent;
-import android.net.ConnectivityAnnotations.MultipathPreference;
-import android.net.ConnectivityAnnotations.RestrictBackgroundStatus;
 import android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport.DetectionMethod;
 import android.net.IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket;
 import android.net.SocketKeepalive.Callback;
@@ -4809,6 +4807,16 @@
             MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_RELIABILITY |
             MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE;
 
+    /** @hide */
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+    @IntDef(flag = true, value = {
+            MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_HANDOVER,
+            MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_RELIABILITY,
+            MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE_PERFORMANCE,
+    })
+    public @interface MultipathPreference {
+    }
+
     /**
      * Provides a hint to the calling application on whether it is desirable to use the
      * multinetwork APIs (e.g., {@link Network#openConnection}, {@link Network#bindSocket}, etc.)
@@ -5030,6 +5038,16 @@
     public static final String ACTION_RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_CHANGED =
             "android.net.conn.RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_CHANGED";
 
+    /** @hide */
+    @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)
+    @IntDef(flag = false, value = {
+            RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_DISABLED,
+            RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_WHITELISTED,
+            RESTRICT_BACKGROUND_STATUS_ENABLED,
+    })
+    public @interface RestrictBackgroundStatus {
+    }
+
     /**
      * Determines if the calling application is subject to metered network restrictions while
      * running on background.
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java
index ae1a8a0..5f7f539 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.content.ContentResolver;
 import android.content.Context;
-import android.net.ConnectivityAnnotations.MultipathPreference;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.MultipathPreference;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.provider.Settings;
diff --git a/service/Android.bp b/service/Android.bp
index 28bcdcb..c4fac90 100644
--- a/service/Android.bp
+++ b/service/Android.bp
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@
         "stable.core.platform.api.stubs",
         "android_system_server_stubs_current",
         "framework-annotations-lib",
-        "framework-connectivity-annotations",
         "framework-connectivity.impl",
         "framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib",
         "framework-wifi.stubs.module_lib",
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index 5c47f27..2ad12a6 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@
 import android.net.CaptivePortal;
 import android.net.CaptivePortalData;
 import android.net.ConnectionInfo;
-import android.net.ConnectivityAnnotations.RestrictBackgroundStatus;
 import android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport;
 import android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.BlockedReason;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager.RestrictBackgroundStatus;
 import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager;
 import android.net.DataStallReportParcelable;
@@ -618,6 +618,11 @@
     private static final int EVENT_UNREGISTER_NETWORK_OFFER = 53;
 
     /**
+     * Used internally when MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS setting changed.
+     */
+    private static final int EVENT_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS_CHANGED = 54;
+
+    /**
      * Argument for {@link #EVENT_PROVISIONING_NOTIFICATION} to indicate that the notification
      * should be shown.
      */
@@ -1461,6 +1466,11 @@
         mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_SETTINGS_CHANGED);
     }
 
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    void updateMobileDataPreferredUids() {
+        mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(EVENT_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS_CHANGED);
+    }
+
     private void handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(NetworkRequest networkRequest, int id) {
         final boolean enable = mContext.getResources().getBoolean(id);
         handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(networkRequest, enable);
@@ -1500,6 +1510,8 @@
         handleAlwaysOnNetworkRequest(mDefaultVehicleRequest, vehicleAlwaysRequested);
     }
 
+    // Note that registering observer for setting do not get initial callback when registering,
+    // callers might have self-initialization to update status if need.
     private void registerSettingsCallbacks() {
         // Watch for global HTTP proxy changes.
         mSettingsObserver.observe(
@@ -1515,6 +1527,11 @@
         mSettingsObserver.observe(
                 Settings.Global.getUriFor(ConnectivitySettingsManager.WIFI_ALWAYS_REQUESTED),
                 EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS);
+
+        // Watch for mobile data preferred uids changes.
+        mSettingsObserver.observe(
+                Settings.Secure.getUriFor(ConnectivitySettingsManager.MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS),
+                EVENT_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS_CHANGED);
     }
 
