diff --git a/init/action.cpp b/init/action.cpp
index b7e431c..eeed744 100644
--- a/init/action.cpp
+++ b/init/action.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
     expanded_args[0] = args_[0];
     for (std::size_t i = 1; i < args_.size(); ++i) {
         if (!expand_props(args_[i], &expanded_args[i])) {
-            ERROR("%s: cannot expand '%s'\n", args_[0].c_str(), args_[i].c_str());
+            LOG(ERROR) << args_[0] << ": cannot expand '" << args_[i] << "'";
             return -EINVAL;
         }
     }
@@ -123,9 +123,8 @@
         std::string cmd_str = command.BuildCommandString();
         std::string source = command.BuildSourceString();
 
-        INFO("Command '%s' action=%s%s returned %d took %.2fs\n",
-             cmd_str.c_str(), trigger_name.c_str(), source.c_str(),
-             result, t.duration());
+        LOG(INFO) << "Command '" << cmd_str << "' action=" << trigger_name << source
+                  << " returned " << result << " took " << t.duration() << "s";
     }
 }
 
@@ -253,13 +252,12 @@
 
 void Action::DumpState() const {
     std::string trigger_name = BuildTriggersString();
-    INFO("on %s\n", trigger_name.c_str());
+    LOG(INFO) << "on " << trigger_name;
 
     for (const auto& c : commands_) {
         std::string cmd_str = c.BuildCommandString();
-        INFO(" %s\n", cmd_str.c_str());
+        LOG(INFO) << "  %s" << cmd_str;
     }
-    INFO("\n");
 }
 
 class EventTrigger : public Trigger {
@@ -366,7 +364,7 @@
 
     if (current_command_ == 0) {
         std::string trigger_name = action->BuildTriggersString();
-        INFO("processing action (%s)\n", trigger_name.c_str());
+        LOG(INFO) << "processing action (" << trigger_name << ")";
     }
 
     action->ExecuteOneCommand(current_command_);
@@ -395,7 +393,6 @@
     for (const auto& a : actions_) {
         a->DumpState();
     }
-    INFO("\n");
 }
 
 bool ActionParser::ParseSection(const std::vector<std::string>& args,
diff --git a/init/bootchart.cpp b/init/bootchart.cpp
index 5704d28..467a838 100644
--- a/init/bootchart.cpp
+++ b/init/bootchart.cpp
@@ -206,12 +206,12 @@
 int do_bootchart_init(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     g_remaining_samples = bootchart_init();
     if (g_remaining_samples < 0) {
-        ERROR("Bootcharting init failure: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Bootcharting initialization failed";
     } else if (g_remaining_samples > 0) {
-        NOTICE("Bootcharting started (will run for %d s).\n",
-               (g_remaining_samples * BOOTCHART_POLLING_MS) / 1000);
+        LOG(INFO) << "Bootcharting started (will run for "
+                  << ((g_remaining_samples * BOOTCHART_POLLING_MS) / 1000) << " s).";
     } else {
-        NOTICE("Not bootcharting.\n");
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Not bootcharting.";
     }
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index c9be50a..4ba7f11 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -73,12 +73,12 @@
 static int insmod(const char *filename, const char *options, int flags) {
     int fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC);
     if (fd == -1) {
-        ERROR("insmod: open(\"%s\") failed: %s", filename, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "insmod: open(\"" << filename << "\") failed";
         return -1;
     }
     int rc = syscall(__NR_finit_module, fd, options, flags);
     if (rc == -1) {
-        ERROR("finit_module for \"%s\" failed: %s", filename, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "finit_module for \"" << filename << "\" failed";
     }
     close(fd);
     return rc;
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
     const std::vector<std::string> options = {"--wipe_data", std::string() + "--reason=" + reason};
     std::string err;
     if (!write_bootloader_message(options, &err)) {
-        ERROR("failed to set bootloader message: %s", err.c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "failed to set bootloader message: " << err;
         return -1;
     }
     android_reboot(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, 0, "recovery");
@@ -214,13 +214,13 @@
         const char *f2fs_argv[] = {
             "/system/bin/fsck.f2fs", "-f", entry->mnt_fsname,
         };
-        android_fork_execvp_ext(ARRAY_SIZE(f2fs_argv), (char **)f2fs_argv,
+        android_fork_execvp_ext(arraysize(f2fs_argv), (char **)f2fs_argv,
                                 &st, true, LOG_KLOG, true, NULL, NULL, 0);
     } else if (!strcmp(entry->mnt_type, "ext4")) {
         const char *ext4_argv[] = {
             "/system/bin/e2fsck", "-f", "-y", entry->mnt_fsname,
         };
-        android_fork_execvp_ext(ARRAY_SIZE(ext4_argv), (char **)ext4_argv,
+        android_fork_execvp_ext(arraysize(ext4_argv), (char **)ext4_argv,
                                 &st, true, LOG_KLOG, true, NULL, NULL, 0);
     }
 }
@@ -440,7 +440,7 @@
         }
 
         close(fd);
-        ERROR("out of loopback devices");
+        LOG(ERROR) << "out of loopback devices";
         return -1;
     } else {
         if (wait)
@@ -503,9 +503,9 @@
     if (pid > 0) {
         /* Parent.  Wait for the child to return */
         int wp_ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(pid, &status, 0));
-        if (wp_ret < 0) {
-            /* Unexpected error code. We will continue anyway. */
-            NOTICE("waitpid failed rc=%d: %s\n", wp_ret, strerror(errno));
+        if (wp_ret == -1) {
+            // Unexpected error code. We will continue anyway.
+            PLOG(WARNING) << "waitpid failed";
         }
 
         if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@
         child_ret = fs_mgr_mount_all(fstab);
         fs_mgr_free_fstab(fstab);
         if (child_ret == -1) {
-            ERROR("fs_mgr_mount_all returned an error\n");
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_mgr_mount_all returned an error";
         }
         _exit(child_ret);
     } else {
@@ -545,7 +545,7 @@
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("nonencrypted");
     } else if (ret == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_RECOVERY) {
         /* Setup a wipe via recovery, and reboot into recovery */
-        ERROR("fs_mgr_mount_all suggested recovery, so wiping data via recovery.\n");
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_mgr_mount_all suggested recovery, so wiping data via recovery.";
         ret = wipe_data_via_recovery("wipe_data_via_recovery");
         /* If reboot worked, there is no return. */
     } else if (ret == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_FILE_ENCRYPTED) {
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@
         // do anything different from the nonencrypted case.
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("nonencrypted");
     } else if (ret > 0) {
-        ERROR("fs_mgr_mount_all returned unexpected error %d\n", ret);
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_mgr_mount_all returned unexpected error " << ret;
     }
     /* else ... < 0: error */
 
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@
 static int do_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName(args[1]);
     if (!svc) {
-        ERROR("do_start: Service %s not found\n", args[1].c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "do_start: Service " << args[1] << " not found";
         return -1;
     }
     if (!svc->Start())
@@ -607,7 +607,7 @@
 static int do_stop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName(args[1]);
     if (!svc) {
-        ERROR("do_stop: Service %s not found\n", args[1].c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "do_stop: Service " << args[1] << " not found";
         return -1;
     }
     svc->Stop();
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
 static int do_restart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName(args[1]);
     if (!svc) {
-        ERROR("do_restart: Service %s not found\n", args[1].c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "do_restart: Service " << args[1] << " not found";
         return -1;
     }
     svc->Restart();
@@ -638,7 +638,7 @@
         cmd = ANDROID_RB_RESTART2;
         len = 6;
     } else {
-        ERROR("powerctl: unrecognized command '%s'\n", command);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "powerctl: unrecognized command '" << command << "'";
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@
             reboot_target = &command[len + 1];
         }
     } else if (command[len] != '\0') {
-        ERROR("powerctl: unrecognized reboot target '%s'\n", &command[len]);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "powerctl: unrecognized reboot target '" << &command[len] << "'";
         return -EINVAL;
     }
 
