Fix integer overflow in utf{16,32}_to_utf8_length am: f0a43dede9 am: 33abf90994 am: 789673b15c am: 1436927851 am: d70e582d67 am: 62d5a78df3 am: 5b37a8ce87 am: 16e2001f0b am: e2b5839d4c  -s ours am: 84bdda1e6e  -s ours
am: 94222586dc  -s ours

Change-Id: Icd1bfdd210174167b938ab09f2ab83a677c43938
diff --git a/adb/Android.mk b/adb/Android.mk
index 6ed01fa..2b6df70 100644
--- a/adb/Android.mk
+++ b/adb/Android.mk
@@ -108,7 +108,6 @@
     sysdeps_win32_test.cpp \
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_CLANG := true
 LOCAL_MODULE := libadbd_usb
 LOCAL_CFLAGS := $(LIBADB_CFLAGS) -DADB_HOST=0
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := daemon/usb.cpp
@@ -117,12 +116,11 @@
 
 # Even though we're building a static library (and thus there's no link step for
 # this to take effect), this adds the includes to our path.
-LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libcrypto_utils libcrypto libbase
+LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libcrypto_utils libcrypto libbase libasyncio
 
 include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_CLANG := true
 LOCAL_MODULE := libadbd
 LOCAL_CFLAGS := $(LIBADB_CFLAGS) -DADB_HOST=0
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
@@ -171,7 +169,6 @@
 include $(BUILD_HOST_STATIC_LIBRARY)
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_CLANG := true
 LOCAL_MODULE := adbd_test
 LOCAL_CFLAGS := -DADB_HOST=0 $(LIBADB_CFLAGS)
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
@@ -330,8 +327,6 @@
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 
-LOCAL_CLANG := true
-
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
     daemon/main.cpp \
     daemon/mdns.cpp \
@@ -360,13 +355,12 @@
 LOCAL_MODULE := adbd
 
 LOCAL_FORCE_STATIC_EXECUTABLE := true
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT_SBIN)
-LOCAL_UNSTRIPPED_PATH := $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT_SBIN_UNSTRIPPED)
 
 LOCAL_SANITIZE := $(adb_target_sanitize)
 LOCAL_STRIP_MODULE := keep_symbols
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := \
     libadbd \
+    libasyncio \
     libavb_user \
     libbase \
     libqemu_pipe \
diff --git a/adb/adb.cpp b/adb/adb.cpp
index bfb1144..8c24bbb 100644
--- a/adb/adb.cpp
+++ b/adb/adb.cpp
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 #include "adb_auth.h"
 #include "adb_io.h"
 #include "adb_listeners.h"
+#include "adb_unique_fd.h"
 #include "adb_utils.h"
 #include "sysdeps/chrono.h"
 #include "transport.h"
@@ -656,6 +657,26 @@
 
 #endif
 
+static void ReportServerStartupFailure(pid_t pid) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "ADB server didn't ACK\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "Full server startup log: %s\n", GetLogFilePath().c_str());
+    fprintf(stderr, "Server had pid: %d\n", pid);
+
+    unique_fd fd(adb_open(GetLogFilePath().c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    if (fd == -1) return;
+
+    // Let's not show more than 128KiB of log...
+    adb_lseek(fd, -128 * 1024, SEEK_END);
+    std::string content;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(fd, &content)) return;
+
+    std::string header = android::base::StringPrintf("--- adb starting (pid %d) ---", pid);
+    std::vector<std::string> lines = android::base::Split(content, "\n");
+    int i = lines.size() - 1;
+    while (i >= 0 && lines[i] != header) --i;
+    while (static_cast<size_t>(i) < lines.size()) fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", lines[i++].c_str());
+}
+
 int launch_server(const std::string& socket_spec) {
 #if defined(_WIN32)
     /* we need to start the server in the background                    */
@@ -835,7 +856,8 @@
                 memcmp(temp, expected, expected_length) == 0) {
                 got_ack = true;
             } else {
-                fprintf(stderr, "ADB server didn't ACK\n");
+                ReportServerStartupFailure(GetProcessId(process_handle.get()));
+                return -1;
             }
         } else {
             const DWORD err = GetLastError();
@@ -909,12 +931,9 @@
                            "--reply-fd", reply_fd, NULL);
         // this should not return
         fprintf(stderr, "adb: execl returned %d: %s\n", result, strerror(errno));
-    } else  {
+    } else {
         // parent side of the fork
-
-        char  temp[3];
-
-        temp[0] = 'A'; temp[1] = 'B'; temp[2] = 'C';
+        char temp[3] = {};
         // wait for the "OK\n" message
         adb_close(fd[1]);
         int ret = adb_read(fd[0], temp, 3);
@@ -925,7 +944,7 @@
             return -1;
         }
         if (ret != 3 || temp[0] != 'O' || temp[1] != 'K' || temp[2] != '\n') {
-            fprintf(stderr, "ADB server didn't ACK\n" );
+            ReportServerStartupFailure(pid);
             return -1;
         }
     }
@@ -937,8 +956,8 @@
 // Try to handle a network forwarding request.
 // This returns 1 on success, 0 on failure, and -1 to indicate this is not
 // a forwarding-related request.
-int handle_forward_request(const char* service, TransportType type, const char* serial, int reply_fd)
-{
+int handle_forward_request(const char* service, TransportType type, const char* serial,
+                           TransportId transport_id, int reply_fd) {
     if (!strcmp(service, "list-forward")) {
         // Create the list of forward redirections.
         std::string listeners = format_listeners();
@@ -991,7 +1010,8 @@
         }
 