     private void registerPrivateDnsSettingsCallbacks() {
@@ -2725,6 +2742,13 @@
 
         // Create network requests for always-on networks.
         mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_CONFIGURE_ALWAYS_ON_NETWORKS));
+
+        // Update mobile data preference if necessary.
+        // Note that empty uid list can be skip here only because no uid rules applied before system
+        // ready. Normally, the empty uid list means to clear the uids rules on netd.
+        if (!ConnectivitySettingsManager.getMobileDataPreferredUids(mContext).isEmpty()) {
+            updateMobileDataPreferredUids();
+        }
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4806,6 +4830,9 @@
                 case EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_ACTIVITY:
                     mNetworkActivityTracker.handleReportNetworkActivity();
                     break;
+                case EVENT_MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS_CHANGED:
+                    handleMobileDataPreferredUidsChanged();
+                    break;
             }
         }
     }
@@ -5592,7 +5619,7 @@
          * Get the list of UIDs this nri applies to.
          */
         @NonNull
-        private Set<UidRange> getUids() {
+        Set<UidRange> getUids() {
             // networkCapabilities.getUids() returns a defensive copy.
             // multilayer requests will all have the same uids so return the first one.
             final Set<UidRange> uids = mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUidRanges();
@@ -6308,6 +6335,11 @@
     @NonNull
     private ProfileNetworkPreferences mProfileNetworkPreferences = new ProfileNetworkPreferences();
 
+    // A set of UIDs that should use mobile data preferentially if available. This object follows
+    // the same threading rules as the OEM network preferences above.
+    @NonNull
+    private Set<Integer> mMobileDataPreferredUids = new ArraySet<>();
+
     // OemNetworkPreferences activity String log entries.
     private static final int MAX_OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_LOGS = 20;
     @NonNull
@@ -9670,7 +9702,8 @@
         // safe - it's just possible the value is slightly outdated. For the final check,
         // see #handleSetProfileNetworkPreference. But if this can be caught here it is a
         // lot easier to understand, so opportunistically check it.
-        if (!mOemNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
+        // TODO: Have a priority for each preference.
+        if (!mOemNetworkPreferences.isEmpty() || !mMobileDataPreferredUids.isEmpty()) {
             throwConcurrentPreferenceException();
         }
         final NetworkCapabilities nc;
@@ -9729,7 +9762,8 @@
         // The binder call has already checked this, but as mOemNetworkPreferences is only
         // touched on the handler thread, it's theoretically not impossible that it has changed
         // since.
-        if (!mOemNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
+        // TODO: Have a priority for each preference.
+        if (!mOemNetworkPreferences.isEmpty() || !mMobileDataPreferredUids.isEmpty()) {
             // This may happen on a device with an OEM preference set when a user is removed.
             // In this case, it's safe to ignore. In particular this happens in the tests.
             loge("handleSetProfileNetworkPreference, but OEM network preferences not empty");
@@ -9758,6 +9792,56 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    @NonNull
+    ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> createNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids(
+            @NonNull final Set<Integer> uids) {
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris = new ArraySet<>();
+        if (uids.size() == 0) {
+            // Should not create NetworkRequestInfo if no preferences. Without uid range in
+            // NetworkRequestInfo, makeDefaultForApps() would treat it as a illegal NRI.
+            if (DBG) log("Don't create NetworkRequestInfo because no preferences");
+            return nris;
+        }
+
+        final List<NetworkRequest> requests = new ArrayList<>();
+        // The NRI should be comprised of two layers:
+        // - The request for the mobile network preferred.
+        // - The request for the default network, for fallback.
+        requests.add(createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
+                TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN));
+        requests.add(createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
+                TYPE_NONE, NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT));
+        final Set<UidRange> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
+        for (final int uid : uids) {
+            ranges.add(new UidRange(uid, uid));
+        }
+        setNetworkRequestUids(requests, ranges);
+        nris.add(new NetworkRequestInfo(Process.myUid(), requests));
+        return nris;
+    }
+
+    private void handleMobileDataPreferredUidsChanged() {
+        // Ignore update preference because it's not clear what preference should win in case both
+        // apply to the same app.
+        // TODO: Have a priority for each preference.
+        if (!mOemNetworkPreferences.isEmpty() || !mProfileNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
+            loge("Ignore mobile data preference change because other preferences are not empty");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        mMobileDataPreferredUids = ConnectivitySettingsManager.getMobileDataPreferredUids(mContext);
+        mSystemNetworkRequestCounter.transact(
+                mDeps.getCallingUid(), 1 /* numOfNewRequests */,
+                () -> {
+                    final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                            createNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids(mMobileDataPreferredUids);
+                    replaceDefaultNetworkRequestsForPreference(nris);
+                });
+        // Finally, rematch.
+        rematchAllNetworksAndRequests();
+    }
+
     private void enforceAutomotiveDevice() {
         final boolean isAutomotiveDevice =
                 mContext.getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_AUTOMOTIVE);
@@ -9787,7 +9871,8 @@
         enforceAutomotiveDevice();
         enforceOemNetworkPreferencesPermission();
 
