diff --git a/TEST_MAPPING b/TEST_MAPPING
index 7c638a2..0ce43cc 100644
--- a/TEST_MAPPING
+++ b/TEST_MAPPING
@@ -19,6 +19,11 @@
       "name": "TetheringIntegrationTests"
     }
   ],
+  "postsubmit": [
+    {
+      "name": "ConnectivityCoverageTests"
+    }
+  ],
   "mainline-presubmit": [
     {
       "name": "CtsNetTestCasesLatestSdk[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]",
@@ -37,11 +42,9 @@
     },
     {
       "name": "TetheringCoverageTests[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]"
-    }
-  ],
-  "imports": [
+    },
     {
-      "path": "packages/modules/NetworkStack"
+      "name": "ConnectivityCoverageTests[CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex]"
     }
   ],
   "imports": [
diff --git a/Tethering/apex/Android.bp b/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
index bd7ebda..88c885a 100644
--- a/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/apex/Android.bp
@@ -67,6 +67,20 @@
     name: "com.android.tethering-bootclasspath-fragment",
     contents: ["framework-tethering"],
     apex_available: ["com.android.tethering"],
+
+    // The bootclasspath_fragments that provide APIs on which this depends.
+    fragments: [
+        {
+            apex: "com.android.art",
+            module: "art-bootclasspath-fragment",
+        },
+    ],
+
+    // Additional stubs libraries that this fragment's contents use which are
+    // not provided by another bootclasspath_fragment.
+    additional_stubs: [
+        "android-non-updatable",
+    ],
 }
 
 override_apex {
diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java b/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
index 33f1c29..a33af61 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/30/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api30/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.Tether4Value;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetherStatsValue;
 
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
+
 /**
  * Bpf coordinator class for API shims.
  */
@@ -161,6 +163,12 @@
     }
 
     @Override
+    public void tetherOffloadRuleForEach(boolean downstream,
+            @NonNull BiConsumer<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> action) {
+        /* no op */
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public boolean attachProgram(String iface, boolean downstream) {
         /* no op */
         return true;
diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java b/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
index 74ddcbc..611c828 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/31/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/api31/BpfCoordinatorShimImpl.java
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
 
 /**
  * Bpf coordinator class for API shims.
@@ -380,10 +381,7 @@
 
         try {
             if (downstream) {
-                if (!mBpfDownstream4Map.deleteEntry(key)) {
-                    mLog.e("Could not delete entry (key: " + key + ")");
-                    return false;
-                }
+                if (!mBpfDownstream4Map.deleteEntry(key)) return false;  // Rule did not exist
 
                 // Decrease the rule count while a deleting rule is not using a given upstream
                 // interface anymore.
@@ -401,19 +399,32 @@
                     mRule4CountOnUpstream.put(upstreamIfindex, count);
                 }
             } else {
-                mBpfUpstream4Map.deleteEntry(key);
+                if (!mBpfUpstream4Map.deleteEntry(key)) return false;  // Rule did not exist
             }
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
-            // Silent if the rule did not exist.
-            if (e.errno != OsConstants.ENOENT) {
-                mLog.e("Could not delete entry: ", e);
-                return false;
-            }
+            mLog.e("Could not delete entry (key: " + key + ")", e);
+            return false;
         }
         return true;
     }
 
     @Override
+    public void tetherOffloadRuleForEach(boolean downstream,
+            @NonNull BiConsumer<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> action) {
+        if (!isInitialized()) return;
+
+        try {
+            if (downstream) {
+                mBpfDownstream4Map.forEach(action);
+            } else {
+                mBpfUpstream4Map.forEach(action);
+            }
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            mLog.e("Could not iterate map: ", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public boolean attachProgram(String iface, boolean downstream) {
         if (!isInitialized()) return false;
 
diff --git a/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java b/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java
index 8a7a49c..08ab9ca 100644
--- a/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java
+++ b/Tethering/apishim/common/com/android/networkstack/tethering/apishim/common/BpfCoordinatorShim.java
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.Tether4Value;
 import com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetherStatsValue;
 
+import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
+
 /**
  * Bpf coordinator class for API shims.
  */
@@ -145,10 +147,25 @@
 
     /**
      * Deletes a tethering IPv4 offload rule from the appropriate BPF map.
+     *
+     * @param downstream true if downstream, false if upstream.
+     * @param key the key to delete.
+     * @return true iff the map was modified, false if the key did not exist or there was an error.
      */
     public abstract boolean tetherOffloadRuleRemove(boolean downstream, @NonNull Tether4Key key);
 
     /**
+     * Iterate through the map and handle each key -> value retrieved base on the given BiConsumer.
+     *
+     * @param downstream true if downstream, false if upstream.
+     * @param action represents the action for each key -> value. The entry deletion is not
+     *        allowed and use #tetherOffloadRuleRemove instead.
+     */
+    @Nullable
+    public abstract void tetherOffloadRuleForEach(boolean downstream,
+            @NonNull BiConsumer<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> action);
+
+    /**
      * Whether there is currently any IPv4 rule on the specified upstream.
      */
     public abstract boolean isAnyIpv4RuleOnUpstream(int ifIndex);
diff --git a/Tethering/bpf_progs/offload.c b/Tethering/bpf_progs/offload.c
index 6ff370c..336d27a 100644
--- a/Tethering/bpf_progs/offload.c
+++ b/Tethering/bpf_progs/offload.c
@@ -569,6 +569,16 @@
     // For a rawip tx interface it will simply be a bunch of zeroes and later stripped.
     *eth = v->macHeader;
 
+    // Decrement the IPv4 TTL, we already know it's greater than 1.
+    // u8 TTL field is followed by u8 protocol to make a u16 for ipv4 header checksum update.
+    // Since we're keeping the ipv4 checksum valid (which means the checksum of the entire
+    // ipv4 header remains 0), the overall checksum of the entire packet does not change.
+    const int sz2 = sizeof(__be16);
+    const __be16 old_ttl_proto = *(__be16 *)&ip->ttl;
+    const __be16 new_ttl_proto = old_ttl_proto - htons(0x0100);
+    bpf_l3_csum_replace(skb, ETH_IP4_OFFSET(check), old_ttl_proto, new_ttl_proto, sz2);
+    bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, ETH_IP4_OFFSET(ttl), &new_ttl_proto, sz2, 0);
+
     const int l4_offs_csum = is_tcp ? ETH_IP4_TCP_OFFSET(check) : ETH_IP4_UDP_OFFSET(check);
     const int sz4 = sizeof(__be32);
     // UDP 0 is special and stored as FFFF (this flag also causes a csum of 0 to be unmodified)
@@ -586,7 +596,6 @@
     bpf_l3_csum_replace(skb, ETH_IP4_OFFSET(check), old_saddr, new_saddr, sz4);
     bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, ETH_IP4_OFFSET(saddr), &new_saddr, sz4, 0);
 
-    const int sz2 = sizeof(__be16);
     // The offsets for TCP and UDP ports: source (u16 @ L4 offset 0) & dest (u16 @ L4 offset 2) are
     // actually the same, so the compiler should just optimize them both down to a constant.
     bpf_l4_csum_replace(skb, l4_offs_csum, k.srcPort, v->srcPort, sz2 | l4_flags);
@@ -597,8 +606,6 @@
     bpf_skb_store_bytes(skb, is_tcp ? ETH_IP4_TCP_OFFSET(dest) : ETH_IP4_UDP_OFFSET(dest),
                         &v->dstPort, sz2, 0);
 
-    // TEMP HACK: lack of TTL decrement
-
     // This requires the bpf_ktime_get_boot_ns() helper which was added in 5.8,
     // and backported to all Android Common Kernel 4.14+ trees.
     if (updatetime) v->last_used = bpf_ktime_get_boot_ns();
diff --git a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
index 3428c1d..822bdf6 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/android/net/ip/IpServer.java
@@ -596,6 +596,7 @@
         // into calls to InterfaceController, shared with startIPv4().
         mInterfaceCtrl.clearIPv4Address();
         mPrivateAddressCoordinator.releaseDownstream(this);
+        mBpfCoordinator.tetherOffloadClientClear(this);
         mIpv4Address = null;
         mStaticIpv4ServerAddr = null;
         mStaticIpv4ClientAddr = null;
@@ -949,7 +950,6 @@
         if (e.isValid()) {
             mBpfCoordinator.tetherOffloadClientAdd(this, clientInfo);
         } else {
-            // TODO: Delete all related offload rules which are using this client.
             mBpfCoordinator.tetherOffloadClientRemove(this, clientInfo);
         }
     }
@@ -1283,6 +1283,16 @@
             super.exit();
         }
 
+        // Note that IPv4 offload rules cleanup is implemented in BpfCoordinator while upstream
+        // state is null or changed because IPv4 and IPv6 tethering have different code flow
+        // and behaviour. While upstream is switching from offload supported interface to
+        // offload non-supportted interface, event CMD_TETHER_CONNECTION_CHANGED calls
+        // #cleanupUpstreamInterface but #cleanupUpstream because new UpstreamIfaceSet is not null.
+        // This case won't happen in IPv6 tethering because IPv6 tethering upstream state is
+        // reported by IPv6TetheringCoordinator. #cleanupUpstream is also called by unwirding
+        // adding NAT failure. In that case, the IPv4 offload rules are removed by #stopIPv4
+        // in the state machine. Once there is any case out whish is not covered by previous cases,
+        // probably consider clearing rules in #cleanupUpstream as well.
         private void cleanupUpstream() {
             if (mUpstreamIfaceSet == null) return;
 
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
index 4a05c9f..2c1fd29 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinator.java
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@
 
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.net.INetd;
-import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.MacAddress;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkStats.Entry;
@@ -42,7 +41,9 @@
 import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor;
 import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEventConsumer;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
+import android.net.netlink.ConntrackMessage;
 import android.net.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
+import android.net.netlink.NetlinkSocket;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider;
 import android.net.util.InterfaceParams;
 import android.net.util.SharedLog;
@@ -50,7 +51,9 @@
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.SystemClock;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
+import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.text.TextUtils;
+import android.util.ArraySet;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
@@ -69,6 +72,7 @@
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
@@ -120,6 +124,13 @@
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS = 60_000;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int NF_CONNTRACK_TCP_TIMEOUT_ESTABLISHED = 432000;
+    @VisibleForTesting
+    static final int NF_CONNTRACK_UDP_TIMEOUT_STREAM = 180;
+
+    @VisibleForTesting
     enum StatsType {
         STATS_PER_IFACE,
         STATS_PER_UID,
@@ -228,12 +239,22 @@
     // BpfCoordinatorTest needs predictable iteration order.
     private final Set<Integer> mDeviceMapSet = new LinkedHashSet<>();
 
+    // Tracks the last IPv4 upstream index. Support single upstream only.
+    // TODO: Support multi-upstream interfaces.
+    private int mLastIPv4UpstreamIfindex = 0;
+
     // Runnable that used by scheduling next polling of stats.
-    private final Runnable mScheduledPollingTask = () -> {
+    private final Runnable mScheduledPollingStats = () -> {
         updateForwardedStats();
         maybeSchedulePollingStats();
     };
 
+    // Runnable that used by scheduling next polling of conntrack timeout.
+    private final Runnable mScheduledPollingConntrackTimeout = () -> {
+        maybeRefreshConntrackTimeout();
+        maybeSchedulePollingConntrackTimeout();
+    };
+
     // TODO: add BpfMap<TetherDownstream64Key, TetherDownstream64Value> retrieving function.
     @VisibleForTesting
     public abstract static class Dependencies {
@@ -263,13 +284,19 @@
         }
 
         /**
+         * Represents an estimate of elapsed time since boot in nanoseconds.
+         */
+        public long elapsedRealtimeNanos() {
+            return SystemClock.elapsedRealtimeNanos();
+        }
+
+        /**
          * Check OS Build at least S.
          *
          * TODO: move to BpfCoordinatorShim once the test doesn't need the mocked OS build for
          * testing different code flows concurrently.
          */
         public boolean isAtLeastS() {
-            // TODO: consider using ShimUtils.isAtLeastS.
             return SdkLevel.isAtLeastS();
         }
 
@@ -407,6 +434,7 @@
 
         mPollingStarted = true;
         maybeSchedulePollingStats();
+        maybeSchedulePollingConntrackTimeout();
 
         mLog.i("Polling started");
     }
@@ -422,9 +450,13 @@
     public void stopPolling() {
         if (!mPollingStarted) return;
 
-        // Stop scheduled polling tasks and poll the latest stats from BPF maps.
-        if (mHandler.hasCallbacks(mScheduledPollingTask)) {
-            mHandler.removeCallbacks(mScheduledPollingTask);
+        // Stop scheduled polling conntrack timeout.
+        if (mHandler.hasCallbacks(mScheduledPollingConntrackTimeout)) {
+            mHandler.removeCallbacks(mScheduledPollingConntrackTimeout);
+        }
+        // Stop scheduled polling stats and poll the latest stats from BPF maps.
+        if (mHandler.hasCallbacks(mScheduledPollingStats)) {
+            mHandler.removeCallbacks(mScheduledPollingStats);
         }
         updateForwardedStats();
         mPollingStarted = false;
@@ -576,6 +608,7 @@
     /**
      * Clear all forwarding rules for a given downstream.
      * Note that this can be only called on handler thread.
+     * TODO: rename to tetherOffloadRuleClear6 because of IPv6 only.
      */
     public void tetherOffloadRuleClear(@NonNull final IpServer ipServer) {
         if (!isUsingBpf()) return;
@@ -647,6 +680,7 @@
 
     /**
      * Add downstream client.
+     * Note that this can be only called on handler thread.
      */
     public void tetherOffloadClientAdd(@NonNull final IpServer ipServer,
             @NonNull final ClientInfo client) {
@@ -661,54 +695,180 @@
     }
 
     /**
-     * Remove downstream client.
+     * Remove a downstream client and its rules if any.
+     * Note that this can be only called on handler thread.
      */
     public void tetherOffloadClientRemove(@NonNull final IpServer ipServer,
             @NonNull final ClientInfo client) {
         if (!isUsingBpf()) return;
 
+        // No clients on the downstream, return early.
         HashMap<Inet4Address, ClientInfo> clients = mTetherClients.get(ipServer);
         if (clients == null) return;
 
-        // If no rule is removed, return early. Avoid unnecessary work on a non-existent rule
-        // which may have never been added or removed already.
+        // No client is removed, return early.
         if (clients.remove(client.clientAddress) == null) return;
 
-        // Remove the downstream entry if it has no more rule.
+        // Remove the client's rules. Removing the client implies that its rules are not used
+        // anymore.
+        tetherOffloadRuleClear(client);
+
+        // Remove the downstream entry if it has no more client.
         if (clients.isEmpty()) {
             mTetherClients.remove(ipServer);
         }
     }
 
     /**
-     * Call when UpstreamNetworkState may be changed.
-     * If upstream has ipv4 for tethering, update this new UpstreamNetworkState to map. The
-     * upstream interface index and its address mapping is prepared for building IPv4
-     * offload rule.
-     *
-     * TODO: Delete the unused upstream interface mapping.
-     * TODO: Support ether ip upstream interface.
+     * Clear all downstream clients and their rules if any.
+     * Note that this can be only called on handler thread.
      */
-    public void addUpstreamIfindexToMap(LinkProperties lp) {
-        if (!mPollingStarted) return;
+    public void tetherOffloadClientClear(@NonNull final IpServer ipServer) {
+        if (!isUsingBpf()) return;
+
+        final HashMap<Inet4Address, ClientInfo> clients = mTetherClients.get(ipServer);
+        if (clients == null) return;
+
+        // Need to build a client list because the client map may be changed in the iteration.
+        for (final ClientInfo c : new ArrayList<ClientInfo>(clients.values())) {
+            tetherOffloadClientRemove(ipServer, c);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clear all forwarding IPv4 rules for a given client.
+     * Note that this can be only called on handler thread.
+     */
+    private void tetherOffloadRuleClear(@NonNull final ClientInfo clientInfo) {
+        // TODO: consider removing the rules in #tetherOffloadRuleForEach once BpfMap#forEach
+        // can guarantee that deleting some pass-in rules in the BPF map iteration can still
+        // walk through every entry.
+        final Inet4Address clientAddr = clientInfo.clientAddress;
+        final Set<Integer> upstreamIndiceSet = new ArraySet<Integer>();
+        final Set<Tether4Key> deleteUpstreamRuleKeys = new ArraySet<Tether4Key>();
+        final Set<Tether4Key> deleteDownstreamRuleKeys = new ArraySet<Tether4Key>();
+
+        // Find the rules which are related with the given client.
+        mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleForEach(UPSTREAM, (k, v) -> {
+            if (Arrays.equals(k.src4, clientAddr.getAddress())) {
+                deleteUpstreamRuleKeys.add(k);
+            }
+        });
+        mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleForEach(DOWNSTREAM, (k, v) -> {
+            if (Arrays.equals(v.dst46, toIpv4MappedAddressBytes(clientAddr))) {
+                deleteDownstreamRuleKeys.add(k);
+                upstreamIndiceSet.add((int) k.iif);
+            }
+        });
+
+        // The rules should be paired on upstream and downstream map because they are added by
+        // conntrack events which have bidirectional information.
+        // TODO: Consider figuring out a way to fix. Probably delete all rules to fallback.
+        if (deleteUpstreamRuleKeys.size() != deleteDownstreamRuleKeys.size()) {
+            Log.wtf(TAG, "The deleting rule numbers are different on upstream4 and downstream4 ("
+                    + "upstream: " + deleteUpstreamRuleKeys.size() + ", "
+                    + "downstream: " + deleteDownstreamRuleKeys.size() + ").");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // Delete the rules which are related with the given client.
+        for (final Tether4Key k : deleteUpstreamRuleKeys) {
+            mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(UPSTREAM, k);
+        }
+        for (final Tether4Key k : deleteDownstreamRuleKeys) {
+            mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(DOWNSTREAM, k);
+        }
+
+        // Cleanup each upstream interface by a set which avoids duplicated work on the same
+        // upstream interface. Cleaning up the same interface twice (or more) here may raise
+        // an exception because all related information were removed in the first deletion.
+        for (final int upstreamIndex : upstreamIndiceSet) {
+            maybeClearLimit(upstreamIndex);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Clear all forwarding IPv4 rules for a given downstream. Needed because the client may still
+     * connect on the downstream but the existing rules are not required anymore. Ex: upstream
+     * changed.
+     */
+    private void tetherOffloadRule4Clear(@NonNull final IpServer ipServer) {
+        if (!isUsingBpf()) return;
+
+        final HashMap<Inet4Address, ClientInfo> clients = mTetherClients.get(ipServer);
+        if (clients == null) return;
+
+        // The value should be unique as its key because currently the key was using from its
+        // client address of ClientInfo. See #tetherOffloadClientAdd.
+        for (final ClientInfo client : clients.values()) {
+            tetherOffloadRuleClear(client);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean isValidUpstreamIpv4Address(@NonNull final InetAddress addr) {
+        if (!(addr instanceof Inet4Address)) return false;
+        Inet4Address v4 = (Inet4Address) addr;
+        if (v4.isAnyLocalAddress() || v4.isLinkLocalAddress()
+                || v4.isLoopbackAddress() || v4.isMulticastAddress()) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Call when UpstreamNetworkState may be changed.
+     * If upstream has ipv4 for tethering, update this new UpstreamNetworkState
+     * to BpfCoordinator for building upstream interface index mapping. Otherwise,
+     * clear the all existing rules if any.
+     *
+     * Note that this can be only called on handler thread.
+     */
+    public void updateUpstreamNetworkState(UpstreamNetworkState ns) {
+        if (!isUsingBpf()) return;
+
+        int upstreamIndex = 0;
 
         // This will not work on a network that is using 464xlat because hasIpv4Address will not be
         // true.
         // TODO: need to consider 464xlat.
-        if (lp == null || !lp.hasIpv4Address()) return;
+        if (ns != null && ns.linkProperties != null && ns.linkProperties.hasIpv4Address()) {
+            // TODO: support ether ip upstream interface.
+            final InterfaceParams params = mDeps.getInterfaceParams(
+                    ns.linkProperties.getInterfaceName());
+            if (params != null && !params.hasMacAddress /* raw ip upstream only */) {
+                upstreamIndex = params.index;
+            }
+        }
+        if (mLastIPv4UpstreamIfindex == upstreamIndex) return;
 
-        // Support raw ip upstream interface only.
-        final InterfaceParams params = mDeps.getInterfaceParams(lp.getInterfaceName());
-        if (params == null || params.hasMacAddress) return;
+        // Clear existing rules if upstream interface is changed. The existing rules should be
+        // cleared before upstream index mapping is cleared. It can avoid that ipServer or
+        // conntrack event may use the non-existing upstream interfeace index to build a removing
+        // key while removeing the rules. Can't notify each IpServer to clear the rules as
+        // IPv6TetheringCoordinator#updateUpstreamNetworkState because the IpServer may not
+        // handle the upstream changing notification before changing upstream index mapping.
+        if (mLastIPv4UpstreamIfindex != 0) {
+            // Clear all forwarding IPv4 rules for all downstreams.
+            for (final IpServer ipserver : mTetherClients.keySet()) {
+                tetherOffloadRule4Clear(ipserver);
+            }
+        }
 
-        Collection<InetAddress> addresses = lp.getAddresses();
-        for (InetAddress addr: addresses) {
-            if (addr instanceof Inet4Address) {
-                Inet4Address i4addr = (Inet4Address) addr;
-                if (!i4addr.isAnyLocalAddress() && !i4addr.isLinkLocalAddress()
-                        && !i4addr.isLoopbackAddress() && !i4addr.isMulticastAddress()) {
-                    mIpv4UpstreamIndices.put(i4addr, params.index);
-                }
+        // Don't update mLastIPv4UpstreamIfindex before clearing existing rules if any. Need that
+        // to tell if it is required to clean the out-of-date rules.
+        mLastIPv4UpstreamIfindex = upstreamIndex;
+
+        // If link properties are valid, build the upstream information mapping. Otherwise, clear
+        // the upstream interface index mapping, to ensure that any conntrack events that arrive
+        // after the upstream is lost do not incorrectly add rules pointing at the upstream.
+        if (upstreamIndex == 0) {
+            mIpv4UpstreamIndices.clear();
+            return;
+        }
+        Collection<InetAddress> addresses = ns.linkProperties.getAddresses();
+        for (final InetAddress addr: addresses) {
+            if (isValidUpstreamIpv4Address(addr)) {
+                mIpv4UpstreamIndices.put((Inet4Address) addr, upstreamIndex);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -793,6 +953,24 @@
         dumpDevmap(pw);
         pw.decreaseIndent();
 
+        pw.println("Client Information:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        if (mTetherClients.isEmpty()) {
+            pw.println("<empty>");
+        } else {
+            pw.println(mTetherClients.toString());
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
+        pw.println("IPv4 Upstream Indices:");
+        pw.increaseIndent();
+        if (mIpv4UpstreamIndices.isEmpty()) {
+            pw.println("<empty>");
+        } else {
+            pw.println(mIpv4UpstreamIndices.toString());
+        }
+        pw.decreaseIndent();
+
         pw.println();
         pw.println("Forwarding counters:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
@@ -891,11 +1069,13 @@
             throw new AssertionError("IP address array not valid IPv4 address!");
         }
 
-        final long ageMs = (now - value.lastUsed) / 1_000_000;
-        return String.format("[%s] %d(%s) %s:%d -> %d(%s) %s:%d -> %s:%d [%s] %dms",
-                key.dstMac, key.iif, getIfName(key.iif), src4, key.srcPort,
+        final String protoStr = (key.l4proto == OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP) ? "tcp" : "udp";
+        final String ageStr = (value.lastUsed == 0) ? "-"
+                : String.format("%dms", (now - value.lastUsed) / 1_000_000);
+        return String.format("%s [%s] %d(%s) %s:%d -> %d(%s) %s:%d -> %s:%d [%s] %s",
+                protoStr, key.dstMac, key.iif, getIfName(key.iif), src4, key.srcPort,
                 value.oif, getIfName(value.oif),
-                public4, publicPort, dst4, value.dstPort, value.ethDstMac, ageMs);
+                public4, publicPort, dst4, value.dstPort, value.ethDstMac, ageStr);
     }
 
     private void dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(long now, boolean downstream,
@@ -916,12 +1096,14 @@
 
         try (BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> upstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfUpstream4Map();
                 BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> downstreamMap = mDeps.getBpfDownstream4Map()) {
-            pw.println("IPv4 Upstream: [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> dst [outDstMac] age");
+            pw.println("IPv4 Upstream: proto [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> "
+                    + "dst [outDstMac] age");
             pw.increaseIndent();
             dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(now, UPSTREAM, upstreamMap, pw);
             pw.decreaseIndent();
 
-            pw.println("IPv4 Downstream: [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> dst [outDstMac] age");
+            pw.println("IPv4 Downstream: proto [inDstMac] iif(iface) src -> nat -> "
+                    + "dst [outDstMac] age");
             pw.increaseIndent();
             dumpIpv4ForwardingRuleMap(now, DOWNSTREAM, downstreamMap, pw);
             pw.decreaseIndent();
@@ -971,14 +1153,14 @@
                 return;
             }
             if (map.isEmpty()) {
-                pw.println("No interface index");
+                pw.println("<empty>");
                 return;
             }
             pw.println("ifindex (iface) -> ifindex (iface)");
             pw.increaseIndent();
             map.forEach((k, v) -> {
                 // Only get upstream interface name. Just do the best to make the index readable.
-                // TODO: get downstream interface name because the index is either upstrema or
+                // TODO: get downstream interface name because the index is either upstream or
                 // downstream interface in dev map.
                 pw.println(String.format("%d (%s) -> %d (%s)", k.ifIndex, getIfName(k.ifIndex),
                         v.ifIndex, getIfName(v.ifIndex)));
@@ -1248,12 +1430,99 @@
         return null;
     }
 
-    // Support raw ip only.
-    // TODO: add ether ip support.
+    @NonNull
+    private byte[] toIpv4MappedAddressBytes(Inet4Address ia4) {
+        final byte[] addr4 = ia4.getAddress();
+        final byte[] addr6 = new byte[16];
+        addr6[10] = (byte) 0xff;
+        addr6[11] = (byte) 0xff;
+        addr6[12] = addr4[0];
+        addr6[13] = addr4[1];
+        addr6[14] = addr4[2];
+        addr6[15] = addr4[3];
+        return addr6;
+    }
+
+    @Nullable
+    private Inet4Address ipv4MappedAddressBytesToIpv4Address(final byte[] addr46) {
+        if (addr46.length != 16) return null;
+        if (addr46[0] != 0 || addr46[1] != 0 || addr46[2] != 0 || addr46[3] != 0
+                || addr46[4] != 0 || addr46[5] != 0 || addr46[6] != 0 || addr46[7] != 0
+                || addr46[8] != 0 && addr46[9] != 0 || (addr46[10] & 0xff) != 0xff
+                || (addr46[11] & 0xff) != 0xff) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        final byte[] addr4 = new byte[4];
+        addr4[0] = addr46[12];
+        addr4[1] = addr46[13];
+        addr4[2] = addr46[14];
+        addr4[3] = addr46[15];
+
+        return parseIPv4Address(addr4);
+    }
+
     // TODO: parse CTA_PROTOINFO of conntrack event in ConntrackMonitor. For TCP, only add rules
     // while TCP status is established.
     @VisibleForTesting
     class BpfConntrackEventConsumer implements ConntrackEventConsumer {
+        // The upstream4 and downstream4 rules are built as the following tables. Only raw ip
+        // upstream interface is supported. Note that the field "lastUsed" is only updated by
+        // BPF program which records the last used time for a given rule.
+        // TODO: support ether ip upstream interface.
+        //
+        // NAT network topology:
+        //
+        //         public network (rawip)                 private network
+        //                   |                 UE                |
+        // +------------+    V    +------------+------------+    V    +------------+
+        // |   Sever    +---------+  Upstream  | Downstream +---------+   Client   |
+        // +------------+         +------------+------------+         +------------+
+        //
+        // upstream4 key and value:
+        //
+        // +------+------------------------------------------------+
+        // |      |      TetherUpstream4Key                        |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |field |iif   |dstMac|l4prot|src4  |dst4  |srcPor|dstPor|
+        // |      |      |      |o     |      |      |t     |t     |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |value |downst|downst|tcp/  |client|server|client|server|
+        // |      |ream  |ream  |udp   |      |      |      |      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        //
+        // +------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        // |      |      TetherUpstream4Value                                           |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |field |oif   |ethDst|ethSrc|ethPro|pmtu  |src46 |dst46 |srcPor|dstPor|lastUs|
+        // |      |      |mac   |mac   |to    |      |      |      |t     |t     |ed    |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |value |upstre|--    |--    |ETH_P_|1500  |upstre|server|upstre|server|--    |
+        // |      |am    |      |      |IP    |      |am    |      |am    |      |      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        //
+        // downstream4 key and value:
+        //
+        // +------+------------------------------------------------+
+        // |      |      TetherDownstream4Key                      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |field |iif   |dstMac|l4prot|src4  |dst4  |srcPor|dstPor|
+        // |      |      |      |o     |      |      |t     |t     |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |value |upstre|--    |tcp/  |server|upstre|server|upstre|
+        // |      |am    |      |udp   |      |am    |      |am    |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        //
+        // +------+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
+        // |      |      TetherDownstream4Value                                         |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |field |oif   |ethDst|ethSrc|ethPro|pmtu  |src46 |dst46 |srcPor|dstPor|lastUs|
+        // |      |      |mac   |mac   |to    |      |      |      |t     |t     |ed    |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        // |value |downst|client|downst|ETH_P_|1500  |server|client|server|client|--    |
+        // |      |ream  |      |ream  |IP    |      |      |      |      |      |      |
+        // +------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+------+
+        //
         @NonNull
         private Tether4Key makeTetherUpstream4Key(
                 @NonNull ConntrackEvent e, @NonNull ClientInfo c) {
@@ -1292,19 +1561,6 @@
                     0 /* lastUsed, filled by bpf prog only */);
         }
 
-        @NonNull
-        private byte[] toIpv4MappedAddressBytes(Inet4Address ia4) {
-            final byte[] addr4 = ia4.getAddress();
-            final byte[] addr6 = new byte[16];
-            addr6[10] = (byte) 0xff;
-            addr6[11] = (byte) 0xff;
-            addr6[12] = addr4[0];
-            addr6[13] = addr4[1];
-            addr6[14] = addr4[2];
-            addr6[15] = addr4[3];
-            return addr6;
-        }
-
         public void accept(ConntrackEvent e) {
             final ClientInfo tetherClient = getClientInfo(e.tupleOrig.srcIp);
             if (tetherClient == null) return;
@@ -1318,8 +1574,23 @@
 
             if (e.msgType == (NetlinkConstants.NFNL_SUBSYS_CTNETLINK << 8
                     | NetlinkConstants.IPCTNL_MSG_CT_DELETE)) {
-                mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(UPSTREAM, upstream4Key);
-                mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(DOWNSTREAM, downstream4Key);
+                final boolean deletedUpstream = mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(
+                        UPSTREAM, upstream4Key);
+                final boolean deletedDownstream = mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleRemove(
+                        DOWNSTREAM, downstream4Key);
+
+                if (!deletedUpstream && !deletedDownstream) {
+                    // The rules may have been already removed by losing client or losing upstream.
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                if (deletedUpstream != deletedDownstream) {
+                    Log.wtf(TAG, "The bidirectional rules should be removed concurrently ("
+                            + "upstream: " + deletedUpstream
+                            + ", downstream: " + deletedDownstream + ")");
+                    return;
+                }
+
                 maybeClearLimit(upstreamIndex);
                 return;
             }
@@ -1585,14 +1856,89 @@
         return Math.max(DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS, configInterval);
     }
 