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@
             // Wait a bit before recounting the number or running services.
             usleep(kTerminateServiceDelayMicroSeconds);
         }
-        NOTICE("Terminating running services took %.02f seconds", t.duration());
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Terminating running services took " << t.duration() << " seconds";
     }
 
     return android_reboot_with_callback(cmd, 0, reboot_target,
@@ -865,7 +865,7 @@
 static int do_loglevel(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     int log_level = std::stoi(args[1]);
     if (log_level < KLOG_ERROR_LEVEL || log_level > KLOG_DEBUG_LEVEL) {
-        ERROR("loglevel: invalid log level'%d'\n", log_level);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "loglevel: invalid log level " << log_level;
         return -EINVAL;
     }
     klog_set_level(log_level);
diff --git a/init/devices.cpp b/init/devices.cpp
index 32fec52..5e12f25 100644
--- a/init/devices.cpp
+++ b/init/devices.cpp
@@ -174,13 +174,14 @@
         }
 
         std::string attr_file = path + "/" + dp->attr;
-        INFO("fixup %s %d %d 0%o\n", attr_file.c_str(), dp->uid, dp->gid, dp->perm);
+        LOG(INFO) << "fixup " << attr_file
+                  << " " << dp->uid << " " << dp->gid << " " << std::oct << dp->perm;
         chown(attr_file.c_str(), dp->uid, dp->gid);
         chmod(attr_file.c_str(), dp->perm);
     }
 
     if (access(path.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
-        INFO("restorecon_recursive: %s\n", path.c_str());
+        LOG(INFO) << "restorecon_recursive: " << path;
         restorecon_recursive(path.c_str());
     }
 }
@@ -241,8 +242,7 @@
     mode = get_device_perm(path, links, &uid, &gid) | (block ? S_IFBLK : S_IFCHR);
 
     if (selabel_lookup_best_match(sehandle, &secontext, path, links, mode)) {
-        ERROR("Device '%s' not created; cannot find SELinux label (%s)\n",
-                path, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Device '" << path << "' not created; cannot find SELinux label";
         return;
     }
     setfscreatecon(secontext);
@@ -261,8 +261,7 @@
         char* fcon = nullptr;
         int rc = lgetfilecon(path, &fcon);
         if (rc < 0) {
-            ERROR("Cannot get SELinux label on '%s' device (%s)\n",
-                    path, strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot get SELinux label on '" << path << "' device";
             goto out;
         }
 
@@ -270,8 +269,7 @@
         freecon(fcon);
 
         if (different && lsetfilecon(path, secontext)) {
-            ERROR("Cannot set '%s' SELinux label on '%s' device (%s)\n",
-                    secontext, path, strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot set '" << secontext << "' SELinux label on '" << path << "' device";
         }
     }
 
@@ -295,7 +293,7 @@
             name += 9;
     }
 
-    INFO("adding platform device %s (%s)\n", name, path);
+    LOG(INFO) << "adding platform device " << name << " (" << path << ")";
 
     bus = (platform_node*) calloc(1, sizeof(struct platform_node));
     bus->path = strdup(path);
@@ -334,7 +332,7 @@
     list_for_each_reverse(node, &platform_names) {
         bus = node_to_item(node, struct platform_node, list);
         if (!strcmp(path, bus->path)) {
-            INFO("removing platform device %s\n", bus->name);
+            LOG(INFO) << "removing platform device " << bus->name;
             free(bus->path);
             list_remove(node);
             free(bus);
@@ -423,9 +421,9 @@
     }
 
     if (LOG_UEVENTS) {
-        INFO("event { '%s', '%s', '%s', '%s', %d, %d }\n",
-             uevent->action, uevent->path, uevent->subsystem,
-             uevent->firmware, uevent->major, uevent->minor);
+        LOG(INFO) << android::base::StringPrintf("event { '%s', '%s', '%s', '%s', %d, %d }",
+                                                 uevent->action, uevent->path, uevent->subsystem,
+                                                 uevent->firmware, uevent->major, uevent->minor);
     }
 }
 
@@ -509,15 +507,16 @@
         return NULL;
     memset(links, 0, sizeof(char *) * 4);
 
-    INFO("found %s device %s\n", type, device);
+    LOG(INFO) << "found " << type << " device " << device;
 
     snprintf(link_path, sizeof(link_path), "/dev/block/%s/%s", type, device);
 
     if (uevent->partition_name) {
         p = strdup(uevent->partition_name);
         sanitize(p);
-        if (strcmp(uevent->partition_name, p))
-            NOTICE("Linking partition '%s' as '%s'\n", uevent->partition_name, p);
+        if (strcmp(uevent->partition_name, p)) {
+            LOG(VERBOSE) << "Linking partition '" << uevent->partition_name << "' as '" << p << "'";
+        }
         if (asprintf(&links[link_num], "%s/by-name/%s", link_path, p) > 0)
             link_num++;
         else
@@ -595,8 +594,7 @@
 
     /* too-long names would overrun our buffer */
     if(strlen(name) > len) {
-        ERROR("DEVPATH=%s exceeds %u-character limit on filename; ignoring event\n",
-                name, len);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "DEVPATH=" << name << " exceeds " << len << "-character limit on filename; ignoring event";
         return NULL;
     }
 
@@ -631,12 +629,11 @@
 {
     int s = snprintf(devpath, DEVPATH_LEN, "%s/%s", dirname, devname);
     if (s < 0) {
-        ERROR("failed to assemble device path (%s); ignoring event\n",
-                strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to assemble device path; ignoring event";
         return false;
     } else if (s >= DEVPATH_LEN) {
-        ERROR("%s/%s exceeds %u-character limit on path; ignoring event\n",
-                dirname, devname, DEVPATH_LEN);
+        LOG(ERROR) << dirname << "/" << devname
+                   << " exceeds " << DEVPATH_LEN << "-character limit on path; ignoring event";
         return false;
     }
     return true;
@@ -680,8 +677,7 @@
             break;
 
         default:
-            ERROR("%s subsystem's devpath option is not set; ignoring event\n",
-                    uevent->subsystem);
+            LOG(ERROR) << uevent->subsystem << " subsystem's devpath option is not set; ignoring event";
             return;
         }
 
@@ -737,9 +733,8 @@
      } else if(!strncmp(uevent->subsystem, "sound", 5)) {
          base = "/dev/snd/";
          make_dir(base, 0755);
-     } else if(!strncmp(uevent->subsystem, "misc", 4) &&
-                 !strncmp(name, "log_", 4)) {
-         INFO("kernel logger is deprecated\n");
+     } else if(!strncmp(uevent->subsystem, "misc", 4) && !strncmp(name, "log_", 4)) {
+         LOG(INFO) << "kernel logger is deprecated";
          base = "/dev/log/";
          make_dir(base, 0755);
          name += 4;
@@ -818,8 +813,7 @@
     size_t i;
     int booting = is_booting();
 
-    INFO("firmware: loading '%s' for '%s'\n",
-         uevent->firmware, uevent->path);
+    LOG(INFO) << "firmware: loading '" << uevent->firmware << "' for '" << uevent->path << "'";
 
     l = asprintf(&root, SYSFS_PREFIX"%s/", uevent->path);
     if (l == -1)
@@ -842,7 +836,7 @@
         goto loading_close_out;
 
 try_loading_again:
-    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(firmware_dirs); i++) {
+    for (i = 0; i < arraysize(firmware_dirs); i++) {
         char *file = NULL;
         l = asprintf(&file, "%s/%s", firmware_dirs[i], uevent->firmware);
         if (l == -1)
@@ -850,10 +844,11 @@
         fw_fd = open(file, O_RDONLY|O_CLOEXEC);
         free(file);
         if (fw_fd >= 0) {
-            if(!load_firmware(fw_fd, loading_fd, data_fd))
-                INFO("firmware: copy success { '%s', '%s' }\n", root, uevent->firmware);
-            else
-                INFO("firmware: copy failure { '%s', '%s' }\n", root, uevent->firmware);
+            if (!load_firmware(fw_fd, loading_fd, data_fd)) {
+                LOG(INFO) << "firmware: copy success { '" << root << "', '" << uevent->firmware << "' }";
+            } else {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "firmware: copy failure { '" << root << "', '" << uevent->firmware << "' }";
+            }
             break;
         }
     }
@@ -866,7 +861,7 @@
             booting = is_booting();
             goto try_loading_again;
         }
-        INFO("firmware: could not open '%s': %s\n", uevent->firmware, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "firmware: could not open '" << uevent->firmware << "'";
         write(loading_fd, "-1", 2);
         goto data_close_out;
     }
@@ -900,7 +895,7 @@
         process_firmware_event(uevent);
         _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
     } else if (pid < 0) {
-        ERROR("could not fork to process firmware event: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "could not fork to process firmware event";
     }
 }
 