-        if (!mProfileNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
+        // TODO: Have a priority for each preference.
+        if (!mProfileNetworkPreferences.isEmpty() || !mMobileDataPreferredUids.isEmpty()) {
             // Strictly speaking, mProfileNetworkPreferences should only be touched on the
             // handler thread. However it is an immutable object, so reading the reference is
             // safe - it's just possible the value is slightly outdated. For the final check,
@@ -9825,7 +9910,8 @@
         // The binder call has already checked this, but as mOemNetworkPreferences is only
         // touched on the handler thread, it's theoretically not impossible that it has changed
         // since.
-        if (!mProfileNetworkPreferences.isEmpty()) {
+        // TODO: Have a priority for each preference.
+        if (!mProfileNetworkPreferences.isEmpty() || !mMobileDataPreferredUids.isEmpty()) {
             logwtf("handleSetOemPreference, but per-profile network preferences not empty");
             return;
         }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index 90efba0..98b5a98 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -49,11 +49,16 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI;
+import static android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.ConnectivityActionReceiver;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.HTTP_PORT;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.NETWORK_CALLBACK_ACTION;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TEST_HOST;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TestNetworkCallback;
+import static android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.StartTetheringCallback;
+import static android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.TestTetheringEventCallback;
+import static android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.isWifiTetheringSupported;
 import static android.os.MessageQueue.OnFileDescriptorEventListener.EVENT_INPUT;
 import static android.provider.Settings.Global.NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.AF_INET;
@@ -92,6 +97,7 @@
 import android.content.res.Resources;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback;
+import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
 import android.net.IpSecManager.UdpEncapsulationSocket;
@@ -111,6 +117,7 @@
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
 import android.net.TestNetworkManager;
+import android.net.TetheringManager;
 import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils;
 import android.net.util.KeepaliveUtils;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
@@ -228,6 +235,9 @@
     private static final LinkAddress TEST_LINKADDR = new LinkAddress(
             InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress("2001:db8::8"), 64);
 
+    private static final int AIRPLANE_MODE_OFF = 0;
+    private static final int AIRPLANE_MODE_ON = 1;
+
     private Context mContext;
     private Instrumentation mInstrumentation;
     private ConnectivityManager mCm;
@@ -237,6 +247,7 @@
     private final ArraySet<Integer> mNetworkTypes = new ArraySet<>();
     private UiAutomation mUiAutomation;
     private CtsNetUtils mCtsNetUtils;
+    private TetheringManager mTm;
 
     // Used for cleanup purposes.
     private final List<Range<Integer>> mVpnRequiredUidRanges = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -250,6 +261,7 @@
         mWifiManager = (WifiManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
         mPackageManager = mContext.getPackageManager();
         mCtsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(mContext);
+        mTm = mContext.getSystemService(TetheringManager.class);
 