+    @Nullable
+    private Inet4Address parseIPv4Address(byte[] addrBytes) {
+        try {
+            final InetAddress ia = Inet4Address.getByAddress(addrBytes);
+            if (ia instanceof Inet4Address) return (Inet4Address) ia;
+        } catch (UnknownHostException | IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            mLog.e("Failed to parse IPv4 address: " + e);
+        }
+        return null;
+    }
+
+    // Update CTA_TUPLE_ORIG timeout for a given conntrack entry. Note that there will also be
+    // coming a conntrack event to notify updated timeout.
+    private void updateConntrackTimeout(byte proto, Inet4Address src4, short srcPort,
+            Inet4Address dst4, short dstPort) {
+        if (src4 == null || dst4 == null) return;
+
+        // TODO: consider acquiring the timeout setting from nf_conntrack_* variables.
+        // - proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_tcp_timeout_established
+        // - proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_udp_timeout_stream
+        // See kernel document nf_conntrack-sysctl.txt.
+        final int timeoutSec = (proto == OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP)
+                ? NF_CONNTRACK_TCP_TIMEOUT_ESTABLISHED
+                : NF_CONNTRACK_UDP_TIMEOUT_STREAM;
+        final byte[] msg = ConntrackMessage.newIPv4TimeoutUpdateRequest(
+                proto, src4, (int) srcPort, dst4, (int) dstPort, timeoutSec);
+        try {
+            NetlinkSocket.sendOneShotKernelMessage(OsConstants.NETLINK_NETFILTER, msg);
+        } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+            mLog.e("Error updating conntrack entry ("
+                    + "proto: " + proto + ", "
+                    + "src4: " + src4 + ", "
+                    + "srcPort: " + Short.toUnsignedInt(srcPort) + ", "
+                    + "dst4: " + dst4 + ", "
+                    + "dstPort: " + Short.toUnsignedInt(dstPort) + "), "
+                    + "msg: " + NetlinkConstants.hexify(msg) + ", "
+                    + "e: " + e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void maybeRefreshConntrackTimeout() {
+        final long now = mDeps.elapsedRealtimeNanos();
+
+        // Reverse the source and destination {address, port} from downstream value because
+        // #updateConntrackTimeout refresh the timeout of netlink attribute CTA_TUPLE_ORIG
+        // which is opposite direction for downstream map value.
+        mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleForEach(DOWNSTREAM, (k, v) -> {
+            if ((now - v.lastUsed) / 1_000_000 < POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+                updateConntrackTimeout((byte) k.l4proto,
+                        ipv4MappedAddressBytesToIpv4Address(v.dst46), (short) v.dstPort,
+                        ipv4MappedAddressBytesToIpv4Address(v.src46), (short) v.srcPort);
+            }
+        });
+
+        // TODO: Consider ignoring TCP traffic on upstream and monitor on downstream only
+        // because TCP is a bidirectional traffic. Probably don't need to extend timeout by
+        // both directions for TCP.
+        mBpfCoordinatorShim.tetherOffloadRuleForEach(UPSTREAM, (k, v) -> {
+            if ((now - v.lastUsed) / 1_000_000 < POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+                updateConntrackTimeout((byte) k.l4proto, parseIPv4Address(k.src4),
+                        (short) k.srcPort, parseIPv4Address(k.dst4), (short) k.dstPort);
+            }
+        });
+    }
+
     private void maybeSchedulePollingStats() {
         if (!mPollingStarted) return;
 
-        if (mHandler.hasCallbacks(mScheduledPollingTask)) {
-            mHandler.removeCallbacks(mScheduledPollingTask);
+        if (mHandler.hasCallbacks(mScheduledPollingStats)) {
+            mHandler.removeCallbacks(mScheduledPollingStats);
         }
 
-        mHandler.postDelayed(mScheduledPollingTask, getPollingInterval());
+        mHandler.postDelayed(mScheduledPollingStats, getPollingInterval());
+    }
+
+    private void maybeSchedulePollingConntrackTimeout() {
+        if (!mPollingStarted) return;
+
+        if (mHandler.hasCallbacks(mScheduledPollingConntrackTimeout)) {
+            mHandler.removeCallbacks(mScheduledPollingConntrackTimeout);
+        }
+
+        mHandler.postDelayed(mScheduledPollingConntrackTimeout, POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
     }
 
     // Return forwarding rule map. This is used for testing only.
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadController.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadController.java
index 44e3916..beb1821 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadController.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadController.java
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 import static android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED;
 import static android.provider.Settings.Global.TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED;
 
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_NONE;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.TetheringConfiguration.DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS;
 
@@ -114,11 +116,42 @@
     private ConcurrentHashMap<String, ForwardedStats> mForwardedStats =
             new ConcurrentHashMap<>(16, 0.75F, 1);
 
+    private static class InterfaceQuota {
+        public final long warningBytes;
+        public final long limitBytes;
+
+        public static InterfaceQuota MAX_VALUE = new InterfaceQuota(Long.MAX_VALUE, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+
+        InterfaceQuota(long warningBytes, long limitBytes) {
+            this.warningBytes = warningBytes;
+            this.limitBytes = limitBytes;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean equals(Object o) {
+            if (this == o) return true;
+            if (!(o instanceof InterfaceQuota)) return false;
+            InterfaceQuota that = (InterfaceQuota) o;
+            return warningBytes == that.warningBytes
+                    && limitBytes == that.limitBytes;
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public int hashCode() {
+            return (int) (warningBytes * 3 + limitBytes * 5);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public String toString() {
+            return "InterfaceQuota{" + "warning=" + warningBytes + ", limit=" + limitBytes + '}';
+        }
+    }
+
     // Maps upstream interface names to interface quotas.
     // Always contains the latest value received from the framework for each interface, regardless
     // of whether offload is currently running (or is even supported) on that interface. Only
     // includes upstream interfaces that have a quota set.
-    private HashMap<String, Long> mInterfaceQuotas = new HashMap<>();
+    private HashMap<String, InterfaceQuota> mInterfaceQuotas = new HashMap<>();
 
     // Tracking remaining alert quota. Unlike limit quota is subject to interface, the alert
     // quota is interface independent and global for tether offload. Note that this is only
@@ -250,6 +283,18 @@
                     }
 
                     @Override
+                    public void onWarningReached() {
+                        if (!started()) return;
+                        mLog.log("onWarningReached");
+
+                        updateStatsForCurrentUpstream();
+                        if (mStatsProvider != null) {
+                            mStatsProvider.pushTetherStats();
+                            mStatsProvider.notifyWarningReached();
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    @Override
                     public void onNatTimeoutUpdate(int proto,
                                                    String srcAddr, int srcPort,
                                                    String dstAddr, int dstPort) {
@@ -263,7 +308,8 @@
             mLog.i("tethering offload control not supported");
             stop();
         } else {
-            mLog.log("tethering offload started");
+            mLog.log("tethering offload started, version: "
+                    + OffloadHardwareInterface.halVerToString(mControlHalVersion));
             mNatUpdateCallbacksReceived = 0;
             mNatUpdateNetlinkErrors = 0;
             maybeSchedulePollingStats();
@@ -322,24 +368,35 @@
 
         @Override
         public void onSetLimit(String iface, long quotaBytes) {
+            onSetWarningAndLimit(iface, QUOTA_UNLIMITED, quotaBytes);
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onSetWarningAndLimit(@NonNull String iface,
+                long warningBytes, long limitBytes) {
             // Listen for all iface is necessary since upstream might be changed after limit
             // is set.
             mHandler.post(() -> {
-                final Long curIfaceQuota = mInterfaceQuotas.get(iface);
+                final InterfaceQuota curIfaceQuota = mInterfaceQuotas.get(iface);
+                final InterfaceQuota newIfaceQuota = new InterfaceQuota(
+                        warningBytes == QUOTA_UNLIMITED ? Long.MAX_VALUE : warningBytes,
+                        limitBytes == QUOTA_UNLIMITED ? Long.MAX_VALUE : limitBytes);
 
                 // If the quota is set to unlimited, the value set to HAL is Long.MAX_VALUE,
                 // which is ~8.4 x 10^6 TiB, no one can actually reach it. Thus, it is not
                 // useful to set it multiple times.
                 // Otherwise, the quota needs to be updated to tell HAL to re-count from now even
                 // if the quota is the same as the existing one.
-                if (null == curIfaceQuota && QUOTA_UNLIMITED == quotaBytes) return;
+                if (null == curIfaceQuota && InterfaceQuota.MAX_VALUE.equals(newIfaceQuota)) {
+                    return;
+                }
 
-                if (quotaBytes == QUOTA_UNLIMITED) {
+                if (InterfaceQuota.MAX_VALUE.equals(newIfaceQuota)) {
                     mInterfaceQuotas.remove(iface);
                 } else {
-                    mInterfaceQuotas.put(iface, quotaBytes);
+                    mInterfaceQuotas.put(iface, newIfaceQuota);
                 }
-                maybeUpdateDataLimit(iface);
+                maybeUpdateDataWarningAndLimit(iface);
             });
         }
 
@@ -374,7 +431,11 @@
 
         @Override
         public void onSetAlert(long quotaBytes) {
-            // TODO: Ask offload HAL to notify alert without stopping traffic.
+            // Ignore set alert calls from HAL V1.1 since the hardware supports set warning now.
+            // Thus, the software polling mechanism is not needed.
+            if (!useStatsPolling()) {
+                return;
+            }
             // Post it to handler thread since it access remaining quota bytes.
             mHandler.post(() -> {
                 updateAlertQuota(quotaBytes);
@@ -459,24 +520,32 @@
 
     private boolean isPollingStatsNeeded() {
         return started() && mRemainingAlertQuota > 0
+                && useStatsPolling()
                 && !TextUtils.isEmpty(currentUpstreamInterface())
                 && mDeps.getTetherConfig() != null
                 && mDeps.getTetherConfig().getOffloadPollInterval()
                 >= DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS;
     }
 
-    private boolean maybeUpdateDataLimit(String iface) {
-        // setDataLimit may only be called while offload is occurring on this upstream.
+    private boolean useStatsPolling() {
+        return mControlHalVersion == OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
+    }
+
+    private boolean maybeUpdateDataWarningAndLimit(String iface) {
+        // setDataLimit or setDataWarningAndLimit may only be called while offload is occurring
+        // on this upstream.
         if (!started() || !TextUtils.equals(iface, currentUpstreamInterface())) {
             return true;
         }
 
-        Long limit = mInterfaceQuotas.get(iface);
-        if (limit == null) {
-            limit = Long.MAX_VALUE;
+        final InterfaceQuota quota = mInterfaceQuotas.getOrDefault(iface, InterfaceQuota.MAX_VALUE);
+        final boolean ret;
+        if (mControlHalVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+            ret = mHwInterface.setDataWarningAndLimit(iface, quota.warningBytes, quota.limitBytes);
+        } else {
+            ret = mHwInterface.setDataLimit(iface, quota.limitBytes);
         }
-
-        return mHwInterface.setDataLimit(iface, limit);
+        return ret;
     }
 
     private void updateStatsForCurrentUpstream() {
@@ -630,7 +699,7 @@
         maybeUpdateStats(prevUpstream);
 
         // Data limits can only be set once offload is running on the upstream.
-        success = maybeUpdateDataLimit(iface);
+        success = maybeUpdateDataWarningAndLimit(iface);
         if (!success) {
             // If we failed to set a data limit, don't use this upstream, because we don't want to
             // blow through the data limit that we were told to apply.
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterface.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterface.java
index 7685847..e3ac660 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterface.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterface.java
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.config.V1_0.IOffloadConfig;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.IOffloadControl;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NatTimeoutUpdate;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NetworkProtocol;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.OffloadCallbackEvent;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
 import android.net.netlink.NetlinkSocket;
 import android.net.netlink.StructNfGenMsg;
 import android.net.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr;
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Pair;
 
 import com.android.internal.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
@@ -140,6 +141,8 @@
         public void onSupportAvailable() {}
         /** Offload stopped because of usage limit reached. */
         public void onStoppedLimitReached() {}
+        /** Indicate that data warning quota is reached. */
+        public void onWarningReached() {}
 
         /** Indicate to update NAT timeout. */
         public void onNatTimeoutUpdate(int proto,
@@ -381,7 +384,8 @@
                 (controlCb == null) ? "null"
                         : "0x" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(controlCb)));
 
-        mTetheringOffloadCallback = new TetheringOffloadCallback(mHandler, mControlCallback, mLog);
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback = new TetheringOffloadCallback(
+                mHandler, mControlCallback, mLog, mOffloadControlVersion);
         final CbResults results = new CbResults();
         try {
             mOffloadControl.initOffload(
@@ -480,6 +484,33 @@
         return results.mSuccess;
     }
 
+    /** Set data warning and limit value to offload management process. */
+    public boolean setDataWarningAndLimit(String iface, long warning, long limit) {
+        if (mOffloadControlVersion < OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "setDataWarningAndLimit is not supported below HAL V1.1");
+        }
+        final String logmsg =
+                String.format("setDataWarningAndLimit(%s, %d, %d)", iface, warning, limit);
+
+        final CbResults results = new CbResults();
+        try {
+            ((android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl) mOffloadControl)
+                    .setDataWarningAndLimit(
+                            iface, warning, limit,
+                            (boolean success, String errMsg) -> {
+                                results.mSuccess = success;
+                                results.mErrMsg = errMsg;
+                            });
+        } catch (RemoteException e) {
+            record(logmsg, e);
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        record(logmsg, results);
+        return results.mSuccess;
+    }
+
     /** Set upstream parameters to offload management process. */
     public boolean setUpstreamParameters(
             String iface, String v4addr, String v4gateway, ArrayList<String> v6gws) {
@@ -565,35 +596,64 @@
         public final Handler handler;
         public final ControlCallback controlCb;
         public final SharedLog log;
+        private final int mOffloadControlVersion;
 
-        TetheringOffloadCallback(Handler h, ControlCallback cb, SharedLog sharedLog) {
+        TetheringOffloadCallback(
+                Handler h, ControlCallback cb, SharedLog sharedLog, int offloadControlVersion) {
             handler = h;
             controlCb = cb;
             log = sharedLog;
+            this.mOffloadControlVersion = offloadControlVersion;
+        }
+
+        private void handleOnEvent(int event) {
+            switch (event) {
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED:
+                    controlCb.onStarted();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_ERROR:
+                    controlCb.onStoppedError();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_UNSUPPORTED:
+                    controlCb.onStoppedUnsupported();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_SUPPORT_AVAILABLE:
+                    controlCb.onSupportAvailable();
+                    break;
+                case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_LIMIT_REACHED:
+                    controlCb.onStoppedLimitReached();
+                    break;
+                case android.hardware.tetheroffload.control
+                        .V1_1.OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_WARNING_REACHED:
+                    controlCb.onWarningReached();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    log.e("Unsupported OffloadCallbackEvent: " + event);
+            }
         }
 
         @Override
         public void onEvent(int event) {
+            // The implementation should never call onEvent()) if the event is already reported
+            // through newer callback.
+            if (mOffloadControlVersion > OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "onEvent(" + event + ") fired on HAL "
+                        + halVerToString(mOffloadControlVersion));
+            }
             handler.post(() -> {
-                switch (event) {
-                    case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED:
-                        controlCb.onStarted();
-                        break;
-                    case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_ERROR:
-                        controlCb.onStoppedError();
-                        break;
-                    case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_UNSUPPORTED:
-                        controlCb.onStoppedUnsupported();
-                        break;
-                    case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_SUPPORT_AVAILABLE:
-                        controlCb.onSupportAvailable();
-                        break;
-                    case OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STOPPED_LIMIT_REACHED:
-                        controlCb.onStoppedLimitReached();
-                        break;
-                    default:
-                        log.e("Unsupported OffloadCallbackEvent: " + event);
-                }
+                handleOnEvent(event);
+            });
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void onEvent_1_1(int event) {
+            if (mOffloadControlVersion < OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "onEvent_1_1(" + event + ") fired on HAL "
+                        + halVerToString(mOffloadControlVersion));
+                return;
+            }
+            handler.post(() -> {
+                handleOnEvent(event);
             });
         }
 
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
index b52ec86..079bf9c 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/Tethering.java
@@ -1039,7 +1039,7 @@
             final boolean rndisEnabled = intent.getBooleanExtra(USB_FUNCTION_RNDIS, false);
             final boolean ncmEnabled = intent.getBooleanExtra(USB_FUNCTION_NCM, false);
 
-            mLog.log(String.format("USB bcast connected:%s configured:%s rndis:%s ncm:%s",
+            mLog.i(String.format("USB bcast connected:%s configured:%s rndis:%s ncm:%s",
                     usbConnected, usbConfigured, rndisEnabled, ncmEnabled));
 
             // There are three types of ACTION_USB_STATE:
@@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@
 
         // If TETHERING_USB is forced to use ncm function, TETHERING_NCM would no longer be
         // available.
-        if (mConfig.isUsingNcm()) return TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL;
+        if (mConfig.isUsingNcm() && enable) return TETHER_ERROR_SERVICE_UNAVAIL;
 
         UsbManager usbManager = (UsbManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.USB_SERVICE);
         usbManager.setCurrentFunctions(enable ? UsbManager.FUNCTION_NCM : UsbManager.FUNCTION_NONE);
@@ -1720,13 +1720,7 @@
         protected void handleNewUpstreamNetworkState(UpstreamNetworkState ns) {
             mIPv6TetheringCoordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(ns);
             mOffload.updateUpstreamNetworkState(ns);
-
-            // TODO: Delete all related offload rules which are using this upstream.
-            if (ns != null) {
-                // Add upstream index to the map. The upstream interface index is required while
-                // the conntrack event builds the offload rules.
-                mBpfCoordinator.addUpstreamIfindexToMap(ns.linkProperties);
-            }
+            mBpfCoordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(ns);
         }
 
         private void handleInterfaceServingStateActive(int mode, IpServer who) {
@@ -2336,6 +2330,9 @@
         pw.println("Tethering:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
 
+        pw.println("Callbacks registered: "
+                + mTetheringEventCallbacks.getRegisteredCallbackCount());
+
         pw.println("Configuration:");
         pw.increaseIndent();
         final TetheringConfiguration cfg = mConfig;
@@ -2558,7 +2555,7 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        mLog.log("adding IpServer for: " + iface);
+        mLog.i("adding IpServer for: " + iface);
         final TetherState tetherState = new TetherState(
                 new IpServer(iface, mLooper, interfaceType, mLog, mNetd, mBpfCoordinator,
                              makeControlCallback(), mConfig.enableLegacyDhcpServer,
@@ -2573,7 +2570,7 @@
         if (tetherState == null) return;
 
         tetherState.ipServer.stop();
-        mLog.log("removing IpServer for: " + iface);
+        mLog.i("removing IpServer for: " + iface);
         mTetherStates.remove(iface);
     }
 
diff --git a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java
index 31fcea4..d2f44d3 100644
--- a/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java
+++ b/Tethering/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringConfiguration.java
@@ -176,7 +176,9 @@
         // us an interface name. Careful consideration needs to be given to
         // implications for Settings and for provisioning checks.
         tetherableWifiRegexs = getResourceStringArray(res, R.array.config_tether_wifi_regexs);
-        tetherableWigigRegexs = getResourceStringArray(res, R.array.config_tether_wigig_regexs);
+        // TODO: Remove entire wigig code once tethering module no longer support R devices.
+        tetherableWigigRegexs = SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()
+                ? new String[0] : getResourceStringArray(res, R.array.config_tether_wigig_regexs);
         tetherableWifiP2pRegexs = getResourceStringArray(
                 res, R.array.config_tether_wifi_p2p_regexs);
         tetherableBluetoothRegexs = getResourceStringArray(
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/Android.bp b/Tethering/tests/Android.bp
index 8f31c57..72ca666 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/tests/Android.bp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     name: "TetheringTestsJarJarRules",
     srcs: ["jarjar-rules.txt"],
     visibility: [
-        "//frameworks/base/packages/Tethering/tests:__subpackages__",
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__",
         "//packages/modules/Connectivity/Tethering/tests:__subpackages__",
     ]
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp b/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp
index e807613..b93a969 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/tests/integration/Android.bp
@@ -78,9 +78,27 @@
     compile_multilib: "both",
 }
 
+android_library {
+    name: "TetheringCoverageTestsLib",
+    min_sdk_version: "30",
+    static_libs: [
+        "NetdStaticLibTestsLib",
+        "NetworkStaticLibTestsLib",
+        "NetworkStackTestsLib",
+        "TetheringTestsLatestSdkLib",
+        "TetheringIntegrationTestsLatestSdkLib",
+    ],
+    jarjar_rules: ":TetheringTestsJarJarRules",
+    manifest: "AndroidManifest_coverage.xml",
+    visibility: [
+        "//packages/modules/Connectivity/tests:__subpackages__"
+    ],
+}
+
 // Special version of the tethering tests that includes all tests necessary for code coverage
 // purposes. This is currently the union of TetheringTests, TetheringIntegrationTests and
 // NetworkStackTests.
+// TODO: remove in favor of ConnectivityCoverageTests, which includes below tests and more
 android_test {
     name: "TetheringCoverageTests",
     platform_apis: true,
@@ -91,11 +109,7 @@
     defaults: ["libnetworkstackutilsjni_deps"],
     static_libs: [
         "modules-utils-native-coverage-listener",
-        "NetdStaticLibTestsLib",
-        "NetworkStaticLibTestsLib",
-        "NetworkStackTestsLib",
-        "TetheringTestsLatestSdkLib",
-        "TetheringIntegrationTestsLatestSdkLib",
+        "TetheringCoverageTestsLib",
     ],
     jni_libs: [
         // For mockito extended
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java
index 07aab63..ef254ff 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/mts/src/android/tethering/mts/TetheringModuleTest.java
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 import static android.Manifest.permission.TETHER_PRIVILEGED;
 import static android.Manifest.permission.WRITE_SETTINGS;
 import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI;
-import static android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.isWifiTetheringSupported;
 import static android.provider.DeviceConfig.NAMESPACE_CONNECTIVITY;
 
 import static com.android.testutils.TestNetworkTrackerKt.initTestNetwork;
@@ -102,8 +101,7 @@
 
         TestNetworkTracker tnt = null;
         try {
-            tetherEventCallback.assumeTetheringSupported();
-            assumeTrue(isWifiTetheringSupported(mContext, tetherEventCallback));
+            tetherEventCallback.assumeWifiTetheringSupported(mContext);
             tetherEventCallback.expectNoTetheringActive();
 
             final TetheringInterface tetheredIface =
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp b/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp
index 192a540..f6e29cd 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/Android.bp
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@
         "libstaticjvmtiagent",
         "libtetherutilsjni",
     ],
-    jarjar_rules: ":TetheringTestsJarJarRules",
 }
 
 // Library containing the unit tests. This is used by the coverage test target to pull in the
@@ -100,4 +99,5 @@
     ],
     defaults: ["TetheringTestsDefaults"],
     compile_multilib: "both",
+    jarjar_rules: ":TetheringTestsJarJarRules",
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java
index ce69cb3..378a21c 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/android/net/ip/IpServerTest.java
@@ -584,6 +584,7 @@
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).networkRemoveInterface(INetd.LOCAL_NET_ID, IFACE_NAME);
         inOrder.verify(mNetd).interfaceSetCfg(argThat(cfg -> IFACE_NAME.equals(cfg.ifName)));
         inOrder.verify(mAddressCoordinator).releaseDownstream(any());
+        inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).tetherOffloadClientClear(mIpServer);
         inOrder.verify(mBpfCoordinator).stopMonitoring(mIpServer);
         inOrder.verify(mCallback).updateInterfaceState(
                 mIpServer, STATE_AVAILABLE, TETHER_ERROR_NO_ERROR);
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
index cc912f4..914e0d4 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/BpfCoordinatorTest.java
@@ -36,9 +36,13 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.ETH_P_IPV6;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_UDP;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.NETLINK_NETFILTER;
 
 import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.doReturn;
 import static com.android.dx.mockito.inline.extended.ExtendedMockito.staticMockMarker;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.NF_CONNTRACK_TCP_TIMEOUT_ESTABLISHED;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.NF_CONNTRACK_UDP_TIMEOUT_STREAM;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.StatsType;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.StatsType.STATS_PER_IFACE;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.BpfCoordinator.StatsType.STATS_PER_UID;
@@ -70,13 +74,17 @@
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.MacAddress;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.TetherOffloadRuleParcel;
 import android.net.TetherStatsParcel;
 import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor;
 import android.net.ip.ConntrackMonitor.ConntrackEventConsumer;
 import android.net.ip.IpServer;
+import android.net.netlink.ConntrackMessage;
 import android.net.netlink.NetlinkConstants;
+import android.net.netlink.NetlinkSocket;
 import android.net.util.InterfaceParams;
 import android.net.util.SharedLog;
 import android.os.Build;
@@ -127,6 +135,8 @@
     @Rule
     public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
 
+    private static final int TEST_NET_ID = 24;
+
     private static final int UPSTREAM_IFINDEX = 1001;
     private static final int DOWNSTREAM_IFINDEX = 1002;
 
@@ -217,6 +227,7 @@
     // it has to access the non-static function of BPF coordinator.
     private BpfConntrackEventConsumer mConsumer;
 
+    private long mElapsedRealtimeNanos = 0;
     private final ArgumentCaptor<ArrayList> mStringArrayCaptor =
             ArgumentCaptor.forClass(ArrayList.class);
     private final TestLooper mTestLooper = new TestLooper();
@@ -256,6 +267,10 @@
                         return mConntrackMonitor;
                     }
 
+                    public long elapsedRealtimeNanos() {
+                        return mElapsedRealtimeNanos;
+                    }
+
                     @Nullable
                     public BpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> getBpfDownstream4Map() {
                         return mBpfDownstream4Map;
@@ -1340,6 +1355,11 @@
     }
 
     @NonNull
+    private Tether4Key makeDownstream4Key() {
+        return makeDownstream4Key(IPPROTO_TCP);
+    }
+
+    @NonNull
     private ConntrackEvent makeTestConntrackEvent(short msgType, int proto) {
         if (msgType != IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW && msgType != IPCTNL_MSG_CT_DELETE) {
             fail("Not support message type " + msgType);
@@ -1365,7 +1385,10 @@
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName(UPSTREAM_IFACE);
         lp.addLinkAddress(new LinkAddress(PUBLIC_ADDR, 32 /* prefix length */));
-        coordinator.addUpstreamIfindexToMap(lp);
+        final NetworkCapabilities capabilities = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+        coordinator.updateUpstreamNetworkState(new UpstreamNetworkState(lp, capabilities,
+                new Network(TEST_NET_ID)));
     }
 
     private void setDownstreamAndClientInformationTo(final BpfCoordinator coordinator) {
@@ -1379,8 +1402,11 @@
         // was started.
         coordinator.startPolling();
 
-        // Needed because tetherOffloadRuleRemove of api31.BpfCoordinatorShimImpl only decreases
-        // the count while the entry is deleted. In the other words, deleteEntry returns true.
+        // Needed because two reasons: (1) BpfConntrackEventConsumer#accept only performs cleanup
+        // when both upstream and downstream rules are removed. (2) tetherOffloadRuleRemove of
+        // api31.BpfCoordinatorShimImpl only decreases the count while the entry is deleted.
+        // In the other words, deleteEntry returns true.
+        doReturn(true).when(mBpfUpstream4Map).deleteEntry(any());
         doReturn(true).when(mBpfDownstream4Map).deleteEntry(any());
 
         // Needed because BpfCoordinator#addUpstreamIfindexToMap queries interface parameter for
@@ -1494,4 +1520,104 @@
         mConsumer.accept(makeTestConntrackEvent(IPCTNL_MSG_CT_NEW, IPPROTO_UDP));
         verify(mBpfDevMap, never()).updateEntry(any(), any());
     }
+
+    private void setElapsedRealtimeNanos(long nanoSec) {
+        mElapsedRealtimeNanos = nanoSec;
+    }
+
+    private void checkRefreshConntrackTimeout(final TestBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> bpfMap,
+            final Tether4Key tcpKey, final Tether4Value tcpValue, final Tether4Key udpKey,
+            final Tether4Value udpValue) throws Exception {
+        // Both system elapsed time since boot and the rule last used time are used to measure
+        // the rule expiration. In this test, all test rules are fixed the last used time to 0.
+        // Set the different testing elapsed time to make the rule to be valid or expired.
+        //
+        // Timeline:
+        // 0                                       60 (seconds)
+        // +---+---+---+---+--...--+---+---+---+---+---+- ..
+        // |      POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS     |
+        // +---+---+---+---+--...--+---+---+---+---+---+- ..
+        // |<-          valid diff           ->|
+        // |<-          expired diff                 ->|
+        // ^                                   ^       ^
+        // last used time      elapsed time (valid)    elapsed time (expired)
+        final long validTime = (POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS - 1) * 1_000_000L;
+        final long expiredTime = (POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS + 1) * 1_000_000L;
+
+        // Static mocking for NetlinkSocket.
+        MockitoSession mockSession = ExtendedMockito.mockitoSession()
+                .mockStatic(NetlinkSocket.class)
+                .startMocking();
+        try {
+            final BpfCoordinator coordinator = makeBpfCoordinator();
+            coordinator.startPolling();
+            bpfMap.insertEntry(tcpKey, tcpValue);
+            bpfMap.insertEntry(udpKey, udpValue);
+
+            // [1] Don't refresh contrack timeout.
+            setElapsedRealtimeNanos(expiredTime);
+            mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+            waitForIdle();
+            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
+            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
+
+            // [2] Refresh contrack timeout.
+            setElapsedRealtimeNanos(validTime);
+            mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+            waitForIdle();
+            final byte[] expectedNetlinkTcp = ConntrackMessage.newIPv4TimeoutUpdateRequest(
+                    IPPROTO_TCP, PRIVATE_ADDR, (int) PRIVATE_PORT, REMOTE_ADDR,
+                    (int) REMOTE_PORT, NF_CONNTRACK_TCP_TIMEOUT_ESTABLISHED);
+            final byte[] expectedNetlinkUdp = ConntrackMessage.newIPv4TimeoutUpdateRequest(
+                    IPPROTO_UDP, PRIVATE_ADDR, (int) PRIVATE_PORT, REMOTE_ADDR,
+                    (int) REMOTE_PORT, NF_CONNTRACK_UDP_TIMEOUT_STREAM);
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> NetlinkSocket.sendOneShotKernelMessage(
+                    eq(NETLINK_NETFILTER), eq(expectedNetlinkTcp)));
+            ExtendedMockito.verify(() -> NetlinkSocket.sendOneShotKernelMessage(
+                    eq(NETLINK_NETFILTER), eq(expectedNetlinkUdp)));
+            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
+            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
+
+            // [3] Don't refresh contrack timeout if polling stopped.
+            coordinator.stopPolling();
+            mTestLooper.moveTimeForward(POLLING_CONNTRACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
+            waitForIdle();
+            ExtendedMockito.verifyNoMoreInteractions(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
+            ExtendedMockito.clearInvocations(staticMockMarker(NetlinkSocket.class));
+        } finally {
+            mockSession.finishMocking();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testRefreshConntrackTimeout_Upstream4Map() throws Exception {
+        // TODO: Replace the dependencies BPF map with a non-mocked TestBpfMap object.
+        final TestBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> bpfUpstream4Map =
+                new TestBpfMap<>(Tether4Key.class, Tether4Value.class);
+        doReturn(bpfUpstream4Map).when(mDeps).getBpfUpstream4Map();
+
+        final Tether4Key tcpKey = makeUpstream4Key(IPPROTO_TCP);
+        final Tether4Key udpKey = makeUpstream4Key(IPPROTO_UDP);
+        final Tether4Value tcpValue = makeUpstream4Value();
+        final Tether4Value udpValue = makeUpstream4Value();
+
+        checkRefreshConntrackTimeout(bpfUpstream4Map, tcpKey, tcpValue, udpKey, udpValue);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    public void testRefreshConntrackTimeout_Downstream4Map() throws Exception {
+        // TODO: Replace the dependencies BPF map with a non-mocked TestBpfMap object.
+        final TestBpfMap<Tether4Key, Tether4Value> bpfDownstream4Map =
+                new TestBpfMap<>(Tether4Key.class, Tether4Value.class);
+        doReturn(bpfDownstream4Map).when(mDeps).getBpfDownstream4Map();
+
+        final Tether4Key tcpKey = makeDownstream4Key(IPPROTO_TCP);
+        final Tether4Key udpKey = makeDownstream4Key(IPPROTO_UDP);
+        final Tether4Value tcpValue = makeDownstream4Value();
+        final Tether4Value udpValue = makeDownstream4Value();
+
+        checkRefreshConntrackTimeout(bpfDownstream4Map, tcpKey, tcpValue, udpKey, udpValue);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java
index 88f2054..fc34585 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadControllerTest.java
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 import static android.net.RouteInfo.RTN_UNICAST;
 import static android.provider.Settings.Global.TETHER_OFFLOAD_DISABLED;
 