         std::string error_msg;
-        atransport* transport = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, nullptr, &error_msg);
+        atransport* transport =
+            acquire_one_transport(type, serial, transport_id, nullptr, &error_msg);
         if (!transport) {
             SendFail(reply_fd, error_msg);
             return 1;
@@ -1049,8 +1069,8 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-int handle_host_request(const char* service, TransportType type,
-                        const char* serial, int reply_fd, asocket* s) {
+int handle_host_request(const char* service, TransportType type, const char* serial,
+                        TransportId transport_id, int reply_fd, asocket* s) {
     if (strcmp(service, "kill") == 0) {
         fprintf(stderr, "adb server killed by remote request\n");
         fflush(stdout);
@@ -1070,7 +1090,14 @@
     if (!strncmp(service, "transport", strlen("transport"))) {
         TransportType type = kTransportAny;
 
-        if (!strncmp(service, "transport-usb", strlen("transport-usb"))) {
+        if (!strncmp(service, "transport-id:", strlen("transport-id:"))) {
+            service += strlen("transport-id:");
+            transport_id = strtoll(service, const_cast<char**>(&service), 10);
+            if (*service != '\0') {
+                SendFail(reply_fd, "invalid transport id");
+                return 1;
+            }
+        } else if (!strncmp(service, "transport-usb", strlen("transport-usb"))) {
             type = kTransportUsb;
         } else if (!strncmp(service, "transport-local", strlen("transport-local"))) {
             type = kTransportLocal;
@@ -1082,7 +1109,7 @@
         }
 
         std::string error;
-        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, nullptr, &error);
+        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, transport_id, nullptr, &error);
         if (t != nullptr) {
             s->transport = t;
             SendOkay(reply_fd);
@@ -1125,7 +1152,7 @@
 
     if (!strcmp(service, "features")) {
         std::string error;
-        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, nullptr, &error);
+        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, transport_id, nullptr, &error);
         if (t != nullptr) {
             SendOkay(reply_fd, FeatureSetToString(t->features()));
         } else {
@@ -1178,7 +1205,7 @@
     // These always report "unknown" rather than the actual error, for scripts.
     if (!strcmp(service, "get-serialno")) {
         std::string error;
-        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, nullptr, &error);
+        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, transport_id, nullptr, &error);
         if (t) {
             return SendOkay(reply_fd, t->serial ? t->serial : "unknown");
         } else {
@@ -1187,7 +1214,7 @@
     }
     if (!strcmp(service, "get-devpath")) {
         std::string error;
-        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, nullptr, &error);
+        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, transport_id, nullptr, &error);
         if (t) {
             return SendOkay(reply_fd, t->devpath ? t->devpath : "unknown");
         } else {
@@ -1196,7 +1223,7 @@
     }
     if (!strcmp(service, "get-state")) {
         std::string error;
-        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, nullptr, &error);
+        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, transport_id, nullptr, &error);
         if (t) {
             return SendOkay(reply_fd, t->connection_state_name());
         } else {
@@ -1214,7 +1241,7 @@
 
     if (!strcmp(service, "reconnect")) {
         std::string response;
-        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, nullptr, &response, true);
+        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(type, serial, transport_id, nullptr, &response, true);
         if (t != nullptr) {
             kick_transport(t);
             response =
@@ -1223,7 +1250,7 @@
         return SendOkay(reply_fd, response);
     }
 