         if (DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.isDevSdkInRange(null /* minExclusive */,
                 Build.VERSION_CODES.R /* maxInclusive */)) {
@@ -1995,4 +2007,76 @@
         assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> mCm.setGlobalProxy(
                 ProxyInfo.buildDirectProxy("example.com" /* host */, 8080 /* port */)));
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactoryResetWithoutPermission() {
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestSApis());
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class, () -> mCm.factoryReset());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testFactoryReset() throws Exception {
+        assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestSApis());
+
+        // Store current settings.
+        final int curAvoidBadWifi =
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.getNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext);
+        final int curPrivateDnsMode = ConnectivitySettingsManager.getPrivateDnsMode(mContext);
+
+        final TestTetheringEventCallback tetherEventCallback = new TestTetheringEventCallback();
+        try {
+            mTm.registerTetheringEventCallback(c -> c.run() /* executor */, tetherEventCallback);
+            // Adopt for NETWORK_SETTINGS permission.
+            mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
+            // start tethering
+            tetherEventCallback.assumeWifiTetheringSupported(mContext);
+            startWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
+            // Update setting to verify the behavior.
+            mCm.setAirplaneMode(true);
+            ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mContext,
+                    ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OFF);
+            ConnectivitySettingsManager.setNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext,
+                    ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI_IGNORE);
+            assertEquals(AIRPLANE_MODE_ON, Settings.Global.getInt(
+                    mContext.getContentResolver(), Settings.Global.AIRPLANE_MODE_ON));
+            // Verify factoryReset
+            mCm.factoryReset();
+            verifySettings(AIRPLANE_MODE_OFF,
+                    ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC,
+                    ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI_PROMPT);
+
+            tetherEventCallback.expectNoTetheringActive();
+        } finally {
+            // Restore settings.
+            mCm.setAirplaneMode(false);
+            ConnectivitySettingsManager.setNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext, curAvoidBadWifi);
+            ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mContext, curPrivateDnsMode);
+            mTm.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetherEventCallback);
+            mTm.stopAllTethering();
+            mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void verifySettings(int expectedAirplaneMode, int expectedPrivateDnsMode,
+            int expectedAvoidBadWifi) throws Exception {
+        assertEquals(expectedAirplaneMode, Settings.Global.getInt(
+                mContext.getContentResolver(), Settings.Global.AIRPLANE_MODE_ON));
+        assertEquals(expectedPrivateDnsMode,
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.getPrivateDnsMode(mContext));
+        assertEquals(expectedAvoidBadWifi,
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.getNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext));
+    }
+
+    private void startWifiTethering(final TestTetheringEventCallback callback) throws Exception {
+        if (!isWifiTetheringSupported(mContext, callback)) return;
+
+        final List<String> wifiRegexs =
+                callback.getTetheringInterfaceRegexps().getTetherableWifiRegexs();
+        final StartTetheringCallback startTetheringCallback = new StartTetheringCallback();
+        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI)
+                .setShouldShowEntitlementUi(false).build();
+        mTm.startTethering(request, c -> c.run() /* executor */, startTetheringCallback);
+        startTetheringCallback.verifyTetheringStarted();
+        callback.expectTetheredInterfacesChanged(wifiRegexs, TETHERING_WIFI);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
index 1c9aba1..8e2b310 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
@@ -306,6 +306,11 @@
             return foundCallback
         }
 
+        inline fun <reified T : CallbackEntry> eventuallyExpect() =
+                history.poll(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS) { it is T }.also {
+                    assertNotNull(it, "Callback ${T::class} not received")
+        } as T
+
         fun assertNoCallback() {
             assertTrue(waitForIdle(DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS),
                     "Handler didn't became idle after ${DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS}ms")
@@ -383,13 +388,12 @@
         callback.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent.network)
         agent.expectEmptySignalStrengths()
         agent.expectNoInternetValidationStatus()
-        agent.unregister()
+
+        unregister(agent)
         callback.expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network)
-        agent.expectCallback<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
         assertFailsWith<IllegalStateException>("Must not be able to register an agent twice") {
             agent.register()
         }
-        agent.expectCallback<OnNetworkDestroyed>()
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -400,7 +404,7 @@
         agent.expectNoInternetValidationStatus()
         mCM.requestBandwidthUpdate(agent.network)
         agent.expectCallback<OnBandwidthUpdateRequested>()
-        agent.unregister()
+        unregister(agent)
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -648,10 +652,16 @@
             }
         }
 