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastS;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadController.StatsType.STATS_PER_IFACE;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadController.StatsType.STATS_PER_UID;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats;
@@ -58,7 +59,6 @@
 import android.app.usage.NetworkStatsManager;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.pm.ApplicationInfo;
-import android.net.ITetheringStatsProvider;
 import android.net.IpPrefix;
 import android.net.LinkAddress;
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.NetworkStatsProvider;
 import android.net.util.SharedLog;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 import android.provider.Settings;
@@ -77,10 +78,13 @@
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkStatsProviderCbBinder;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
@@ -96,6 +100,9 @@
 @RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
 @SmallTest
 public class OffloadControllerTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+
     private static final String RNDIS0 = "test_rndis0";
     private static final String RMNET0 = "test_rmnet_data0";
     private static final String WLAN0 = "test_wlan0";
@@ -150,6 +157,7 @@
         when(mHardware.setUpstreamParameters(anyString(), any(), any(), any())).thenReturn(true);
         when(mHardware.getForwardedStats(any())).thenReturn(new ForwardedStats());
         when(mHardware.setDataLimit(anyString(), anyLong())).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mHardware.setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(), anyLong())).thenReturn(true);
     }
 
     private void enableOffload() {
@@ -503,77 +511,176 @@
                 expectedUidStatsDiff);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Test OffloadController with different combinations of HAL and framework versions can set
+     * data warning and/or limit correctly.
+     */
     @Test
-    public void testSetInterfaceQuota() throws Exception {
+    public void testSetDataWarningAndLimit() throws Exception {
+        // Verify the OffloadController is called by R framework, where the framework doesn't send
+        // warning.
+        // R only uses HAL 1.0.
+        checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(false, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        // Verify the OffloadController is called by S+ framework, where the framework sends
+        // warning along with limit.
+        checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(true, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(true, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1);
+    }
+
+    private void checkSetDataWarningAndLimit(boolean isProviderSetWarning, int controlVersion)
+            throws Exception {
         enableOffload();
         final OffloadController offload =
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+                startOffloadController(controlVersion, true /*expectStart*/);
 
         final String ethernetIface = "eth1";
         final String mobileIface = "rmnet_data0";
         final long ethernetLimit = 12345;
+        final long mobileWarning = 123456;
         final long mobileLimit = 12345678;
 
         final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
         lp.setInterfaceName(ethernetIface);
-        offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(lp);
 
         final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mHardware);
-        when(mHardware.setUpstreamParameters(any(), any(), any(), any())).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mHardware.setUpstreamParameters(
+                any(), any(), any(), any())).thenReturn(true);
         when(mHardware.setDataLimit(anyString(), anyLong())).thenReturn(true);
+        when(mHardware.setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(), anyLong())).thenReturn(true);
+        offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(lp);
+        // Applying an interface sends the initial quota to the hardware.
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataWarningAndLimit(ethernetIface, Long.MAX_VALUE,
+                    Long.MAX_VALUE);
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataLimit(ethernetIface, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+        }
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        // Verify that set to unlimited again won't cause duplicated calls to the hardware.
+        if (isProviderSetWarning) {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetWarningAndLimit(ethernetIface,
+                    NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED, NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED);
+        } else {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(ethernetIface, NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED);
+        }
+        waitForIdle();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
 
         // Applying an interface quota to the current upstream immediately sends it to the hardware.
-        mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(ethernetIface, ethernetLimit);
+        if (isProviderSetWarning) {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetWarningAndLimit(ethernetIface,
+                    NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED, ethernetLimit);
+        } else {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(ethernetIface, ethernetLimit);
+        }
         waitForIdle();
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataLimit(ethernetIface, ethernetLimit);
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataWarningAndLimit(ethernetIface, Long.MAX_VALUE,
+                    ethernetLimit);
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataLimit(ethernetIface, ethernetLimit);
+        }
         inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
 
         // Applying an interface quota to another upstream does not take any immediate action.
-        mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, mobileLimit);
+        if (isProviderSetWarning) {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetWarningAndLimit(mobileIface, mobileWarning, mobileLimit);
+        } else {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, mobileLimit);
+        }
         waitForIdle();
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).setDataLimit(anyString(), anyLong());
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(),
+                    anyLong());
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).setDataLimit(anyString(), anyLong());
+        }
 
         // Switching to that upstream causes the quota to be applied if the parameters were applied
         // correctly.
         lp.setInterfaceName(mobileIface);
         offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(lp);
         waitForIdle();
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataLimit(mobileIface, mobileLimit);
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataWarningAndLimit(mobileIface,
+                    isProviderSetWarning ? mobileWarning : Long.MAX_VALUE,
+                    mobileLimit);
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataLimit(mobileIface, mobileLimit);
+        }
 
-        // Setting a limit of ITetheringStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED causes the limit to be set
+        // Setting a limit of NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED causes the limit to be set
         // to Long.MAX_VALUE.
-        mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, ITetheringStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED);
+        if (isProviderSetWarning) {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetWarningAndLimit(mobileIface,
+                    NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED, NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED);
+        } else {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, NetworkStatsProvider.QUOTA_UNLIMITED);
+        }
         waitForIdle();
-        inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataLimit(mobileIface, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataWarningAndLimit(mobileIface, Long.MAX_VALUE,
+                    Long.MAX_VALUE);
+        } else {
+            inOrder.verify(mHardware).setDataLimit(mobileIface, Long.MAX_VALUE);
+        }
 
-        // If setting upstream parameters fails, then the data limit is not set.
+        // If setting upstream parameters fails, then the data warning and limit is not set.
         when(mHardware.setUpstreamParameters(any(), any(), any(), any())).thenReturn(false);
         lp.setInterfaceName(ethernetIface);
         offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(lp);
-        mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, mobileLimit);
+        if (isProviderSetWarning) {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetWarningAndLimit(mobileIface, mobileWarning, mobileLimit);
+        } else {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, mobileLimit);
+        }
         waitForIdle();
         inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).setDataLimit(anyString(), anyLong());
+        inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(),
+                anyLong());
 
-        // If setting the data limit fails while changing upstreams, offload is stopped.
+        // If setting the data warning and/or limit fails while changing upstreams, offload is
+        // stopped.
         when(mHardware.setUpstreamParameters(any(), any(), any(), any())).thenReturn(true);
         when(mHardware.setDataLimit(anyString(), anyLong())).thenReturn(false);
+        when(mHardware.setDataWarningAndLimit(anyString(), anyLong(), anyLong())).thenReturn(false);
         lp.setInterfaceName(mobileIface);
         offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(lp);
-        mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, mobileLimit);
+        if (isProviderSetWarning) {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetWarningAndLimit(mobileIface, mobileWarning, mobileLimit);
+        } else {
+            mTetherStatsProvider.onSetLimit(mobileIface, mobileLimit);
+        }
         waitForIdle();
         inOrder.verify(mHardware).getForwardedStats(ethernetIface);
         inOrder.verify(mHardware).stopOffloadControl();
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testDataLimitCallback() throws Exception {
+    public void testDataWarningAndLimitCallback_LimitReached() throws Exception {
         enableOffload();
-        final OffloadController offload =
-                startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
+        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0, true /*expectStart*/);
 
-        OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback callback = mControlCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        final OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback callback = mControlCallbackCaptor.getValue();
         callback.onStoppedLimitReached();
         mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyStatsUpdated();
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyWarningOrLimitReached();
+        } else {
+            mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectLegacyNotifyLimitReached();
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)  // HAL 1.1 is only supported from S
+    public void testDataWarningAndLimitCallback_WarningReached() throws Exception {
+        startOffloadController(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1, true /*expectStart*/);
+        final OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback callback = mControlCallbackCaptor.getValue();
+        callback.onWarningReached();
+        mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyStatsUpdated();
+        mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyWarningOrLimitReached();
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -761,9 +868,7 @@
         // Initialize with fake eth upstream.
         final String ethernetIface = "eth1";
         InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mHardware);
-        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
-        lp.setInterfaceName(ethernetIface);
-        offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(lp);
+        offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(makeEthernetLinkProperties());
         // Previous upstream was null, so no stats are fetched.
         inOrder.verify(mHardware, never()).getForwardedStats(any());
 
@@ -796,4 +901,33 @@
         mTetherStatsProviderCb.assertNoCallback();
         verify(mHardware, never()).getForwardedStats(any());
     }
+
+    private static LinkProperties makeEthernetLinkProperties() {
+        final String ethernetIface = "eth1";
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(ethernetIface);
+        return lp;
+    }
+
+    private void checkSoftwarePollingUsed(int controlVersion) throws Exception {
+        enableOffload();
+        setOffloadPollInterval(DEFAULT_TETHER_OFFLOAD_POLL_INTERVAL_MS);
+        OffloadController offload =
+                startOffloadController(controlVersion, true /*expectStart*/);
+        offload.setUpstreamLinkProperties(makeEthernetLinkProperties());
+        mTetherStatsProvider.onSetAlert(0);
+        waitForIdle();
+        if (controlVersion >= OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1) {
+            mTetherStatsProviderCb.assertNoCallback();
+        } else {
+            mTetherStatsProviderCb.expectNotifyAlertReached();
+        }
+        verify(mHardware, never()).getForwardedStats(any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testSoftwarePollingUsed() throws Exception {
+        checkSoftwarePollingUsed(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        checkSoftwarePollingUsed(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterfaceTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterfaceTest.java
index f4194e5..a8b3b92 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterfaceTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/OffloadHardwareInterfaceTest.java
@@ -22,22 +22,27 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.SOCK_STREAM;
 
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
+import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.inOrder;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
+import static org.mockito.Mockito.reset;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.spy;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.config.V1_0.IOffloadConfig;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.IOffloadControl;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NatTimeoutUpdate;
 import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.NetworkProtocol;
-import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_0.OffloadCallbackEvent;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.ITetheringOffloadCallback;
+import android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.OffloadCallbackEvent;
 import android.net.netlink.StructNfGenMsg;
 import android.net.netlink.StructNlMsgHdr;
 import android.net.util.SharedLog;
@@ -56,6 +61,7 @@
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
+import org.mockito.InOrder;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
@@ -76,7 +82,7 @@
     private OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback mControlCallback;
 
     @Mock private IOffloadConfig mIOffloadConfig;
-    @Mock private IOffloadControl mIOffloadControl;
+    private IOffloadControl mIOffloadControl;
     @Mock private NativeHandle mNativeHandle;
 
     // Random values to test Netlink message.
@@ -84,8 +90,10 @@
     private static final short TEST_FLAGS = 263;
 
     class MyDependencies extends OffloadHardwareInterface.Dependencies {
-        MyDependencies(SharedLog log) {
+        private final int mMockControlVersion;
+        MyDependencies(SharedLog log, final int mockControlVersion) {
             super(log);
+            mMockControlVersion = mockControlVersion;
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -95,7 +103,19 @@
 
         @Override
         public Pair<IOffloadControl, Integer> getOffloadControl() {
-            return new Pair<IOffloadControl, Integer>(mIOffloadControl, OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+            switch (mMockControlVersion) {
+                case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0:
+                    mIOffloadControl = mock(IOffloadControl.class);
+                    break;
+                case OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1:
+                    mIOffloadControl =
+                            mock(android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl.class);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Invalid offload control version "
+                            + mMockControlVersion);
+            }
+            return new Pair<IOffloadControl, Integer>(mIOffloadControl, mMockControlVersion);
         }
 
         @Override
@@ -107,14 +127,13 @@
     @Before
     public void setUp() {
         MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
-        final SharedLog log = new SharedLog("test");
-        mOffloadHw = new OffloadHardwareInterface(new Handler(mTestLooper.getLooper()), log,
-                new MyDependencies(log));
         mControlCallback = spy(new OffloadHardwareInterface.ControlCallback());
     }
 
-    // TODO: Pass version to test version specific operations.
-    private void startOffloadHardwareInterface() throws Exception {
+    private void startOffloadHardwareInterface(int controlVersion) throws Exception {
+        final SharedLog log = new SharedLog("test");
+        mOffloadHw = new OffloadHardwareInterface(new Handler(mTestLooper.getLooper()), log,
+                new MyDependencies(log, controlVersion));
         mOffloadHw.initOffloadConfig();
         mOffloadHw.initOffloadControl(mControlCallback);
         final ArgumentCaptor<ITetheringOffloadCallback> mOffloadCallbackCaptor =
@@ -125,7 +144,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testGetForwardedStats() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface();
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
         final OffloadHardwareInterface.ForwardedStats stats = mOffloadHw.getForwardedStats(RMNET0);
         verify(mIOffloadControl).getForwardedStats(eq(RMNET0), any());
         assertNotNull(stats);
@@ -133,7 +152,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testSetLocalPrefixes() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface();
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
         final ArrayList<String> localPrefixes = new ArrayList<>();
         localPrefixes.add("127.0.0.0/8");
         localPrefixes.add("fe80::/64");
@@ -143,15 +162,32 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testSetDataLimit() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface();
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
         final long limit = 12345;
         mOffloadHw.setDataLimit(RMNET0, limit);
         verify(mIOffloadControl).setDataLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(limit), any());
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testSetDataWarningAndLimit() throws Exception {
+        // Verify V1.0 control HAL would reject the function call with exception.
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
+        final long warning = 12345;
+        final long limit = 67890;
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class,
+                () -> mOffloadHw.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit));
+        reset(mIOffloadControl);
+
+        // Verify V1.1 control HAL could receive this function call.
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1);
+        mOffloadHw.setDataWarningAndLimit(RMNET0, warning, limit);
+        verify((android.hardware.tetheroffload.control.V1_1.IOffloadControl) mIOffloadControl)
+                .setDataWarningAndLimit(eq(RMNET0), eq(warning), eq(limit), any());
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testSetUpstreamParameters() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface();
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
         final String v4addr = "192.168.10.1";
         final String v4gateway = "192.168.10.255";
         final ArrayList<String> v6gws = new ArrayList<>(0);
@@ -170,7 +206,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testUpdateDownstreamPrefix() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface();
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
         final String ifName = "wlan1";
         final String prefix = "192.168.43.0/24";
         mOffloadHw.addDownstreamPrefix(ifName, prefix);
@@ -182,7 +218,7 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testTetheringOffloadCallback() throws Exception {
-        startOffloadHardwareInterface();
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
 
         mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED);
         mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
@@ -221,10 +257,26 @@
                 eq(uint16(udpParams.src.port)),
                 eq(udpParams.dst.addr),
                 eq(uint16(udpParams.dst.port)));
+        reset(mControlCallback);
+
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_1);
+
+        // Verify the interface will process the events that comes from V1.1 HAL.
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent_1_1(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_STARTED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        final InOrder inOrder = inOrder(mControlCallback);
+        inOrder.verify(mControlCallback).onStarted();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
+
+        mTetheringOffloadCallback.onEvent_1_1(OffloadCallbackEvent.OFFLOAD_WARNING_REACHED);
+        mTestLooper.dispatchAll();
+        inOrder.verify(mControlCallback).onWarningReached();
+        inOrder.verifyNoMoreInteractions();
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testSendIpv4NfGenMsg() throws Exception {
+        startOffloadHardwareInterface(OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0);
         FileDescriptor writeSocket = new FileDescriptor();
         FileDescriptor readSocket = new FileDescriptor();
         try {
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TestConnectivityManager.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TestConnectivityManager.java
index 6090213..e692015 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TestConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TestConnectivityManager.java
@@ -20,6 +20,8 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 
+import static com.android.networkstack.apishim.common.ShimUtils.isAtLeastS;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
+import androidx.annotation.NonNull;
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -67,10 +70,10 @@
     public static final boolean BROADCAST_FIRST = false;
     public static final boolean CALLBACKS_FIRST = true;
 
-    final Map<NetworkCallback, NetworkRequestInfo> mAllCallbacks = new ArrayMap<>();
+    final Map<NetworkCallback, Handler> mAllCallbacks = new ArrayMap<>();
     // This contains the callbacks tracking the system default network, whether it's registered
     // with registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback (S+) or with a custom request (R-).
-    final Map<NetworkCallback, NetworkRequestInfo> mTrackingDefault = new ArrayMap<>();
+    final Map<NetworkCallback, Handler> mTrackingDefault = new ArrayMap<>();
     final Map<NetworkCallback, NetworkRequestInfo> mListening = new ArrayMap<>();
     final Map<NetworkCallback, NetworkRequestInfo> mRequested = new ArrayMap<>();
     final Map<NetworkCallback, Integer> mLegacyTypeMap = new ArrayMap<>();
@@ -91,7 +94,7 @@
         mContext = ctx;
     }
 
-    class NetworkRequestInfo {
+    static class NetworkRequestInfo {
         public final NetworkRequest request;
         public final Handler handler;
         NetworkRequestInfo(NetworkRequest r, Handler h) {
@@ -145,15 +148,15 @@
     private void sendDefaultNetworkCallbacks(TestNetworkAgent formerDefault,
             TestNetworkAgent defaultNetwork) {
         for (NetworkCallback cb : mTrackingDefault.keySet()) {
-            final NetworkRequestInfo nri = mTrackingDefault.get(cb);
+            final Handler handler = mTrackingDefault.get(cb);
             if (defaultNetwork != null) {
-                nri.handler.post(() -> cb.onAvailable(defaultNetwork.networkId));
-                nri.handler.post(() -> cb.onCapabilitiesChanged(
+                handler.post(() -> cb.onAvailable(defaultNetwork.networkId));
+                handler.post(() -> cb.onCapabilitiesChanged(
                         defaultNetwork.networkId, defaultNetwork.networkCapabilities));
-                nri.handler.post(() -> cb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(
+                handler.post(() -> cb.onLinkPropertiesChanged(
                         defaultNetwork.networkId, defaultNetwork.linkProperties));
             } else if (formerDefault != null) {
-                nri.handler.post(() -> cb.onLost(formerDefault.networkId));
+                handler.post(() -> cb.onLost(formerDefault.networkId));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -191,20 +194,33 @@
 
     @Override
     public void requestNetwork(NetworkRequest req, NetworkCallback cb, Handler h) {
-        assertFalse(mAllCallbacks.containsKey(cb));
-        mAllCallbacks.put(cb, new NetworkRequestInfo(req, h));
         // For R- devices, Tethering will invoke this function in 2 cases, one is to request mobile
         // network, the other is to track system default network.
         if (looksLikeDefaultRequest(req)) {
-            assertFalse(mTrackingDefault.containsKey(cb));
-            mTrackingDefault.put(cb, new NetworkRequestInfo(req, h));
+            assertFalse(isAtLeastS());
+            addTrackDefaultCallback(cb, h);
         } else {
+            assertFalse(mAllCallbacks.containsKey(cb));
+            mAllCallbacks.put(cb, h);
             assertFalse(mRequested.containsKey(cb));
             mRequested.put(cb, new NetworkRequestInfo(req, h));
         }
     }
 
     @Override
+    public void registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(
+            @NonNull NetworkCallback cb, @NonNull Handler h) {
+        addTrackDefaultCallback(cb, h);
+    }
+
+    private void addTrackDefaultCallback(@NonNull NetworkCallback cb, @NonNull Handler h) {
+        assertFalse(mAllCallbacks.containsKey(cb));
+        mAllCallbacks.put(cb, h);
+        assertFalse(mTrackingDefault.containsKey(cb));
+        mTrackingDefault.put(cb, h);
+    }
+
+    @Override
     public void requestNetwork(NetworkRequest req, NetworkCallback cb) {
         fail("Should never be called.");
     }
@@ -215,7 +231,7 @@
         assertFalse(mAllCallbacks.containsKey(cb));
         NetworkRequest newReq = new NetworkRequest(req.networkCapabilities, legacyType,
                 -1 /** testId */, req.type);
-        mAllCallbacks.put(cb, new NetworkRequestInfo(newReq, h));
+        mAllCallbacks.put(cb, h);
         assertFalse(mRequested.containsKey(cb));
         mRequested.put(cb, new NetworkRequestInfo(newReq, h));
         assertFalse(mLegacyTypeMap.containsKey(cb));
@@ -227,7 +243,7 @@
     @Override
     public void registerNetworkCallback(NetworkRequest req, NetworkCallback cb, Handler h) {
         assertFalse(mAllCallbacks.containsKey(cb));
-        mAllCallbacks.put(cb, new NetworkRequestInfo(req, h));
+        mAllCallbacks.put(cb, h);
         assertFalse(mListening.containsKey(cb));
         mListening.put(cb, new NetworkRequestInfo(req, h));
     }
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
index d277e30..9e0c880 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/TetheringTest.java
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.RT_SCOPE_UNIVERSE;
 import static android.telephony.SubscriptionManager.INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION_ID;
 
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastS;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.Inet4AddressUtils.inet4AddressToIntHTH;
 import static com.android.net.module.util.Inet4AddressUtils.intToInet4AddressHTH;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.OffloadHardwareInterface.OFFLOAD_HAL_VERSION_1_0;
@@ -760,10 +761,17 @@
     }
 
     private void verifyDefaultNetworkRequestFiled() {
-        ArgumentCaptor<NetworkRequest> reqCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkRequest.class);
-        verify(mCm, times(1)).requestNetwork(reqCaptor.capture(),
-                any(NetworkCallback.class), any(Handler.class));
-        assertTrue(TestConnectivityManager.looksLikeDefaultRequest(reqCaptor.getValue()));
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            verify(mCm, times(1)).registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(
+                    any(NetworkCallback.class), any(Handler.class));
+        } else {
+            ArgumentCaptor<NetworkRequest> reqCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(
+                    NetworkRequest.class);
+            verify(mCm, times(1)).requestNetwork(reqCaptor.capture(),
+                    any(NetworkCallback.class), any(Handler.class));
+            assertTrue(TestConnectivityManager.looksLikeDefaultRequest(reqCaptor.getValue()));
+        }
+
         // The default network request is only ever filed once.
         verifyNoMoreInteractions(mCm);
     }
@@ -2602,12 +2610,57 @@
         reset(mBluetoothAdapter, mBluetoothPan);
     }
 
+    private void runDualStackUsbTethering(final String expectedIface) throws Exception {
+        when(mNetd.interfaceGetList()).thenReturn(new String[] {expectedIface});
+        when(mRouterAdvertisementDaemon.start())
+                .thenReturn(true);
+        final UpstreamNetworkState upstreamState = buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState();
+        runUsbTethering(upstreamState);
+
+        verify(mNetd).interfaceGetList();
+        verify(mNetd).tetherAddForward(expectedIface, TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        verify(mNetd).ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(expectedIface, TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME);
+
+        verify(mRouterAdvertisementDaemon).start();
+        verify(mDhcpServer, timeout(DHCPSERVER_START_TIMEOUT_MS)).startWithCallbacks(
+                any(), any());
+        sendIPv6TetherUpdates(upstreamState);
+        assertSetIfaceToDadProxy(1 /* numOfCalls */, TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME /* ifaceName */);
+        verify(mRouterAdvertisementDaemon).buildNewRa(any(), notNull());
+        verify(mNetd).tetherApplyDnsInterfaces();
+    }
+
+    private void forceUsbTetheringUse(final int function) {
+        Settings.Global.putInt(mContentResolver, TETHER_FORCE_USB_FUNCTIONS, function);
+        final ContentObserver observer = mTethering.getSettingsObserverForTest();
+        observer.onChange(false /* selfChange */);
+        mLooper.dispatchAll();
+    }
+
+    private void verifyUsbTetheringStopDueToSettingChange(final String iface) {
+        verify(mUsbManager, times(2)).setCurrentFunctions(UsbManager.FUNCTION_NONE);
+        mTethering.interfaceRemoved(iface);
+        sendUsbBroadcast(true, true, -1 /* no functions enabled */);
+        reset(mUsbManager, mNetd, mDhcpServer, mRouterAdvertisementDaemon,
+                mIPv6TetheringCoordinator, mDadProxy);
+    }
+
     @Test
-    public void testUsbTetheringWithNcmFunction() throws Exception {
-        when(mResources.getInteger(R.integer.config_tether_usb_functions)).thenReturn(
-                TetheringConfiguration.TETHER_USB_NCM_FUNCTION);
+    public void testUsbFunctionConfigurationChange() throws Exception {
+        // Run TETHERING_NCM.
+        runNcmTethering();
+        verify(mDhcpServer, timeout(DHCPSERVER_START_TIMEOUT_MS).times(1)).startWithCallbacks(
+                any(), any());
+
+        // Change the USB tethering function to NCM. Because the USB tethering function was set to
+        // RNDIS (the default), tethering is stopped.
+        forceUsbTetheringUse(TETHER_USB_NCM_FUNCTION);
+        verifyUsbTetheringStopDueToSettingChange(TEST_NCM_IFNAME);
+
+        // TODO: move this into setup after allowing configure TEST_NCM_REGEX into
+        // config_tether_usb_regexs and config_tether_ncm_regexs at the same time.
         when(mResources.getStringArray(R.array.config_tether_usb_regexs))
-                .thenReturn(new String[] {TEST_NCM_REGEX});
+                .thenReturn(new String[] {TEST_RNDIS_REGEX, TEST_NCM_REGEX});
         sendConfigurationChanged();
 
         // If TETHERING_USB is forced to use ncm function, TETHERING_NCM would no longer be
@@ -2617,30 +2670,16 @@
         mLooper.dispatchAll();
         ncmResult.assertHasResult();
 
-        final UpstreamNetworkState upstreamState = buildMobileDualStackUpstreamState();
-        runUsbTethering(upstreamState);
+        // Run TETHERING_USB with ncm configuration.
+        runDualStackUsbTethering(TEST_NCM_IFNAME);
 
-        verify(mNetd).interfaceGetList();
-        verify(mNetd).tetherAddForward(TEST_NCM_IFNAME, TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME);
-        verify(mNetd).ipfwdAddInterfaceForward(TEST_NCM_IFNAME, TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        // Change configuration to rndis.
+        forceUsbTetheringUse(TETHER_USB_RNDIS_FUNCTION);
+        verifyUsbTetheringStopDueToSettingChange(TEST_NCM_IFNAME);
 
-        verify(mRouterAdvertisementDaemon).start();
-        verify(mDhcpServer, timeout(DHCPSERVER_START_TIMEOUT_MS)).startWithCallbacks(
-                any(), any());
-        sendIPv6TetherUpdates(upstreamState);
-        assertSetIfaceToDadProxy(1 /* numOfCalls */, TEST_MOBILE_IFNAME /* ifaceName */);
-        verify(mRouterAdvertisementDaemon).buildNewRa(any(), notNull());
-        verify(mNetd).tetherApplyDnsInterfaces();
-
-        Settings.Global.putInt(mContentResolver, TETHER_FORCE_USB_FUNCTIONS,
-                TETHER_USB_RNDIS_FUNCTION);
-        final ContentObserver observer = mTethering.getSettingsObserverForTest();
-        observer.onChange(false /* selfChange */);
-        mLooper.dispatchAll();
-        // stop TETHERING_USB and TETHERING_NCM
-        verify(mUsbManager, times(2)).setCurrentFunctions(UsbManager.FUNCTION_NONE);
-        mTethering.interfaceRemoved(TEST_NCM_IFNAME);
-        sendUsbBroadcast(true, true, -1 /* function */);
+        // Run TETHERING_USB with rndis configuration.
+        runDualStackUsbTethering(TEST_RNDIS_IFNAME);
+        runStopUSBTethering();
     }
     // TODO: Test that a request for hotspot mode doesn't interfere with an
     // already operating tethering mode interface.
diff --git a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitorTest.java b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitorTest.java
index ce4ba85..173679d 100644
--- a/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitorTest.java
+++ b/Tethering/tests/unit/src/com/android/networkstack/tethering/UpstreamNetworkMonitorTest.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 
+import static com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel.isAtLeastS;
 import static com.android.networkstack.tethering.UpstreamNetworkMonitor.TYPE_NONE;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
@@ -172,12 +173,17 @@
         // Verify the fired default request matches expectation.
         final ArgumentCaptor<NetworkRequest> requestCaptor =
                 ArgumentCaptor.forClass(NetworkRequest.class);
-        verify(mCM, times(1)).requestNetwork(
-                requestCaptor.capture(), any(NetworkCallback.class), any(Handler.class));
-        // For R- devices, Tethering will invoke this function in 2 cases, one is to
-        // request mobile network, the other is to track system default network. Verify
-        // the request is the one tracks default network.
-        assertTrue(TestConnectivityManager.looksLikeDefaultRequest(requestCaptor.getValue()));
+
+        if (isAtLeastS()) {
+            verify(mCM).registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(any(), any());
+        } else {
+            verify(mCM).requestNetwork(
+                    requestCaptor.capture(), any(NetworkCallback.class), any(Handler.class));
+            // For R- devices, Tethering will invoke this function in 2 cases, one is to
+            // request mobile network, the other is to track system default network. Verify
+            // the request is the one tracks default network.
+            assertTrue(TestConnectivityManager.looksLikeDefaultRequest(requestCaptor.getValue()));
+        }
 
         mUNM.startObserveAllNetworks();
         verify(mCM, times(1)).registerNetworkCallback(
diff --git a/framework/Android.bp b/framework/Android.bp
index 93ef3bf..ee3a5d5 100644
--- a/framework/Android.bp
+++ b/framework/Android.bp
@@ -97,8 +97,6 @@
         ],
     },
     impl_only_libs: [
-        // TODO (b/183097033) remove once module_current includes core_platform
-        "stable.core.platform.api.stubs",
         "framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib",
         "framework-wifi.stubs.module_lib",
         "net-utils-device-common",
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
index 7e2f688..14ec608 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivityManager.java
@@ -4939,7 +4939,7 @@
                 Log.e(TAG, "Can't set proxy properties", e);
             }
             // Must flush DNS cache as new network may have different DNS resolutions.
-            InetAddressCompat.clearDnsCache();
+            InetAddress.clearDnsCache();
             // Must flush socket pool as idle sockets will be bound to previous network and may
             // cause subsequent fetches to be performed on old network.
             NetworkEventDispatcher.getInstance().dispatchNetworkConfigurationChange();
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java
index 085de6b..8fc0065 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/ConnectivitySettingsManager.java
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 import android.annotation.SystemApi;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.MultipathPreference;
+import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.provider.Settings;
@@ -1039,6 +1041,15 @@
         return getUidSetFromString(uidList);
     }
 