-    int ret = handle_forward_request(service, type, serial, reply_fd);
+    int ret = handle_forward_request(service, type, serial, transport_id, reply_fd);
     if (ret >= 0)
       return ret - 1;
     return -1;
diff --git a/adb/adb.h b/adb/adb.h
index d6b2b81..6a9897f 100644
--- a/adb/adb.h
+++ b/adb/adb.h
@@ -31,8 +31,7 @@
 #include "usb.h"
 
 constexpr size_t MAX_PAYLOAD_V1 = 4 * 1024;
-constexpr size_t MAX_PAYLOAD_V2 = 256 * 1024;
-constexpr size_t MAX_PAYLOAD = MAX_PAYLOAD_V2;
+constexpr size_t MAX_PAYLOAD = 1024 * 1024;
 
 constexpr size_t LINUX_MAX_SOCKET_SIZE = 4194304;
 
@@ -56,6 +55,7 @@
 // Increment this when we want to force users to start a new adb server.
 #define ADB_SERVER_VERSION 39
 
+using TransportId = uint64_t;
 class atransport;
 
 struct amessage {
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
 
 int service_to_fd(const char* name, const atransport* transport);
 #if ADB_HOST
-asocket *host_service_to_socket(const char*  name, const char *serial);
+asocket* host_service_to_socket(const char* name, const char* serial, TransportId transport_id);
 #endif
 
 #if !ADB_HOST
@@ -159,7 +159,8 @@
 int       create_jdwp_connection_fd(int  jdwp_pid);
 #endif
 
-int handle_forward_request(const char* service, TransportType type, const char* serial, int reply_fd);
+int handle_forward_request(const char* service, TransportType type, const char* serial,
+                           TransportId transport_id, int reply_fd);
 
 #if !ADB_HOST
 void framebuffer_service(int fd, void *cookie);
@@ -216,7 +217,8 @@
 #define USB_FFS_ADB_IN    USB_FFS_ADB_EP(ep2)
 #endif
 
-int handle_host_request(const char* service, TransportType type, const char* serial, int reply_fd, asocket *s);
+int handle_host_request(const char* service, TransportType type, const char* serial,
+                        TransportId transport_id, int reply_fd, asocket* s);
 
 void handle_online(atransport *t);
 void handle_offline(atransport *t);
diff --git a/adb/adb_client.cpp b/adb/adb_client.cpp
index e533a00..849a6e7 100644
--- a/adb/adb_client.cpp
+++ b/adb/adb_client.cpp
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "adb_client.h"
 
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -46,12 +47,20 @@
 
 static TransportType __adb_transport = kTransportAny;
 static const char* __adb_serial = NULL;
+static TransportId __adb_transport_id = 0;
 
 static const char* __adb_server_socket_spec;
 
-void adb_set_transport(TransportType type, const char* serial) {
+void adb_set_transport(TransportType type, const char* serial, TransportId transport_id) {
     __adb_transport = type;
     __adb_serial = serial;
+    __adb_transport_id = transport_id;
+}
+
+void adb_get_transport(TransportType* type, const char** serial, TransportId* transport_id) {
+    if (type) *type = __adb_transport;
+    if (serial) *serial = __adb_serial;
+    if (transport_id) *transport_id = __adb_transport_id;
 }
 
 void adb_set_socket_spec(const char* socket_spec) {
@@ -63,7 +72,10 @@
 
 static int switch_socket_transport(int fd, std::string* error) {
     std::string service;
-    if (__adb_serial) {
+    if (__adb_transport_id) {
+        service += "host:transport-id:";
+        service += std::to_string(__adb_transport_id);
+    } else if (__adb_serial) {
         service += "host:transport:";
         service += __adb_serial;
     } else {
@@ -292,15 +304,18 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-std::string format_host_command(const char* command, TransportType type, const char* serial) {
-    if (serial) {
-        return android::base::StringPrintf("host-serial:%s:%s", serial, command);
+std::string format_host_command(const char* command) {
+    if (__adb_transport_id) {
+        return android::base::StringPrintf("host-transport-id:%" PRIu64 ":%s", __adb_transport_id,
+                                           command);
+    } else if (__adb_serial) {
+        return android::base::StringPrintf("host-serial:%s:%s", __adb_serial, command);
     }
 
     const char* prefix = "host";
-    if (type == kTransportUsb) {
+    if (__adb_transport == kTransportUsb) {
         prefix = "host-usb";
-    } else if (type == kTransportLocal) {
+    } else if (__adb_transport == kTransportLocal) {
         prefix = "host-local";
     }
     return android::base::StringPrintf("%s:%s", prefix, command);
@@ -308,7 +323,7 @@
 
 bool adb_get_feature_set(FeatureSet* feature_set, std::string* error) {
     std::string result;
-    if (adb_query(format_host_command("features", __adb_transport, __adb_serial), &result, error)) {
+    if (adb_query(format_host_command("features"), &result, error)) {
         *feature_set = StringToFeatureSet(result);
         return true;
     }
diff --git a/adb/adb_client.h b/adb/adb_client.h
index fabec00..fca435e 100644
--- a/adb/adb_client.h
+++ b/adb/adb_client.h
@@ -40,7 +40,9 @@
                std::string* _Nonnull error);
 