-        agent.unregister()
+        unregister(agent)
         callback.expectCallback<Lost>(agent.network)
     }
 
+    private fun unregister(agent: TestableNetworkAgent) {
+        agent.unregister()
+        agent.eventuallyExpect<OnNetworkUnwanted>()
+        agent.eventuallyExpect<OnNetworkDestroyed>()
+    }
+
     @Test
     @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
     fun testAgentStartsInConnecting() {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f17199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.net.cts
+
+import android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager
+import android.net.LinkProperties
+import android.net.NetworkAgent
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkProvider
+import android.net.NetworkRequest
+import android.net.NetworkScore
+import android.net.VpnManager
+import android.net.VpnTransportInfo
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry
+import com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback.HasNetwork
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+// This test doesn't really have a constraint on how fast the methods should return. If it's
+// going to fail, it will simply wait forever, so setting a high timeout lowers the flake ratio
+// without affecting the run time of successful runs. Thus, set a very high timeout.
+private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000L
+// When waiting for a NetworkCallback to determine there was no timeout, waiting is the
+// only possible thing (the relevant handler is the one in the real ConnectivityService,
+// and then there is the Binder call), so have a short timeout for this as it will be
+// exhausted every time.
+private const val NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT = 200L
+
+private val testContext: Context
+    get() = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext()
+
+private fun score(exiting: Boolean = false, primary: Boolean = false) =
+        NetworkScore.Builder().setExiting(exiting).setTransportPrimary(primary)
+                // TODO : have a constant KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_TEST ?
+                .setKeepConnectedReason(NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER)
+                .build()
+
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+class NetworkScoreTest {
+    private val mCm = testContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java)
+    private val mHandlerThread = HandlerThread("${javaClass.simpleName} handler thread")
+    private val mHandler by lazy { Handler(mHandlerThread.looper) }
+    private val agentsToCleanUp = mutableListOf<NetworkAgent>()
+    private val callbacksToCleanUp = mutableListOf<TestableNetworkCallback>()
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        mHandlerThread.start()
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        agentsToCleanUp.forEach { it.unregister() }
+        mHandlerThread.quitSafely()
+        callbacksToCleanUp.forEach { mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
+    }
+
+    // Returns a networkCallback that sends onAvailable on the best network with TRANSPORT_TEST.
+    private fun makeTestNetworkCallback() = TestableNetworkCallback(TIMEOUT_MS).also { cb ->
+        mCm.registerBestMatchingNetworkCallback(NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST).build(), cb, mHandler)
+        callbacksToCleanUp.add(cb)
+    }
+
+    // TestNetworkCallback is made to interact with a wrapper of NetworkAgent, because it's
+    // made for ConnectivityServiceTest.
+    // TODO : have TestNetworkCallback work for NetworkAgent too and remove this class.
+    private class AgentWrapper(val agent: NetworkAgent) : HasNetwork {
+        override val network = agent.network
+        fun sendNetworkScore(s: NetworkScore) = agent.sendNetworkScore(s)
+    }
+
+    private fun createTestNetworkAgent(
+            // The network always has TRANSPORT_TEST, plus optional transports
+        optionalTransports: IntArray = IntArray(size = 0),
+        everUserSelected: Boolean = false,
+        acceptUnvalidated: Boolean = false,
+        isExiting: Boolean = false,
+        isPrimary: Boolean = false
+    ): AgentWrapper {
+        val nc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().apply {
+            addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST)
+            optionalTransports.forEach { addTransportType(it) }
+            // Add capabilities that are common, just for realism. It's not strictly necessary
+            addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+            addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
+            // Remove capabilities that a test network agent shouldn't have and that are not
+            // needed for the purposes of this test.
+            removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
+            removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+            removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+            if (optionalTransports.contains(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN)) {