+    private static boolean isCallingFromSystem() {
+        final int uid = Binder.getCallingUid();
+        final int pid = Binder.getCallingPid();
+        if (uid == Process.SYSTEM_UID && pid == Process.myPid()) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
     /**
      * Set the list of uids(from {@link Settings}) that is allowed to use restricted networks.
      *
@@ -1047,6 +1058,15 @@
      */
     public static void setUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(@NonNull Context context,
             @NonNull Set<Integer> uidList) {
+        final boolean calledFromSystem = isCallingFromSystem();
+        if (!calledFromSystem) {
+            // Enforce NETWORK_SETTINGS check if it's debug build. This is for MTS test only.
+            if (!Build.isDebuggable()) {
+                throw new SecurityException("Only system can set this setting.");
+            }
+            context.enforceCallingOrSelfPermission(android.Manifest.permission.NETWORK_SETTINGS,
+                    "Requires NETWORK_SETTINGS permission");
+        }
         final String uids = getUidStringFromSet(uidList);
         Settings.Global.putString(context.getContentResolver(), UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS,
                 uids);
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/InetAddressCompat.java b/framework/src/android/net/InetAddressCompat.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 6b7e75c..0000000
--- a/framework/src/android/net/InetAddressCompat.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package android.net;
-
-import android.util.Log;
-
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
-import java.net.InetAddress;
-import java.net.UnknownHostException;
-
-/**
- * Compatibility utility for InetAddress core platform APIs.
- *
- * Connectivity has access to such APIs, but they are not part of the module_current stubs yet
- * (only core_current). Most stable core platform APIs are included manually in the connectivity
- * build rules, but because InetAddress is also part of the base java SDK that is earlier on the
- * classpath, the extra core platform APIs are not seen.
- *
- * TODO (b/183097033): remove this utility as soon as core_current is part of module_current
- * @hide
- */
-public class InetAddressCompat {
-
-    /**
-     * @see InetAddress#clearDnsCache()
-     */
-    public static void clearDnsCache() {
-        try {
-            InetAddress.class.getMethod("clearDnsCache").invoke(null);
-        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
-            if (e.getCause() instanceof RuntimeException) {
-                throw (RuntimeException) e.getCause();
-            }
-            throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown InvocationTargetException", e.getCause());
-        } catch (IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException e) {
-            Log.wtf(InetAddressCompat.class.getSimpleName(), "Error clearing DNS cache", e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @see InetAddress#getAllByNameOnNet(String, int)
-     */
-    public static InetAddress[] getAllByNameOnNet(String host, int netId) throws
-            UnknownHostException {
-        return (InetAddress[]) callGetByNameMethod("getAllByNameOnNet", host, netId);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @see InetAddress#getByNameOnNet(String, int)
-     */
-    public static InetAddress getByNameOnNet(String host, int netId) throws
-            UnknownHostException {
-        return (InetAddress) callGetByNameMethod("getByNameOnNet", host, netId);
-    }
-
-    private static Object callGetByNameMethod(String method, String host, int netId)
-            throws UnknownHostException {
-        try {
-            return InetAddress.class.getMethod(method, String.class, int.class)
-                    .invoke(null, host, netId);
-        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
-            if (e.getCause() instanceof UnknownHostException) {
-                throw (UnknownHostException) e.getCause();
-            }
-            if (e.getCause() instanceof RuntimeException) {
-                throw (RuntimeException) e.getCause();
-            }
-            throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown InvocationTargetException", e.getCause());
-        } catch (IllegalAccessException | NoSuchMethodException e) {
-            Log.wtf(InetAddressCompat.class.getSimpleName(), "Error calling " + method, e);
-            throw new IllegalStateException("Error querying via " + method, e);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/Network.java b/framework/src/android/net/Network.java
index 1f49033..b3770ea 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/Network.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/Network.java
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
      * @throws UnknownHostException if the address lookup fails.
      */
     public InetAddress[] getAllByName(String host) throws UnknownHostException {
-        return InetAddressCompat.getAllByNameOnNet(host, getNetIdForResolv());
+        return InetAddress.getAllByNameOnNet(host, getNetIdForResolv());
     }
 
     /**
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@
      *             if the address lookup fails.
      */
     public InetAddress getByName(String host) throws UnknownHostException {
-        return InetAddressCompat.getByNameOnNet(host, getNetIdForResolv());
+        return InetAddress.getByNameOnNet(host, getNetIdForResolv());
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/framework/src/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java b/framework/src/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java
index 7e62d28..9791cbf 100644
--- a/framework/src/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java
+++ b/framework/src/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTracker.java
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@
     public void setTestAllowBadWifiUntil(long timeMs) {
         Log.d(TAG, "setTestAllowBadWifiUntil: " + mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs);
         mTestAllowBadWifiUntilMs = timeMs;
-        updateAvoidBadWifi();
+        reevaluateInternal();
     }
 
     @VisibleForTesting
diff --git a/service/Android.bp b/service/Android.bp
index 841e189..848de12 100644
--- a/service/Android.bp
+++ b/service/Android.bp
@@ -57,9 +57,6 @@
         ":net-module-utils-srcs",
     ],
     libs: [
-        // TODO (b/183097033) remove once system_server_current includes core_current
-        "stable.core.platform.api.stubs",
-        "android_system_server_stubs_current",
         "framework-annotations-lib",
         "framework-connectivity.impl",
         "framework-tethering.stubs.module_lib",
@@ -112,3 +109,9 @@
         "com.android.tethering",
     ],
 }
+
+filegroup {
+    name: "connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+    srcs: ["jarjar-rules.txt"],
+    visibility: ["//packages/modules/Connectivity:__subpackages__"],
+}
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
index 078a9eb..bf32ad5 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/config.xml
@@ -107,4 +107,11 @@
     <string-array translatable="false" name="config_networkNotifySwitches">
     </string-array>
 
+    <!-- Whether to use an ongoing notification for signing in to captive portals, instead of a
+         notification that can be dismissed. -->
+    <bool name="config_ongoingSignInNotification">false</bool>
+
+    <!-- Whether to cancel network notifications automatically when tapped -->
+    <bool name="config_autoCancelNetworkNotifications">true</bool>
+
 </resources>
diff --git a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
index f0f4ae8..6ac6a0e 100644
--- a/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
+++ b/service/ServiceConnectivityResources/res/values/overlayable.xml
@@ -30,7 +30,10 @@
             <item type="integer" name="config_networkWakeupPacketMask"/>
             <item type="integer" name="config_networkNotifySwitchType"/>
             <item type="array" name="config_networkNotifySwitches"/>
-
+            <item type="bool" name="config_ongoingSignInNotification"/>
+            <item type="bool" name="config_autoCancelNetworkNotifications"/>
+            <item type="drawable" name="stat_notify_wifi_in_range"/>
+            <item type="drawable" name="stat_notify_rssi_in_range"/>
         </policy>
     </overlayable>
 </resources>
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
index f76ed85..dfaa6b1 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC;
 import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_PROBE_PRIVDNS;
 import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL;
+import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_SKIPPED;
 import static android.net.INetworkMonitor.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_CAPTIVE_PORTAL;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_ENTERPRISE;
@@ -541,9 +542,9 @@
     private static final int EVENT_SET_AVOID_UNVALIDATED = 35;
 
     /**
-     * used to trigger revalidation of a network.
+     * used to handle reported network connectivity. May trigger revalidation of a network.
      */
-    private static final int EVENT_REVALIDATE_NETWORK = 36;
+    private static final int EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY = 36;
 
     // Handle changes in Private DNS settings.
     private static final int EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_SETTINGS_CHANGED = 37;
@@ -3260,11 +3261,6 @@
                 }
                 case NetworkAgent.EVENT_UNDERLYING_NETWORKS_CHANGED: {
                     // TODO: prevent loops, e.g., if a network declares itself as underlying.
-                    if (!nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
-                        Log.wtf(TAG, "Non-virtual networks cannot have underlying networks");
-                        break;
-                    }
-
                     final List<Network> underlying = (List<Network>) arg.second;
 
                     if (isLegacyLockdownNai(nai)
@@ -3541,8 +3537,14 @@
             final NetworkAgentInfo nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetId(mNetId);
             if (nai == null) return;
 
+            // NetworkMonitor reports the network validation result as a bitmask while
+            // ConnectivityDiagnostics treats this value as an int. Convert the result to a single
+            // logical value for ConnectivityDiagnostics.
+            final int validationResult = networkMonitorValidationResultToConnDiagsValidationResult(
+                    p.result);
+
             final PersistableBundle extras = new PersistableBundle();
-            extras.putInt(KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT, p.result);
+            extras.putInt(KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT, validationResult);
             extras.putInt(KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_SUCCEEDED_BITMASK, p.probesSucceeded);
             extras.putInt(KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_ATTEMPTED_BITMASK, p.probesAttempted);
 
@@ -3618,6 +3620,22 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Converts the given NetworkMonitor-specific validation result bitmask to a
+     * ConnectivityDiagnostics-specific validation result int.
+     */
+    private int networkMonitorValidationResultToConnDiagsValidationResult(int validationResult) {
+        if ((validationResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_SKIPPED) != 0) {
+            return ConnectivityReport.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_SKIPPED;
+        }
+        if ((validationResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID) == 0) {
+            return ConnectivityReport.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_INVALID;
+        }
+        return (validationResult & NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIAL) != 0
+                ? ConnectivityReport.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_PARTIALLY_VALID
+                : ConnectivityReport.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
+    }
+
     private void notifyDataStallSuspected(DataStallReportParcelable p, int netId) {
         log("Data stall detected with methods: " + p.detectionMethod);
 
@@ -4867,8 +4885,9 @@
                     mKeepaliveTracker.handleStopKeepalive(nai, slot, reason);
                     break;
                 }
-                case EVENT_REVALIDATE_NETWORK: {
-                    handleReportNetworkConnectivity((Network) msg.obj, msg.arg1, toBool(msg.arg2));
+                case EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY: {
+                    handleReportNetworkConnectivity((NetworkAgentInfo) msg.obj, msg.arg1,
+                            toBool(msg.arg2));
                     break;
                 }
                 case EVENT_PRIVATE_DNS_SETTINGS_CHANGED:
@@ -5031,41 +5050,34 @@
         final int uid = mDeps.getCallingUid();
         final int connectivityInfo = encodeBool(hasConnectivity);
 
-        // Handle ConnectivityDiagnostics event before attempting to revalidate the network. This
-        // forces an ordering of ConnectivityDiagnostics events in the case where hasConnectivity
-        // does not match the known connectivity of the network - this causes NetworkMonitor to
-        // revalidate the network and generate a ConnectivityDiagnostics ConnectivityReport event.
         final NetworkAgentInfo nai;
         if (network == null) {
             nai = getDefaultNetwork();
         } else {
             nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
         }
-        if (nai != null) {
-            mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(
-                    mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
-                            ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED,
-                            connectivityInfo, 0, nai));
-        }
 
         mHandler.sendMessage(
-                mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REVALIDATE_NETWORK, uid, connectivityInfo, network));
+                mHandler.obtainMessage(
+                        EVENT_REPORT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY, uid, connectivityInfo, nai));
     }
 
     private void handleReportNetworkConnectivity(
-            Network network, int uid, boolean hasConnectivity) {
-        final NetworkAgentInfo nai;
-        if (network == null) {
-            nai = getDefaultNetwork();
-        } else {
-            nai = getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(network);
-        }
-        if (nai == null || nai.networkInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.DISCONNECTING ||
-            nai.networkInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.DISCONNECTED) {
+            @Nullable NetworkAgentInfo nai, int uid, boolean hasConnectivity) {
+        // TODO(b/192611346): remove NetworkInfo.State.DISCONNECTING as it's not used
+        if (nai == null
+                || nai != getNetworkAgentInfoForNetwork(nai.network)
+                || nai.networkInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.DISCONNECTING
+                || nai.networkInfo.getState() == NetworkInfo.State.DISCONNECTED) {
             return;
         }
         // Revalidate if the app report does not match our current validated state.
         if (hasConnectivity == nai.lastValidated) {
+            mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(
+                    mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
+                            ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED,
+                            new ReportedNetworkConnectivityInfo(
+                                    hasConnectivity, false /* isNetworkRevalidating */, uid, nai)));
             return;
         }
         if (DBG) {
@@ -5081,6 +5093,16 @@
         if (isNetworkWithCapabilitiesBlocked(nc, uid, false)) {
             return;
         }
+
+        // Send CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED event before re-validating the Network to force an ordering of
+        // ConnDiags events. This ensures that #onNetworkConnectivityReported() will be called
+        // before #onConnectivityReportAvailable(), which is called once Network evaluation is
+        // completed.
+        mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.sendMessage(
+                mConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.obtainMessage(
+                        ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler.EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED,
+                        new ReportedNetworkConnectivityInfo(
+                                hasConnectivity, true /* isNetworkRevalidating */, uid, nai)));
         nai.networkMonitor().forceReevaluation(uid);
     }
 
@@ -5277,12 +5299,12 @@
      *         information, e.g underlying ifaces.
      */
     private UnderlyingNetworkInfo createVpnInfo(NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
-        if (!nai.isVPN()) return null;
-
         Network[] underlyingNetworks = nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks;
         // see VpnService.setUnderlyingNetworks()'s javadoc about how to interpret
         // the underlyingNetworks list.
-        if (underlyingNetworks == null) {
+        // TODO: stop using propagateUnderlyingCapabilities here, for example, by always
+        // initializing NetworkAgentInfo#declaredUnderlyingNetworks to an empty array.
+        if (underlyingNetworks == null && nai.propagateUnderlyingCapabilities()) {
             final NetworkAgentInfo defaultNai = getDefaultNetworkForUid(
                     nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid());
             if (defaultNai != null) {
@@ -5331,7 +5353,7 @@
     private boolean hasUnderlyingNetwork(NetworkAgentInfo nai, Network network) {
         // TODO: support more than one level of underlying networks, either via a fixed-depth search
         // (e.g., 2 levels of underlying networks), or via loop detection, or....
-        if (!nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) return false;
+        if (!nai.propagateUnderlyingCapabilities()) return false;
         final Network[] underlying = underlyingNetworksOrDefault(
                 nai.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid(), nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks);
         return CollectionUtils.contains(underlying, network);
@@ -6280,7 +6302,8 @@
                 callingAttributionTag);
         if (VDBG) log("pendingListenForNetwork for " + nri);
 
-        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER, nri));
+        mHandler.sendMessage(mHandler.obtainMessage(
+                    EVENT_REGISTER_NETWORK_LISTENER_WITH_INTENT, nri));
     }
 
     /** Returns the next Network provider ID. */
@@ -7303,7 +7326,7 @@
             newNc.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
         }
 
-        if (nai.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+        if (nai.propagateUnderlyingCapabilities()) {
             applyUnderlyingCapabilities(nai.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, nai.declaredCapabilities,
                     newNc);
         }
@@ -7597,9 +7620,16 @@
             // If apps could file multi-layer requests with PendingIntents, they'd need to know
             // which of the layer is satisfied alongside with some ID for the request. Hence, if
             // such an API is ever implemented, there is no doubt the right request to send in
-            // EXTRA_NETWORK_REQUEST is mActiveRequest, and whatever ID would be added would need to
-            // be sent as a separate extra.
-            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_REQUEST, nri.getActiveRequest());
+            // EXTRA_NETWORK_REQUEST is the active request, and whatever ID would be added would
+            // need to be sent as a separate extra.
+            final NetworkRequest req = nri.isMultilayerRequest()
+                    ? nri.getActiveRequest()
+                    // Non-multilayer listen requests do not have an active request
+                    : nri.mRequests.get(0);
+            if (req == null) {
+                Log.wtf(TAG, "No request in NRI " + nri);
+            }
+            intent.putExtra(ConnectivityManager.EXTRA_NETWORK_REQUEST, req);
             nri.mPendingIntentSent = true;
             sendIntent(nri.mPendingIntent, intent);
         }
@@ -8438,7 +8468,7 @@
             networkAgent.networkCapabilities.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_FOREGROUND);
 
             if (!createNativeNetwork(networkAgent)) return;
-            if (networkAgent.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()) {
+            if (networkAgent.propagateUnderlyingCapabilities()) {
                 // Initialize the network's capabilities to their starting values according to the
                 // underlying networks. This ensures that the capabilities are correct before
                 // anything happens to the network.
@@ -9032,8 +9062,7 @@
          * the platform. This event will invoke {@link
          * IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback#onNetworkConnectivityReported} for permissioned
          * callbacks.
-         * obj = Network that was reported on
-         * arg1 = boolint for the quality reported
+         * obj = ReportedNetworkConnectivityInfo with info on reported Network connectivity.
          */
         private static final int EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED = 5;
 
@@ -9071,7 +9100,7 @@
                     break;
                 }
                 case EVENT_NETWORK_CONNECTIVITY_REPORTED: {
-                    handleNetworkConnectivityReported((NetworkAgentInfo) msg.obj, toBool(msg.arg1));
+                    handleNetworkConnectivityReported((ReportedNetworkConnectivityInfo) msg.obj);
                     break;
                 }
                 default: {
@@ -9141,6 +9170,28 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Class used for sending info for a call to {@link #reportNetworkConnectivity()} to {@link
+     * ConnectivityDiagnosticsHandler}.
+     */
+    private static class ReportedNetworkConnectivityInfo {
+        public final boolean hasConnectivity;
+        public final boolean isNetworkRevalidating;
+        public final int reporterUid;
+        @NonNull public final NetworkAgentInfo nai;
+
+        private ReportedNetworkConnectivityInfo(
+                boolean hasConnectivity,
+                boolean isNetworkRevalidating,
+                int reporterUid,
+                @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+            this.hasConnectivity = hasConnectivity;
+            this.isNetworkRevalidating = isNetworkRevalidating;
+            this.reporterUid = reporterUid;
+            this.nai = nai;
+        }
+    }
+
     private void handleRegisterConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback(
             @NonNull ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo cbInfo) {
         ensureRunningOnConnectivityServiceThread();
@@ -9248,13 +9299,14 @@
                         networkCapabilities,
                         extras);
         nai.setConnectivityReport(report);
+
         final List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> results =
-                getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(nai);
+                getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(nai, Process.INVALID_UID);
         for (final IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback cb : results) {
             try {
                 cb.onConnectivityReportAvailable(report);
             } catch (RemoteException ex) {
-                loge("Error invoking onConnectivityReport", ex);
+                loge("Error invoking onConnectivityReportAvailable", ex);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -9273,7 +9325,7 @@
                         networkCapabilities,
                         extras);
         final List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> results =
-                getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(nai);
+                getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(nai, Process.INVALID_UID);
         for (final IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback cb : results) {
             try {
                 cb.onDataStallSuspected(report);
@@ -9284,15 +9336,39 @@
     }
 
     private void handleNetworkConnectivityReported(
-            @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, boolean connectivity) {
+            @NonNull ReportedNetworkConnectivityInfo reportedNetworkConnectivityInfo) {
+        final NetworkAgentInfo nai = reportedNetworkConnectivityInfo.nai;
+        final ConnectivityReport cachedReport = nai.getConnectivityReport();
+
+        // If the Network is being re-validated as a result of this call to
+        // reportNetworkConnectivity(), notify all permissioned callbacks. Otherwise, only notify
+        // permissioned callbacks registered by the reporter.
         final List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> results =
-                getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(nai);
+                getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(
+                        nai,
+                        reportedNetworkConnectivityInfo.isNetworkRevalidating
+                                ? Process.INVALID_UID
+                                : reportedNetworkConnectivityInfo.reporterUid);
+
         for (final IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback cb : results) {
             try {
-                cb.onNetworkConnectivityReported(nai.network, connectivity);
+                cb.onNetworkConnectivityReported(
+                        nai.network, reportedNetworkConnectivityInfo.hasConnectivity);
             } catch (RemoteException ex) {
                 loge("Error invoking onNetworkConnectivityReported", ex);
             }
+
+            // If the Network isn't re-validating, also provide the cached report. If there is no
+            // cached report, the Network is still being validated and a report will be sent once
+            // validation is complete. Note that networks which never undergo validation will still
+            // have a cached ConnectivityReport with RESULT_SKIPPED.
+            if (!reportedNetworkConnectivityInfo.isNetworkRevalidating && cachedReport != null) {
+                try {
+                    cb.onConnectivityReportAvailable(cachedReport);
+                } catch (RemoteException ex) {
+                    loge("Error invoking onConnectivityReportAvailable", ex);
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -9305,20 +9381,38 @@
         return sanitized;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Gets a list of ConnectivityDiagnostics callbacks that match the specified Network and uid.
+     *
+     * <p>If Process.INVALID_UID is specified, all matching callbacks will be returned.
+     */
     private List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> getMatchingPermissionedCallbacks(
-            @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai) {
+            @NonNull NetworkAgentInfo nai, int uid) {
         final List<IConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback> results = new ArrayList<>();
         for (Entry<IBinder, ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo> entry :
                 mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbacks.entrySet()) {
             final ConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackInfo cbInfo = entry.getValue();
             final NetworkRequestInfo nri = cbInfo.mRequestInfo;
+
             // Connectivity Diagnostics rejects multilayer requests at registration hence get(0).
-            if (nai.satisfies(nri.mRequests.get(0))) {
-                if (checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
-                        nri.mPid, nri.mUid, nai, cbInfo.mCallingPackageName)) {
-                    results.add(entry.getValue().mCb);
-                }
+            if (!nai.satisfies(nri.mRequests.get(0))) {
+                continue;
             }
+
+            // UID for this callback must either be:
+            //  - INVALID_UID (which sends callbacks to all UIDs), or
+            //  - The callback's owner (the owner called reportNetworkConnectivity() and is being
+            //    notified as a result)
+            if (uid != Process.INVALID_UID && uid != nri.mUid) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (!checkConnectivityDiagnosticsPermissions(
+                    nri.mPid, nri.mUid, nai, cbInfo.mCallingPackageName)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            results.add(entry.getValue().mCb);
         }
         return results;
     }
@@ -9347,7 +9441,7 @@
 
     private boolean ownsVpnRunningOverNetwork(int uid, Network network) {
         for (NetworkAgentInfo virtual : mNetworkAgentInfos) {
-            if (virtual.supportsUnderlyingNetworks()
+            if (virtual.propagateUnderlyingCapabilities()
                     && virtual.networkCapabilities.getOwnerUid() == uid
                     && CollectionUtils.contains(virtual.declaredUnderlyingNetworks, network)) {
                 return true;
@@ -9946,7 +10040,7 @@
         // - The request for the mobile network preferred.
         // - The request for the default network, for fallback.
         requests.add(createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
-                TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, NetworkRequest.Type.LISTEN));
+                TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, NetworkRequest.Type.REQUEST));
         requests.add(createDefaultInternetRequestForTransport(
                 TYPE_NONE, NetworkRequest.Type.TRACK_DEFAULT));
         final Set<UidRange> ranges = new ArraySet<>();
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
index acf39f0..ee1538a 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/KeepaliveTracker.java
@@ -373,12 +373,10 @@
                     Log.e(TAG, "Cannot stop unowned keepalive " + mSlot + " on " + mNai.network);
                 }
             }
-            // Ignore the case when the network disconnects immediately after stop() has been
-            // called and the keepalive code is waiting for the response from the modem. This
-            // might happen when the caller listens for a lower-layer network disconnect
-            // callback and stop the keepalive at that time. But the stop() races with the
-            // stop() generated in ConnectivityService network disconnection code path.
-            if (mStartedState == STOPPING && reason == ERROR_INVALID_NETWORK) return;
+            // To prevent races from re-entrance of stop(), return if the state is already stopping.
+            // This might happen if multiple event sources stop keepalive in a short time. Such as
+            // network disconnect after user calls stop(), or tear down socket after binder died.
+            if (mStartedState == STOPPING) return;
 
             // Store the reason of stopping, and report it after the keepalive is fully stopped.
             if (mStopReason != ERROR_STOP_REASON_UNINITIALIZED) {
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
index 18becd4..bbf523a 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkAgentInfo.java
@@ -157,8 +157,8 @@
     @NonNull public NetworkCapabilities networkCapabilities;
     @NonNull public final NetworkAgentConfig networkAgentConfig;
 
-    // Underlying networks declared by the agent. Only set if supportsUnderlyingNetworks is true.
-    // The networks in this list might be declared by a VPN app using setUnderlyingNetworks and are
+    // Underlying networks declared by the agent.
+    // The networks in this list might be declared by a VPN using setUnderlyingNetworks and are
     // not guaranteed to be current or correct, or even to exist.
     //
     // This array is read and iterated on multiple threads with no locking so its contents must
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@
 
     // The capabilities originally announced by the NetworkAgent, regardless of any capabilities
     // that were added or removed due to this network's underlying networks.
-    // Only set if #supportsUnderlyingNetworks is true.
+    // Only set if #propagateUnderlyingCapabilities is true.
     public @Nullable NetworkCapabilities declaredCapabilities;
 
     // Indicates if netd has been told to create this Network. From this point on the appropriate
@@ -898,8 +898,11 @@
         return networkCapabilities.hasTransport(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN);
     }
 
-    /** Whether this network might have underlying networks. Currently only true for VPNs. */
-    public boolean supportsUnderlyingNetworks() {
+    /**
+     * Whether this network should propagate the capabilities from its underlying networks.
+     * Currently only true for VPNs.
+     */
+    public boolean propagateUnderlyingCapabilities() {
         return isVPN();
     }
 
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
index b57ad5d..ae98d92 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManager.java
@@ -274,13 +274,17 @@
                 .setWhen(System.currentTimeMillis())
                 .setShowWhen(notifyType == NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH)
                 .setSmallIcon(icon)
-                .setAutoCancel(true)
+                .setAutoCancel(r.getBoolean(R.bool.config_autoCancelNetworkNotifications))
                 .setTicker(title)
                 .setColor(mContext.getColor(android.R.color.system_notification_accent_color))
                 .setContentTitle(title)
                 .setContentIntent(intent)
                 .setLocalOnly(true)
-                .setOnlyAlertOnce(true);
+                .setOnlyAlertOnce(true)
+                // TODO: consider having action buttons to disconnect on the sign-in notification
+                // especially if it is ongoing
+                .setOngoing(notifyType == NotificationType.SIGN_IN
+                        && r.getBoolean(R.bool.config_ongoingSignInNotification));
 
         if (notifyType == NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH) {
             builder.setStyle(new Notification.BigTextStyle().bigText(details));
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java
index e839837..d7eb9c8 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRanker.java
@@ -108,7 +108,58 @@
         }
     }
 
-    @Nullable private <T extends Scoreable> T getBestNetworkByPolicy(
+    private <T extends Scoreable> boolean isBadWiFi(@NonNull final T candidate) {
+        return candidate.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD)
+                && candidate.getCapsNoCopy().hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Apply the "yield to bad WiFi" policy.
+     *
+     * This function must run immediately after the validation policy.
+     *
+     * If any of the accepted networks has the "yield to bad WiFi" policy AND there are some
+     * bad WiFis in the rejected list, then move the networks with the policy to the rejected
+     * list. If this leaves no accepted network, then move the bad WiFis back to the accepted list.
+     *
+     * This function returns nothing, but will have updated accepted and rejected in-place.
+     *
+     * @param accepted networks accepted by the validation policy
+     * @param rejected networks rejected by the validation policy
+     */
+    private <T extends Scoreable> void applyYieldToBadWifiPolicy(@NonNull ArrayList<T> accepted,
+            @NonNull ArrayList<T> rejected) {
+        if (!CollectionUtils.any(accepted, n -> n.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI))) {
+            // No network with the policy : do nothing.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (!CollectionUtils.any(rejected, n -> isBadWiFi(n))) {
+            // No bad WiFi : do nothing.
+            return;
+        }
+        if (CollectionUtils.all(accepted, n -> n.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI))) {
+            // All validated networks yield to bad WiFis : keep bad WiFis alongside with the
+            // yielders. This is important because the yielders need to be compared to the bad
+            // wifis by the following policies (e.g. exiting).
+            final ArrayList<T> acceptedYielders = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+            final ArrayList<T> rejectedWithBadWiFis = new ArrayList<>(rejected);
+            partitionInto(rejectedWithBadWiFis, n -> isBadWiFi(n), accepted, rejected);
+            accepted.addAll(acceptedYielders);
+            return;
+        }
+        // Only some of the validated networks yield to bad WiFi : keep only the ones who don't.
+        final ArrayList<T> acceptedWithYielders = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
+        partitionInto(acceptedWithYielders, n -> !n.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI),
+                accepted, rejected);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Get the best network among a list of candidates according to policy.
+     * @param candidates the candidates
+     * @param currentSatisfier the current satisfier, or null if none
+     * @return the best network
+     */
+    @Nullable public <T extends Scoreable> T getBestNetworkByPolicy(
             @NonNull List<T> candidates,
             @Nullable final T currentSatisfier) {
         // Used as working areas.
@@ -148,24 +199,15 @@
         if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
         if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
 
-        // Yield to bad wifi policy : if any wifi has ever been validated (even if it's now
-        // unvalidated), and unless it's been explicitly avoided when bad in UI, then keep only
-        // networks that don't yield to such a wifi network.
-        final boolean anyWiFiEverValidated = CollectionUtils.any(candidates,
-                nai -> nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD)
-                        && nai.getCapsNoCopy().hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
-        if (anyWiFiEverValidated) {
-            partitionInto(candidates, nai -> !nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI),
-                    accepted, rejected);
-            if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
-            if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
-        }
-
         // If any network is validated (or should be accepted even if it's not validated), then
         // don't choose one that isn't.
         partitionInto(candidates, nai -> nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED)
                         || nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED),
                 accepted, rejected);
+        // Yield to bad wifi policy : if any network has the "yield to bad WiFi" policy and
+        // there are bad WiFis connected, then accept the bad WiFis and reject the networks with
+        // the policy.
+        applyYieldToBadWifiPolicy(accepted, rejected);
         if (accepted.size() == 1) return accepted.get(0);
         if (accepted.size() > 0 && rejected.size() > 0) candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
 
@@ -194,16 +236,26 @@
         // subscription with the same transport.
         partitionInto(candidates, nai -> nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY),
                 accepted, rejected);
-        for (final Scoreable defaultSubNai : accepted) {
-            // Remove all networks without the DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION policy and the same transports
-            // as a network that has it.
-            final int[] transports = defaultSubNai.getCapsNoCopy().getTransportTypes();
-            candidates.removeIf(nai -> !nai.getScore().hasPolicy(POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY)
-                    && Arrays.equals(transports, nai.getCapsNoCopy().getTransportTypes()));
+        if (accepted.size() > 0) {
+            // Some networks are primary for their transport. For each transport, keep only the
+            // primary, but also keep all networks for which there isn't a primary (which are now
+            // in the |rejected| array).
+            // So for each primary network, remove from |rejected| all networks with the same
+            // transports as one of the primary networks. The remaining networks should be accepted.
+            for (final T defaultSubNai : accepted) {
+                final int[] transports = defaultSubNai.getCapsNoCopy().getTransportTypes();
+                rejected.removeIf(
+                        nai -> Arrays.equals(transports, nai.getCapsNoCopy().getTransportTypes()));
+            }
+            // Now the |rejected| list contains networks with transports for which there isn't
+            // a primary network. Add them back to the candidates.
+            accepted.addAll(rejected);
+            candidates = new ArrayList<>(accepted);
         }
         if (1 == candidates.size()) return candidates.get(0);
-        // It's guaranteed candidates.size() > 0 because there is at least one with the
-        // TRANSPORT_PRIMARY policy and only those without it were removed.
+        // If there were no primary network, then candidates.size() > 0 because it didn't
+        // change from the previous result. If there were, it's guaranteed candidates.size() > 0
+        // because accepted.size() > 0 above.
 