@@ -996,7 +991,7 @@
     fcntl(device_fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
 
     if (access(COLDBOOT_DONE, F_OK) == 0) {
-        NOTICE("Skipping coldboot, already done!\n");
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Skipping coldboot, already done!";
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1005,7 +1000,7 @@
     coldboot("/sys/block");
     coldboot("/sys/devices");
     close(open(COLDBOOT_DONE, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC, 0000));
-    NOTICE("Coldboot took %.2fs.\n", t.duration());
+    LOG(INFO) << "Coldboot took " << t.duration() << "s.";
 }
 
 int get_device_fd()
diff --git a/init/import_parser.cpp b/init/import_parser.cpp
index e2a0f83..d52247b 100644
--- a/init/import_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/import_parser.cpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    INFO("Added '%s' to import list\n", conf_file.c_str());
+    LOG(INFO) << "Added '" << conf_file << "' to import list";
     imports_.emplace_back(std::move(conf_file));
     return true;
 }
@@ -48,8 +48,7 @@
     imports_.clear();
     for (const auto& s : current_imports) {
         if (!Parser::GetInstance().ParseConfig(s)) {
-            ERROR("could not import file '%s' from '%s': %s\n",
-                  s.c_str(), filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "could not import file '" << s << "' from '" << filename << "'";
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index ba91c2a..1495c68 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
     ev.events = EPOLLIN;
     ev.data.ptr = reinterpret_cast<void*>(fn);
     if (epoll_ctl(epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, fd, &ev) == -1) {
-        ERROR("epoll_ctl failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "epoll_ctl failed";
     }
 }
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
     size_t key_len = strlen(key);
 
     /* The last environment entry is reserved to terminate the list */
-    for (n = 0; n < (ARRAY_SIZE(ENV) - 1); n++) {
+    for (n = 0; n < (arraysize(ENV) - 1); n++) {
 
         /* Delete any existing entry for this key */
         if (ENV[n] != NULL) {
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    ERROR("No env. room to store: '%s':'%s'\n", key, val);
+    LOG(ERROR) << "No env. room to store: '" << key << "':'" << val << "'";
 
     return -1;
 }
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@
 void handle_control_message(const std::string& msg, const std::string& name) {
     Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName(name);
     if (svc == nullptr) {
-        ERROR("no such service '%s'\n", name.c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "no such service '" << name << "'";
         return;
     }
 
@@ -151,22 +151,22 @@
     } else if (msg == "restart") {
         svc->Restart();
     } else {
-        ERROR("unknown control msg '%s'\n", msg.c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "unknown control msg '" << msg << "'";
     }
 }
 
 static int wait_for_coldboot_done_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     Timer t;
 
-    NOTICE("Waiting for %s...\n", COLDBOOT_DONE);
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Waiting for " COLDBOOT_DONE "...";
     // Any longer than 1s is an unreasonable length of time to delay booting.
     // If you're hitting this timeout, check that you didn't make your
     // sepolicy regular expressions too expensive (http://b/19899875).
     if (wait_for_file(COLDBOOT_DONE, 1)) {
-        ERROR("Timed out waiting for %s\n", COLDBOOT_DONE);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Timed out waiting for " COLDBOOT_DONE;
     }
 
-    NOTICE("Waiting for %s took %.2fs.\n", COLDBOOT_DONE, t.duration());
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Waiting for " COLDBOOT_DONE " took " << t.duration() << "s.";
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -198,11 +198,11 @@
             open("/dev/hw_random", O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC));
     if (hwrandom_fd == -1) {
         if (errno == ENOENT) {
-          ERROR("/dev/hw_random not found\n");
-          /* It's not an error to not have a Hardware RNG. */
-          result = 0;
+            LOG(ERROR) << "/dev/hw_random not found";
+            // It's not an error to not have a Hardware RNG.
+            result = 0;
         } else {
-          ERROR("Failed to open /dev/hw_random: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /dev/hw_random";
         }
         goto ret;
     }
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
     urandom_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
             open("/dev/urandom", O_WRONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC));
     if (urandom_fd == -1) {
-        ERROR("Failed to open /dev/urandom: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /dev/urandom";
         goto ret;
     }
 
@@ -218,23 +218,22 @@
         chunk_size = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
                 read(hwrandom_fd, buf, sizeof(buf) - total_bytes_written));
         if (chunk_size == -1) {
-            ERROR("Failed to read from /dev/hw_random: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read from /dev/hw_random";
             goto ret;
         } else if (chunk_size == 0) {
-            ERROR("Failed to read from /dev/hw_random: EOF\n");
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read from /dev/hw_random: EOF";
             goto ret;
         }
 
         chunk_size = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(urandom_fd, buf, chunk_size));
         if (chunk_size == -1) {
-            ERROR("Failed to write to /dev/urandom: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write to /dev/urandom";
             goto ret;
         }
         total_bytes_written += chunk_size;
     }
 
-    INFO("Mixed %zu bytes from /dev/hw_random into /dev/urandom",
-                total_bytes_written);
+    LOG(INFO) << "Mixed " << total_bytes_written << " bytes from /dev/hw_random into /dev/urandom";
     result = 0;
 
 ret:
@@ -304,7 +303,7 @@
         { "ro.boot.hardware",   "ro.hardware",   "unknown", },
         { "ro.boot.revision",   "ro.revision",   "0", },
     };
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(prop_map); i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(prop_map); i++) {
         std::string value = property_get(prop_map[i].src_prop);
         property_set(prop_map[i].dst_prop, (!value.empty()) ? value.c_str() : prop_map[i].default_value);
     }
@@ -318,7 +317,7 @@
     std::string dt_file;
     android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, &dt_file);
     if (!dt_file.compare("android,firmware")) {
-        ERROR("firmware/android is not compatible with 'android,firmware'\n");
+        LOG(ERROR) << "firmware/android is not compatible with 'android,firmware'";
         return;
     }
 
@@ -394,7 +393,7 @@
     property_audit_data *d = reinterpret_cast<property_audit_data*>(data);
 
     if (!d || !d->name || !d->cr) {
-        ERROR("audit_callback invoked with null data arguments!");
+        LOG(ERROR) << "audit_callback invoked with null data arguments!";
         return 0;
     }
 
@@ -404,7 +403,7 @@
 }
 
 static void security_failure() {
-    ERROR("Security failure; rebooting into recovery mode...\n");
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Security failure; rebooting into recovery mode...";
     android_reboot(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, 0, "recovery");
     while (true) { pause(); }  // never reached
 }
@@ -419,9 +418,9 @@
     selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_AUDIT, cb);
 
     if (in_kernel_domain) {
-        INFO("Loading SELinux policy...\n");
+        LOG(INFO) << "Loading SELinux policy...";
         if (selinux_android_load_policy() < 0) {
-            ERROR("failed to load policy: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to load policy";
             security_failure();
         }
 
@@ -429,8 +428,7 @@
         bool is_enforcing = selinux_is_enforcing();
         if (kernel_enforcing != is_enforcing) {
             if (security_setenforce(is_enforcing)) {
-                ERROR("security_setenforce(%s) failed: %s\n",
-                      is_enforcing ? "true" : "false", strerror(errno));
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "security_setenforce(%s) failed" << (is_enforcing ? "true" : "false");
                 security_failure();
             }
         }
@@ -439,8 +437,8 @@
             security_failure();
         }
 
-        NOTICE("(Initializing SELinux %s took %.2fs.)\n",
-               is_enforcing ? "enforcing" : "non-enforcing", t.duration());
+        LOG(INFO) << "(Initializing SELinux " << (is_enforcing ? "enforcing" : "non-enforcing")
+                  << " took " << t.duration() << "s.)";
     } else {
         selinux_init_all_handles();
     }
@@ -480,10 +478,9 @@
     // later on. Now that tmpfs is mounted on /dev, we can actually talk
     // to the outside world.
     open_devnull_stdio();
-    klog_init();
-    klog_set_level(KLOG_NOTICE_LEVEL);
+    InitKernelLogging(argv);
 