+                addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                setTransportInfo(VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE, null))
+            }
+            addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+        }.build()
+        val config = NetworkAgentConfig.Builder()
+                .setExplicitlySelected(everUserSelected)
+                .setUnvalidatedConnectivityAcceptable(acceptUnvalidated)
+                .build()
+        val score = score(exiting = isExiting, primary = isPrimary)
+        val context = testContext
+        val looper = mHandlerThread.looper
+        val agent = object : NetworkAgent(context, looper, "NetworkScore test agent", nc,
+                LinkProperties(), score, config, NetworkProvider(context, looper,
+                "NetworkScore test provider")) {}.also {
+            agentsToCleanUp.add(it)
+        }
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity({ agent.register() }, MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS)
+        agent.markConnected()
+        return AgentWrapper(agent)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testExitingLosesAndOldSatisfierWins() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agent1 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1)
+        val agent2 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        // Because the existing network must win, the callback stays on agent1.
+        cb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        agent1.sendNetworkScore(score(exiting = true))
+        // Now that agent1 is exiting, the callback is satisfied by agent2.
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacks(agent2.network)
+        agent1.sendNetworkScore(score(exiting = false))
+        // Agent1 is no longer exiting, but agent2 is the current satisfier.
+        cb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testVpnWins() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agent1 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1.network)
+        val agent2 = createTestNetworkAgent(intArrayOf(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN))
+        // VPN wins out against agent1 even before it's validated (hence the "then validated",
+        // because it becomes the best network for this callback before it validates)
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent2.network)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEverUserSelectedAcceptUnvalidatedWins() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agent1 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1.network)
+        val agent2 = createTestNetworkAgent(everUserSelected = true, acceptUnvalidated = true)
+        // agent2 wins out against agent1 even before it's validated, because user-selected and
+        // accept unvalidated networks should win against even networks that are validated.
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent2.network)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testPreferredTransportOrder() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agentCell = createTestNetworkAgent(intArrayOf(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agentCell.network)
+        val agentWifi = createTestNetworkAgent(intArrayOf(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        // In the absence of other discriminating factors, agentWifi wins against agentCell because
+        // of its better transport, but only after it validates.
+        cb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(agentWifi)
+        val agentEth = createTestNetworkAgent(intArrayOf(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET))
+        // Likewise, agentEth wins against agentWifi after validation because of its better
+        // transport.
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(agentEth)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testTransportPrimary() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agent1 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1)
+        val agent2 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        // Because the existing network must win, the callback stays on agent1.
+        cb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        agent2.sendNetworkScore(score(primary = true))
+        // Now that agent2 is primary, the callback is satisfied by agent2.
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacks(agent2.network)
+        agent1.sendNetworkScore(score(primary = true))
+        // Agent1 is primary too, but agent2 is the current satisfier
+        cb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        agent2.sendNetworkScore(score(primary = false))
+        // Now agent1 is primary and agent2 isn't
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacks(agent1.network)
+    }
+
+    // TODO (b/187929636) : add a test making sure that validated networks win over unvalidated
+    // ones. Right now this is not possible because this CTS can't directly manipulate the
+    // validation state of a network.
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
index 1bdd533..c220326 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
@@ -388,20 +388,7 @@
             assumeTetheringSupported();
 