 // Set the preferred transport to connect to.
-void adb_set_transport(TransportType type, const char* _Nullable serial);
+void adb_set_transport(TransportType type, const char* _Nullable serial, TransportId transport_id);
+void adb_get_transport(TransportType* _Nullable type, const char* _Nullable* _Nullable serial,
+                       TransportId* _Nullable transport_id);
 
 // Set the socket specification for the adb server.
 // This function can only be called once, and the argument must live to the end of the process.
@@ -57,8 +59,7 @@
 bool adb_status(int fd, std::string* _Nonnull error);
 
 // Create a host command corresponding to selected transport type/serial.
-std::string format_host_command(const char* _Nonnull command, TransportType type,
-                                const char* _Nullable serial);
+std::string format_host_command(const char* _Nonnull command);
 
 // Get the feature set of the current preferred transport.
 bool adb_get_feature_set(FeatureSet* _Nonnull feature_set, std::string* _Nonnull error);
diff --git a/adb/adb_utils.cpp b/adb/adb_utils.cpp
index 6f2403d..b236fb3 100644
--- a/adb/adb_utils.cpp
+++ b/adb/adb_utils.cpp
@@ -157,7 +157,12 @@
 }
 
 std::string dump_hex(const void* data, size_t byte_count) {
-    byte_count = std::min(byte_count, size_t(16));
+    size_t truncate_len = 16;
+    bool truncated = false;
+    if (byte_count > truncate_len) {
+        byte_count = truncate_len;
+        truncated = true;
+    }
 
     const uint8_t* p = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
 
@@ -172,6 +177,10 @@
         line.push_back(isprint(ch) ? ch : '.');
     }
 
+    if (truncated) {
+        line += " [truncated]";
+    }
+
     return line;
 }
 
@@ -278,3 +287,29 @@
     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
     return 1;
 }
+
+std::string GetLogFilePath() {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    const char log_name[] = "adb.log";
+    WCHAR temp_path[MAX_PATH];
+
+    // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa364992%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
+    DWORD nchars = GetTempPathW(arraysize(temp_path), temp_path);
+    if (nchars >= arraysize(temp_path) || nchars == 0) {
+        // If string truncation or some other error.
+        fatal("cannot retrieve temporary file path: %s\n",
+              android::base::SystemErrorCodeToString(GetLastError()).c_str());
+    }
+
+    std::string temp_path_utf8;
+    if (!android::base::WideToUTF8(temp_path, &temp_path_utf8)) {
+        fatal_errno("cannot convert temporary file path from UTF-16 to UTF-8");
+    }
+
+    return temp_path_utf8 + log_name;
+#else
+    const char* tmp_dir = getenv("TMPDIR");
+    if (tmp_dir == nullptr) tmp_dir = "/tmp";
+    return android::base::StringPrintf("%s/adb.%u.log", tmp_dir, getuid());
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/adb/adb_utils.h b/adb/adb_utils.h
index 11c0ec9..f764a0e 100644
--- a/adb/adb_utils.h
+++ b/adb/adb_utils.h
@@ -89,4 +89,6 @@
     }
 };
 
+std::string GetLogFilePath();
+
 #endif
diff --git a/adb/bugreport.cpp b/adb/bugreport.cpp
index 372a3b4..abef86a 100644
--- a/adb/bugreport.cpp
+++ b/adb/bugreport.cpp
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@
             std::vector<const char*> srcs{src_file_.c_str()};
             SetLineMessage("pulling");
             status_ =
-                br_->DoSyncPull(srcs, destination.c_str(), true, line_message_.c_str()) ? 0 : 1;
+                br_->DoSyncPull(srcs, destination.c_str(), false, line_message_.c_str()) ? 0 : 1;
             if (status_ != 0) {
                 fprintf(stderr,
                         "Bug report finished but could not be copied to '%s'.\n"
@@ -195,13 +195,13 @@
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(BugreportStandardStreamsCallback);
 };
 
-int Bugreport::DoIt(TransportType transport_type, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv) {
+int Bugreport::DoIt(int argc, const char** argv) {
     if (argc > 2) return syntax_error("adb bugreport [PATH]");
 
     // Gets bugreportz version.
     std::string bugz_stdout, bugz_stderr;
     DefaultStandardStreamsCallback version_callback(&bugz_stdout, &bugz_stderr);
-    int status = SendShellCommand(transport_type, serial, "bugreportz -v", false, &version_callback);
+    int status = SendShellCommand("bugreportz -v", false, &version_callback);
     std::string bugz_version = android::base::Trim(bugz_stderr);
     std::string bugz_output = android::base::Trim(bugz_stdout);
 