-    NOTICE("init %s started!\n", is_first_stage ? "first stage" : "second stage");
+    LOG(INFO) << "init " << (is_first_stage ? "first stage" : "second stage") << " started!";
 
     if (!is_first_stage) {
         // Indicate that booting is in progress to background fw loaders, etc.
@@ -508,13 +505,13 @@
     // that the SELinux policy has been loaded.
     if (is_first_stage) {
         if (restorecon("/init") == -1) {
-            ERROR("restorecon failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "restorecon failed";
             security_failure();
         }
         char* path = argv[0];
         char* args[] = { path, const_cast<char*>("--second-stage"), nullptr };
         if (execv(path, args) == -1) {
-            ERROR("execv(\"%s\") failed: %s\n", path, strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "execv(\"" << path << "\") failed";
             security_failure();
         }
     }
@@ -522,7 +519,7 @@
     // These directories were necessarily created before initial policy load
     // and therefore need their security context restored to the proper value.
     // This must happen before /dev is populated by ueventd.
-    NOTICE("Running restorecon...\n");
+    LOG(INFO) << "Running restorecon...";
     restorecon("/dev");
     restorecon("/dev/socket");
     restorecon("/dev/__properties__");
@@ -531,7 +528,7 @@
 
     epoll_fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
     if (epoll_fd == -1) {
-        ERROR("epoll_create1 failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "epoll_create1 failed";
         exit(1);
     }
 
@@ -601,7 +598,7 @@
         epoll_event ev;
         int nr = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(epoll_wait(epoll_fd, &ev, 1, timeout));
         if (nr == -1) {
-            ERROR("epoll_wait failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "epoll_wait failed";
         } else if (nr == 1) {
             ((void (*)()) ev.data.ptr)();
         }
diff --git a/init/init_parser.cpp b/init/init_parser.cpp
index b44ca59..9ec26af 100644
--- a/init/init_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/init_parser.cpp
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 }
 
 bool Parser::ParseConfigFile(const std::string& path) {
-    INFO("Parsing file %s...\n", path.c_str());
+    LOG(INFO) << "Parsing file " << path << "...";
     Timer t;
     std::string data;
     if (!read_file(path.c_str(), &data)) {
@@ -110,15 +110,15 @@
     // Nexus 9 boot time, so it's disabled by default.
     if (false) DumpState();
 
-    NOTICE("(Parsing %s took %.2fs.)\n", path.c_str(), t.duration());
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "(Parsing " << path << " took " << t.duration() << "s.)";
     return true;
 }
 
 bool Parser::ParseConfigDir(const std::string& path) {
-    INFO("Parsing directory %s...\n", path.c_str());
+    LOG(INFO) << "Parsing directory " << path << "...";
     std::unique_ptr<DIR, int(*)(DIR*)> config_dir(opendir(path.c_str()), closedir);
     if (!config_dir) {
-        ERROR("Could not import directory '%s'\n", path.c_str());
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not import directory '" << path << "'";
         return false;
     }
     dirent* current_file;
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
         // Ignore directories and only process regular files.
         if (current_file->d_type == DT_REG) {
             if (!ParseConfigFile(current_path)) {
-                ERROR("could not import file '%s'\n", current_path.c_str());
+                LOG(ERROR) << "could not import file '" << current_path << "'";
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/init/keychords.cpp b/init/keychords.cpp
index 7a7838d..1cfdd80 100644
--- a/init/keychords.cpp
+++ b/init/keychords.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
         size = sizeof(*keychord) + svc->keycodes().size() * sizeof(keychord->keycodes[0]);
         keychords = (input_keychord*) realloc(keychords, keychords_length + size);
         if (!keychords) {
-            ERROR("could not allocate keychords\n");
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "could not allocate keychords";
             keychords_length = 0;
             keychords_count = 0;
             return;
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@
 
     ret = read(keychord_fd, &id, sizeof(id));
     if (ret != sizeof(id)) {
-        ERROR("could not read keychord id\n");
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "could not read keychord id";
         return;
     }
 
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@
     if (adb_enabled == "running") {
         Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByKeychord(id);
         if (svc) {
-            INFO("Starting service %s from keychord\n", svc->name().c_str());
+            LOG(INFO) << "Starting service " << svc->name() << " from keychord...";
             svc->Start();
         } else {
-            ERROR("service for keychord %d not found\n", id);
+            LOG(ERROR) << "service for keychord " << id << " not found";
         }
     }
 }
@@ -96,13 +96,13 @@
 
     keychord_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/keychord", O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC));
     if (keychord_fd == -1) {
-        ERROR("could not open /dev/keychord: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "could not open /dev/keychord";
         return;
     }
 
     int ret = write(keychord_fd, keychords, keychords_length);
     if (ret != keychords_length) {
-        ERROR("could not configure /dev/keychord %d: %s\n", ret, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "could not configure /dev/keychord " << ret;
         close(keychord_fd);
     }
 
diff --git a/init/log.cpp b/init/log.cpp
index ace9fd7..ee75ffc 100644
--- a/init/log.cpp
+++ b/init/log.cpp
@@ -22,48 +22,53 @@
 
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+static const int kLogSeverityToKLogLevel[] = {
+    KLOG_NOTICE_LEVEL, KLOG_DEBUG_LEVEL, KLOG_INFO_LEVEL,
+    KLOG_WARNING_LEVEL, KLOG_ERROR_LEVEL, KLOG_ERROR_LEVEL,
+};
+static_assert(arraysize(kLogSeverityToKLogLevel) == android::base::FATAL + 1,
+              "Mismatch in size of kLogSeverityToKLogLevel and values in LogSeverity");
 
-static void init_klog_vwrite(int level, const char* fmt, va_list ap) {
-    static const char* tag = basename(getprogname());
-
+static void KernelLogger(android::base::LogId, android::base::LogSeverity severity,
+                         const char* tag, const char*, unsigned int, const char* msg) {
+    int level = kLogSeverityToKLogLevel[severity];
     if (level > klog_get_level()) return;
 
     // The kernel's printk buffer is only 1024 bytes.
     // TODO: should we automatically break up long lines into multiple lines?
     // Or we could log but with something like "..." at the end?
     char buf[1024];
-    size_t prefix_size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "<%d>%s: ", level, tag);
-    size_t msg_size = vsnprintf(buf + prefix_size, sizeof(buf) - prefix_size, fmt, ap);
-    if (msg_size >= sizeof(buf) - prefix_size) {
-        msg_size = snprintf(buf + prefix_size, sizeof(buf) - prefix_size,
-                            "(%zu-byte message too long for printk)\n", msg_size);
+    size_t size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "<%d>%s: %s\n", level, tag, msg);
+    if (size > sizeof(buf)) {
+        size = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "<%d>%s: %zu-byte message too long for printk\n",
+                        level, tag, size);
     }
 
     iovec iov[1];
     iov[0].iov_base = buf;
-    iov[0].iov_len = prefix_size + msg_size;
-
+    iov[0].iov_len = size;
     klog_writev(level, iov, 1);
 }
 
-void init_klog_write(int level, const char* fmt, ...) {
-    va_list ap;
-    va_start(ap, fmt);
-    init_klog_vwrite(level, fmt, ap);
-    va_end(ap);
+void InitKernelLogging(char* argv[]) {
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &KernelLogger);
+
+    klog_init();
+    klog_set_level(KLOG_NOTICE_LEVEL);
 }
 
 int selinux_klog_callback(int type, const char *fmt, ...) {
-    int level = KLOG_ERROR_LEVEL;
+    android::base::LogSeverity severity = android::base::ERROR;
     if (type == SELINUX_WARNING) {
-        level = KLOG_WARNING_LEVEL;
+        severity = android::base::WARNING;
     } else if (type == SELINUX_INFO) {
-        level = KLOG_INFO_LEVEL;
+        severity = android::base::INFO;
     }
+    char buf[1024];
     va_list ap;
     va_start(ap, fmt);
-    init_klog_vwrite(level, fmt, ap);
+    vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, ap);
     va_end(ap);
+    KernelLogger(android::base::MAIN, severity, "selinux", nullptr, 0, buf);
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/init/log.h b/init/log.h
index c5c30af..cf552a1 100644
--- a/init/log.h
+++ b/init/log.h
@@ -17,16 +17,12 @@
 #ifndef _INIT_LOG_H_
 #define _INIT_LOG_H_
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+
 #include <cutils/klog.h>
 