         // If some of the networks have a better transport than others, keep only the ones with
         // the best transports.
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/OsCompat.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/OsCompat.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 57e3dcd..0000000
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/OsCompat.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.server.connectivity;
-
-import android.system.ErrnoException;
-import android.system.Os;
-
-import java.io.FileDescriptor;
-
-/**
- * Compatibility utility for android.system.Os core platform APIs.
- *
- * Connectivity has access to such APIs, but they are not part of the module_current stubs yet
- * (only core_current). Most stable core platform APIs are included manually in the connectivity
- * build rules, but because Os is also part of the base java SDK that is earlier on the
- * classpath, the extra core platform APIs are not seen.
- *
- * TODO (b/157639992, b/183097033): remove as soon as core_current is part of system_server_current
- * @hide
- */
-public class OsCompat {
-    // This value should be correct on all architectures supported by Android, but hardcoding ioctl
-    // numbers should be avoided.
-    /**
-     * @see android.system.OsConstants#TIOCOUTQ
-     */
-    public static final int TIOCOUTQ = 0x5411;
-
-    /**
-     * @see android.system.Os#getsockoptInt(FileDescriptor, int, int)
-     */
-    public static int getsockoptInt(FileDescriptor fd, int level, int option) throws
-            ErrnoException {
-        try {
-            return (int) Os.class.getMethod(
-                    "getsockoptInt", FileDescriptor.class, int.class, int.class)
-                    .invoke(null, fd, level, option);
-        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
-            if (e.getCause() instanceof ErrnoException) {
-                throw (ErrnoException) e.getCause();
-            }
-            throw new IllegalStateException("Error calling getsockoptInt", e);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @see android.system.Os#ioctlInt(FileDescriptor, int)
-     */
-    public static int ioctlInt(FileDescriptor fd, int cmd) throws
-            ErrnoException {
-        try {
-            return (int) Os.class.getMethod(
-                    "ioctlInt", FileDescriptor.class, int.class).invoke(null, fd, cmd);
-        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
-            if (e.getCause() instanceof ErrnoException) {
-                throw (ErrnoException) e.getCause();
-            }
-            throw new IllegalStateException("Error calling ioctlInt", e);
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
old mode 100644
new mode 100755
index 32e06e5..512d767
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitor.java
@@ -121,15 +121,23 @@
         @Override
         public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
             final String action = intent.getAction();
-            final int uid = intent.getIntExtra(Intent.EXTRA_UID, -1);
-            final Uri packageData = intent.getData();
-            final String packageName =
-                    packageData != null ? packageData.getSchemeSpecificPart() : null;
 
             if (Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED.equals(action)) {
+                final int uid = intent.getIntExtra(Intent.EXTRA_UID, -1);
+                final Uri packageData = intent.getData();
+                final String packageName =
+                        packageData != null ? packageData.getSchemeSpecificPart() : null;
                 onPackageAdded(packageName, uid);
             } else if (Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED.equals(action)) {
+                final int uid = intent.getIntExtra(Intent.EXTRA_UID, -1);
+                final Uri packageData = intent.getData();
+                final String packageName =
+                        packageData != null ? packageData.getSchemeSpecificPart() : null;
                 onPackageRemoved(packageName, uid);
+            } else if (Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE.equals(action)) {
+                final String[] pkgList =
+                        intent.getStringArrayExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CHANGED_PACKAGE_LIST);
+                onExternalApplicationsAvailable(pkgList);
             } else {
                 Log.wtf(TAG, "received unexpected intent: " + action);
             }
@@ -194,6 +202,12 @@
                 mIntentReceiver, intentFilter, null /* broadcastPermission */,
                 null /* scheduler */);
 
+        final IntentFilter externalIntentFilter =
+                new IntentFilter(Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
+        userAllContext.registerReceiver(
+                mIntentReceiver, externalIntentFilter, null /* broadcastPermission */,
+                null /* scheduler */);
+
         // Register UIDS_ALLOWED_ON_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS setting observer
         mDeps.registerContentObserver(
                 userAllContext,
@@ -230,11 +244,11 @@
             boolean hasRestrictedPermission = hasRestrictedNetworkPermission(app);
 
             if (isNetwork || hasRestrictedPermission) {
-                Boolean permission = mApps.get(uid);
+                Boolean permission = mApps.get(UserHandle.getAppId(uid));
                 // If multiple packages share a UID (cf: android:sharedUserId) and ask for different
                 // permissions, don't downgrade (i.e., if it's already SYSTEM, leave it as is).
                 if (permission == null || permission == NETWORK) {
-                    mApps.put(uid, hasRestrictedPermission);
+                    mApps.put(UserHandle.getAppId(uid), hasRestrictedPermission);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -325,14 +339,14 @@
         // networks. mApps contains the result of checks for both hasNetworkPermission and
         // hasRestrictedNetworkPermission. If uid is in the mApps list that means uid has one of
         // permissions at least.
-        return mApps.containsKey(uid);
+        return mApps.containsKey(UserHandle.getAppId(uid));
     }
 
     /**
      * Returns whether the given uid has permission to use restricted networks.
      */
     public synchronized boolean hasRestrictedNetworksPermission(int uid) {
-        return Boolean.TRUE.equals(mApps.get(uid));
+        return Boolean.TRUE.equals(mApps.get(UserHandle.getAppId(uid)));
     }
 
     private void update(Set<UserHandle> users, Map<Integer, Boolean> apps, boolean add) {
@@ -452,12 +466,13 @@
 
         // If multiple packages share a UID (cf: android:sharedUserId) and ask for different
         // permissions, don't downgrade (i.e., if it's already SYSTEM, leave it as is).
-        final Boolean permission = highestPermissionForUid(mApps.get(uid), packageName);
-        if (permission != mApps.get(uid)) {
-            mApps.put(uid, permission);
+        final int appId = UserHandle.getAppId(uid);
+        final Boolean permission = highestPermissionForUid(mApps.get(appId), packageName);
+        if (permission != mApps.get(appId)) {
+            mApps.put(appId, permission);
 
             Map<Integer, Boolean> apps = new HashMap<>();
-            apps.put(uid, permission);
+            apps.put(appId, permission);
             update(mUsers, apps, true);
         }
 
@@ -472,7 +487,7 @@
                 updateVpnUids(vpn.getKey(), changedUids, true);
             }
         }
-        mAllApps.add(UserHandle.getAppId(uid));
+        mAllApps.add(appId);
     }
 
     private Boolean highestUidNetworkPermission(int uid) {
@@ -529,16 +544,17 @@
             return;
         }
 
-        if (permission == mApps.get(uid)) {
+        final int appId = UserHandle.getAppId(uid);
+        if (permission == mApps.get(appId)) {
             // The permissions of this UID have not changed. Nothing to do.
             return;
         } else if (permission != null) {
-            mApps.put(uid, permission);
-            apps.put(uid, permission);
+            mApps.put(appId, permission);
+            apps.put(appId, permission);
             update(mUsers, apps, true);
         } else {
-            mApps.remove(uid);
-            apps.put(uid, NETWORK);  // doesn't matter which permission we pick here
+            mApps.remove(appId);
+            apps.put(appId, NETWORK);  // doesn't matter which permission we pick here
             update(mUsers, apps, false);
         }
     }
@@ -653,7 +669,7 @@
      */
     private void removeBypassingUids(Set<Integer> uids, int vpnAppUid) {
         uids.remove(vpnAppUid);
-        uids.removeIf(uid -> mApps.getOrDefault(uid, NETWORK) == SYSTEM);
+        uids.removeIf(uid -> mApps.getOrDefault(UserHandle.getAppId(uid), NETWORK) == SYSTEM);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -795,12 +811,13 @@
         for (Integer uid : uidsToUpdate) {
             final Boolean permission = highestUidNetworkPermission(uid);
 
+            final int appId = UserHandle.getAppId(uid);
             if (null == permission) {
-                removedUids.put(uid, NETWORK); // Doesn't matter which permission is set here.
-                mApps.remove(uid);
+                removedUids.put(appId, NETWORK); // Doesn't matter which permission is set here.
+                mApps.remove(appId);
             } else {
-                updatedUids.put(uid, permission);
-                mApps.put(uid, permission);
+                updatedUids.put(appId, permission);
+                mApps.put(appId, permission);
             }
         }
 
@@ -809,6 +826,21 @@
         update(mUsers, removedUids, false /* add */);
     }
 
+    private synchronized void onExternalApplicationsAvailable(String[] pkgList) {
+        if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(pkgList)) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "No available external application.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        for (String app : pkgList) {
+            final PackageInfo info = getPackageInfo(app);
+            if (info == null || info.applicationInfo == null) continue;
+
+            final int appId = info.applicationInfo.uid;
+            onPackageAdded(app, appId); // Use onPackageAdded to add package one by one.
+        }
+    }
+
     /** Dump info to dumpsys */
     public void dump(IndentingPrintWriter pw) {
         pw.println("Interface filtering rules:");
diff --git a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
index 73f3475..c480594 100644
--- a/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
+++ b/service/src/com/android/server/connectivity/TcpKeepaliveController.java
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IP_TOS;
 import static android.system.OsConstants.IP_TTL;
-
-import static com.android.server.connectivity.OsCompat.TIOCOUTQ;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.TIOCOUTQ;
 
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.net.InvalidPacketException;
@@ -176,10 +175,10 @@
             }
             // Query write sequence number from SEND_QUEUE.
             Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE, TCP_SEND_QUEUE);
-            tcpDetails.seq = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
+            tcpDetails.seq = Os.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
             // Query read sequence number from RECV_QUEUE.
             Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE, TCP_RECV_QUEUE);
-            tcpDetails.ack = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
+            tcpDetails.ack = Os.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_QUEUE_SEQ);
             // Switch to NO_QUEUE to prevent illegal socket read/write in repair mode.
             Os.setsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE, TCP_NO_QUEUE);
             // Finally, check if socket is still idle. TODO : this check needs to move to
@@ -199,9 +198,9 @@
             tcpDetails.rcvWndScale = trw.rcvWndScale;
             if (tcpDetails.srcAddress.length == 4 /* V4 address length */) {
                 // Query TOS.
-                tcpDetails.tos = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS);
+                tcpDetails.tos = Os.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TOS);
                 // Query TTL.
-                tcpDetails.ttl = OsCompat.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL);
+                tcpDetails.ttl = Os.getsockoptInt(fd, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL);
             }
         } catch (ErrnoException e) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Exception reading TCP state from socket", e);
@@ -306,7 +305,7 @@
 
     private static boolean isReceiveQueueEmpty(FileDescriptor fd)
             throws ErrnoException {
-        final int result = OsCompat.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCINQ);
+        final int result = Os.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCINQ);
         if (result != 0) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Read queue has data");
             return false;
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@
 
     private static boolean isSendQueueEmpty(FileDescriptor fd)
             throws ErrnoException {
-        final int result = OsCompat.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCOUTQ);
+        final int result = Os.ioctlInt(fd, SIOCOUTQ);
         if (result != 0) {
             Log.e(TAG, "Write queue has data");
             return false;
diff --git a/tests/common/Android.bp b/tests/common/Android.bp
index 28339f1..e1fab09 100644
--- a/tests/common/Android.bp
+++ b/tests/common/Android.bp
@@ -43,13 +43,30 @@
     ],
 }
 
+// Connectivity coverage tests combines Tethering and Connectivity tests, each with their
+// respective jarjar rules applied.
+// Some tests may be duplicated (in particular static lib tests), as they need to be run under both
+// jarjared packages to cover both usages.
+android_library {
+    name: "ConnectivityCoverageTestsLib",
+    min_sdk_version: "30",
+    static_libs: [
+        "FrameworksNetTestsLib",
+        "NetdStaticLibTestsLib",
+        "NetworkStaticLibTestsLib",
+    ],
+    jarjar_rules: ":connectivity-jarjar-rules",
+    manifest: "AndroidManifest_coverage.xml",
+    visibility: ["//visibility:private"],
+}
+
 android_test {
     name: "ConnectivityCoverageTests",
     // Tethering started on SDK 30
     min_sdk_version: "30",
     // TODO: change to 31 as soon as it is available
     target_sdk_version: "30",
-    test_suites: ["device-tests", "mts"],
+    test_suites: ["general-tests", "mts"],
     defaults: [
         "framework-connectivity-test-defaults",
         "FrameworksNetTests-jni-defaults",
@@ -62,13 +79,9 @@
         // (some tests would fail).
         // TODO: consider removing extended mockito usage in tests that use it, for performance
         "mockito-target-extended-minus-junit4",
-        "FrameworksNetTestsLib",
         "modules-utils-native-coverage-listener",
-        "NetdStaticLibTestsLib",
-        "NetworkStaticLibTestsLib",
-        "NetworkStackTestsLib",
-        "TetheringTestsLatestSdkLib",
-        "TetheringIntegrationTestsLatestSdkLib",
+        "ConnectivityCoverageTestsLib",
+        "TetheringCoverageTestsLib",
     ],
     jni_libs: [
         // For mockito extended
diff --git a/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml b/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml
index 577f36a..7c8e710 100644
--- a/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml
+++ b/tests/common/AndroidTest_Coverage.xml
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
     </target_preparer>
 
     <option name="test-tag" value="ConnectivityCoverageTests" />
+    <option name="config-descriptor:metadata" key="mainline-param" value="CaptivePortalLoginGoogle.apk+NetworkStackGoogle.apk+com.google.android.resolv.apex+com.google.android.tethering.apex" />
     <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.AndroidJUnitTest" >
         <option name="package" value="com.android.connectivity.tests.coverage" />
         <option name="runner" value="androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner" />
diff --git a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java
index d4780d3..ab97f2d 100644
--- a/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java
+++ b/tests/common/java/android/net/metrics/IpConnectivityLogTest.java
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
 
+import static com.android.net.module.util.NetworkCapabilitiesUtils.unpackBits;
+
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.timeout;
@@ -31,8 +33,6 @@
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
-import com.android.internal.util.BitUtils;
-
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@
 @SmallTest
 public class IpConnectivityLogTest {
     private static final int FAKE_NET_ID = 100;
-    private static final int[] FAKE_TRANSPORT_TYPES = BitUtils.unpackBits(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+    private static final int[] FAKE_TRANSPORT_TYPES = unpackBits(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
     private static final long FAKE_TIME_STAMP = System.currentTimeMillis();
     private static final String FAKE_INTERFACE_NAME = "test";
     private static final IpReachabilityEvent FAKE_EV =
diff --git a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkPolicyManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkPolicyManagerTest.java
index ddc5fd4..ad7ec9e 100644
--- a/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkPolicyManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/hostside/app/src/com/android/cts/net/hostside/NetworkPolicyManagerTest.java
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.NetworkPolicyTestUtils.isUidNetworkingBlocked;
 import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.NetworkPolicyTestUtils.isUidRestrictedOnMeteredNetworks;
 import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.NetworkPolicyTestUtils.setRestrictBackground;
+import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.Property.BATTERY_SAVER_MODE;
+import static com.android.cts.net.hostside.Property.DATA_SAVER_MODE;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@
         assertFalse(isUidNetworkingBlocked(mUid, NON_METERED)); // Match NTWK_ALLOWED_NON_METERED
     }
 
+    @RequiredProperties({DATA_SAVER_MODE, BATTERY_SAVER_MODE})
     @Test
     public void testIsUidNetworkingBlocked_withSystemUid() throws Exception {
         // Refer to NetworkPolicyManagerService#isUidNetworkingBlockedInternal(), this test is to
@@ -103,6 +106,7 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @RequiredProperties({DATA_SAVER_MODE})
     @Test
     public void testIsUidNetworkingBlocked_withDataSaverMode() throws Exception {
         // Refer to NetworkPolicyManagerService#isUidNetworkingBlockedInternal(), this test is to
@@ -182,6 +186,7 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @RequiredProperties({BATTERY_SAVER_MODE})
     @Test
     public void testIsUidNetworkingBlocked_withPowerSaverMode() throws Exception {
         // Refer to NetworkPolicyManagerService#isUidNetworkingBlockedInternal(), this test is to
@@ -209,6 +214,7 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @RequiredProperties({DATA_SAVER_MODE})
     @Test
     public void testIsUidRestrictedOnMeteredNetworks() throws Exception {
         try {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/BatteryStatsManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/BatteryStatsManagerTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86642ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/BatteryStatsManagerTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+package android.net.cts;
+
+import static android.Manifest.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS;
+
+import static androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry.getContext;
+
+import static com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runShellCommand;
+import static com.android.testutils.MiscAsserts.assertThrows;
+import static com.android.testutils.TestPermissionUtil.runAsShell;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
+
+import android.content.Context;
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
+import android.net.Network;
+import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils;
+import android.os.BatteryStatsManager;
+import android.os.Build;
+import android.os.connectivity.CellularBatteryStats;
+import android.os.connectivity.WifiBatteryStats;
+import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
+import android.util.Log;
+
+import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.SkipPresubmit;
+
+import org.junit.Before;
+import org.junit.Rule;
+import org.junit.Test;
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
+import java.net.URL;
+import java.util.function.Predicate;
+import java.util.function.Supplier;
+
+/**
+ * Test for BatteryStatsManager.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+public class BatteryStatsManagerTest{
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule ignoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule();
+    private static final String TAG = BatteryStatsManagerTest.class.getSimpleName();
+    private static final String TEST_URL = "https://connectivitycheck.gstatic.com/generate_204";
+    // This value should be the same as BatteryStatsManager.BATTERY_STATUS_DISCHARGING.
+    // TODO: Use the constant once it's available in all branches
+    private static final int BATTERY_STATUS_DISCHARGING = 3;
+
+    private Context mContext;
+    private BatteryStatsManager mBsm;
+    private ConnectivityManager mCm;
+    private CtsNetUtils mCtsNetUtils;
+
+    @Before
+    public void setUp() throws Exception {
+        mContext = getContext();
+        mBsm = mContext.getSystemService(BatteryStatsManager.class);
+        mCm = mContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager.class);
+        mCtsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(mContext);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE to request wifi/cell in instant mode")
+    @SkipPresubmit(reason = "Virtual hardware does not support wifi battery stats")
+    public void testReportNetworkInterfaceForTransports() throws Exception {
+        try {
+            final Network cellNetwork = mCtsNetUtils.connectToCell();
+            final URL url = new URL(TEST_URL);
+
+            // Make sure wifi is disabled.
+            mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiDisconnected(null /* wifiNetworkToCheck */);
+            // Simulate the device being unplugged from charging.
+            executeShellCommand("dumpsys battery unplug");
+            executeShellCommand("dumpsys battery set status " + BATTERY_STATUS_DISCHARGING);
+            executeShellCommand("dumpsys batterystats enable pretend-screen-off");
+
+            // Get cellular battery stats
+            CellularBatteryStats cellularStatsBefore = runAsShell(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                    mBsm::getCellularBatteryStats);
+
+            // Generate traffic on cellular network.
+            generateNetworkTraffic(cellNetwork, url);
+
+            // The mobile battery stats are updated when a network stops being the default network.
+            // ConnectivityService will call BatteryStatsManager.reportMobileRadioPowerState when
+            // removing data activity tracking.
+            final Network wifiNetwork = mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+
+            // Check cellular battery stats are updated.
+            runAsShell(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                    () -> assertStatsEventually(mBsm::getCellularBatteryStats,
+                        cellularStatsAfter -> cellularBatteryStatsIncreased(
+                        cellularStatsBefore, cellularStatsAfter)));
+
+            WifiBatteryStats wifiStatsBefore = runAsShell(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                    mBsm::getWifiBatteryStats);
+
+            // Generate traffic on wifi network.
+            generateNetworkTraffic(wifiNetwork, url);
+            // Wifi battery stats are updated when wifi on.
+            mCtsNetUtils.toggleWifi();
+
+            // Check wifi battery stats are updated.
+            runAsShell(UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                    () -> assertStatsEventually(mBsm::getWifiBatteryStats,
+                        wifiStatsAfter -> wifiBatteryStatsIncreased(wifiStatsBefore,
+                        wifiStatsAfter)));
+        } finally {
+            // Reset battery settings.
+            executeShellCommand("dumpsys battery reset");
+            executeShellCommand("dumpsys batterystats disable pretend-screen-off");
+        }
+    }
+
+    @DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Cannot get WifiManager in instant app mode")
+    @Test
+    public void testReportNetworkInterfaceForTransports_throwsSecurityException()
+            throws Exception {
+        Network wifiNetwork = mCtsNetUtils.ensureWifiConnected();
+        final String iface = mCm.getLinkProperties(wifiNetwork).getInterfaceName();
+        final int[] transportType = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(wifiNetwork).getTransportTypes();
+        assertThrows(SecurityException.class,
+                () -> mBsm.reportNetworkInterfaceForTransports(iface, transportType));
+    }
+
+    private void generateNetworkTraffic(Network network, URL url) throws IOException {
+        HttpURLConnection connection = null;
+        try {
+            connection = (HttpURLConnection) network.openConnection(url);
+            assertEquals(204, connection.getResponseCode());
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            Log.e(TAG, "Generate traffic failed with exception " + e);
+        } finally {
+            if (connection != null) {
+                connection.disconnect();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static <T> void assertStatsEventually(Supplier<T> statsGetter,
+            Predicate<T> statsChecker) throws Exception {
+        // Wait for updating mobile/wifi stats, and check stats every 10ms.
+        final int maxTries = 1000;
+        T result = null;
+        for (int i = 1; i <= maxTries; i++) {
+            result = statsGetter.get();
+            if (statsChecker.test(result)) return;
+            Thread.sleep(10);
+        }
+        final String stats = result instanceof CellularBatteryStats
+                ? "Cellular" : "Wifi";
+        fail(stats + " battery stats did not increase.");
+    }
+
+    private static boolean cellularBatteryStatsIncreased(CellularBatteryStats before,
+            CellularBatteryStats after) {
+        return (after.getNumBytesTx() > before.getNumBytesTx())
+                && (after.getNumBytesRx() > before.getNumBytesRx())
+                && (after.getNumPacketsTx() > before.getNumPacketsTx())
+                && (after.getNumPacketsRx() > before.getNumPacketsRx());
+    }
+
+    private static boolean wifiBatteryStatsIncreased(WifiBatteryStats before,
+            WifiBatteryStats after) {
+        return (after.getNumBytesTx() > before.getNumBytesTx())
+                && (after.getNumBytesRx() > before.getNumBytesRx())
+                && (after.getNumPacketsTx() > before.getNumPacketsTx())
+                && (after.getNumPacketsRx() > before.getNumPacketsRx());
+    }
+
+    private static String executeShellCommand(String command) {
+        final String result = runShellCommand(command).trim();
+        Log.d(TAG, "Output of '" + command + "': '" + result + "'");
+        return result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java
index ccbdbd3..a40c92d 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityDiagnosticsManagerTest.java
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport.KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_ATTEMPTED_BITMASK;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport.KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_SUCCEEDED_BITMASK;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport.KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT;
+import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_SKIPPED;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.ConnectivityReport.NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport;
 import static android.net.ConnectivityDiagnosticsManager.DataStallReport.DETECTION_METHOD_DNS_EVENTS;
@@ -78,6 +79,7 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.telephony.uicc.IccUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
+import com.android.modules.utils.build.SdkLevel;
 import com.android.net.module.util.ArrayTrackRecord;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo;
 import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
@@ -292,7 +294,7 @@
         final String interfaceName =
                 mConnectivityManager.getLinkProperties(network).getInterfaceName();
         connDiagsCallback.expectOnConnectivityReportAvailable(
-                network, interfaceName, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
+                network, interfaceName, TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID);
         connDiagsCallback.assertNoCallback();
     }
 
@@ -423,9 +425,10 @@
 
         cb.expectOnNetworkConnectivityReported(mTestNetwork, hasConnectivity);
 
-        // if hasConnectivity does not match the network's known connectivity, it will be
-        // revalidated which will trigger another onConnectivityReportAvailable callback.
-        if (!hasConnectivity) {
+        // All calls to #onNetworkConnectivityReported are expected to be accompanied by a call to
+        // #onConnectivityReportAvailable for S+ (for R, ConnectivityReports were only sent when the
+        // Network was re-validated - when reported connectivity != known connectivity).
+        if (SdkLevel.isAtLeastS() || !hasConnectivity) {
             cb.expectOnConnectivityReportAvailable(mTestNetwork, interfaceName);
         }
 
@@ -479,11 +482,19 @@
 
         public void expectOnConnectivityReportAvailable(
                 @NonNull Network network, @NonNull String interfaceName) {
-            expectOnConnectivityReportAvailable(network, interfaceName, TRANSPORT_TEST);
+            // Test Networks both do not require validation and are not tested for validation. This
+            // results in the validation result being reported as SKIPPED for S+ (for R, the
+            // platform marked these Networks as VALID).
+            final int expectedNetworkValidationResult =
+                    SdkLevel.isAtLeastS()
+                            ? NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_SKIPPED
+                            : NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID;
+            expectOnConnectivityReportAvailable(
+                    network, interfaceName, TRANSPORT_TEST, expectedNetworkValidationResult);
         }
 
-        public void expectOnConnectivityReportAvailable(
-                @NonNull Network network, @NonNull String interfaceName, int transportType) {
+        public void expectOnConnectivityReportAvailable(@NonNull Network network,
+                @NonNull String interfaceName, int transportType, int expectedValidationResult) {
             final ConnectivityReport result =
                     (ConnectivityReport) mHistory.poll(CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, x -> true);
             assertEquals(network, result.getNetwork());
@@ -496,9 +507,9 @@
 
             final PersistableBundle extras = result.getAdditionalInfo();
             assertTrue(extras.containsKey(KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT));
-            final int validationResult = extras.getInt(KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT);
-            assertEquals("Network validation result is not 'valid'",
-                    NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT_VALID, validationResult);
+            final int actualValidationResult = extras.getInt(KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT);
+            assertEquals("Network validation result is incorrect",
+                    expectedValidationResult, actualValidationResult);
 
             assertTrue(extras.containsKey(KEY_NETWORK_PROBES_SUCCEEDED_BITMASK));
             final int probesSucceeded = extras.getInt(KEY_NETWORK_VALIDATION_RESULT);
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index 3220565..527897e 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -55,16 +55,12 @@
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_VALIDATED;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST;
 import static android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI;
-import static android.net.TetheringManager.TETHERING_WIFI;
-import static android.net.TetheringManager.TetheringRequest;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.ConnectivityActionReceiver;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.HTTP_PORT;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.NETWORK_CALLBACK_ACTION;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TEST_HOST;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils.TestNetworkCallback;
-import static android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.StartTetheringCallback;
 import static android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.TestTetheringEventCallback;
-import static android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils.isWifiTetheringSupported;
 import static android.net.util.NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTPS_URL;
 import static android.net.util.NetworkStackUtils.TEST_CAPTIVE_PORTAL_HTTP_URL;
 import static android.os.MessageQueue.OnFileDescriptorEventListener.EVENT_INPUT;
@@ -133,9 +129,9 @@
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.TestNetworkInterface;
 import android.net.TestNetworkManager;
-import android.net.TetheringManager;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.net.cts.util.CtsNetUtils;
+import android.net.cts.util.CtsTetheringUtils;
 import android.net.util.KeepaliveUtils;
 import android.net.wifi.WifiManager;
 import android.os.Binder;
@@ -285,7 +281,6 @@
     private final ArraySet<Integer> mNetworkTypes = new ArraySet<>();
     private UiAutomation mUiAutomation;
     private CtsNetUtils mCtsNetUtils;
-    private TetheringManager mTm;
 
     // Used for cleanup purposes.
     private final List<Range<Integer>> mVpnRequiredUidRanges = new ArrayList<>();
@@ -301,7 +296,6 @@
         mWifiManager = (WifiManager) mContext.getSystemService(Context.WIFI_SERVICE);
         mPackageManager = mContext.getPackageManager();
         mCtsNetUtils = new CtsNetUtils(mContext);
-        mTm = mContext.getSystemService(TetheringManager.class);
 
         if (DevSdkIgnoreRuleKt.isDevSdkInRange(null /* minExclusive */,
                 Build.VERSION_CODES.R /* maxInclusive */)) {
@@ -506,6 +500,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testGetAllNetworkStateSnapshots()
             throws InterruptedException {
+        assumeTrue(mPackageManager.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY));
         // Make sure cell is active to retrieve IMSI for verification in later step.
         final Network cellNetwork = mCtsNetUtils.connectToCell();
         final String subscriberId = getSubscriberIdForCellNetwork(cellNetwork);
@@ -536,8 +531,10 @@
                     Objects.requireNonNull(mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(network));
             // Redact specifier of the capabilities of the snapshot before comparing since
             // the result returned from getNetworkCapabilities always get redacted.
+            final NetworkSpecifier snapshotCapSpecifier =
+                    snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities().getNetworkSpecifier();
             final NetworkSpecifier redactedSnapshotCapSpecifier =
-                    snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities().getNetworkSpecifier().redact();
+                    snapshotCapSpecifier == null ? null : snapshotCapSpecifier.redact();
             assertEquals("", caps.describeImmutableDifferences(
                     snapshot.getNetworkCapabilities()
                             .setNetworkSpecifier(redactedSnapshotCapSpecifier)));
@@ -734,6 +731,8 @@
                     .isPrivateDnsBroken()) && networkForPrivateDns.equals(entry.getNetwork()));
         } finally {
             mCtsNetUtils.restorePrivateDnsSetting();
+            // Toggle wifi to make sure it is re-validated
+            reconnectWifi();
         }
     }
 
@@ -939,8 +938,8 @@
             // noticeably flaky.
             Thread.sleep(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT_MS);
 
-            // TODO: BUG (b/189868426): this should also apply to listens
-            if (!useListen) {
+            // For R- frameworks, listens will receive duplicated callbacks. See b/189868426.
+            if (isAtLeastS() || !useListen) {
                 assertEquals("PendingIntent should only be received once", 1, receivedCount.get());
             }
         } finally {
@@ -953,12 +952,10 @@
 
     private void assertPendingIntentRequestMatches(NetworkRequest broadcasted, NetworkRequest filed,
             boolean useListen) {
-        // TODO: BUG (b/191713869): on S the request extra is null on listens
-        if (isAtLeastS() && useListen && broadcasted == null) return;
         assertArrayEquals(filed.networkCapabilities.getCapabilities(),
                 broadcasted.networkCapabilities.getCapabilities());
-        // TODO: BUG (b/189868426): this should also apply to listens
-        if (useListen) return;
+        // For R- frameworks, listens will receive duplicated callbacks. See b/189868426.
+        if (!isAtLeastS() && useListen) return;
         assertArrayEquals(filed.networkCapabilities.getTransportTypes(),
                 broadcasted.networkCapabilities.getTransportTypes());
     }
@@ -1082,7 +1079,7 @@
         final Matcher m = Pattern.compile("^" + ssid + ";(true|false|none)$",
                 Pattern.MULTILINE | Pattern.UNIX_LINES).matcher(policyString);
         if (!m.find()) {
-            fail("Unexpected format from cmd netpolicy");
+            fail("Unexpected format from cmd netpolicy, policyString = " + policyString);
         }
         return m.group(1);
     }
@@ -2232,14 +2229,15 @@
                 ConnectivitySettingsManager.getNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext);
         final int curPrivateDnsMode = ConnectivitySettingsManager.getPrivateDnsMode(mContext);
 
-        final TestTetheringEventCallback tetherEventCallback = new TestTetheringEventCallback();
+        TestTetheringEventCallback tetherEventCallback = null;
+        final CtsTetheringUtils tetherUtils = new CtsTetheringUtils(mContext);
         try {
-            mTm.registerTetheringEventCallback(c -> c.run() /* executor */, tetherEventCallback);
+            tetherEventCallback = tetherUtils.registerTetheringEventCallback();
             // Adopt for NETWORK_SETTINGS permission.
             mUiAutomation.adoptShellPermissionIdentity();
             // start tethering
             tetherEventCallback.assumeWifiTetheringSupported(mContext);
-            startWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
+            tetherUtils.startWifiTethering(tetherEventCallback);
             // Update setting to verify the behavior.
             mCm.setAirplaneMode(true);
             ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mContext,
@@ -2260,8 +2258,10 @@
             mCm.setAirplaneMode(false);
             ConnectivitySettingsManager.setNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext, curAvoidBadWifi);
             ConnectivitySettingsManager.setPrivateDnsMode(mContext, curPrivateDnsMode);
-            mTm.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetherEventCallback);
-            mTm.stopAllTethering();
+            if (tetherEventCallback != null) {
+                tetherUtils.unregisterTetheringEventCallback(tetherEventCallback);
+            }
+            tetherUtils.stopAllTethering();
             mUiAutomation.dropShellPermissionIdentity();
         }
     }
@@ -2308,19 +2308,6 @@
                 ConnectivitySettingsManager.getNetworkAvoidBadWifi(mContext));
     }
 
-    private void startWifiTethering(final TestTetheringEventCallback callback) throws Exception {
-        if (!isWifiTetheringSupported(mContext, callback)) return;
-
-        final List<String> wifiRegexs =
-                callback.getTetheringInterfaceRegexps().getTetherableWifiRegexs();
-        final StartTetheringCallback startTetheringCallback = new StartTetheringCallback();
-        final TetheringRequest request = new TetheringRequest.Builder(TETHERING_WIFI)
-                .setShouldShowEntitlementUi(false).build();
-        mTm.startTethering(request, c -> c.run() /* executor */, startTetheringCallback);
-        startTetheringCallback.verifyTetheringStarted();
-        callback.expectTetheredInterfacesChanged(wifiRegexs, TETHERING_WIFI);
-    }
-
     /**
      * Verify that per-app OEM network preference functions as expected for network preference TEST.
      * For specified apps, validate networks are prioritized in order: unmetered, TEST transport,
@@ -2889,6 +2876,10 @@
     public void testUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(TestUtils.shouldTestSApis());
 