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
             fprintf(stderr,
                     "Failed to get bugreportz version, which is only available on devices "
                     "running Android 7.0 or later.\nTrying a plain-text bug report instead.\n");
-            return SendShellCommand(transport_type, serial, "bugreport", false);
+            return SendShellCommand("bugreport", false);
         }
 
         // But if user explicitly asked for a zipped bug report, fails instead (otherwise calling
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@
         bugz_command = "bugreportz";
     }
     BugreportStandardStreamsCallback bugz_callback(dest_dir, dest_file, show_progress, this);
-    return SendShellCommand(transport_type, serial, bugz_command, false, &bugz_callback);
+    return SendShellCommand(bugz_command, false, &bugz_callback);
 }
 
 void Bugreport::UpdateProgress(const std::string& message, int progress_percentage) {
@@ -274,10 +274,9 @@
         LinePrinter::INFO);
 }
 
-int Bugreport::SendShellCommand(TransportType transport_type, const char* serial,
-                                const std::string& command, bool disable_shell_protocol,
+int Bugreport::SendShellCommand(const std::string& command, bool disable_shell_protocol,
                                 StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback) {
-    return send_shell_command(transport_type, serial, command, disable_shell_protocol, callback);
+    return send_shell_command(command, disable_shell_protocol, callback);
 }
 
 bool Bugreport::DoSyncPull(const std::vector<const char*>& srcs, const char* dst, bool copy_attrs,
diff --git a/adb/bugreport.h b/adb/bugreport.h
index d9a4468..413439b 100644
--- a/adb/bugreport.h
+++ b/adb/bugreport.h
@@ -29,14 +29,13 @@
   public:
     Bugreport() : line_printer_() {
     }
-    int DoIt(TransportType transport_type, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv);
+    int DoIt(int argc, const char** argv);
 
   protected:
     // Functions below are abstractions of external functions so they can be
     // mocked on tests.
     virtual int SendShellCommand(
-        TransportType transport_type, const char* serial, const std::string& command,
-        bool disable_shell_protocol,
+        const std::string& command, bool disable_shell_protocol,
         StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback = &DEFAULT_STANDARD_STREAMS_CALLBACK);
 
     virtual bool DoSyncPull(const std::vector<const char*>& srcs, const char* dst, bool copy_attrs,
diff --git a/adb/bugreport_test.cpp b/adb/bugreport_test.cpp
index d3787b4..72ca59a 100644
--- a/adb/bugreport_test.cpp
+++ b/adb/bugreport_test.cpp
@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@
 // Empty functions so tests don't need to be linked against commandline.cpp
 DefaultStandardStreamsCallback DEFAULT_STANDARD_STREAMS_CALLBACK(nullptr, nullptr);
 
-int send_shell_command(TransportType transport_type, const char* serial, const std::string& command,
-                       bool disable_shell_protocol, StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback) {
+int send_shell_command(const std::string& command, bool disable_shell_protocol,
+                       StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback) {
     ADD_FAILURE() << "send_shell_command() should have been mocked";
     return -42;
 }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
     kStreamStderr,
 };
 
-// gmock black magic to provide a WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout(output)) matcher
+// gmock black magic to provide a WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout(output)) matcher
 typedef void OnStandardStreamsCallbackFunction(StandardStreamsCallbackInterface*);
 
 class OnStandardStreamsCallbackAction : public ActionInterface<OnStandardStreamsCallbackFunction> {
@@ -118,9 +118,8 @@
 
 class BugreportMock : public Bugreport {
   public:
-    MOCK_METHOD5(SendShellCommand,
-                 int(TransportType transport_type, const char* serial, const std::string& command,
-                     bool disable_shell_protocol, StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback));
+    MOCK_METHOD3(SendShellCommand, int(const std::string& command, bool disable_shell_protocol,
+                                       StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback));
     MOCK_METHOD4(DoSyncPull, bool(const std::vector<const char*>& srcs, const char* dst,
                                   bool copy_attrs, const char* name));
     MOCK_METHOD2(UpdateProgress, void(const std::string&, int));
@@ -136,10 +135,9 @@
     }
 
     void ExpectBugreportzVersion(const std::string& version) {
-        EXPECT_CALL(br_,
-                    SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -v", false, _))
-            .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStderr(version.c_str())),
-                            WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone(0))));
+        EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -v", false, _))
+            .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStderr(version.c_str())),
+                            WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone(0))));
     }
 
     void ExpectProgress(int progress_percentage, const std::string& file = "file.zip") {
@@ -153,26 +151,26 @@
 // Tests when called with invalid number of arguments
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, InvalidNumberArgs) {
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "to", "principal"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 3, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, br_.DoIt(3, args));
 }
 