-#define ERROR(x...)   init_klog_write(KLOG_ERROR_LEVEL, x)
-#define WARNING(x...) init_klog_write(KLOG_WARNING_LEVEL, x)
-#define NOTICE(x...)  init_klog_write(KLOG_NOTICE_LEVEL, x)
-#define INFO(x...)    init_klog_write(KLOG_INFO_LEVEL, x)
-#define DEBUG(x...)   init_klog_write(KLOG_DEBUG_LEVEL, x)
-#define VERBOSE(x...) init_klog_write(KLOG_DEBUG_LEVEL, x)
+void InitKernelLogging(char* argv[]);
 
-void init_klog_write(int level, const char* fmt, ...) __printflike(2, 3);
 int selinux_klog_callback(int level, const char* fmt, ...) __printflike(2, 3);
 
 #endif
diff --git a/init/parser.cpp b/init/parser.cpp
index ae103ec..45862b7 100644
--- a/init/parser.cpp
+++ b/init/parser.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
     vsnprintf(buf + off, 128 - off, fmt, ap);
     va_end(ap);
     buf[127] = 0;
-    ERROR("%s", buf);
+    LOG(ERROR) << buf;
 }
 
 int next_token(struct parse_state *state)
diff --git a/init/property_service.cpp b/init/property_service.cpp
index c617dc6..e2e1b16 100644
--- a/init/property_service.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service.cpp
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
 
 void property_init() {
     if (__system_property_area_init()) {
-        ERROR("Failed to initialize property area\n");
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize property area";
         exit(1);
     }
 }
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
     snprintf(tempPath, sizeof(tempPath), "%s/.temp.XXXXXX", PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR);
     fd = mkstemp(tempPath);
     if (fd < 0) {
-        ERROR("Unable to write persistent property to temp file %s: %s\n", tempPath, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write persistent property to temp file " << tempPath;
         return;
     }
     write(fd, value, strlen(value));
@@ -136,8 +136,8 @@
 
     snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s", PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR, name);
     if (rename(tempPath, path)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to rename persistent property file " << tempPath << " to " << path;
         unlink(tempPath);
-        ERROR("Unable to rename persistent property file %s to %s\n", tempPath, path);
     }
 }
 
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
 
     if (strcmp("selinux.restorecon_recursive", name) == 0 && valuelen > 0) {
         if (restorecon_recursive(value) != 0) {
-            ERROR("Failed to restorecon_recursive %s\n", value);
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to restorecon_recursive " << value;
         }
     }
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
 int property_set(const char* name, const char* value) {
     int rc = property_set_impl(name, value);
     if (rc == -1) {
-        ERROR("property_set(\"%s\", \"%s\") failed\n", name, value);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "property_set(\"" << name << "\", \"" << value << "\") failed";
     }
     return rc;
 }
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@
     /* Check socket options here */
     if (getsockopt(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_PEERCRED, &cr, &cr_size) < 0) {
         close(s);
-        ERROR("Unable to receive socket options\n");
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to receive socket options";
         return;
     }
 
@@ -254,19 +254,18 @@
     ufds[0].revents = 0;
     nr = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(poll(ufds, 1, timeout_ms));
     if (nr == 0) {
-        ERROR("sys_prop: timeout waiting for uid=%d to send property message.\n", cr.uid);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "sys_prop: timeout waiting for uid " << cr.uid << " to send property message.";
         close(s);
         return;
     } else if (nr < 0) {
-        ERROR("sys_prop: error waiting for uid=%d to send property message: %s\n", cr.uid, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "sys_prop: error waiting for uid " << cr.uid << " to send property message";
         close(s);
         return;
     }
 
     r = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(recv(s, &msg, sizeof(msg), MSG_DONTWAIT));
     if(r != sizeof(prop_msg)) {
-        ERROR("sys_prop: mis-match msg size received: %d expected: %zu: %s\n",
-              r, sizeof(prop_msg), strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "sys_prop: mis-match msg size received: " << r << " expected: " << sizeof(prop_msg);
         close(s);
         return;
     }
@@ -277,7 +276,7 @@
         msg.value[PROP_VALUE_MAX-1] = 0;
 
         if (!is_legal_property_name(msg.name, strlen(msg.name))) {
-            ERROR("sys_prop: illegal property name. Got: \"%s\"\n", msg.name);
+            LOG(ERROR) << "sys_prop: illegal property name \"" << msg.name << "\"";
             close(s);
             return;
         }
@@ -291,15 +290,17 @@
             if (check_control_mac_perms(msg.value, source_ctx, &cr)) {
                 handle_control_message((char*) msg.name + 4, (char*) msg.value);
             } else {
-                ERROR("sys_prop: Unable to %s service ctl [%s] uid:%d gid:%d pid:%d\n",
-                        msg.name + 4, msg.value, cr.uid, cr.gid, cr.pid);
+                LOG(ERROR) << "sys_prop: Unable to " << (msg.name + 4)
+                           << " service ctl [" << msg.value << "]"
+                           << " uid:" << cr.uid
+                           << " gid:" << cr.gid
+                           << " pid:" << cr.pid;
             }
         } else {
             if (check_mac_perms(msg.name, source_ctx, &cr)) {
                 property_set((char*) msg.name, (char*) msg.value);
             } else {
-                ERROR("sys_prop: permission denied uid:%d  name:%s\n",
-                      cr.uid, msg.name);
+                LOG(ERROR) << "sys_prop: permission denied uid:" << cr.uid << " name:" << msg.name;
             }
 
             // Note: bionic's property client code assumes that the
@@ -389,7 +390,7 @@
         data.push_back('\n');
         load_properties(&data[0], filter);
     }
-    NOTICE("(Loading properties from %s took %.2fs.)\n", filename, t.duration());
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "(Loading properties from " << filename << " took " << t.duration() << "s.)";
 }
 
 static void load_persistent_properties() {
@@ -397,8 +398,8 @@
 
     std::unique_ptr<DIR, int(*)(DIR*)> dir(opendir(PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR), closedir);
     if (!dir) {
-        ERROR("Unable to open persistent property directory \"%s\": %s\n",
-              PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open persistent property directory \""
+                    << PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR << "\"";
         return;
     }
 
@@ -414,25 +415,23 @@
         // Open the file and read the property value.
         int fd = openat(dirfd(dir.get()), entry->d_name, O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW);
         if (fd == -1) {
-            ERROR("Unable to open persistent property file \"%s\": %s\n",
-                  entry->d_name, strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open persistent property file \"" << entry->d_name << "\"";
             continue;
         }
 
         struct stat sb;
         if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1) {
-            ERROR("fstat on property file \"%s\" failed: %s\n", entry->d_name, strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "fstat on property file \"" << entry->d_name << "\" failed";
             close(fd);
             continue;
         }
 