+        // TODO (b/175199465): figure out a reasonable permission check for
+        //  setUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks that allows tests but not system-external callers.
+        assumeTrue(Build.isDebuggable());
+
         final int uid = mPackageManager.getPackageUid(mContext.getPackageName(), 0 /* flag */);
         final Set<Integer> originalUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks =
                 ConnectivitySettingsManager.getUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(mContext);
@@ -2896,8 +2887,9 @@
         // because it has been just installed to device. In case the uid is existed in setting
         // mistakenly, try to remove the uid and set correct uids to setting.
         originalUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks.remove(uid);
-        ConnectivitySettingsManager.setUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(mContext,
-                originalUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks);
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() ->
+                ConnectivitySettingsManager.setUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(
+                        mContext, originalUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
 
         final Handler h = new Handler(Looper.getMainLooper());
         final TestableNetworkCallback testNetworkCb = new TestableNetworkCallback();
@@ -2944,8 +2936,9 @@
             final Set<Integer> newUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks =
                     new ArraySet<>(originalUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks);
             newUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks.add(uid);
-            ConnectivitySettingsManager.setUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(mContext,
-                    newUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks);
+            runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() ->
+                    ConnectivitySettingsManager.setUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(
+                            mContext, newUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
             // Wait a while for sending allowed uids on the restricted network to netd.
             // TODD: Have a significant signal to know the uids has been send to netd.
             assertBindSocketToNetworkSuccess(network);
@@ -2954,8 +2947,9 @@
             agent.unregister();
 
             // Restore setting.
-            ConnectivitySettingsManager.setUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(mContext,
-                    originalUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks);
+            runWithShellPermissionIdentity(() ->
+                    ConnectivitySettingsManager.setUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks(
+                            mContext, originalUidsAllowedOnRestrictedNetworks), NETWORK_SETTINGS);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecBaseTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecBaseTest.java
index c54ee91..7f710d7 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecBaseTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/IpSecBaseTest.java
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA384;
 import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.AUTH_HMAC_SHA512;
 import static android.net.IpSecAlgorithm.CRYPT_AES_CBC;
+import static android.system.OsConstants.FIONREAD;
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
 
@@ -32,8 +33,10 @@
 import android.net.IpSecManager;
 import android.net.IpSecTransform;
 import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
+import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
+import android.system.StructTimeval;
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
@@ -46,15 +49,21 @@
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
 import java.io.FileDescriptor;
+import java.io.FileInputStream;
+import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.net.DatagramPacket;
 import java.net.DatagramSocket;
 import java.net.Inet6Address;
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
-import java.net.ServerSocket;
 import java.net.Socket;
+import java.net.SocketAddress;
 import java.net.SocketException;
+import java.net.SocketImpl;
+import java.net.SocketOptions;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Set;
@@ -232,6 +241,12 @@
         public NativeTcpSocket(FileDescriptor fd) {
             super(fd);
         }
+
+        public JavaTcpSocket acceptToJavaSocket() throws Exception {
+            InetSocketAddress peer = new InetSocketAddress(0);
+            FileDescriptor newFd = Os.accept(mFd, peer);
+            return new JavaTcpSocket(new AcceptedTcpFileDescriptorSocket(newFd, peer, getPort()));
+        }
     }
 
     public static class NativeUdpSocket extends NativeSocket implements GenericUdpSocket {
@@ -357,6 +372,137 @@
         }
     }
 
+    private static class AcceptedTcpFileDescriptorSocket extends Socket {
+
+        AcceptedTcpFileDescriptorSocket(FileDescriptor fd, InetSocketAddress remote,
+                int localPort) throws IOException {
+            super(new FileDescriptorSocketImpl(fd, remote, localPort));
+            connect(remote);
+        }
+
+        private static class FileDescriptorSocketImpl extends SocketImpl {
+
+            private FileDescriptorSocketImpl(FileDescriptor fd, InetSocketAddress remote,
+                    int localPort) {
+                this.fd = fd;
+                this.address = remote.getAddress();
+                this.port = remote.getPort();
+                this.localport = localPort;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected void create(boolean stream) throws IOException {
+                // The socket has been created.
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected void connect(String host, int port) throws IOException {
+                // The socket has connected.
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected void connect(InetAddress address, int port) throws IOException {
+                // The socket has connected.
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected void connect(SocketAddress address, int timeout) throws IOException {
+                // The socket has connected.
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected void bind(InetAddress host, int port) throws IOException {
+                // The socket is bounded.
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected void listen(int backlog) throws IOException {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("listen");
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected void accept(SocketImpl s) throws IOException {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("accept");
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected InputStream getInputStream() throws IOException {
+                return new FileInputStream(fd);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected OutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException {
+                return new FileOutputStream(fd);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected int available() throws IOException {
+                try {
+                    return Os.ioctlInt(fd, FIONREAD);
+                } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                    throw new IOException(e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected void close() throws IOException {
+                try {
+                    Os.close(fd);
+                } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                    throw new IOException(e);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            protected void sendUrgentData(int data) throws IOException {
+                throw new UnsupportedOperationException("sendUrgentData");
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public void setOption(int optID, Object value) throws SocketException {
+                try {
+                    setOptionInternal(optID, value);
+                } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                    throw new SocketException(e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+
+            private void setOptionInternal(int optID, Object value) throws ErrnoException,
+                    SocketException {
+                switch(optID) {
+                    case SocketOptions.SO_TIMEOUT:
+                        int millis = (Integer) value;
+                        StructTimeval tv = StructTimeval.fromMillis(millis);
+                        Os.setsockoptTimeval(fd, OsConstants.SOL_SOCKET, OsConstants.SO_RCVTIMEO,
+                                tv);
+                        return;
+                    default:
+                        throw new SocketException("Unknown socket option: " + optID);
+                }
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Object getOption(int optID) throws SocketException {
+                try {
+                    return getOptionInternal(optID);
+                } catch (ErrnoException e) {
+                    throw new SocketException(e.getMessage());
+                }
+            }
+
+            private Object getOptionInternal(int optID) throws ErrnoException, SocketException {
+                switch (optID) {
+                    case SocketOptions.SO_LINGER:
+                        // Returns an arbitrary value because IpSecManager doesn't actually
+                        // use this value.
+                        return 10;
+                    default:
+                        throw new SocketException("Unknown socket option: " + optID);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     public static class SocketPair<T> {
         public final T mLeftSock;
         public final T mRightSock;
@@ -441,8 +587,6 @@
     public static SocketPair<JavaTcpSocket> getJavaTcpSocketPair(
             InetAddress localAddr, IpSecManager ism, IpSecTransform transform) throws Exception {
         JavaTcpSocket clientSock = new JavaTcpSocket(new Socket());
-        ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket();
-        serverSocket.bind(new InetSocketAddress(localAddr, 0));
 
         // While technically the client socket does not need to be bound, the OpenJDK implementation
         // of Socket only allocates an FD when bind() or connect() or other similar methods are
@@ -451,16 +595,19 @@
         clientSock.mSocket.bind(new InetSocketAddress(localAddr, 0));
 
         // IpSecService doesn't support serverSockets at the moment; workaround using FD
-        FileDescriptor serverFd = serverSocket.getImpl().getFD$();
+        NativeTcpSocket server = new NativeTcpSocket(
+                Os.socket(getDomain(localAddr), OsConstants.SOCK_STREAM, OsConstants.IPPROTO_TCP));
+        Os.bind(server.mFd, localAddr, 0);
 
-        applyTransformBidirectionally(ism, transform, new NativeTcpSocket(serverFd));
+        applyTransformBidirectionally(ism, transform, server);
         applyTransformBidirectionally(ism, transform, clientSock);
 
-        clientSock.mSocket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(localAddr, serverSocket.getLocalPort()));
-        JavaTcpSocket acceptedSock = new JavaTcpSocket(serverSocket.accept());
+        Os.listen(server.mFd, 10 /* backlog */);
+        clientSock.mSocket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(localAddr, server.getPort()));
+        JavaTcpSocket acceptedSock = server.acceptToJavaSocket();
 
         applyTransformBidirectionally(ism, transform, acceptedSock);
-        serverSocket.close();
+        server.close();
 
         return new SocketPair<>(clientSock, acceptedSock);
     }
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
index ccc9416..7c380e3 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkAgentTest.kt
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
 import org.junit.After
 import org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals
+import org.junit.Assume.assumeFalse
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
@@ -1034,6 +1035,9 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testQosCallbackRegisterWithUnregister() {
+        // Instant apps can't bind sockets to localhost
+        // TODO: use @AppModeFull when supported by DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+        assumeFalse(realContext.packageManager.isInstantApp())
         val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
 
         val qosCallback = TestableQosCallback()
@@ -1060,6 +1064,9 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testQosCallbackOnQosSession() {
+        // Instant apps can't bind sockets to localhost
+        // TODO: use @AppModeFull when supported by DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+        assumeFalse(realContext.packageManager.isInstantApp())
         val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
         val qosCallback = TestableQosCallback()
         Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().let { executor ->
@@ -1104,6 +1111,9 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testQosCallbackOnError() {
+        // Instant apps can't bind sockets to localhost
+        // TODO: use @AppModeFull when supported by DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+        assumeFalse(realContext.packageManager.isInstantApp())
         val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
         val qosCallback = TestableQosCallback()
         Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().let { executor ->
@@ -1142,6 +1152,9 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testQosCallbackIdsAreMappedCorrectly() {
+        // Instant apps can't bind sockets to localhost
+        // TODO: use @AppModeFull when supported by DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+        assumeFalse(realContext.packageManager.isInstantApp())
         val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
         val qosCallback1 = TestableQosCallback()
         val qosCallback2 = TestableQosCallback()
@@ -1182,6 +1195,9 @@
 
     @Test
     fun testQosCallbackWhenNetworkReleased() {
+        // Instant apps can't bind sockets to localhost
+        // TODO: use @AppModeFull when supported by DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+        assumeFalse(realContext.packageManager.isInstantApp())
         val (agent, socket) = setupForQosCallbackTesting()
         Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor().let { executor ->
             try {
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f17199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/NetworkScoreTest.kt
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package android.net.cts
+
+import android.Manifest.permission.MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS
+import android.content.Context
+import android.net.ConnectivityManager
+import android.net.LinkProperties
+import android.net.NetworkAgent
+import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
+import android.net.NetworkProvider
+import android.net.NetworkRequest
+import android.net.NetworkScore
+import android.net.VpnManager
+import android.net.VpnTransportInfo
+import android.os.Build
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.HandlerThread
+import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry
+import com.android.compatibility.common.util.SystemUtil.runWithShellPermissionIdentity
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback
+import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback.HasNetwork
+import org.junit.After
+import org.junit.Before
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+// This test doesn't really have a constraint on how fast the methods should return. If it's
+// going to fail, it will simply wait forever, so setting a high timeout lowers the flake ratio
+// without affecting the run time of successful runs. Thus, set a very high timeout.
+private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000L
+// When waiting for a NetworkCallback to determine there was no timeout, waiting is the
+// only possible thing (the relevant handler is the one in the real ConnectivityService,
+// and then there is the Binder call), so have a short timeout for this as it will be
+// exhausted every time.
+private const val NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT = 200L
+
+private val testContext: Context
+    get() = InstrumentationRegistry.getContext()
+
+private fun score(exiting: Boolean = false, primary: Boolean = false) =
+        NetworkScore.Builder().setExiting(exiting).setTransportPrimary(primary)
+                // TODO : have a constant KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_TEST ?
+                .setKeepConnectedReason(NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_FOR_HANDOVER)
+                .build()
+
+@IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+class NetworkScoreTest {
+    private val mCm = testContext.getSystemService(ConnectivityManager::class.java)
+    private val mHandlerThread = HandlerThread("${javaClass.simpleName} handler thread")
+    private val mHandler by lazy { Handler(mHandlerThread.looper) }
+    private val agentsToCleanUp = mutableListOf<NetworkAgent>()
+    private val callbacksToCleanUp = mutableListOf<TestableNetworkCallback>()
+
+    @Before
+    fun setUp() {
+        mHandlerThread.start()
+    }
+
+    @After
+    fun tearDown() {
+        agentsToCleanUp.forEach { it.unregister() }
+        mHandlerThread.quitSafely()
+        callbacksToCleanUp.forEach { mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback(it) }
+    }
+
+    // Returns a networkCallback that sends onAvailable on the best network with TRANSPORT_TEST.
+    private fun makeTestNetworkCallback() = TestableNetworkCallback(TIMEOUT_MS).also { cb ->
+        mCm.registerBestMatchingNetworkCallback(NetworkRequest.Builder().clearCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST).build(), cb, mHandler)
+        callbacksToCleanUp.add(cb)
+    }
+
+    // TestNetworkCallback is made to interact with a wrapper of NetworkAgent, because it's
+    // made for ConnectivityServiceTest.
+    // TODO : have TestNetworkCallback work for NetworkAgent too and remove this class.
+    private class AgentWrapper(val agent: NetworkAgent) : HasNetwork {
+        override val network = agent.network
+        fun sendNetworkScore(s: NetworkScore) = agent.sendNetworkScore(s)
+    }
+
+    private fun createTestNetworkAgent(
+            // The network always has TRANSPORT_TEST, plus optional transports
+        optionalTransports: IntArray = IntArray(size = 0),
+        everUserSelected: Boolean = false,
+        acceptUnvalidated: Boolean = false,
+        isExiting: Boolean = false,
+        isPrimary: Boolean = false
+    ): AgentWrapper {
+        val nc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().apply {
+            addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_TEST)
+            optionalTransports.forEach { addTransportType(it) }
+            // Add capabilities that are common, just for realism. It's not strictly necessary
+            addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_SUSPENDED)
+            addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING)
+            // Remove capabilities that a test network agent shouldn't have and that are not
+            // needed for the purposes of this test.
+            removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_TRUSTED)
+            removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
+            removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
+            if (optionalTransports.contains(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN)) {
+                addTransportType(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN)
+                removeCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VPN)
+                setTransportInfo(VpnTransportInfo(VpnManager.TYPE_VPN_SERVICE, null))
+            }
+            addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+        }.build()
+        val config = NetworkAgentConfig.Builder()
+                .setExplicitlySelected(everUserSelected)
+                .setUnvalidatedConnectivityAcceptable(acceptUnvalidated)
+                .build()
+        val score = score(exiting = isExiting, primary = isPrimary)
+        val context = testContext
+        val looper = mHandlerThread.looper
+        val agent = object : NetworkAgent(context, looper, "NetworkScore test agent", nc,
+                LinkProperties(), score, config, NetworkProvider(context, looper,
+                "NetworkScore test provider")) {}.also {
+            agentsToCleanUp.add(it)
+        }
+        runWithShellPermissionIdentity({ agent.register() }, MANAGE_TEST_NETWORKS)
+        agent.markConnected()
+        return AgentWrapper(agent)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testExitingLosesAndOldSatisfierWins() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agent1 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1)
+        val agent2 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        // Because the existing network must win, the callback stays on agent1.
+        cb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        agent1.sendNetworkScore(score(exiting = true))
+        // Now that agent1 is exiting, the callback is satisfied by agent2.
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacks(agent2.network)
+        agent1.sendNetworkScore(score(exiting = false))
+        // Agent1 is no longer exiting, but agent2 is the current satisfier.
+        cb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testVpnWins() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agent1 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1.network)
+        val agent2 = createTestNetworkAgent(intArrayOf(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN))
+        // VPN wins out against agent1 even before it's validated (hence the "then validated",
+        // because it becomes the best network for this callback before it validates)
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent2.network)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testEverUserSelectedAcceptUnvalidatedWins() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agent1 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1.network)
+        val agent2 = createTestNetworkAgent(everUserSelected = true, acceptUnvalidated = true)
+        // agent2 wins out against agent1 even before it's validated, because user-selected and
+        // accept unvalidated networks should win against even networks that are validated.
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent2.network)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testPreferredTransportOrder() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agentCell = createTestNetworkAgent(intArrayOf(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agentCell.network)
+        val agentWifi = createTestNetworkAgent(intArrayOf(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        // In the absence of other discriminating factors, agentWifi wins against agentCell because
+        // of its better transport, but only after it validates.
+        cb.expectAvailableDoubleValidatedCallbacks(agentWifi)
+        val agentEth = createTestNetworkAgent(intArrayOf(NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET))
+        // Likewise, agentEth wins against agentWifi after validation because of its better
+        // transport.
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacksValidated(agentEth)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testTransportPrimary() {
+        val cb = makeTestNetworkCallback()
+        val agent1 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        cb.expectAvailableThenValidatedCallbacks(agent1)
+        val agent2 = createTestNetworkAgent()
+        // Because the existing network must win, the callback stays on agent1.
+        cb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        agent2.sendNetworkScore(score(primary = true))
+        // Now that agent2 is primary, the callback is satisfied by agent2.
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacks(agent2.network)
+        agent1.sendNetworkScore(score(primary = true))
+        // Agent1 is primary too, but agent2 is the current satisfier
+        cb.assertNoCallback(NO_CALLBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        agent2.sendNetworkScore(score(primary = false))
+        // Now agent1 is primary and agent2 isn't
+        cb.expectAvailableCallbacks(agent1.network)
+    }
+
+    // TODO (b/187929636) : add a test making sure that validated networks win over unvalidated
+    // ones. Right now this is not possible because this CTS can't directly manipulate the
+    // validation state of a network.
+}
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java
index 7d5e9ff..a20f1cc 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/cts/PacProxyManagerTest.java
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 import android.net.ProxyInfo;
 import android.net.Uri;
 import android.os.Build;
+import android.platform.test.annotations.AppModeFull;
 import android.util.Log;
 import android.util.Range;
 
@@ -145,6 +146,7 @@
         }
     }
 
+    @AppModeFull(reason = "Instant apps can't bind sockets to localhost for a test proxy server")
     @Test
     public void testSetCurrentProxyScriptUrl() throws Exception {
         // Register a PacProxyInstalledListener
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/ipv6/cts/PingTest.java b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/ipv6/cts/PingTest.java
index 146fd83..8665fc8 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/ipv6/cts/PingTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/src/android/net/ipv6/cts/PingTest.java
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 
         // Receive the response.
         if (useRecvfrom) {
-            InetSocketAddress from = new InetSocketAddress();
+            InetSocketAddress from = new InetSocketAddress(0);
             bytesRead = Os.recvfrom(s, responseBuffer, 0, from);
 
             // Check the source address and scope ID.
diff --git a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
index c220326..8c5372d 100644
--- a/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
+++ b/tests/cts/net/util/java/android/net/cts/util/CtsTetheringUtils.java
@@ -440,12 +440,6 @@
         return callback.getTetheringInterfaceRegexps().getTetherableWifiRegexs();
     }
 
-    public static boolean isWifiTetheringSupported(final Context ctx,
-            final TestTetheringEventCallback callback) throws Exception {
-        return !getWifiTetherableInterfaceRegexps(callback).isEmpty()
-                && isPortableHotspotSupported(ctx);
-    }
-
     /* Returns if wifi supports hotspot. */
     private static boolean isPortableHotspotSupported(final Context ctx) throws Exception {
         final PackageManager pm = ctx.getPackageManager();
@@ -522,4 +516,8 @@
         callback.expectNoTetheringActive();
         callback.expectOneOfOffloadStatusChanged(TETHER_HARDWARE_OFFLOAD_STOPPED);
     }
+
+    public void stopAllTethering() {
+        mTm.stopAllTethering();
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java b/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java
index 0a5e506..bd1b74a 100644
--- a/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/cts/tethering/src/android/tethering/cts/TetheringManagerTest.java
@@ -361,6 +361,7 @@
     @Test
     public void testRequestLatestEntitlementResult() throws Exception {
         assumeTrue(mTM.isTetheringSupported());
+        assumeTrue(mPm.hasSystemFeature(FEATURE_TELEPHONY));
         // Verify that requestLatestTetheringEntitlementResult() can get entitlement
         // result(TETHER_ERROR_ENTITLEMENT_UNKNOWN due to invalid downstream type) via listener.
         assertEntitlementResult(listener -> mTM.requestLatestTetheringEntitlementResult(
diff --git a/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
index 17db179..95ea401 100644
--- a/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
+++ b/tests/integration/util/com/android/server/NetworkAgentWrapper.java
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkCallback;
 
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
@@ -255,6 +256,15 @@
         }
     }
 
+    public void setUnderlyingNetworks(List<Network> underlyingNetworks) {
+        mNetworkAgent.setUnderlyingNetworks(underlyingNetworks);
+    }
+
+    public void setOwnerUid(int uid) {
+        mNetworkCapabilities.setOwnerUid(uid);
+        mNetworkAgent.sendNetworkCapabilities(mNetworkCapabilities);
+    }
+
     public void connect() {
         if (!mConnected.compareAndSet(false /* expect */, true /* update */)) {
             // compareAndSet returns false when the value couldn't be updated because it did not
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
index 6bd2bd5..08a3007 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/app/usage/NetworkStatsManagerTest.java
@@ -36,11 +36,14 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats.Entry;
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -49,8 +52,9 @@
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 import org.mockito.invocation.InvocationOnMock;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkStatsManagerTest {
     private static final String TEST_SUBSCRIBER_ID = "subid";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
index 07f22a2..e7873af 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ConnectivityManagerTest.java
@@ -68,7 +68,9 @@
 import android.os.Process;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -77,8 +79,9 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class ConnectivityManagerTest {
 
     @Mock Context mCtx;
@@ -320,26 +323,34 @@
         NetworkCallback nullCallback = null;
         PendingIntent nullIntent = null;
 
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(null, callback); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(request, nullCallback); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, null); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, -1); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.requestNetwork(request, nullIntent); });
+        mustFail(() -> manager.requestNetwork(null, callback));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.requestNetwork(request, nullCallback));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, null));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.requestNetwork(request, callback, -1));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.requestNetwork(request, nullIntent));
 
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerNetworkCallback(null, callback, handler); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, null, handler); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback, null); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, nullIntent); });
+        mustFail(() -> manager.requestBackgroundNetwork(null, callback, handler));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.requestBackgroundNetwork(request, null, handler));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.requestBackgroundNetwork(request, callback, null));
 
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(null, handler); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, null); });
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerNetworkCallback(null, callback, handler));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, null, handler));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, callback, null));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerNetworkCallback(request, nullIntent));
 
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(null, handler); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, null); });
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(null, handler));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, null));
 
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(nullCallback); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(nullIntent); });
-        mustFail(() -> { manager.releaseNetworkRequest(nullIntent); });
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(null, handler));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerSystemDefaultNetworkCallback(callback, null));
+
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerBestMatchingNetworkCallback(null, callback, handler));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerBestMatchingNetworkCallback(request, null, handler));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.registerBestMatchingNetworkCallback(request, callback, null));
+
+        mustFail(() -> manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(nullCallback));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.unregisterNetworkCallback(nullIntent));
+        mustFail(() -> manager.releaseNetworkRequest(nullIntent));
     }
 
     static void mustFail(Runnable fn) {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
index 0707ef3..56e5c62 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/Ikev2VpnProfileTest.java
@@ -23,14 +23,16 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.test.mock.MockContext;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
 import com.android.internal.org.bouncycastle.x509.X509V1CertificateGenerator;
 import com.android.net.module.util.ProxyUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -51,7 +53,8 @@
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link Ikev2VpnProfile.Builder}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class Ikev2VpnProfileTest {
     private static final String SERVER_ADDR_STRING = "1.2.3.4";
     private static final String IDENTITY_STRING = "Identity";
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpMemoryStoreTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpMemoryStoreTest.java
index 0b13800..0b82759 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpMemoryStoreTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpMemoryStoreTest.java
@@ -36,10 +36,13 @@
 import android.net.ipmemorystore.NetworkAttributesParcelable;
 import android.net.ipmemorystore.Status;
 import android.net.networkstack.ModuleNetworkStackClient;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -53,8 +56,9 @@
 import java.net.UnknownHostException;
 import java.util.Arrays;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class IpMemoryStoreTest {
     private static final String TAG = IpMemoryStoreTest.class.getSimpleName();
     private static final String TEST_CLIENT_ID = "testClientId";
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
index 3a8d600..cac8c2d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecAlgorithmTest.java
@@ -29,9 +29,10 @@
 import android.os.Parcel;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.CollectionUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -45,7 +46,8 @@
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecAlgorithm}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class IpSecAlgorithmTest {
     private static final byte[] KEY_MATERIAL;
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
index 25e225e..b87cb48 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecConfigTest.java
@@ -23,15 +23,20 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotSame;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
 
+import android.os.Build;
+
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecConfig}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class IpSecConfigTest {
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
index 730e2d5..cda8eb7 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecManagerTest.java
@@ -31,13 +31,15 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;
 
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.test.mock.MockContext;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.server.IpSecService;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -49,7 +51,8 @@
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecManager}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class IpSecManagerTest {
 
     private static final int TEST_UDP_ENCAP_PORT = 34567;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
index 424f23d..81375f1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/IpSecTransformTest.java
@@ -19,15 +19,20 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
 
+import android.os.Build;
+
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecTransform}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class IpSecTransformTest {
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
index bc6dbf2..ed4f61d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest.java
@@ -24,18 +24,22 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
 import android.net.util.KeepalivePacketDataUtil;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.util.Log;
 
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
 
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 
-@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public final class KeepalivePacketDataUtilTest {
     private static final byte[] IPV4_KEEPALIVE_SRC_ADDR = {10, 0, 0, 1};
     private static final byte[] IPV4_KEEPALIVE_DST_ADDR = {10, 0, 0, 5};
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/MacAddressTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/MacAddressTest.java
index 6de31f6..ae7deaa 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/MacAddressTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/MacAddressTest.java
@@ -22,10 +22,13 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
+import android.os.Build;
+
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.net.module.util.MacAddressUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -35,7 +38,8 @@
 import java.util.Random;
 
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class MacAddressTest {
 
     static class AddrTypeTestCase {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
index eb2b85c..f963593 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkIdentityTest.kt
@@ -20,12 +20,15 @@
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.getOemBitfield
+import android.os.Build
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
-@RunWith(JUnit4::class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class NetworkIdentityTest {
     @Test
     fun testGetOemBitfield() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
index 13558cd..c5f8c00 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsHistoryTest.java
@@ -38,13 +38,15 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
 import android.content.Context;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.util.Log;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -56,8 +58,9 @@
 import java.io.DataOutputStream;
 import java.util.Random;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkStatsHistoryTest {
     private static final String TAG = "NetworkStatsHistoryTest";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
index 23d5a7e..c971da1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkStatsTest.java
@@ -39,11 +39,14 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import com.google.android.collect.Sets;
 
@@ -53,8 +56,9 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.HashSet;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkStatsTest {
 
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
@@ -730,6 +734,56 @@
                 ROAMING_ALL, DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL, 50500L, 27L, 100200L, 55, 0);
     }
 
+    // Tests a case where an PlatformVpn is used, where the entire datapath is in the kernel,
+    // including all encapsulation/decapsulation.
+    @Test
+    public void testMigrateTun_platformVpn() {
+        final int ownerUid = Process.SYSTEM_UID;
+        final String tunIface = "ipsec1";
+        final String underlyingIface = "wlan0";
+        NetworkStats delta = new NetworkStats(TEST_START, 9)
+                // 2 different apps sent/receive data via ipsec1.
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L)
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, 20100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 500L, 2L, 200L, 5L, 0L)
+                // Owner (system) sends data through the tunnel
+                .insertEntry(tunIface, ownerUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2000L, 20L, 3000L, 30L, 0L)
+                // 1 app already has some traffic on the underlying interface, the other doesn't yet
+                .insertEntry(underlyingIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                        DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 1000L, 10L, 2000L, 20L, 0L);
+
+        delta.migrateTun(ownerUid, tunIface, Arrays.asList(underlyingIface));
+        assertEquals(9, delta.size()); // 3 DBG entries + 1 entry per app per interface
+
+        // tunIface entries should not be changed.
+        assertValues(delta, 0, tunIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 1, tunIface, 20100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 500L, 2L, 200L, 5L, 0L);
+        assertValues(delta, 2, tunIface, ownerUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO, ROAMING_NO,
+                DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2000L, 20L, 3000L, 30L, 0L);
+
+        // Existing underlying Iface entries are updated to include usage over ipsec1
+        assertValues(delta, 3, underlyingIface, 10100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 51000L, 35L, 102000L, 70L, 0L);
+
+        // New entries are added on underlying Iface traffic
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, ownerUid, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2000L, 20L, 3000L, 30L, 0L);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 20100, SET_DEFAULT, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 500L, 2L, 200L, 5L, 0L);
+
+        // New entries are added for debug purpose
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 10100, SET_DBG_VPN_IN, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 50000L, 25L, 100000L, 50L, 0L);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, 20100, SET_DBG_VPN_IN, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 500, 2L, 200L, 5L, 0L);
+        assertContains(delta, underlyingIface, ownerUid, SET_DBG_VPN_IN, TAG_NONE, METERED_NO,
+                ROAMING_NO, DEFAULT_NETWORK_NO, 2000L, 20L, 3000L, 30L, 0L);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testFilter_NoFilter() {
         NetworkStats.Entry entry1 = new NetworkStats.Entry(
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
index cb39a0c..49c7271 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkTemplateTest.kt
@@ -19,10 +19,10 @@
 import android.content.Context
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI
-import android.net.NetworkIdentity.SUBTYPE_COMBINED
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_NONE
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PAID
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.OEM_PRIVATE
+import android.net.NetworkIdentity.SUBTYPE_COMBINED
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity.buildNetworkIdentity
 import android.net.NetworkStats.DEFAULT_NETWORK_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkStats.METERED_ALL
@@ -31,23 +31,25 @@
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_MOBILE_WILDCARD
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.MATCH_WIFI_WILDCARD
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.WIFI_NETWORKID_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_5G_NSA
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.NETWORK_TYPE_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_NO
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.OEM_MANAGED_YES
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.SUBSCRIBER_ID_MATCH_RULE_EXACT
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi
-import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.WIFI_NETWORKID_ALL
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateCarrierMetered
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateMobileWithRatType
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifi
+import android.net.NetworkTemplate.buildTemplateWifiWildcard
+import android.os.Build
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import com.android.testutils.assertParcelSane
 import org.junit.Before
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
 import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
@@ -60,7 +62,8 @@
 private const val TEST_SSID1 = "ssid1"
 private const val TEST_SSID2 = "ssid2"
 
-@RunWith(JUnit4::class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class NetworkTemplateTest {
     private val mockContext = mock(Context::class.java)
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkUtilsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkUtilsTest.java
index 7748288..a28245d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkUtilsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/NetworkUtilsTest.java
@@ -18,7 +18,12 @@
 
 import static junit.framework.Assert.assertEquals;
 
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -26,8 +31,9 @@
 import java.math.BigInteger;
 import java.util.TreeSet;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-@androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkUtilsTest {
     @Test
     public void testRoutedIPv4AddressCount() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java
index 40f8f1b..91f2cdd 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/QosSocketFilterTest.java
@@ -19,7 +19,12 @@
 import static junit.framework.Assert.assertFalse;
 import static junit.framework.Assert.assertTrue;
 
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+import android.os.Build;
+
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -27,8 +32,9 @@
 import java.net.InetAddress;
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-@androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class QosSocketFilterTest {
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest.java
index 6714bb1..ead964e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest.java
@@ -23,16 +23,20 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
 import android.net.wifi.WifiNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+
 import org.junit.Test;
 
 /**
  * Unit test for {@link android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier}.
  */
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class TelephonyNetworkSpecifierTest {
     private static final int TEST_SUBID = 5;
     private static final String TEST_SSID = "Test123";
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnManagerTest.java
index 3135062..532081a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnManagerTest.java
@@ -27,14 +27,16 @@
 
 import android.content.ComponentName;
 import android.content.Intent;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.test.mock.MockContext;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
 import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -42,7 +44,8 @@
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link VpnManager}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class VpnManagerTest {
     private static final String PKG_NAME = "fooPackage";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
index ccaa5cf..b4c7ac4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/VpnTransportInfoTest.java
@@ -24,14 +24,19 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals;
 