             assumeTrue(!getTetheringInterfaceRegexps().getTetherableWifiRegexs().isEmpty());
-
-            final PackageManager pm = ctx.getPackageManager();
-            assumeTrue(pm.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI));
-
-            WifiManager wm = ctx.getSystemService(WifiManager.class);
-            // Wifi feature flags only work when wifi is on.
-            final boolean previousWifiEnabledState = wm.isWifiEnabled();
-            try {
-                if (!previousWifiEnabledState) SystemUtil.runShellCommand("svc wifi enable");
-                waitForWifiEnabled(ctx);
-                assumeTrue(wm.isPortableHotspotSupported());
-            } finally {
-                if (!previousWifiEnabledState) SystemUtil.runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
-            }
+            assumeTrue(isPortableHotspotSupported(ctx));
         }
 
         public TetheringInterfaceRegexps getTetheringInterfaceRegexps() {
@@ -453,8 +440,26 @@
         return callback.getTetheringInterfaceRegexps().getTetherableWifiRegexs();
     }
 
-    public static boolean isWifiTetheringSupported(final TestTetheringEventCallback callback) {
-        return !getWifiTetherableInterfaceRegexps(callback).isEmpty();
+    public static boolean isWifiTetheringSupported(final Context ctx,
+            final TestTetheringEventCallback callback) throws Exception {
+        return !getWifiTetherableInterfaceRegexps(callback).isEmpty()
+                && isPortableHotspotSupported(ctx);
+    }
+
+    /* Returns if wifi supports hotspot. */
+    private static boolean isPortableHotspotSupported(final Context ctx) throws Exception {
+        final PackageManager pm = ctx.getPackageManager();
+        if (!pm.hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_WIFI)) return false;
+        final WifiManager wm = ctx.getSystemService(WifiManager.class);
+        // Wifi feature flags only work when wifi is on.
+        final boolean previousWifiEnabledState = wm.isWifiEnabled();
+        try {
+            if (!previousWifiEnabledState) SystemUtil.runShellCommand("svc wifi enable");
+            waitForWifiEnabled(ctx);
+            return wm.isPortableHotspotSupported();
+        } finally {
+            if (!previousWifiEnabledState) SystemUtil.runShellCommand("svc wifi disable");
+        }
     }
 
     public TetheringInterface startWifiTethering(final TestTetheringEventCallback callback)
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 4661385..d20a089 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -300,7 +300,9 @@
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
+import com.android.net.module.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService.ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo;
+import com.android.server.ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.MockableSystemProperties;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.Nat464Xlat;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo;
@@ -415,6 +417,7 @@
     private static final String VPN_IFNAME = "tun10042";
     private static final String TEST_PACKAGE_NAME = "com.android.test.package";
     private static final int TEST_PACKAGE_UID = 123;
+    private static final int TEST_PACKAGE_UID2 = 321;
     private static final String ALWAYS_ON_PACKAGE = "com.android.test.alwaysonvpn";
 
     private static final String INTERFACE_NAME = "interface";
@@ -1157,6 +1160,10 @@
         return ranges;
     }
 
+    private Set<UidRange> uidRangesForUids(Collection<Integer> uids) {
+        return uidRangesForUids(CollectionUtils.toIntArray(uids));
+    }
+
     private static Looper startHandlerThreadAndReturnLooper() {
         final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("MockVpnThread");
         handlerThread.start();
@@ -1523,6 +1530,8 @@
     private static final UserInfo PRIMARY_USER_INFO = new UserInfo(PRIMARY_USER, "",
             UserInfo.FLAG_PRIMARY);
     private static final UserHandle PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE = new UserHandle(PRIMARY_USER);
+    private static final int SECONDARY_USER = 10;
+    private static final UserHandle SECONDARY_USER_HANDLE = new UserHandle(SECONDARY_USER);
 
     private static final int RESTRICTED_USER = 1;
     private static final UserInfo RESTRICTED_USER_INFO = new UserInfo(RESTRICTED_USER, "",
@@ -10247,7 +10256,7 @@
         mCm.registerNetworkCallback(cellRequest, cellNetworkCallback);
         waitForIdle();
 
-        final ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo[] nriOutput = mService.requestsSortedById();
+        final NetworkRequestInfo[] nriOutput = mService.requestsSortedById();
 
         assertTrue(nriOutput.length > 1);
         for (int i = 0; i < nriOutput.length - 1; i++) {
@@ -10607,8 +10616,7 @@
                 .thenReturn(hasFeature);
     }
 
-    private Range<Integer> getNriFirstUidRange(
-            @NonNull final ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
+    private Range<Integer> getNriFirstUidRange(@NonNull final NetworkRequestInfo nri) {
         return nri.mRequests.get(0).networkCapabilities.getUids().iterator().next();
     }
 