         // File must not be accessible to others, be owned by root/root, and
         // not be a hard link to any other file.
-        if (((sb.st_mode & (S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO)) != 0) || (sb.st_uid != 0) || (sb.st_gid != 0) ||
-                (sb.st_nlink != 1)) {
-            ERROR("skipping insecure property file %s (uid=%u gid=%u nlink=%u mode=%o)\n",
-                  entry->d_name, (unsigned int)sb.st_uid, (unsigned int)sb.st_gid,
-                  (unsigned int)sb.st_nlink, sb.st_mode);
+        if (((sb.st_mode & (S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO)) != 0) || sb.st_uid != 0 || sb.st_gid != 0 || sb.st_nlink != 1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "skipping insecure property file " << entry->d_name
+                        << " (uid=" << sb.st_uid << " gid=" << sb.st_gid
+                        << " nlink=" << sb.st_nlink << " mode=" << std::oct << sb.st_mode << ")";
             close(fd);
             continue;
         }
@@ -443,8 +442,7 @@
             value[length] = 0;
             property_set(entry->d_name, value);
         } else {
-            ERROR("Unable to read persistent property file %s: %s\n",
-                  entry->d_name, strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to read persistent property file " << entry->d_name;
         }
         close(fd);
     }
@@ -477,27 +475,27 @@
 void load_recovery_id_prop() {
     std::string ro_hardware = property_get("ro.hardware");
     if (ro_hardware.empty()) {
-        ERROR("ro.hardware not set - unable to load recovery id\n");
+        LOG(ERROR) << "ro.hardware not set - unable to load recovery id";
         return;
     }
     std::string fstab_filename = FSTAB_PREFIX + ro_hardware;
 
     std::unique_ptr<fstab, void(*)(fstab*)> tab(fs_mgr_read_fstab(fstab_filename.c_str()),
-            fs_mgr_free_fstab);
+                                                fs_mgr_free_fstab);
     if (!tab) {
-        ERROR("unable to read fstab %s: %s\n", fstab_filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "unable to read fstab " << fstab_filename;
         return;
     }
 
     fstab_rec* rec = fs_mgr_get_entry_for_mount_point(tab.get(), RECOVERY_MOUNT_POINT);
     if (rec == NULL) {
-        ERROR("/recovery not specified in fstab\n");
+        LOG(ERROR) << "/recovery not specified in fstab";
         return;
     }
 
     int fd = open(rec->blk_device, O_RDONLY);
     if (fd == -1) {
-        ERROR("error opening block device %s: %s\n", rec->blk_device, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "error opening block device " << rec->blk_device;
         return;
     }
 
@@ -506,7 +504,7 @@
         std::string hex = bytes_to_hex(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(hdr.id), sizeof(hdr.id));
         property_set("ro.recovery_id", hex.c_str());
     } else {
-        ERROR("error reading /recovery: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "error reading /recovery";
     }
 
     close(fd);
@@ -523,7 +521,7 @@
     property_set_fd = create_socket(PROP_SERVICE_NAME, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC | SOCK_NONBLOCK,
                                     0666, 0, 0, NULL);
     if (property_set_fd == -1) {
-        ERROR("start_property_service socket creation failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "start_property_service socket creation failed";
         exit(1);
     }
 
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index d917b30..d2edddd 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <cutils/android_reboot.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
 #include <system/thread_defs.h>
@@ -91,8 +92,7 @@
     std::string prop_name = StringPrintf("init.svc.%s", name_.c_str());
     if (prop_name.length() >= PROP_NAME_MAX) {
         // If the property name would be too long, we can't set it.
-        ERROR("Property name \"init.svc.%s\" too long; not setting to %s\n",
-              name_.c_str(), new_state.c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Property name \"init.svc." << name_ << "\" too long; not setting to " << new_state;
         return;
     }
 
@@ -100,8 +100,9 @@
 }
 
 void Service::KillProcessGroup(int signal) {
-    NOTICE("Sending signal %d to service '%s' (pid %d) process group...\n",
-           signal, name_.c_str(), pid_);
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Sending signal " << signal
+                 << " to service '" << name_
+                 << "' (pid " << pid_ << ") process group...\n",
     kill(pid_, signal);
     killProcessGroup(uid_, pid_, signal);
 }
@@ -118,7 +119,7 @@
     }
 
     if (flags_ & SVC_EXEC) {
-        INFO("SVC_EXEC pid %d finished...\n", pid_);
+        LOG(INFO) << "SVC_EXEC pid " << pid_ << " finished...";
         return true;
     }
 
@@ -141,9 +142,10 @@
     if ((flags_ & SVC_CRITICAL) && !(flags_ & SVC_RESTART)) {
         if (time_crashed_ + CRITICAL_CRASH_WINDOW >= now) {
             if (++nr_crashed_ > CRITICAL_CRASH_THRESHOLD) {
-                ERROR("critical process '%s' exited %d times in %d minutes; "
-                      "rebooting into recovery mode\n", name_.c_str(),
-                      CRITICAL_CRASH_THRESHOLD, CRITICAL_CRASH_WINDOW / 60);
+                LOG(ERROR) << "critical process '" << name_ << "' exited "
+                           << CRITICAL_CRASH_THRESHOLD << " times in "
+                           << (CRITICAL_CRASH_WINDOW / 60) << " minutes; "
+                           << "rebooting into recovery mode";
                 android_reboot(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, 0, "recovery");
                 return false;
             }
@@ -164,15 +166,11 @@
 }
 
 void Service::DumpState() const {
-    INFO("service %s\n", name_.c_str());
-    INFO("  class '%s'\n", classname_.c_str());
-    INFO("  exec");
-    for (const auto& s : args_) {
-        INFO(" '%s'", s.c_str());
-    }
-    INFO("\n");
+    LOG(INFO) << "service " << name_;
+    LOG(INFO) << "  class '" << classname_ << "'";
+    LOG(INFO) << "  exec "<< android::base::Join(args_, " ");
     for (const auto& si : sockets_) {
-        INFO("  socket %s %s 0%o\n", si.name.c_str(), si.type.c_str(), si.perm);
+        LOG(INFO) << "  socket " << si.name << " " << si.type << " " << std::oct << si.perm;
     }
 }
 
@@ -362,8 +360,7 @@
 
         bool have_console = (open(console_.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC) != -1);
         if (!have_console) {
-            ERROR("service '%s' couldn't open console '%s': %s\n",
-                  name_.c_str(), console_.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "service '" << name_ << "' couldn't open console '" << console_ << "'";
             flags_ |= SVC_DISABLED;
             return false;
         }
@@ -371,8 +368,7 @@
 
     struct stat sb;
     if (stat(args_[0].c_str(), &sb) == -1) {
-        ERROR("cannot find '%s' (%s), disabling '%s'\n",
-              args_[0].c_str(), strerror(errno), name_.c_str());
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "cannot find '" << args_[0] << "', disabling '" << name_ << "'";
         flags_ |= SVC_DISABLED;
         return false;
     }
@@ -384,16 +380,16 @@
         char* mycon = nullptr;
         char* fcon = nullptr;
 
-        INFO("computing context for service '%s'\n", args_[0].c_str());
+        LOG(INFO) << "computing context for service '" << args_[0] << "'";
         int rc = getcon(&mycon);
         if (rc < 0) {
-            ERROR("could not get context while starting '%s'\n", name_.c_str());
+            LOG(ERROR) << "could not get context while starting '" << name_ << "'";
             return false;
         }
 
         rc = getfilecon(args_[0].c_str(), &fcon);
         if (rc < 0) {
-            ERROR("could not get context while starting '%s'\n", name_.c_str());
+            LOG(ERROR) << "could not get context while starting '" << name_ << "'";
             free(mycon);
             return false;
         }
@@ -406,7 +402,7 @@
             free(ret_scon);
         }
         if (rc == 0 && scon == mycon) {
-            ERROR("Service %s does not have a SELinux domain defined.\n", name_.c_str());
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Service " << name_ << " does not have a SELinux domain defined.";
             free(mycon);
             free(fcon);
             return false;
@@ -414,12 +410,12 @@
         free(mycon);
         free(fcon);
         if (rc < 0) {
-            ERROR("could not get context while starting '%s'\n", name_.c_str());
+            LOG(ERROR) << "could not get context while starting '" << name_ << "'";
             return false;
         }
     }
 
-    NOTICE("Starting service '%s'...\n", name_.c_str());
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Starting service '" << name_ << "'...";
 
     pid_t pid = fork();
     if (pid == 0) {
@@ -446,15 +442,14 @@
         std::string pid_str = StringPrintf("%d", getpid());
         for (const auto& file : writepid_files_) {
             if (!WriteStringToFile(pid_str, file)) {
-                ERROR("couldn't write %s to %s: %s\n",
-                      pid_str.c_str(), file.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "couldn't write " << pid_str << " to " << file;
             }
         }
 
         if (ioprio_class_ != IoSchedClass_NONE) {
             if (android_set_ioprio(getpid(), ioprio_class_, ioprio_pri_)) {
-                ERROR("Failed to set pid %d ioprio = %d,%d: %s\n",
-                      getpid(), ioprio_class_, ioprio_pri_, strerror(errno));
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set pid " << getpid()
+                            << " ioprio=" << ioprio_class_ << "," << ioprio_pri_;
             }
         }
 