+import android.os.Build;
+
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class VpnTransportInfoTest {
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ipmemorystore/ParcelableTests.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ipmemorystore/ParcelableTests.java
index 603c875..5d0b783 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/ipmemorystore/ParcelableTests.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/ipmemorystore/ParcelableTests.java
@@ -21,11 +21,14 @@
 
 import android.net.networkstack.aidl.quirks.IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirk;
 import android.net.networkstack.aidl.quirks.IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirkParcelable;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -36,8 +39,9 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class ParcelableTests {
     @Test
     public void testNetworkAttributesParceling() throws Exception {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
index 370179c..31c8927 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdManagerTest.java
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.verify;
 
 import android.content.Context;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.Looper;
@@ -35,9 +36,10 @@
 import android.os.Messenger;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.AsyncChannel;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 
 import org.junit.After;
@@ -47,8 +49,9 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NsdManagerTest {
 
     static final int PROTOCOL = NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
index 94dfc75..ca8cf07 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/nsd/NsdServiceInfoTest.java
@@ -21,12 +21,15 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Bundle;
 import android.os.Parcel;
 import android.os.StrictMode;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -36,8 +39,9 @@
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Map;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NsdServiceInfoTest {
 
     public final static InetAddress LOCALHOST;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/DnsUtilsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/DnsUtilsTest.java
index b626db8..660d516 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/DnsUtilsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/DnsUtilsTest.java
@@ -25,9 +25,12 @@
 import android.annotation.NonNull;
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.net.InetAddresses;
+import android.os.Build;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -37,8 +40,9 @@
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class DnsUtilsTest {
     private InetAddress stringToAddress(@NonNull String addr) {
         return InetAddresses.parseNumericAddress(addr);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
index b62bdbc..40f39a4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/KeepaliveUtilsTest.kt
@@ -25,15 +25,17 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_ETHERNET
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_VPN
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
+import android.os.Build
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
 import com.android.internal.R
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import org.junit.After
 import org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.fail
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.junit.runners.JUnit4
 import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
 import org.mockito.Mockito.any
 import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
@@ -45,8 +47,9 @@
  * Build, install and run with:
  * atest android.net.util.KeepaliveUtilsTest
  */
-@RunWith(JUnit4::class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class KeepaliveUtilsTest {
 
     // Prepare mocked context with given resource strings.
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
index 78c8fa4..576b8d3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/android/net/util/MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest.kt
@@ -25,15 +25,17 @@
 import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_AVOID_BAD_WIFI
 import android.net.ConnectivitySettingsManager.NETWORK_METERED_MULTIPATH_PREFERENCE
 import android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTracker.ActiveDataSubscriptionIdListener
+import android.os.Build
 import android.provider.Settings
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionInfo
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionManager
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
 import android.test.mock.MockContentResolver
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import org.junit.After
 import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
@@ -57,8 +59,9 @@
  * Build, install and run with:
  * atest android.net.util.MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class MultinetworkPolicyTrackerTest {
     private val resources = mock(Resources::class.java).also {
         doReturn(R.integer.config_networkAvoidBadWifi).`when`(it).getIdentifier(
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java
index 3cfecd5..51388d4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/NetworkUtilsInternalTest.java
@@ -27,18 +27,23 @@
 
 import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
 
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
 import android.system.Os;
 
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import libcore.io.IoUtils;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-@androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkUtilsInternalTest {
 
     private static void expectSocketSuccess(String msg, int domain, int type) {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
index cb0f071..a945a1f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/net/VpnProfileTest.java
@@ -25,12 +25,15 @@
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
 import android.net.IpSecAlgorithm;
+import android.os.Build;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
+
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Arrays;
@@ -38,7 +41,8 @@
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link VpnProfile}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class VpnProfileTest {
     private static final String DUMMY_PROFILE_KEY = "Test";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/BitUtilsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/BitUtilsTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index d2fbdce..0000000
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/BitUtilsTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,201 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.internal.util;
-
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.bytesToBEInt;
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.bytesToLEInt;
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.getUint16;
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.getUint32;
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.getUint8;
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.packBits;
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.uint16;
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.uint32;
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.uint8;
-import static com.android.internal.util.BitUtils.unpackBits;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
-
-import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.Random;
-
-@SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-public class BitUtilsTest {
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUnsignedByteWideningConversions() {
-        byte b0 = 0;
-        byte b1 = 1;
-        byte bm1 = -1;
-        assertEquals(0, uint8(b0));
-        assertEquals(1, uint8(b1));
-        assertEquals(127, uint8(Byte.MAX_VALUE));
-        assertEquals(128, uint8(Byte.MIN_VALUE));
-        assertEquals(255, uint8(bm1));
-        assertEquals(255, uint8((byte)255));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUnsignedShortWideningConversions() {
-        short s0 = 0;
-        short s1 = 1;
-        short sm1 = -1;
-        assertEquals(0, uint16(s0));
-        assertEquals(1, uint16(s1));
-        assertEquals(32767, uint16(Short.MAX_VALUE));
-        assertEquals(32768, uint16(Short.MIN_VALUE));
-        assertEquals(65535, uint16(sm1));
-        assertEquals(65535, uint16((short)65535));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUnsignedShortComposition() {
-        byte b0 = 0;
-        byte b1 = 1;
-        byte b2 = 2;
-        byte b10 = 10;
-        byte b16 = 16;
-        byte b128 = -128;
-        byte b224 = -32;
-        byte b255 = -1;
-        assertEquals(0x0000, uint16(b0, b0));
-        assertEquals(0xffff, uint16(b255, b255));
-        assertEquals(0x0a01, uint16(b10, b1));
-        assertEquals(0x8002, uint16(b128, b2));
-        assertEquals(0x01ff, uint16(b1, b255));
-        assertEquals(0x80ff, uint16(b128, b255));
-        assertEquals(0xe010, uint16(b224, b16));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUnsignedIntWideningConversions() {
-        assertEquals(0, uint32(0));
-        assertEquals(1, uint32(1));
-        assertEquals(2147483647L, uint32(Integer.MAX_VALUE));
-        assertEquals(2147483648L, uint32(Integer.MIN_VALUE));
-        assertEquals(4294967295L, uint32(-1));
-        assertEquals(4294967295L, uint32((int)4294967295L));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testBytesToInt() {
-        assertEquals(0x00000000, bytesToBEInt(bytes(0, 0, 0, 0)));
-        assertEquals(0xffffffff, bytesToBEInt(bytes(255, 255, 255, 255)));
-        assertEquals(0x0a000001, bytesToBEInt(bytes(10, 0, 0, 1)));
-        assertEquals(0x0a000002, bytesToBEInt(bytes(10, 0, 0, 2)));
-        assertEquals(0x0a001fff, bytesToBEInt(bytes(10, 0, 31, 255)));
-        assertEquals(0xe0000001, bytesToBEInt(bytes(224, 0, 0, 1)));
-
-        assertEquals(0x00000000, bytesToLEInt(bytes(0, 0, 0, 0)));
-        assertEquals(0x01020304, bytesToLEInt(bytes(4, 3, 2, 1)));
-        assertEquals(0xffff0000, bytesToLEInt(bytes(0, 0, 255, 255)));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testUnsignedGetters() {
-        ByteBuffer b = ByteBuffer.allocate(4);
-        b.putInt(0xffff);
-
-        assertEquals(0x0, getUint8(b, 0));
-        assertEquals(0x0, getUint8(b, 1));
-        assertEquals(0xff, getUint8(b, 2));
-        assertEquals(0xff, getUint8(b, 3));
-
-        assertEquals(0x0, getUint16(b, 0));
-        assertEquals(0xffff, getUint16(b, 2));
-
-        b.rewind();
-        b.putInt(0xffffffff);
-        assertEquals(0xffffffffL, getUint32(b, 0));
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testBitsPacking() {
-        BitPackingTestCase[] testCases = {
-            new BitPackingTestCase(0, ints()),
-            new BitPackingTestCase(1, ints(0)),
-            new BitPackingTestCase(2, ints(1)),
-            new BitPackingTestCase(3, ints(0, 1)),
-            new BitPackingTestCase(4, ints(2)),
-            new BitPackingTestCase(6, ints(1, 2)),
-            new BitPackingTestCase(9, ints(0, 3)),
-            new BitPackingTestCase(~Long.MAX_VALUE, ints(63)),
-            new BitPackingTestCase(~Long.MAX_VALUE + 1, ints(0, 63)),
-            new BitPackingTestCase(~Long.MAX_VALUE + 2, ints(1, 63)),
-        };
-        for (BitPackingTestCase tc : testCases) {
-            int[] got = unpackBits(tc.packedBits);
-            assertTrue(
-                    "unpackBits("
-                            + tc.packedBits
-                            + "): expected "
-                            + Arrays.toString(tc.bits)
-                            + " but got "
-                            + Arrays.toString(got),
-                    Arrays.equals(tc.bits, got));
-        }
-        for (BitPackingTestCase tc : testCases) {
-            long got = packBits(tc.bits);
-            assertEquals(
-                    "packBits("
-                            + Arrays.toString(tc.bits)
-                            + "): expected "
-                            + tc.packedBits
-                            + " but got "
-                            + got,
-                    tc.packedBits,
-                    got);
-        }
-
-        long[] moreTestCases = {
-            0, 1, -1, 23895, -908235, Long.MAX_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE, new Random().nextLong(),
-        };
-        for (long l : moreTestCases) {
-            assertEquals(l, packBits(unpackBits(l)));
-        }
-    }
-
-    static byte[] bytes(int b1, int b2, int b3, int b4) {
-        return new byte[] {b(b1), b(b2), b(b3), b(b4)};
-    }
-
-    static byte b(int i) {
-        return (byte) i;
-    }
-
-    static int[] ints(int... array) {
-        return array;
-    }
-
-    static class BitPackingTestCase {
-        final int[] bits;
-        final long packedBits;
-
-        BitPackingTestCase(long packedBits, int[] bits) {
-            this.bits = bits;
-            this.packedBits = packedBits;
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBufferTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBufferTest.java
deleted file mode 100644
index d06095a..0000000
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/internal/util/RingBufferTest.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,178 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package com.android.internal.util;
-
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals;
-import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
-import static org.junit.Assert.fail;
-
-import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
-
-import org.junit.Test;
-import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-
-@SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
-public class RingBufferTest {
-
-    @Test
-    public void testEmptyRingBuffer() {
-        RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, 100);
-
-        assertArrayEquals(new String[0], buffer.toArray());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testIncorrectConstructorArguments() {
-        try {
-            RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, -10);
-            fail("Should not be able to create a negative capacity RingBuffer");
-        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
-        }
-
-        try {
-            RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, 0);
-            fail("Should not be able to create a 0 capacity RingBuffer");
-        } catch (IllegalArgumentException expected) {
-        }
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testRingBufferWithNoWrapping() {
-        RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, 100);
-
-        buffer.append("a");
-        buffer.append("b");
-        buffer.append("c");
-        buffer.append("d");
-        buffer.append("e");
-
-        String[] expected = {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"};
-        assertArrayEquals(expected, buffer.toArray());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testRingBufferWithCapacity1() {
-        RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, 1);
-
-        buffer.append("a");
-        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"a"}, buffer.toArray());
-
-        buffer.append("b");
-        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"b"}, buffer.toArray());
-
-        buffer.append("c");
-        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"c"}, buffer.toArray());
-
-        buffer.append("d");
-        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"d"}, buffer.toArray());
-
-        buffer.append("e");
-        assertArrayEquals(new String[]{"e"}, buffer.toArray());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testRingBufferWithWrapping() {
-        int capacity = 100;
-        RingBuffer<String> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(String.class, capacity);
-
-        buffer.append("a");
-        buffer.append("b");
-        buffer.append("c");
-        buffer.append("d");
-        buffer.append("e");
-
-        String[] expected1 = {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"};
-        assertArrayEquals(expected1, buffer.toArray());
-
-        String[] expected2 = new String[capacity];
-        int firstIndex = 0;
-        int lastIndex = capacity - 1;
-
-        expected2[firstIndex] = "e";
-        for (int i = 1; i < capacity; i++) {
-            buffer.append("x");
-            expected2[i] = "x";
-        }
-        assertArrayEquals(expected2, buffer.toArray());
-
-        buffer.append("x");
-        expected2[firstIndex] = "x";
-        assertArrayEquals(expected2, buffer.toArray());
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
-            for (String s : expected2) {
-                buffer.append(s);
-            }
-        }
-        assertArrayEquals(expected2, buffer.toArray());
-
-        buffer.append("a");
-        expected2[lastIndex] = "a";
-        assertArrayEquals(expected2, buffer.toArray());
-    }
-
-    @Test
-    public void testGetNextSlot() {
-        int capacity = 100;
-        RingBuffer<DummyClass1> buffer = new RingBuffer<>(DummyClass1.class, capacity);
-
-        final DummyClass1[] actual = new DummyClass1[capacity];
-        final DummyClass1[] expected = new DummyClass1[capacity];
-        for (int i = 0; i < capacity; ++i) {
-            final DummyClass1 obj = buffer.getNextSlot();
-            obj.x = capacity * i;
-            actual[i] = obj;
-            expected[i] = new DummyClass1();
-            expected[i].x = capacity * i;
-        }
-        assertArrayEquals(expected, buffer.toArray());
-
-        for (int i = 0; i < capacity; ++i) {
-            if (actual[i] != buffer.getNextSlot()) {
-                fail("getNextSlot() should re-use objects if available");
-            }
-        }
-
-        RingBuffer<DummyClass2> buffer2 = new RingBuffer<>(DummyClass2.class, capacity);
-        assertNull("getNextSlot() should return null if the object can't be initiated "
-                + "(No nullary constructor)", buffer2.getNextSlot());
-
-        RingBuffer<DummyClass3> buffer3 = new RingBuffer<>(DummyClass3.class, capacity);
-        assertNull("getNextSlot() should return null if the object can't be initiated "
-                + "(Inaccessible class)", buffer3.getNextSlot());
-    }
-
-    public static final class DummyClass1 {
-        int x;
-
-        public boolean equals(Object o) {
-            if (o instanceof DummyClass1) {
-                final DummyClass1 other = (DummyClass1) o;
-                return other.x == this.x;
-            }
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static final class DummyClass2 {
-        public DummyClass2(int x) {}
-    }
-
-    private static final class DummyClass3 {}
-}
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
index 6c484cc..cec3882 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityServiceTest.java
@@ -301,7 +301,6 @@
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.internal.app.IBatteryStats;
@@ -325,6 +324,8 @@
 import com.android.server.connectivity.Vpn;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.VpnProfileStore;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkPinner;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 import com.android.testutils.ExceptionUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.RecorderCallback.CallbackEntry;
@@ -388,8 +389,9 @@
  * Build, install and run with:
  *  runtest frameworks-net -c com.android.server.ConnectivityServiceTest
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class ConnectivityServiceTest {
     private static final String TAG = "ConnectivityServiceTest";
 
@@ -5448,6 +5450,8 @@
             // the follow-up network disconnection will be processed first.
             mWiFiNetworkAgent.setKeepaliveResponseDelay(3 * TIMEOUT_MS);
             ka.stop();
+            // Call stop() twice shouldn't result in crash, b/182586681.
+            ka.stop();
 
             // Make sure the stop has been processed. Wait for executor idle is needed to prevent
             // flaky since the actual stop call to the service is delegated to executor thread.
@@ -5745,37 +5749,59 @@
     @Test
     public void testNetworkCallbackMaximum() throws Exception {
         final int MAX_REQUESTS = 100;
-        final int CALLBACKS = 89;
-        final int INTENTS = 11;
+        final int CALLBACKS = 87;
+        final int DIFF_INTENTS = 10;
+        final int SAME_INTENTS = 10;
         final int SYSTEM_ONLY_MAX_REQUESTS = 250;
-        assertEquals(MAX_REQUESTS, CALLBACKS + INTENTS);
+        // Assert 1 (Default request filed before testing) + CALLBACKS + DIFF_INTENTS +
+        // 1 (same intent) = MAX_REQUESTS - 1, since the capacity is MAX_REQUEST - 1.
+        assertEquals(MAX_REQUESTS - 1, 1 + CALLBACKS + DIFF_INTENTS + 1);
 
         NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder().build();
         ArrayList<Object> registered = new ArrayList<>();
 
-        int j = 0;
-        while (j++ < CALLBACKS / 2) {
-            NetworkCallback cb = new NetworkCallback();
-            mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb);
+        for (int j = 0; j < CALLBACKS; j++) {
+            final NetworkCallback cb = new NetworkCallback();
+            if (j < CALLBACKS / 2) {
+                mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, cb);
+            } else {
+                mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, cb);
+            }
             registered.add(cb);
         }
-        while (j++ < CALLBACKS) {
-            NetworkCallback cb = new NetworkCallback();
-            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, cb);
-            registered.add(cb);
+
+        // Since ConnectivityService will de-duplicate the request with the same intent,
+        // register multiple times does not really increase multiple requests.
+        final PendingIntent same_pi = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /* requestCode */,
+                new Intent("same"), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+        for (int j = 0; j < SAME_INTENTS; j++) {
+            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, same_pi);
+            // Wait for the requests with the same intent to be de-duplicated. Because
+            // ConnectivityService side incrementCountOrThrow in binder, decrementCount in handler
+            // thread, waitForIdle is needed to ensure decrementCount being invoked for same intent
+            // requests before doing further tests.
+            waitForIdle();
         }
-        j = 0;
-        while (j++ < INTENTS / 2) {
-            final PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /* requestCode */,
-                    new Intent("a" + j), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
-            mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, pi);
-            registered.add(pi);
+        for (int j = 0; j < SAME_INTENTS; j++) {
+            mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, same_pi);
+            // Wait for the requests with the same intent to be de-duplicated.
+            // Refer to the reason above.
+            waitForIdle();
         }
-        while (j++ < INTENTS) {
-            final PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /* requestCode */,
-                    new Intent("b" + j), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
-            mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, pi);
-            registered.add(pi);
+        registered.add(same_pi);
+
+        for (int j = 0; j < DIFF_INTENTS; j++) {
+            if (j < DIFF_INTENTS / 2) {
+                final PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /* requestCode */,
+                        new Intent("a" + j), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+                mCm.requestNetwork(networkRequest, pi);
+                registered.add(pi);
+            } else {
+                final PendingIntent pi = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(mContext, 0 /* requestCode */,
+                        new Intent("b" + j), FLAG_IMMUTABLE);
+                mCm.registerNetworkCallback(networkRequest, pi);
+                registered.add(pi);
+            }
         }
 
         // Test that the limit is enforced when MAX_REQUESTS simultaneous requests are added.
@@ -5825,10 +5851,10 @@
 
         for (Object o : registered) {
             if (o instanceof NetworkCallback) {
-                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback((NetworkCallback)o);
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback((NetworkCallback) o);
             }
             if (o instanceof PendingIntent) {
-                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback((PendingIntent)o);
+                mCm.unregisterNetworkCallback((PendingIntent) o);
             }
         }
         waitForIdle();
@@ -6003,7 +6029,7 @@
         verify(mStatsManager, atLeastOnce()).notifyNetworkStatus(networksCaptor.capture(),
                 any(List.class), eq(defaultIface), vpnInfosCaptor.capture());
 
-        assertSameElements(networksCaptor.getValue(), networks);
+        assertSameElements(networks, networksCaptor.getValue());
 
         List<UnderlyingNetworkInfo> infos = vpnInfosCaptor.getValue();
         if (vpnUid != null) {
@@ -6208,6 +6234,77 @@
     }
 
     @Test
+    public void testNonVpnUnderlyingNetworks() throws Exception {
+        // Ensure wifi and cellular are not torn down.
+        for (int transport : new int[]{TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, TRANSPORT_WIFI}) {
+            final NetworkRequest request = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
+                    .addTransportType(transport)
+                    .removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED)
+                    .build();
+            mCm.requestNetwork(request, new NetworkCallback());
+        }
+
+        // Connect a VCN-managed wifi network.
+        final LinkProperties wifiLp = new LinkProperties();
+        wifiLp.setInterfaceName(WIFI_IFNAME);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI, wifiLp);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true /* validated */);
+
+        final List<Network> none = List.of();
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(none, null);  // Wifi is not the default network
+
+        // Create a virtual network based on the wifi network.
+        final int ownerUid = 10042;
+        NetworkCapabilities nc = new NetworkCapabilities.Builder()
+                .setOwnerUid(ownerUid)
+                .setAdministratorUids(new int[]{ownerUid})
+                .build();
+        final String vcnIface = "ipsec42";
+        final LinkProperties lp = new LinkProperties();
+        lp.setInterfaceName(vcnIface);
+        final TestNetworkAgentWrapper vcn = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, lp, nc);
+        vcn.setUnderlyingNetworks(List.of(mWiFiNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+        vcn.connect(false /* validated */);
+
+        final TestNetworkCallback callback = new TestNetworkCallback();
+        mCm.registerDefaultNetworkCallback(callback);
+        callback.expectAvailableCallbacksUnvalidated(vcn);
+
+        // The underlying wifi network's capabilities are not propagated to the virtual network,
+        // but NetworkStatsService is informed of the underlying interface.
+        nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(vcn.getNetwork());
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+        final List<Network> onlyVcn = List.of(vcn.getNetwork());
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyVcn, vcnIface, ownerUid, vcnIface, List.of(WIFI_IFNAME));
+
+        // Add NOT_METERED to the underlying network, check that it is not propagated.
+        mWiFiNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED);
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(vcn.getNetwork());
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED));
+
+        // Switch underlying networks.
+        final LinkProperties cellLp = new LinkProperties();
+        cellLp.setInterfaceName(MOBILE_IFNAME);
+        mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR, cellLp);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.removeCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING);
+        mCellNetworkAgent.connect(false /* validated */);
+        vcn.setUnderlyingNetworks(List.of(mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork()));
+
+        // The underlying capability changes do not propagate to the virtual network, but
+        // NetworkStatsService is informed of the new underlying interface.
+        callback.assertNoCallback();
+        nc = mCm.getNetworkCapabilities(vcn.getNetwork());
+        assertFalse(nc.hasTransport(TRANSPORT_WIFI));
+        assertFalse(nc.hasCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_ROAMING));
+        expectNotifyNetworkStatus(onlyVcn, vcnIface, ownerUid, vcnIface, List.of(MOBILE_IFNAME));
+    }
+
+    @Test
     public void testBasicDnsConfigurationPushed() throws Exception {
         setPrivateDnsSettings(PRIVATE_DNS_MODE_OPPORTUNISTIC, "ignored.example.com");
 
@@ -10195,6 +10292,9 @@
     public void testConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackOnConnectivityReported() throws Exception {
         setUpConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback();
 
+        // reset to ignore callbacks from setup
+        reset(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback);
+
         final Network n = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
         final boolean hasConnectivity = true;
         mService.reportNetworkConnectivity(n, hasConnectivity);
@@ -10205,6 +10305,8 @@
         // Verify onNetworkConnectivityReported fired
         verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback)
                 .onNetworkConnectivityReported(eq(n), eq(hasConnectivity));
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback).onConnectivityReportAvailable(
+                argThat(report -> areConnDiagCapsRedacted(report.getNetworkCapabilities())));
 
         final boolean noConnectivity = false;
         mService.reportNetworkConnectivity(n, noConnectivity);
@@ -10215,6 +10317,54 @@
         // Wait for onNetworkConnectivityReported to fire
         verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback)
                 .onNetworkConnectivityReported(eq(n), eq(noConnectivity));
+
+        // Also expect a ConnectivityReport after NetworkMonitor asynchronously re-validates
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS).times(2))
+                .onConnectivityReportAvailable(
+                        argThat(report ->
+                                areConnDiagCapsRedacted(report.getNetworkCapabilities())));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testConnectivityDiagnosticsCallbackOnConnectivityReportedSeparateUid()
+            throws Exception {
+        setUpConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback();
+
+        // reset to ignore callbacks from setup
+        reset(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback);
+
+        // report known Connectivity from a different uid. Verify that network is not re-validated
+        // and this callback is not notified.
+        final Network n = mCellNetworkAgent.getNetwork();
+        final boolean hasConnectivity = true;
+        doAsUid(Process.myUid() + 1, () -> mService.reportNetworkConnectivity(n, hasConnectivity));
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        // Verify onNetworkConnectivityReported did not fire
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, never())
+                .onNetworkConnectivityReported(any(), anyBoolean());
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, never())
+                .onConnectivityReportAvailable(any());
+
+        // report different Connectivity from a different uid. Verify that network is re-validated
+        // and that this callback is notified.
+        final boolean noConnectivity = false;
+        doAsUid(Process.myUid() + 1, () -> mService.reportNetworkConnectivity(n, noConnectivity));
+
+        // Block until all other events are done processing.
+        HandlerUtils.waitForIdle(mCsHandlerThread, TIMEOUT_MS);
+
+        // Wait for onNetworkConnectivityReported to fire
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onNetworkConnectivityReported(eq(n), eq(noConnectivity));
+
+        // Also expect a ConnectivityReport after NetworkMonitor asynchronously re-validates
+        verify(mConnectivityDiagnosticsCallback, timeout(TIMEOUT_MS))
+                .onConnectivityReportAvailable(
+                        argThat(report ->
+                                areConnDiagCapsRedacted(report.getNetworkCapabilities())));
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -13359,43 +13509,43 @@
     }
 
     @Test
-    public void testSetMobileDataPreferredUids_noIssueToFactory() throws Exception {
-        // First set mobile data preferred uid to create a multi-layer requests: 1. listen for
+    public void testMultilayerRequestsOfSetMobileDataPreferredUids() throws Exception {
+        // First set mobile data preferred uid to create a multi-layer requests: 1. request for
         // cellular, 2. track the default network for fallback.
         setAndUpdateMobileDataPreferredUids(
                 Set.of(PRIMARY_USER_HANDLE.getUid(TEST_PACKAGE_UID)));
 
         final HandlerThread handlerThread = new HandlerThread("MockFactory");
         handlerThread.start();
-        NetworkCapabilities internetFilter = new NetworkCapabilities()
+        final NetworkCapabilities cellFilter = new NetworkCapabilities()
+                .addTransportType(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
                 .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_VCN_MANAGED);
-        final MockNetworkFactory internetFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
-                mServiceContext, "internetFactory", internetFilter, mCsHandlerThread);
-        internetFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
+        final MockNetworkFactory cellFactory = new MockNetworkFactory(handlerThread.getLooper(),
+                mServiceContext, "cellFactory", cellFilter, mCsHandlerThread);
+        cellFactory.setScoreFilter(40);
 
         try {
-            internetFactory.register();
-            // Default internet request only. The first request is listen for cellular network,
-            // which is never sent to factories (it's a LISTEN, not requestable). The second
-            // fallback request is TRACK_DEFAULT which is also not sent to factories.
-            internetFactory.expectRequestAdds(1);
-            internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+            cellFactory.register();
+            // Default internet request and the mobile data preferred request.
+            cellFactory.expectRequestAdds(2);
+            cellFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(2);
 
-            mCellNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR);
-            mCellNetworkAgent.connect(true);
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent = new TestNetworkAgentWrapper(TRANSPORT_WIFI);
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.connect(true);
 
-            // The internet factory however is outscored, and should lose its requests.
-            internetFactory.expectRequestRemove();
-            internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(0);
+            // The cellFactory however is outscored, and should lose default internet request.
+            // But it should still see mobile data preferred request.
+            cellFactory.expectRequestRemove();
+            cellFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
 
-            mCellNetworkAgent.disconnect();
+            mWiFiNetworkAgent.disconnect();
             // The network satisfying the default internet request has disconnected, so the
-            // internetFactory sees the default request again.
-            internetFactory.expectRequestAdds(1);
-            internetFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(1);
+            // cellFactory sees the default internet requests again.
+            cellFactory.expectRequestAdd();
+            cellFactory.assertRequestCountEquals(2);
         } finally {
-            internetFactory.terminate();
+            cellFactory.terminate();
             handlerThread.quitSafely();
         }
     }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
index cf2c9c7..5bbbe40 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceParameterizedTest.java
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@
 import android.net.LinkProperties;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.system.Os;
 import android.test.mock.MockContext;
@@ -66,9 +67,11 @@
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
 
 import com.android.server.IpSecService.TunnelInterfaceRecord;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Ignore;
+import org.junit.Rule;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
 import org.junit.runners.Parameterized;
@@ -83,6 +86,9 @@
 @SmallTest
 @RunWith(Parameterized.class)
 public class IpSecServiceParameterizedTest {
+    @Rule
+    public final DevSdkIgnoreRule mIgnoreRule = new DevSdkIgnoreRule(
+            Build.VERSION_CODES.R /* ignoreClassUpTo */);
 
     private static final int TEST_SPI = 0xD1201D;
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
index 22a2c94..6957d51 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest.java
@@ -30,14 +30,16 @@
 
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.server.IpSecService.IResource;
 import com.android.server.IpSecService.RefcountedResource;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -51,7 +53,8 @@
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecService.RefcountedResource}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class IpSecServiceRefcountedResourceTest {
     Context mMockContext;
     IpSecService.IpSecServiceConfiguration mMockIpSecSrvConfig;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
index 6232423..fabd6f1 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/IpSecServiceTest.java
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@
 import android.net.IpSecSpiResponse;
 import android.net.IpSecUdpEncapResponse;
 import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.system.ErrnoException;
@@ -51,7 +52,9 @@
 import android.util.Range;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import dalvik.system.SocketTagger;
 
@@ -70,7 +73,8 @@
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link IpSecService}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class IpSecServiceTest {
 
     private static final int DROID_SPI = 0xD1201D;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/LegacyTypeTrackerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/LegacyTypeTrackerTest.kt
index 5ec1119..64736f2 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/LegacyTypeTrackerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/LegacyTypeTrackerTest.kt
@@ -43,11 +43,13 @@
 import android.net.EthernetManager
 import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState.CONNECTED
 import android.net.NetworkInfo.DetailedState.DISCONNECTED
+import android.os.Build
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService.LegacyTypeTracker
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkAgentInfo
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
 import org.junit.Assert.assertNull
 import org.junit.Assert.assertSame
@@ -64,8 +66,9 @@
 
 const val UNSUPPORTED_TYPE = TYPE_WIMAX
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class LegacyTypeTrackerTest {
     private val supportedTypes = arrayOf(TYPE_WIFI, TYPE_WIFI_P2P, TYPE_ETHERNET, TYPE_MOBILE,
             TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL, TYPE_MOBILE_MMS, TYPE_MOBILE_SUPL, TYPE_MOBILE_DUN, TYPE_MOBILE_HIPRI,
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt
index 6f5e740..811134e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetIdManagerTest.kt
@@ -16,17 +16,20 @@
 
 package com.android.server
 
+import android.os.Build
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
 import com.android.server.NetIdManager.MIN_NET_ID
-import com.android.testutils.assertThrows
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import com.android.testutils.ExceptionUtils.ThrowingRunnable
+import com.android.testutils.assertThrows
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class NetIdManagerTest {
     @Test
     fun testReserveReleaseNetId() {
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
index 13516d7..ea29da0 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NetworkManagementServiceTest.java
@@ -38,17 +38,18 @@
 import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager;
 import android.os.BatteryStats;
 import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.IBinder;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.RemoteException;
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
-
 import com.android.internal.app.IBatteryStats;
 import com.android.server.NetworkManagementService.Dependencies;
 import com.android.server.net.BaseNetworkObserver;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -64,8 +65,9 @@
 /**
  * Tests for {@link NetworkManagementService}.
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkManagementServiceTest {
     private NetworkManagementService mNMService;
     @Mock private Context mContext;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
index 1eac4ea..e80a938 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/NsdServiceTest.java
@@ -31,17 +31,19 @@
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.nsd.NsdManager;
 import android.net.nsd.NsdServiceInfo;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
 import android.os.Looper;
 import android.os.Message;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.server.NsdService.DaemonConnection;
 import com.android.server.NsdService.DaemonConnectionSupplier;
 import com.android.server.NsdService.NativeCallbackReceiver;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 
 import org.junit.After;
@@ -56,8 +58,9 @@
 // TODOs:
 //  - test client can send requests and receive replies
 //  - test NSD_ON ENABLE/DISABLED listening
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NsdServiceTest {
 
     static final int PROTOCOL = NsdManager.PROTOCOL_DNS_SD;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManagerTest.java
index 0ffeec9..9ef558f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/DnsManagerTest.java
@@ -55,15 +55,17 @@
 import android.net.ResolverParamsParcel;
 import android.net.RouteInfo;
 import android.net.shared.PrivateDnsConfig;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.provider.Settings;
 import android.test.mock.MockContentResolver;
 import android.util.SparseArray;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.MessageUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import libcore.net.InetAddressUtils;
 