 // Tests the 'adb bugreport' option when the device does not support 'bugreportz' - it falls back
 // to the flat-file format ('bugreport' binary on device)
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, NoArgumentsPreNDevice) {
     // clang-format off
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -v", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStderr("")),
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -v", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStderr("")),
                         // Write some bogus output on stdout to make sure it's ignored
-                        WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("Dude, where is my bugreportz?")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone(0))));
+                        WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("Dude, where is my bugreportz?")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone(0))));
     // clang-format on
     std::string bugreport = "Reported the bug was.";
     CaptureStdout();
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreport", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout(bugreport)), Return(0)));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreport", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout(bugreport)), Return(0)));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 1, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(1, args));
     ASSERT_THAT(GetCapturedStdout(), StrEq(bugreport));
 }
 
@@ -183,15 +181,15 @@
 
     std::string dest_file =
         android::base::StringPrintf("%s%cda_bugreport.zip", cwd_.c_str(), OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/da_bugreport.zip")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/da_bugreport.zip")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/da_bugreport.zip")), StrEq(dest_file),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling da_bugreport.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling da_bugreport.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 1, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(1, args));
 }
 
 // Tests the 'adb bugreport' option when the device supports 'bugreportz' version 1.1 - it will
@@ -201,47 +199,47 @@
     std::string dest_file =
         android::base::StringPrintf("%s%cda_bugreport.zip", cwd_.c_str(), OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
     ExpectProgress(50, "da_bugreport.zip");
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/da_bugreport.zip\n")),
-                        WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:50/100\n")),
-                        WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/da_bugreport.zip\n")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/da_bugreport.zip\n")),
+                        WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:50/100\n")),
+                        WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/da_bugreport.zip\n")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/da_bugreport.zip")), StrEq(dest_file),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling da_bugreport.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling da_bugreport.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 1, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(1, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when it succeeds and device does not support progress.
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, OkNDevice) {
     ExpectBugreportzVersion("1.0");
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/bugreport.zip")), StrEq("file.zip"),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when it succeeds but response was sent in
 // multiple buffer writers and without progress updates.
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, OkNDeviceSplitBuffer) {
     ExpectBugreportzVersion("1.0");
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device")),
-                        WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("/bugreport.zip")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device")),
+                        WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("/bugreport.zip")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/bugreport.zip")), StrEq("file.zip"),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when it succeeds and displays progress.
@@ -252,32 +250,32 @@
     ExpectProgress(50);
     ExpectProgress(99);
     // clang-format off
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
         // NOTE: DoAll accepts at most 10 arguments, and we're almost reached that limit...
         .WillOnce(DoAll(
             // Name might change on OK, so make sure the right one is picked.
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/bugreport___NOT.zip\n")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/bugreport___NOT.zip\n")),
             // Progress line in one write
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:1/100\n")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:1/100\n")),
             // Add some bogus lines
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("\nDUDE:SWEET\n\nBLA\n\nBLA\nBLA\n\n")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("\nDUDE:SWEET\n\nBLA\n\nBLA\nBLA\n\n")),
             // Multiple progress lines in one write
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:10/100\nPROGRESS:50/100\n")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:10/100\nPROGRESS:50/100\n")),
             // Progress line in multiple writes
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROG")),
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("RESS:99")),
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("/100\n")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROG")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("RESS:99")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("/100\n")),
             // Split last message as well, just in case
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport")),
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout(".zip")),
-            WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout(".zip")),
+            WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     // clang-format on
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/bugreport.zip")), StrEq("file.zip"),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when it succeeds and displays progress, even if progress recedes.
@@ -287,28 +285,28 @@
     ExpectProgress(50);
     ExpectProgress(75);
     // clang-format off
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
         // NOTE: DoAll accepts at most 10 arguments, and we're almost reached that limit...
         .WillOnce(DoAll(
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/bugreport.zip\n")),
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:1/100\n")), // 1%
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:50/100\n")), // 50%
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/bugreport.zip\n")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:1/100\n")), // 1%
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:50/100\n")), // 50%
             // 25% should be ignored becaused it receded.
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:25/100\n")), // 25%
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:75/100\n")), // 75%
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:25/100\n")), // 25%
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:75/100\n")), // 75%
             // 75% should be ignored becaused it didn't change.
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:75/100\n")), // 75%
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:75/100\n")), // 75%
             // Try a receeding percentage with a different max progress
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:700/1000\n")), // 70%
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip")),
-            WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:700/1000\n")), // 70%
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip")),
+            WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     // clang-format on
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/bugreport.zip")), StrEq("file.zip"),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when it succeeds and displays the initial progress of 0%
@@ -317,21 +315,21 @@
     ExpectProgress(0);
     ExpectProgress(1);
     // clang-format off
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
         // NOTE: DoAll accepts at most 10 arguments, and we're almost reached that limit...
         .WillOnce(DoAll(
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/bugreport.zip\n")),
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:1/100000\n")),
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:1/100\n")), // 1%
-            WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip")),
-            WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/bugreport.zip\n")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:1/100000\n")),
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("PROGRESS:1/100\n")), // 1%
+            WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip")),
+            WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     // clang-format on
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/bugreport.zip")), StrEq("file.zip"),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport dir' when it succeeds and destination is a directory.
@@ -341,30 +339,30 @@
     std::string dest_file =
         android::base::StringPrintf("%s%cda_bugreport.zip", td.path, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/da_bugreport.zip\n")),
-                        WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/da_bugreport.zip")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/da_bugreport.zip\n")),
+                        WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/da_bugreport.zip")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/da_bugreport.zip")), StrEq(dest_file),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling da_bugreport.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling da_bugreport.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", td.path};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file' when it succeeds
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, OkNoExtension) {
     ExpectBugreportzVersion("1.1");
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip\n")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip\n")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/bugreport.zip")), StrEq("file.zip"),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling file.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport dir' when it succeeds and destination is a directory and device runs N.
@@ -374,28 +372,28 @@
     std::string dest_file =
         android::base::StringPrintf("%s%cda_bugreport.zip", td.path, OS_PATH_SEPARATOR);
 