@@ -470,32 +465,31 @@
         // As requested, set our gid, supplemental gids, and uid.
         if (gid_) {
             if (setgid(gid_) != 0) {
-                ERROR("setgid failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "setgid failed";
                 _exit(127);
             }
         }
         if (!supp_gids_.empty()) {
             if (setgroups(supp_gids_.size(), &supp_gids_[0]) != 0) {
-                ERROR("setgroups failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "setgroups failed";
                 _exit(127);
             }
         }
         if (uid_) {
             if (setuid(uid_) != 0) {
-                ERROR("setuid failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "setuid failed";
                 _exit(127);
             }
         }
         if (!seclabel_.empty()) {
             if (setexeccon(seclabel_.c_str()) < 0) {
-                ERROR("cannot setexeccon('%s'): %s\n",
-                      seclabel_.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "cannot setexeccon('" << seclabel_ << "')";
                 _exit(127);
             }
         }
         if (priority_ != 0) {
             if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, priority_) != 0) {
-                ERROR("setpriority failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "setpriority failed";
                 _exit(127);
             }
         }
@@ -506,7 +500,7 @@
         strs.push_back(const_cast<char*>(args_[0].c_str()));
         for (std::size_t i = 1; i < args_.size(); ++i) {
             if (!expand_props(args_[i], &expanded_args[i])) {
-                ERROR("%s: cannot expand '%s'\n", args_[0].c_str(), args_[i].c_str());
+                LOG(ERROR) << args_[0] << ": cannot expand '" << args_[i] << "'";
                 _exit(127);
             }
             strs.push_back(const_cast<char*>(expanded_args[i].c_str()));
@@ -514,14 +508,14 @@
         strs.push_back(nullptr);
 
         if (execve(strs[0], (char**) &strs[0], (char**) ENV) < 0) {
-            ERROR("cannot execve('%s'): %s\n", strs[0], strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "cannot execve('" << strs[0] << "')";
         }
 
         _exit(127);
     }
 
     if (pid < 0) {
-        ERROR("failed to start '%s'\n", name_.c_str());
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to fork for '" << name_ << "'";
         pid_ = 0;
         return false;
     }
@@ -532,14 +526,13 @@
 
     errno = -createProcessGroup(uid_, pid_);
     if (errno != 0) {
-        ERROR("createProcessGroup(%d, %d) failed for service '%s': %s\n",
-              uid_, pid_, name_.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "createProcessGroup(" << uid_ << ", " << pid_ << ") failed for service '" << name_ << "'";
     }
 
     if ((flags_ & SVC_EXEC) != 0) {
-        INFO("SVC_EXEC pid %d (uid %d gid %d+%zu context %s) started; waiting...\n",
-             pid_, uid_, gid_, supp_gids_.size(),
-             !seclabel_.empty() ? seclabel_.c_str() : "default");
+        LOG(INFO) << android::base::StringPrintf("SVC_EXEC pid %d (uid %d gid %d+%zu context %s) started; waiting...",
+                                                 pid_, uid_, gid_, supp_gids_.size(),
+                                                 !seclabel_.empty() ? seclabel_.c_str() : "default");
     }
 
     NotifyStateChange("running");
@@ -672,8 +665,7 @@
 void ServiceManager::AddService(std::unique_ptr<Service> service) {
     Service* old_service = FindServiceByName(service->name());
     if (old_service) {
-        ERROR("ignored duplicate definition of service '%s'",
-              service->name().c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "ignored duplicate definition of service '" << service->name() << "'";
         return;
     }
     services_.emplace_back(std::move(service));
@@ -690,12 +682,12 @@
         }
     }
     if (command_arg > 4 + NR_SVC_SUPP_GIDS) {
-        ERROR("exec called with too many supplementary group ids\n");
+        LOG(ERROR) << "exec called with too many supplementary group ids";
         return nullptr;
     }
 
     if (command_arg >= args.size()) {
-        ERROR("exec called without command\n");
+        LOG(ERROR) << "exec called without command";
         return nullptr;
     }
     std::vector<std::string> str_args(args.begin() + command_arg, args.end());
@@ -725,8 +717,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<Service> svc_p(new Service(name, "default", flags, uid, gid,
                                                supp_gids, seclabel, str_args));
     if (!svc_p) {
-        ERROR("Couldn't allocate service for exec of '%s'",
-              str_args[0].c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Couldn't allocate service for exec of '" << str_args[0] << "'";
         return nullptr;
     }
     Service* svc = svc_p.get();
@@ -809,7 +800,6 @@
     for (const auto& s : services_) {
         s->DumpState();
     }
-    INFO("\n");
 }
 
 bool ServiceManager::ReapOneProcess() {
@@ -818,7 +808,7 @@
     if (pid == 0) {
         return false;
     } else if (pid == -1) {
-        ERROR("waitpid failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "waitpid failed";
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -833,13 +823,13 @@
     }
 
     if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
-        NOTICE("%s exited with status %d\n", name.c_str(), WEXITSTATUS(status));
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << name << " exited with status " << WEXITSTATUS(status);
     } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
-        NOTICE("%s killed by signal %d\n", name.c_str(), WTERMSIG(status));
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << name << " killed by signal " << WTERMSIG(status);
     } else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
-        NOTICE("%s stopped by signal %d\n", name.c_str(), WSTOPSIG(status));
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << name << " stopped by signal " << WSTOPSIG(status);
     } else {
-        NOTICE("%s state changed", name.c_str());
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << name << " state changed";
     }
 
     if (!svc) {
diff --git a/init/signal_handler.cpp b/init/signal_handler.cpp
index ea483d4..0dea3e0 100644
--- a/init/signal_handler.cpp
+++ b/init/signal_handler.cpp
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 
 static void SIGCHLD_handler(int) {
     if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(signal_write_fd, "1", 1)) == -1) {
-        ERROR("write(signal_write_fd) failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "write(signal_write_fd) failed";
     }
 }
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
     // Create a signalling mechanism for SIGCHLD.
     int s[2];
     if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_NONBLOCK | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, s) == -1) {
-        ERROR("socketpair failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "socketpair failed";
         exit(1);
     }
 
diff --git a/init/ueventd.cpp b/init/ueventd.cpp
index b637141..91f8b1a 100644
--- a/init/ueventd.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd.cpp
@@ -53,10 +53,9 @@
     signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN);
 
     open_devnull_stdio();
-    klog_init();
-    klog_set_level(KLOG_NOTICE_LEVEL);
+    InitKernelLogging(argv);
 
-    NOTICE("ueventd started!\n");
+    LOG(INFO) << "ueventd started!";
 
     selinux_callback cb;
     cb.func_log = selinux_klog_callback;
@@ -108,14 +107,14 @@
     name = args[0];
 
     if (!strncmp(name,"/sys/", 5) && (nargs == 5)) {
-        INFO("/sys/ rule %s %s\n",args[0],args[1]);
+        LOG(INFO) << "/sys/ rule " << args[0] << " " << args[1];
         attr = args[1];
         args++;
         nargs--;
     }
 
     if (nargs != 4) {
-        ERROR("invalid line ueventd.rc line for '%s'\n", args[0]);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "invalid line ueventd.rc line for '" << args[0] << "'";
         return;
     }
 