@@ -83,8 +85,9 @@
  * Build, install and run with:
  *  runtest frameworks-net -c com.android.server.connectivity.DnsManagerTest
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class DnsManagerTest {
     static final String TEST_IFACENAME = "test_wlan0";
     static final int TEST_NETID = 100;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt
index 45b575a..785153a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/FullScoreTest.kt
@@ -19,27 +19,28 @@
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
 import android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE
+import android.os.Build
 import android.text.TextUtils
 import android.util.ArraySet
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.MAX_CS_MANAGED_POLICY
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_ACCEPT_UNVALIDATED
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_USER_SELECTED
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VALIDATED
 import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VPN
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import kotlin.collections.minOfOrNull
-import kotlin.collections.maxOfOrNull
 import kotlin.reflect.full.staticProperties
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
 import kotlin.test.assertFailsWith
 import kotlin.test.assertFalse
 import kotlin.test.assertTrue
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class FullScoreTest {
     // Convenience methods
     fun FullScore.withPolicies(
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java
index 70495cc..52b05aa 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest.java
@@ -42,11 +42,12 @@
 import android.net.metrics.RaEvent;
 import android.net.metrics.ValidationProbeEvent;
 import android.net.metrics.WakeupStats;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
 
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
-
 import com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.IpConnectivityEvent;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -55,8 +56,9 @@
 import java.util.List;
 
 // TODO: instead of comparing textpb to textpb, parse textpb and compare proto to proto.
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class IpConnectivityEventBuilderTest {
 
     @Test
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
index 8b072c4..063ccd3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/IpConnectivityMetricsTest.java
@@ -45,15 +45,16 @@
 import android.net.metrics.IpReachabilityEvent;
 import android.net.metrics.RaEvent;
 import android.net.metrics.ValidationProbeEvent;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Parcelable;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
 import android.util.Base64;
 
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
-
 import com.android.internal.util.BitUtils;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -65,8 +66,9 @@
 import java.io.PrintWriter;
 import java.io.StringWriter;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class IpConnectivityMetricsTest {
     static final IpReachabilityEvent FAKE_EV =
             new IpReachabilityEvent(IpReachabilityEvent.NUD_FAILED);
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
index 36e229d..58a7c89 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/LingerMonitorTest.java
@@ -43,14 +43,16 @@
 import android.net.NetworkProvider;
 import android.net.NetworkScore;
 import android.os.Binder;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.text.format.DateUtils;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -59,8 +61,9 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class LingerMonitorTest {
     static final String CELLULAR = "CELLULAR";
     static final String WIFI     = "WIFI";
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java
index 4c80f6a..e2ad00d 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/MultipathPolicyTrackerTest.java
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerInternal.QUOTA_TYPE_MULTIPATH;
 import static com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerService.OPPORTUNISTIC_QUOTA_UNKNOWN;
 
-import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertNotNull;
-
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.argThat;
@@ -54,6 +53,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkPolicyManager;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.provider.Settings;
@@ -63,13 +63,14 @@
 import android.util.RecurrenceRule;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.R;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.FakeSettingsProvider;
 import com.android.server.LocalServices;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkPolicyManagerInternal;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsManagerInternal;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -87,8 +88,9 @@
 import java.time.ZonedDateTime;
 import java.time.temporal.ChronoUnit;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class MultipathPolicyTrackerTest {
     private static final Network TEST_NETWORK = new Network(123);
     private static final int POLICY_SNOOZED = -100;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464XlatTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464XlatTest.java
index 9b2a638..f358726 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464XlatTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/Nat464XlatTest.java
@@ -40,13 +40,15 @@
 import android.net.NetworkAgentConfig;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.server.ConnectivityService;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -56,8 +58,9 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class Nat464XlatTest {
 
     static final String BASE_IFACE = "test0";
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
index 50aaaee..7d6c3ae 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetdEventListenerServiceTest.java
@@ -31,14 +31,15 @@
 import android.net.ConnectivityManager;
 import android.net.Network;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.system.OsConstants;
 import android.test.suitebuilder.annotation.SmallTest;
 import android.util.Base64;
 
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
-
 import com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.IpConnectivityEvent;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.metrics.nano.IpConnectivityLogClass.IpConnectivityLog;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -52,8 +53,9 @@
 import java.util.Comparator;
 import java.util.List;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetdEventListenerServiceTest {
     private static final String EXAMPLE_IPV4 = "192.0.2.1";
     private static final String EXAMPLE_IPV6 = "2001:db8:1200::2:1";
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
index 3adf08c..07deeef 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkNotificationManagerTest.java
@@ -16,8 +16,17 @@
 
 package com.android.server.connectivity;
 
-import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.*;
+import static android.app.Notification.FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL;
+import static android.app.Notification.FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT;
 
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.LOST_INTERNET;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.NETWORK_SWITCH;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.NO_INTERNET;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.PARTIAL_CONNECTIVITY;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.PRIVATE_DNS_BROKEN;
+import static com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType.SIGN_IN;
+
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.any;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.anyInt;
 import static org.mockito.Mockito.clearInvocations;
@@ -39,19 +48,19 @@
 import android.net.ConnectivityResources;
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities;
 import android.net.NetworkInfo;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.connectivity.resources.R;
 import com.android.server.connectivity.NetworkNotificationManager.NotificationType;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.After;
-import org.junit.AfterClass;
 import org.junit.Before;
-import org.junit.BeforeClass;
 import org.junit.Ignore;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -65,12 +74,15 @@
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkNotificationManagerTest {
 
     private static final String TEST_SSID = "Test SSID";
     private static final String TEST_EXTRA_INFO = "extra";
+    private static final int TEST_NOTIF_ID = 101;
+    private static final String TEST_NOTIF_TAG = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(TEST_NOTIF_ID);
     static final NetworkCapabilities CELL_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities();
     static final NetworkCapabilities WIFI_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities();
     static final NetworkCapabilities VPN_CAPABILITIES = new NetworkCapabilities();
@@ -132,6 +144,7 @@
         }
         when(mResources.getStringArray(R.array.network_switch_type_name))
             .thenReturn(transportNames);
+        when(mResources.getBoolean(R.bool.config_autoCancelNetworkNotifications)).thenReturn(true);
 
         mManager = new NetworkNotificationManager(mCtx, mTelephonyManager);
     }
@@ -228,29 +241,65 @@
         verify(mNotificationManager, never()).notify(any(), anyInt(), any());
     }
 
+    private void assertNotification(NotificationType type, boolean ongoing, boolean autoCancel) {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<Notification> noteCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Notification.class);
+        mManager.showNotification(TEST_NOTIF_ID, type, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).notify(eq(TEST_NOTIF_TAG), eq(type.eventId),
+                noteCaptor.capture());
+
+        assertEquals("Notification ongoing flag should be " + (ongoing ? "set" : "unset"),
+                ongoing, (noteCaptor.getValue().flags & FLAG_ONGOING_EVENT) != 0);
+        assertEquals("Notification autocancel flag should be " + (autoCancel ? "set" : "unset"),
+                autoCancel, (noteCaptor.getValue().flags & FLAG_AUTO_CANCEL) != 0);
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testDuplicatedNotificationsNoInternetThenSignIn() {
-        final int id = 101;
-        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
-
         // Show first NO_INTERNET
-        mManager.showNotification(id, NO_INTERNET, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
-        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).notify(eq(tag), eq(NO_INTERNET.eventId), any());
+        assertNotification(NO_INTERNET, false /* ongoing */, true /* autoCancel */);
 
         // Captive portal detection triggers SIGN_IN a bit later, clearing the previous NO_INTERNET
-        mManager.showNotification(id, SIGN_IN, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
-        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(tag), eq(NO_INTERNET.eventId));
-        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).notify(eq(tag), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId), any());
+        assertNotification(SIGN_IN, false /* ongoing */, true /* autoCancel */);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(TEST_NOTIF_TAG), eq(NO_INTERNET.eventId));
 
         // Network disconnects
-        mManager.clearNotification(id);
-        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(tag), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId));
+        mManager.clearNotification(TEST_NOTIF_ID);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(TEST_NOTIF_TAG), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOngoingSignInNotification() {
+        doReturn(true).when(mResources).getBoolean(R.bool.config_ongoingSignInNotification);
+
+        // Show first NO_INTERNET
+        assertNotification(NO_INTERNET, false /* ongoing */, true /* autoCancel */);
+
+        // Captive portal detection triggers SIGN_IN a bit later, clearing the previous NO_INTERNET
+        assertNotification(SIGN_IN, true /* ongoing */, true /* autoCancel */);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(TEST_NOTIF_TAG), eq(NO_INTERNET.eventId));
+
+        // Network disconnects
+        mManager.clearNotification(TEST_NOTIF_ID);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(TEST_NOTIF_TAG), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testNoAutoCancelNotification() {
+        doReturn(false).when(mResources).getBoolean(R.bool.config_autoCancelNetworkNotifications);
+
+        // Show NO_INTERNET, then SIGN_IN
+        assertNotification(NO_INTERNET, false /* ongoing */, false /* autoCancel */);
+        assertNotification(SIGN_IN, false /* ongoing */, false /* autoCancel */);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(TEST_NOTIF_TAG), eq(NO_INTERNET.eventId));
+
+        mManager.clearNotification(TEST_NOTIF_ID);
+        verify(mNotificationManager, times(1)).cancel(eq(TEST_NOTIF_TAG), eq(SIGN_IN.eventId));
     }
 
     @Test
     public void testDuplicatedNotificationsSignInThenNoInternet() {
-        final int id = 101;
-        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
+        final int id = TEST_NOTIF_ID;
+        final String tag = TEST_NOTIF_TAG;
 
         // Show first SIGN_IN
         mManager.showNotification(id, SIGN_IN, mWifiNai, mCellNai, null, false);
@@ -269,8 +318,8 @@
 
     @Test
     public void testClearNotificationByType() {
-        final int id = 101;
-        final String tag = NetworkNotificationManager.tagFor(id);
+        final int id = TEST_NOTIF_ID;
+        final String tag = TEST_NOTIF_TAG;
 
         // clearNotification(int id, NotificationType notifyType) will check if given type is equal
         // to previous type or not. If they are equal then clear the notification; if they are not
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt
index 409f8c3..d03c567 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkOfferTest.kt
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
 import android.net.NetworkRequest
 import android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE
+import android.os.Build
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
 import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq
@@ -32,8 +34,9 @@
 
 const val POLICY_NONE = 0L
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class NetworkOfferTest {
     val mockCallback = mock(INetworkOfferCallback::class.java)
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt
index 551b94c..4408958 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/NetworkRankerTest.kt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2020 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2021 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -17,74 +17,156 @@
 package com.android.server.connectivity
 
 import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
-import android.net.NetworkRequest
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_CELLULAR
+import android.net.NetworkCapabilities.TRANSPORT_WIFI
 import android.net.NetworkScore.KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE
+import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_EXITING
+import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY
+import android.net.NetworkScore.POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI
+import android.os.Build
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD
+import com.android.server.connectivity.FullScore.POLICY_IS_VALIDATED
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner
 import org.junit.Test
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith
-import org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any
-import org.mockito.Mockito.doReturn
-import org.mockito.Mockito.mock
 import kotlin.test.assertEquals
-import kotlin.test.assertNull
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+private fun score(vararg policies: Int) = FullScore(0,
+        policies.fold(0L) { acc, e -> acc or (1L shl e) }, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
+private fun caps(transport: Int) = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().addTransportType(transport).build()
+
 @SmallTest
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner::class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 class NetworkRankerTest {
-    private val ranker = NetworkRanker()
+    private val mRanker = NetworkRanker()
 
-    private fun makeNai(satisfy: Boolean, legacyScore: Int) =
-            mock(NetworkAgentInfo::class.java).also {
-                doReturn(satisfy).`when`(it).satisfies(any())
-                val fs = FullScore(legacyScore, 0 /* policies */, KEEP_CONNECTED_NONE)
-                doReturn(fs).`when`(it).getScore()
-                val nc = NetworkCapabilities.Builder().build()
-                doReturn(nc).`when`(it).getCapsNoCopy()
-            }
-
-    @Test
-    fun testGetBestNetwork() {
-        val scores = listOf(20, 50, 90, 60, 23, 68)
-        val nais = scores.map { makeNai(true, it) }
-        val bestNetwork = nais[2] // The one with the top score
-        val someRequest = mock(NetworkRequest::class.java)
-        assertEquals(bestNetwork, ranker.getBestNetwork(someRequest, nais, bestNetwork))
+    private class TestScore(private val sc: FullScore, private val nc: NetworkCapabilities)
+            : NetworkRanker.Scoreable {
+        override fun getScore() = sc
+        override fun getCapsNoCopy(): NetworkCapabilities = nc
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testIgnoreNonSatisfying() {
-        val nais = listOf(makeNai(true, 20), makeNai(true, 50), makeNai(false, 90),
-                makeNai(false, 60), makeNai(true, 23), makeNai(false, 68))
-        val bestNetwork = nais[1] // Top score that's satisfying
-        val someRequest = mock(NetworkRequest::class.java)
-        assertEquals(bestNetwork, ranker.getBestNetwork(someRequest, nais, nais[1]))
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCell() {
+        // Only cell, it wins
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        val scores = listOf(winner)
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testNoMatch() {
-        val nais = listOf(makeNai(false, 20), makeNai(false, 50), makeNai(false, 90))
-        val someRequest = mock(NetworkRequest::class.java)
-        assertNull(ranker.getBestNetwork(someRequest, nais, null))
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellOneBadWiFi() {
+        // Bad wifi wins against yielding validated cell
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
     }
 
     @Test
-    fun testEmpty() {
-        val someRequest = mock(NetworkRequest::class.java)
-        assertNull(ranker.getBestNetwork(someRequest, emptyList(), null))
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellTwoBadWiFi() {
+        // Bad wifi wins against yielding validated cell. Prefer the one that's primary.
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
     }
 
-    // Make sure the ranker is "stable" (as in stable sort), that is, it always returns the FIRST
-    // network satisfying the request if multiple of them have the same score.
     @Test
-    fun testStable() {
-        val nais1 = listOf(makeNai(true, 30), makeNai(true, 30), makeNai(true, 30),
-                makeNai(true, 30), makeNai(true, 30), makeNai(true, 30))
-        val someRequest = mock(NetworkRequest::class.java)
-        assertEquals(nais1[0], ranker.getBestNetwork(someRequest, nais1, nais1[0]))
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellTwoBadWiFiOneNotAvoided() {
+        // Bad wifi ever validated wins against bad wifi that never was validated (or was
+        // avoided when bad).
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
 
-        val nais2 = listOf(makeNai(true, 30), makeNai(true, 50), makeNai(true, 20),
-                makeNai(true, 50), makeNai(true, 50), makeNai(true, 40))
-        assertEquals(nais2[1], ranker.getBestNetwork(someRequest, nais2, nais2[1]))
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneCellOneBadWiFiOneGoodWiFi() {
+        // Good wifi wins
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                        POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiTwoCellsOneBadWiFi() {
+        // Cell that doesn't yield wins over cell that yields and bad wifi
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                        POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiTwoCellsOneBadWiFiOneGoodWiFi() {
+        // Good wifi wins over cell that doesn't yield and cell that yields
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                        POLICY_TRANSPORT_PRIMARY), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED), caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR)),
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                        caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneExitingGoodWiFi() {
+        // Yielding cell wins over good exiting wifi
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_IS_VALIDATED, POLICY_EXITING), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun testYieldToBadWiFiOneExitingBadWiFi() {
+        // Yielding cell wins over bad exiting wifi
+        val winner = TestScore(score(POLICY_YIELD_TO_BAD_WIFI, POLICY_IS_VALIDATED),
+                caps(TRANSPORT_CELLULAR))
+        val scores = listOf(
+                winner,
+                TestScore(score(POLICY_EVER_VALIDATED_NOT_AVOIDED_WHEN_BAD,
+                        POLICY_EXITING), caps(TRANSPORT_WIFI))
+        )
+        assertEquals(winner, mRanker.getBestNetworkByPolicy(scores, null))
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
index 8b45755..8f46508 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/PermissionMonitorTest.java
@@ -80,7 +80,9 @@
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -96,10 +98,12 @@
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class PermissionMonitorTest {
     private static final UserHandle MOCK_USER1 = UserHandle.of(0);
     private static final UserHandle MOCK_USER2 = UserHandle.of(1);
@@ -208,16 +212,12 @@
         return packageInfo;
     }
 
-    private static PackageInfo buildPackageInfo(boolean hasSystemPermission, int uid,
-            UserHandle user) {
+    private static PackageInfo buildPackageInfo(String packageName, int uid,
+            String... permissions) {
         final PackageInfo pkgInfo;
-        if (hasSystemPermission) {
-            pkgInfo = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(
-                    CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE, NETWORK_STACK, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS);
-        } else {
-            pkgInfo = packageInfoWithPermissions(REQUESTED_PERMISSION_GRANTED, new String[] {}, "");
-        }
-        pkgInfo.applicationInfo.uid = user.getUid(UserHandle.getAppId(uid));
+        pkgInfo = systemPackageInfoWithPermissions(permissions);
+        pkgInfo.packageName = packageName;
+        pkgInfo.applicationInfo.uid = uid;
         return pkgInfo;
     }
 
@@ -526,13 +526,13 @@
         // MOCK_UID1: MOCK_PACKAGE1 only has network permission.
         // SYSTEM_UID: SYSTEM_PACKAGE1 has system permission.
         // SYSTEM_UID: SYSTEM_PACKAGE2 only has network permission.
-        doReturn(SYSTEM).when(mPermissionMonitor).highestPermissionForUid(eq(SYSTEM), anyString());
         doReturn(SYSTEM).when(mPermissionMonitor).highestPermissionForUid(any(),
                 eq(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1));
         doReturn(NETWORK).when(mPermissionMonitor).highestPermissionForUid(any(),
                 eq(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2));
         doReturn(NETWORK).when(mPermissionMonitor).highestPermissionForUid(any(),
                 eq(MOCK_PACKAGE1));
+        doReturn(SYSTEM).when(mPermissionMonitor).highestPermissionForUid(eq(SYSTEM), anyString());
 
         // Add SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, expect only have network permission.
         mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
@@ -547,6 +547,21 @@
         netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
                 new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
 
+        // Remove SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, expect keep system permission.
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_USER1.getUid(SYSTEM_UID)))
+                .thenReturn(new String[]{SYSTEM_PACKAGE1});
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_USER2.getUid(SYSTEM_UID)))
+                .thenReturn(new String[]{SYSTEM_PACKAGE1});
+        removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_UID);
+        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+
+        // Add SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, expect keep system permission.
+        addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, SYSTEM_UID);
+        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
+                new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
+
         addPackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
         netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
                 new int[]{SYSTEM_UID});
@@ -554,6 +569,10 @@
                 new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
 
         // Remove MOCK_UID1, expect no permission left for all user.
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_USER1.getUid(MOCK_UID1)))
+                .thenReturn(new String[]{});
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_USER2.getUid(MOCK_UID1)))
+                .thenReturn(new String[]{});
         mPermissionMonitor.onPackageRemoved(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
         removePackageForUsers(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2}, MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
         netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1, MOCK_USER2},
@@ -584,15 +603,12 @@
     @Test
     public void testUidFilteringDuringVpnConnectDisconnectAndUidUpdates() throws Exception {
         when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
-                Arrays.asList(new PackageInfo[] {
-                        buildPackageInfo(true /* hasSystemPermission */, SYSTEM_UID1, MOCK_USER1),
-                        buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_USER1),
-                        buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, MOCK_UID2, MOCK_USER1),
-                        buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, VPN_UID, MOCK_USER1)
-                }));
-        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(MOCK_PACKAGE1),
-                eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
-                buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_USER1));
+                List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID1, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                                CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
+                        buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1),
+                        buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2),
+                        buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)));
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
         mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
         // Every app on user 0 except MOCK_UID2 are under VPN.
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRange1 = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(new UidRange[] {
@@ -636,13 +652,10 @@
     @Test
     public void testUidFilteringDuringPackageInstallAndUninstall() throws Exception {
         when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
-                Arrays.asList(new PackageInfo[] {
-                        buildPackageInfo(true /* hasSystemPermission */, SYSTEM_UID1, MOCK_USER1),
-                        buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, VPN_UID, MOCK_USER1)
-                }));
-        when(mPackageManager.getPackageInfo(eq(MOCK_PACKAGE1),
-                eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
-                buildPackageInfo(false /* hasSystemPermission */, MOCK_UID1, MOCK_USER1));
+                List.of(buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE1, SYSTEM_UID1, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                                NETWORK_STACK, CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS),
+                        buildPackageInfo(SYSTEM_PACKAGE2, VPN_UID)));
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1);
 
         mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
         final Set<UidRange> vpnRange = Collections.singleton(UidRange.createForUser(MOCK_USER1));
@@ -879,13 +892,26 @@
                 new int[]{ MOCK_UID2 });
     }
 
+    private BroadcastReceiver expectBroadcastReceiver(String... actions) {
+        final ArgumentCaptor<BroadcastReceiver> receiverCaptor =
+                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(BroadcastReceiver.class);
+        verify(mContext, times(1)).registerReceiver(receiverCaptor.capture(),
+                argThat(filter -> {
+                    for (String action : actions) {
+                        if (!filter.hasAction(action)) {
+                            return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                }), any(), any());
+        return receiverCaptor.getValue();
+    }
+
     @Test
     public void testIntentReceiver() throws Exception {
         final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
-        final ArgumentCaptor<BroadcastReceiver> receiverCaptor =
-                ArgumentCaptor.forClass(BroadcastReceiver.class);
-        verify(mContext, times(1)).registerReceiver(receiverCaptor.capture(), any(), any(), any());
-        final BroadcastReceiver receiver = receiverCaptor.getValue();
+        final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
+                Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED, Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED);
 
         // Verify receiving PACKAGE_ADDED intent.
         final Intent addedIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED,
@@ -1039,4 +1065,136 @@
         netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(
                 new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER2}, new int[]{ MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2 });
     }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailable() throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
+        final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
+                Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
+
+        // Initial the permission state. MOCK_PACKAGE1 and MOCK_PACKAGE2 are installed on external
+        // and have different uids. There has no permission for both uids.
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(eq(true))).thenReturn(List.of(MOCK_USER1));
+        when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
+                List.of(buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1),
+                        buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2)));
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(
+                new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2});
+        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
+                INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[]{MOCK_UID1, MOCK_UID2});
+
+        // Verify receiving EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE intent and update permission to netd.
+        final Intent externalIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
+        externalIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CHANGED_PACKAGE_LIST,
+                new String[] { MOCK_PACKAGE1 , MOCK_PACKAGE2});
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1,
+                CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, INTERNET);
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+        receiver.onReceive(mContext, externalIntent);
+        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[] { MOCK_UID1 });
+        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
+                INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailable_AppsNotRegisteredOnStartMonitoring()
+            throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
+        final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
+                Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
+
+        // One user MOCK_USER1
+        mPermissionMonitor.onUserAdded(MOCK_USER1);
+
+        // Initial the permission state. MOCK_PACKAGE1 and MOCK_PACKAGE2 are installed on external
+        // and have different uids. There has no permission for both uids.
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1,
+                CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, INTERNET);
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID2, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+
+        // Verify receiving EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE intent and update permission to netd.
+        final Intent externalIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
+        externalIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CHANGED_PACKAGE_LIST,
+                new String[] { MOCK_PACKAGE1 , MOCK_PACKAGE2});
+        receiver.onReceive(mContext, externalIntent);
+        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[] { MOCK_UID1 });
+        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
+                INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[]{MOCK_UID2});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailableWithSharedUid()
+            throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
+        final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
+                Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
+
+        // Initial the permission state. MOCK_PACKAGE1 and MOCK_PACKAGE2 are installed on external
+        // storage and shared on MOCK_UID1. There has no permission for MOCK_UID1.
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(eq(true))).thenReturn(List.of(MOCK_USER1));
+        when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
+                List.of(buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1),
+                        buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID1)));
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        netdMonitor.expectNoPermission(new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_NONE, new int[] {MOCK_UID1});
+
+        // Verify receiving EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE intent and update permission to netd.
+        final Intent externalIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
+        externalIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CHANGED_PACKAGE_LIST, new String[] {MOCK_PACKAGE1});
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE);
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID1, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1))
+                .thenReturn(new String[]{MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_PACKAGE2});
+        receiver.onReceive(mContext, externalIntent);
+        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
+                INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS, new int[] {MOCK_UID1});
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void testOnExternalApplicationsAvailableWithSharedUid_DifferentStorage()
+            throws Exception {
+        final NetdServiceMonitor netdServiceMonitor = new NetdServiceMonitor(mNetdService);
+        final NetdMonitor netdMonitor = new NetdMonitor(mNetdService);
+        final BroadcastReceiver receiver = expectBroadcastReceiver(
+                Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
+
+        // Initial the permission state. MOCK_PACKAGE1 is installed on external storage and
+        // MOCK_PACKAGE2 is installed on device. These two packages are shared on MOCK_UID1.
+        // MOCK_UID1 has NETWORK and INTERNET permissions.
+        when(mUserManager.getUserHandles(eq(true))).thenReturn(List.of(MOCK_USER1));
+        when(mPackageManager.getInstalledPackages(eq(GET_PERMISSIONS | MATCH_ANY_USER))).thenReturn(
+                List.of(buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1),
+                        buildPackageInfo(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID1, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                                INTERNET)));
+        mPermissionMonitor.startMonitoring();
+        netdMonitor.expectPermission(NETWORK, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET, new int[] {MOCK_UID1});
+
+        // Verify receiving EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE intent and update permission to netd.
+        final Intent externalIntent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_EXTERNAL_APPLICATIONS_AVAILABLE);
+        externalIntent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CHANGED_PACKAGE_LIST, new String[] {MOCK_PACKAGE1});
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_UID1,
+                CONNECTIVITY_USE_RESTRICTED_NETWORKS, UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS);
+        buildAndMockPackageInfoWithPermissions(MOCK_PACKAGE2, MOCK_UID1, CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE,
+                INTERNET);
+        when(mPackageManager.getPackagesForUid(MOCK_UID1))
+                .thenReturn(new String[]{MOCK_PACKAGE1, MOCK_PACKAGE2});
+        receiver.onReceive(mContext, externalIntent);
+        netdMonitor.expectPermission(SYSTEM, new UserHandle[]{MOCK_USER1}, new int[]{MOCK_UID1});
+        netdServiceMonitor.expectPermission(
+                INetd.PERMISSION_INTERNET | INetd.PERMISSION_UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
+                new int[] {MOCK_UID1});
+    }
 }
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
index 6ff47ae..b706090 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/connectivity/VpnTest.java
@@ -97,13 +97,14 @@
 import android.util.Range;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.R;
 import com.android.internal.net.LegacyVpnInfo;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnConfig;
 import com.android.internal.net.VpnProfile;
 import com.android.server.IpSecService;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
@@ -138,8 +139,9 @@
  * Build, install and run with:
  *  runtest frameworks-net -c com.android.server.connectivity.VpnTest
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class VpnTest {
     private static final String TAG = "VpnTest";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
index 8b730af..03d9404 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsAccessTest.java
@@ -25,12 +25,14 @@
 import android.app.admin.DevicePolicyManagerInternal;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.telephony.TelephonyManager;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.server.LocalServices;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.After;
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -39,8 +41,9 @@
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
 
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkStatsAccessTest {
     private static final String TEST_PKG = "com.example.test";
     private static final int TEST_UID = 12345;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java
index 505ff9b..e771558 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsCollectionTest.java
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkStatsHistory;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.Process;
 import android.os.UserHandle;
 import android.telephony.SubscriptionPlan;
@@ -51,9 +52,10 @@
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import libcore.io.IoUtils;
 import libcore.io.Streams;
@@ -79,8 +81,9 @@
 /**
  * Tests for {@link NetworkStatsCollection}.
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkStatsCollectionTest {
 
     private static final String TEST_FILE = "test.bin";
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
index 40d4446..8d7aa4e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsFactoryTest.java
@@ -37,12 +37,14 @@
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.TrafficStats;
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
+import android.os.Build;
 
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.frameworks.tests.net.R;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import libcore.io.IoUtils;
 import libcore.io.Streams;
@@ -60,8 +62,9 @@
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 
 /** Tests for {@link NetworkStatsFactory}. */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkStatsFactoryTest extends NetworkStatsBaseTest {
     private static final String CLAT_PREFIX = "v4-";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
index 9fa1c50..e35104e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsObserversTest.java
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 import android.net.NetworkIdentity;
 import android.net.NetworkStats;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
@@ -51,9 +52,10 @@
 import android.util.ArrayMap;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsServiceTest.LatchedHandler;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
@@ -68,8 +70,9 @@
 /**
  * Tests for {@link NetworkStatsObservers}.
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkStatsObserversTest {
     private static final String TEST_IFACE = "test0";
     private static final String TEST_IFACE2 = "test1";
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
index ee94ae9..ab76460 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsServiceTest.java
@@ -98,6 +98,7 @@
 import android.net.TelephonyNetworkSpecifier;
 import android.net.UnderlyingNetworkInfo;
 import android.net.netstats.provider.INetworkStatsProviderCallback;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.ConditionVariable;
 import android.os.Handler;
 import android.os.HandlerThread;
@@ -114,12 +115,13 @@
 import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
 import androidx.test.InstrumentationRegistry;
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
 
 import com.android.internal.util.ArrayUtils;
 import com.android.internal.util.test.BroadcastInterceptingContext;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NetworkStatsSettings;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsService.NetworkStatsSettings.Config;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 import com.android.testutils.HandlerUtils;
 import com.android.testutils.TestableNetworkStatsProviderBinder;
 
@@ -146,8 +148,9 @@
  * TODO: This test used to be really brittle because it used Easymock - it uses Mockito now, but
  * still uses the Easymock structure, which could be simplified.
  */
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
 @SmallTest
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkStatsServiceTest extends NetworkStatsBaseTest {
     private static final String TAG = "NetworkStatsServiceTest";
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
index 6d2c7dc..2bc385c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest.java
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 import android.annotation.Nullable;
 import android.content.Context;
 import android.net.NetworkTemplate;
+import android.os.Build;
 import android.os.test.TestLooper;
 import android.telephony.NetworkRegistrationInfo;
 import android.telephony.PhoneStateListener;
@@ -43,11 +44,12 @@
 
 import com.android.internal.util.CollectionUtils;
 import com.android.server.net.NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitor.RatTypeListener;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Before;
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
-import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
 import org.mockito.ArgumentCaptor;
 import org.mockito.Mock;
 import org.mockito.MockitoAnnotations;
@@ -57,7 +59,8 @@
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 
-@RunWith(JUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public final class NetworkStatsSubscriptionsMonitorTest {
     private static final int TEST_SUBID1 = 3;
     private static final int TEST_SUBID2 = 5;
diff --git a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/ipmemorystore/NetworkAttributesTest.java b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/ipmemorystore/NetworkAttributesTest.java
index ebbc0ef..5f3efed 100644
--- a/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/ipmemorystore/NetworkAttributesTest.java
+++ b/tests/unit/java/com/android/server/net/ipmemorystore/NetworkAttributesTest.java
@@ -20,9 +20,12 @@
 
 import android.net.ipmemorystore.NetworkAttributes;
 import android.net.networkstack.aidl.quirks.IPv6ProvisioningLossQuirk;
+import android.os.Build;
 
 import androidx.test.filters.SmallTest;
-import androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnit4;
+
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRule;
+import com.android.testutils.DevSdkIgnoreRunner;
 
 import org.junit.Test;
 import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
@@ -34,7 +37,8 @@
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link NetworkAttributes}. */
 @SmallTest
-@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4.class)
+@RunWith(DevSdkIgnoreRunner.class)
+@DevSdkIgnoreRule.IgnoreUpTo(Build.VERSION_CODES.R)
 public class NetworkAttributesTest {
     private static final String WEIGHT_FIELD_NAME_PREFIX = "WEIGHT_";
     private static final float EPSILON = 0.0001f;