@@ -10647,7 +10655,7 @@
                 OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID;
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
-        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
                         .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
@@ -10676,7 +10684,7 @@
                 OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_NO_FALLBACK;
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
-        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
                         .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
@@ -10702,7 +10710,7 @@
                 OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PAID_ONLY;
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
-        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
                         .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
@@ -10725,7 +10733,7 @@
                 OEM_NETWORK_PREFERENCE_OEM_PRIVATE_ONLY;
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
-        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory()
                         .createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 createDefaultOemNetworkPreferences(prefToTest));
@@ -10758,7 +10766,7 @@
                 .build();
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
-        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory().createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(pref);
 
         assertNotNull(nris);
@@ -10783,7 +10791,7 @@
                 .build();
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
-        final List<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+        final List<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
                 new ArrayList<>(
                         mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory().createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 pref));
@@ -10815,7 +10823,7 @@
                 .build();
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
-        final List<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+        final List<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
                 new ArrayList<>(
                         mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory().createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(
                                 pref));
@@ -10857,7 +10865,7 @@
                 .build();
 
         // Act on OemNetworkRequestFactory.createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences()
-        final ArraySet<ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+        final ArraySet<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
                 mService.new OemNetworkRequestFactory().createNrisFromOemNetworkPreferences(pref);
 
         assertEquals(expectedNumOfNris, nris.size());
@@ -10950,8 +10958,7 @@
         // each time to confirm it doesn't change under test.
         final int expectedDefaultNetworkRequestsSize = 2;
         assertEquals(expectedDefaultNetworkRequestsSize, mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests.size());
-        for (final ConnectivityService.NetworkRequestInfo defaultRequest
-                : mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
+        for (final NetworkRequestInfo defaultRequest : mService.mDefaultNetworkRequests) {
             final Network defaultNetwork = defaultRequest.getSatisfier() == null
                     ? null : defaultRequest.getSatisfier().network();
             // If this is the default request.
@@ -12898,4 +12905,73 @@
             }
         }
     }
+
+    private void assertCreateNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids(Set<Integer> uids) {
+        final Set<NetworkRequestInfo> nris =
+                mService.createNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids(uids);
+        final NetworkRequestInfo nri = nris.iterator().next();
+        // Verify that one NRI is created with multilayer requests. Because one NRI can contain
+        // multiple uid ranges, so it only need create one NRI here.
+        assertEquals(1, nris.size());
+        assertTrue(nri.isMultilayerRequest());
+        assertEquals(nri.getUids(), uidRangesForUids(uids));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test createNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids returns correct NetworkRequestInfo.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testCreateNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids() {
+        // Verify that empty uid set should not create any NRI for it.
+        final Set<NetworkRequestInfo> nrisNoUid =
+                mService.createNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids(new ArraySet<>());
+        assertEquals(0, nrisNoUid.size());
+
+        final int uid1 = PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+        final int uid2 = PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID2);
+        final int uid3 = SECONDARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID);
+        assertCreateNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids(Set.of(uid1));
+        assertCreateNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids(Set.of(uid1, uid3));
+        assertCreateNrisFromMobileDataPreferredUids(Set.of(uid1, uid2));
+    }
+
+    private void setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(Set<Integer> uids) {
+        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setMobileDataPreferredUids(mServiceContext, uids);
+        mService.updateMobileDataPreferredUids();
+        waitForIdle();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Test that MOBILE_DATA_PREFERRED_UIDS changes will send correct net id and uid ranges to netd.
+     */
+    @Test
+    public void testMobileDataPreferredUidsChanged() throws Exception {
+        final InOrder inorder = inOrder(mMockNetd);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+        waitForIdle();
+
+        final int cellNetId = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork().netId;
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkCreate(nativeNetworkConfigPhysical(
+                cellNetId, INetd.PERMISSION_NONE));
+
+        // Initial mobile data preferred uids status.
+        setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(Set.of());
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkAddUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+
+        final Set<Integer> uids1 = Set.of(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges1 = toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(uids1));
+        setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(uids1);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(cellNetId, uidRanges1);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, never()).networkRemoveUidRanges(anyInt(), any());
+
+        final Set<Integer> uids2 = Set.of(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID),
+                PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID2),
+                SECONDARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID));
+        final UidRangeParcel[] uidRanges2 = toUidRangeStableParcels(uidRangesForUids(uids2));
+        setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(uids2);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkRemoveUidRanges(cellNetId, uidRanges1);
+        inorder.verify(mMockNetd, times(1)).networkAddUidRanges(cellNetId, uidRanges2);
+    }
 }