@@ -130,14 +129,14 @@
 
     perm = strtol(args[1], &endptr, 8);
     if (!endptr || *endptr != '\0') {
-        ERROR("invalid mode '%s'\n", args[1]);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "invalid mode '" << args[1] << "'";
         free(tmp);
         return;
     }
 
     struct passwd* pwd = getpwnam(args[2]);
     if (!pwd) {
-        ERROR("invalid uid '%s'\n", args[2]);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "invalid uid '" << args[2] << "'";
         free(tmp);
         return;
     }
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@
 
     struct group* grp = getgrnam(args[3]);
     if (!grp) {
-        ERROR("invalid gid '%s'\n", args[3]);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "invalid gid '" << args[3] << "'";
         free(tmp);
         return;
     }
diff --git a/init/util.cpp b/init/util.cpp
index 368096e..6315a7a 100644
--- a/init/util.cpp
+++ b/init/util.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <sys/un.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
 /* for ANDROID_SOCKET_* */
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@
 unsigned int decode_uid(const char *s) {
     unsigned int v = do_decode_uid(s);
     if (v == UINT_MAX) {
-        ERROR("decode_uid: Unable to find UID for '%s'. Returning UINT_MAX\n", s);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "decode_uid: Unable to find UID for '" << s << "'; returning UINT_MAX";
     }
     return v;
 }
@@ -94,14 +95,14 @@
 
     if (socketcon) {
         if (setsockcreatecon(socketcon) == -1) {
-            ERROR("setsockcreatecon(\"%s\") failed: %s\n", socketcon, strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "setsockcreatecon(\"" << socketcon << "\") failed";
             return -1;
         }
     }
 
     fd = socket(PF_UNIX, type, 0);
     if (fd < 0) {
-        ERROR("Failed to open socket '%s': %s\n", name, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open socket '" << name << "'";
         return -1;
     }
 
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@
 
     ret = unlink(addr.sun_path);
     if (ret != 0 && errno != ENOENT) {
-        ERROR("Failed to unlink old socket '%s': %s\n", name, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to unlink old socket '" << name << "'";
         goto out_close;
     }
 
@@ -133,23 +134,26 @@
     freecon(filecon);
 
     if (ret) {
-        ERROR("Failed to bind socket '%s': %s\n", name, strerror(savederrno));
+      errno = savederrno;
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to bind socket '" << name << "'";
         goto out_unlink;
     }
 
     ret = lchown(addr.sun_path, uid, gid);
     if (ret) {
-        ERROR("Failed to lchown socket '%s': %s\n", addr.sun_path, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to lchown socket '" << addr.sun_path << "'";
         goto out_unlink;
     }
     ret = fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, addr.sun_path, perm, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
     if (ret) {
-        ERROR("Failed to fchmodat socket '%s': %s\n", addr.sun_path, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fchmodat socket '" << addr.sun_path << "'";
         goto out_unlink;
     }
 
-    INFO("Created socket '%s' with mode '%o', user '%d', group '%d'\n",
-         addr.sun_path, perm, uid, gid);
+    LOG(INFO) << "Created socket '" << addr.sun_path << "'"
+              << ", mode " << std::oct << perm << std::dec
+              << ", user " << uid
+              << ", group " << gid;
 
     return fd;
 
@@ -172,11 +176,11 @@
     // or group-writable files.
     struct stat sb;
     if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1) {
-        ERROR("fstat failed for '%s': %s\n", path, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "fstat failed for '" << path << "'";
         return false;
     }
     if ((sb.st_mode & (S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH)) != 0) {
-        ERROR("skipping insecure file '%s'\n", path);
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "skipping insecure file '" << path << "'";
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -188,12 +192,12 @@
 int write_file(const char* path, const char* content) {
     int fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path, O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_NOFOLLOW|O_CLOEXEC, 0600));
     if (fd == -1) {
-        NOTICE("write_file: Unable to open '%s': %s\n", path, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "write_file: Unable to open '" << path << "'";
         return -1;
     }
     int result = android::base::WriteStringToFd(content, fd) ? 0 : -1;
     if (result == -1) {
-        NOTICE("write_file: Unable to write to '%s': %s\n", path, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "write_file: Unable to write to '" << path << "'";
     }
     close(fd);
     return result;
@@ -228,7 +232,7 @@
         if (width == 0)
             continue;
         if ((unsigned int)width > sizeof(buf) - 1) {
-            ERROR("path too long for mkdir_recursive\n");
+            LOG(ERROR) << "path too long for mkdir_recursive";
             return -1;
         }
         memcpy(buf, pathname, width);
@@ -282,12 +286,10 @@
     memcpy(buf, newpath, width);
     buf[width] = 0;
     ret = mkdir_recursive(buf, 0755);
-    if (ret)
-        ERROR("Failed to create directory %s: %s (%d)\n", buf, strerror(errno), errno);
+    if (ret) PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory " << buf;
 
     ret = symlink(oldpath, newpath);
-    if (ret && errno != EEXIST)
-        ERROR("Failed to symlink %s to %s: %s (%d)\n", oldpath, newpath, strerror(errno), errno);
+    if (ret && errno != EEXIST) PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to symlink " << oldpath << " to " << newpath;
 }
 
 void remove_link(const char *oldpath, const char *newpath)
@@ -446,7 +448,7 @@
             const char* end = strchr(c, '}');
             if (!end) {
                 // failed to find closing brace, abort.
-                ERROR("unexpected end of string in '%s', looking for }\n", src.c_str());
+                LOG(ERROR) << "unexpected end of string in '" << src << "', looking for }";
                 return false;
             }
             prop_name = std::string(c, end);
@@ -458,21 +460,19 @@
             }
         } else {
             prop_name = c;
-            ERROR("using deprecated syntax for specifying property '%s', use ${name} instead\n",
-                  c);
+            LOG(ERROR) << "using deprecated syntax for specifying property '" << c << "', use ${name} instead";
             c += prop_name.size();
         }
 
         if (prop_name.empty()) {
-            ERROR("invalid zero-length prop name in '%s'\n", src.c_str());
+            LOG(ERROR) << "invalid zero-length property name in '" << src << "'";
             return false;
         }
 
         std::string prop_val = property_get(prop_name.c_str());
         if (prop_val.empty()) {
             if (def_val.empty()) {
-                ERROR("property '%s' doesn't exist while expanding '%s'\n",
-                      prop_name.c_str(), src.c_str());
+                LOG(ERROR) << "property '" << prop_name << "' doesn't exist while expanding '" << src << "'";
                 return false;
             }
             prop_val = def_val;
diff --git a/init/util.h b/init/util.h
index 90fb39a..45207eb 100644
--- a/init/util.h
+++ b/init/util.h
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <functional>
 
-#define ARRAY_SIZE(x) (sizeof(x)/sizeof((x)[0]))
-
 #define COLDBOOT_DONE "/dev/.coldboot_done"
 
 int create_socket(const char *name, int type, mode_t perm,
diff --git a/init/watchdogd.cpp b/init/watchdogd.cpp
index 0d16db9..3a3d810 100644
--- a/init/watchdogd.cpp
+++ b/init/watchdogd.cpp
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@
 
 int watchdogd_main(int argc, char **argv) {
     open_devnull_stdio();
-    klog_init();
-    klog_set_level(KLOG_NOTICE_LEVEL);
+    InitKernelLogging(argv);
 
     int interval = 10;
     if (argc >= 2) interval = atoi(argv[1]);
@@ -38,30 +37,31 @@
     int margin = 10;
     if (argc >= 3) margin = atoi(argv[2]);
 
-    NOTICE("started (interval %d, margin %d)!\n", interval, margin);
+    LOG(INFO) << "watchdogd started (interval " << interval << ", margin " << margin << ")!";
 
     int fd = open(DEV_NAME, O_RDWR|O_CLOEXEC);
     if (fd == -1) {
-        ERROR("Failed to open %s: %s\n", DEV_NAME, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << DEV_NAME;
         return 1;
     }
 
     int timeout = interval + margin;
     int ret = ioctl(fd, WDIOC_SETTIMEOUT, &timeout);
     if (ret) {
-        ERROR("Failed to set timeout to %d: %s\n", timeout, strerror(errno));
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set timeout to " << timeout;
         ret = ioctl(fd, WDIOC_GETTIMEOUT, &timeout);
         if (ret) {
-            ERROR("Failed to get timeout: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to get timeout";
         } else {
             if (timeout > margin) {
                 interval = timeout - margin;
             } else {
                 interval = 1;
             }
-            WARNING("Adjusted interval to timeout returned by driver:"
-                    " timeout %d, interval %d, margin %d\n",
-                    timeout, interval, margin);
+            LOG(WARNING) << "Adjusted interval to timeout returned by driver: "
+                         << "timeout " << timeout
+                         << ", interval " << interval
+                         << ", margin " << margin;
         }
     }