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/da_bugreport.zip\n")),
-                        WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/da_bugreport.zip")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("BEGIN:/device/da_bugreport.zip\n")),
+                        WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/da_bugreport.zip")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/da_bugreport.zip")), StrEq(dest_file),
-                                true, StrEq("pulling da_bugreport.zip")))
+                                false, StrEq("pulling da_bugreport.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(true));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", td.path};
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when the bugreport itself failed
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, BugreportzReturnedFail) {
     ExpectBugreportzVersion("1.1");
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
         .WillOnce(
-            DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("FAIL:D'OH!\n")), WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+            DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("FAIL:D'OH!\n")), WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
 
     CaptureStderr();
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(-1, br_.DoIt(2, args));
     ASSERT_THAT(GetCapturedStderr(), HasSubstr("D'OH!"));
 }
 
@@ -404,13 +402,13 @@
 // multiple buffer writes
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, BugreportzReturnedFailSplitBuffer) {
     ExpectBugreportzVersion("1.1");
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("FAIL")), WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout(":D'OH!\n")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("FAIL")), WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout(":D'OH!\n")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
 
     CaptureStderr();
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(-1, br_.DoIt(2, args));
     ASSERT_THAT(GetCapturedStderr(), HasSubstr("D'OH!"));
 }
 
@@ -418,23 +416,22 @@
 // response.
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, BugreportzReturnedUnsupported) {
     ExpectBugreportzVersion("1.1");
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("bugreportz? What am I, a zombie?")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("bugreportz? What am I, a zombie?")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
 
     CaptureStderr();
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(-1, br_.DoIt(2, args));
     ASSERT_THAT(GetCapturedStderr(), HasSubstr("bugreportz? What am I, a zombie?"));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when the bugreportz -v command failed
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, BugreportzVersionFailed) {
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -v", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(Return(666));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -v", false, _)).WillOnce(Return(666));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(666, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(666, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when the bugreportz -v returns status 0 but with no output.
@@ -442,29 +439,28 @@
     ExpectBugreportzVersion("");
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(-1, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(-1, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when the main bugreportz command failed
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, BugreportzFailed) {
     ExpectBugreportzVersion("1.1");
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(Return(666));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _)).WillOnce(Return(666));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(666, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(666, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
 
 // Tests 'adb bugreport file.zip' when the bugreport could not be pulled
 TEST_F(BugreportTest, PullFails) {
     ExpectBugreportzVersion("1.1");
-    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", "bugreportz -p", false, _))
-        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<4>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip")),
-                        WithArg<4>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
+    EXPECT_CALL(br_, SendShellCommand("bugreportz -p", false, _))
+        .WillOnce(DoAll(WithArg<2>(WriteOnStdout("OK:/device/bugreport.zip")),
+                        WithArg<2>(ReturnCallbackDone())));
     EXPECT_CALL(br_, DoSyncPull(ElementsAre(StrEq("/device/bugreport.zip")), StrEq("file.zip"),
-                                true, HasSubstr("file.zip")))
+                                false, HasSubstr("file.zip")))
         .WillOnce(Return(false));
 
     const char* args[] = {"bugreport", "file.zip"};
-    ASSERT_EQ(1, br_.DoIt(kTransportLocal, "HannibalLecter", 2, args));
+    ASSERT_EQ(1, br_.DoIt(2, args));
 }
diff --git a/adb/client/main.cpp b/adb/client/main.cpp
index 62798cd..f0d0ce7 100644
--- a/adb/client/main.cpp
+++ b/adb/client/main.cpp
@@ -39,33 +39,7 @@
 #include "sysdeps/chrono.h"
 #include "transport.h"
 
-static std::string GetLogFilePath() {
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-    const char log_name[] = "adb.log";
-    WCHAR temp_path[MAX_PATH];
-
-    // https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa364992%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
-    DWORD nchars = GetTempPathW(arraysize(temp_path), temp_path);
-    if (nchars >= arraysize(temp_path) || nchars == 0) {
-        // If string truncation or some other error.
-        fatal("cannot retrieve temporary file path: %s\n",
-              android::base::SystemErrorCodeToString(GetLastError()).c_str());
-    }
-
-    std::string temp_path_utf8;
-    if (!android::base::WideToUTF8(temp_path, &temp_path_utf8)) {
-        fatal_errno("cannot convert temporary file path from UTF-16 to UTF-8");
-    }
-
-    return temp_path_utf8 + log_name;
-#else
-    const char* tmp_dir = getenv("TMPDIR");
-    if (tmp_dir == nullptr) tmp_dir = "/tmp";
-    return android::base::StringPrintf("%s/adb.%u.log", tmp_dir, getuid());
-#endif
-}
-
-static void setup_daemon_logging(void) {
+static void setup_daemon_logging() {
     const std::string log_file_path(GetLogFilePath());
     int fd = unix_open(log_file_path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_APPEND, 0640);
     if (fd == -1) {
diff --git a/adb/commandline.cpp b/adb/commandline.cpp
index c9f1ee9..d126f52 100644
--- a/adb/commandline.cpp
+++ b/adb/commandline.cpp
@@ -62,11 +62,11 @@
 #include "shell_service.h"
 #include "sysdeps/chrono.h"
 
-static int install_app(TransportType t, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv);
-static int install_multiple_app(TransportType t, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv);
-static int uninstall_app(TransportType t, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv);
-static int install_app_legacy(TransportType t, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv);
-static int uninstall_app_legacy(TransportType t, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv);
+static int install_app(int argc, const char** argv);
+static int install_multiple_app(int argc, const char** argv);
+static int uninstall_app(int argc, const char** argv);
+static int install_app_legacy(int argc, const char** argv);
+static int uninstall_app_legacy(int argc, const char** argv);
 
 extern int gListenAll;
 
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@
         " -d         use USB device (error if multiple devices connected)\n"
         " -e         use TCP/IP device (error if multiple TCP/IP devices available)\n"
         " -s SERIAL  use device with given serial (overrides $ANDROID_SERIAL)\n"
+        " -t ID      use device with given transport id\n"
         " -H         name of adb server host [default=localhost]\n"
         " -P         port of adb server [default=5037]\n"
         " -L SOCKET  listen on given socket for adb server [default=tcp:localhost:5037]\n"
@@ -685,6 +686,10 @@
 
     // Parse shell-specific command-line options.
     argv[0] = "adb shell"; // So getopt(3) error messages start "adb shell".
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    // fixes "adb shell -l" crash on Windows, b/37284906
+    __argv = const_cast<char**>(argv);
+#endif
     optind = 1; // argv[0] is always "shell", so set `optind` appropriately.
     int opt;
     while ((opt = getopt(argc, const_cast<char**>(argv), "+e:ntTx")) != -1) {
@@ -986,13 +991,16 @@
 #endif /* !defined(_WIN32) */
 }
 
-static bool wait_for_device(const char* service, TransportType t, const char* serial) {
+static bool wait_for_device(const char* service) {
     std::vector<std::string> components = android::base::Split(service, "-");
     if (components.size() < 3 || components.size() > 4) {
         fprintf(stderr, "adb: couldn't parse 'wait-for' command: %s\n", service);
         return false;
     }
 
+    TransportType t;
+    adb_get_transport(&t, nullptr, nullptr);
+
     // Was the caller vague about what they'd like us to wait for?
     // If so, check they weren't more specific in their choice of transport type.
     if (components.size() == 3) {
@@ -1019,7 +1027,7 @@
         return false;
     }
 
-    std::string cmd = format_host_command(android::base::Join(components, "-").c_str(), t, serial);
+    std::string cmd = format_host_command(android::base::Join(components, "-").c_str());
     return adb_command(cmd);
 }
 
@@ -1065,8 +1073,8 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-int send_shell_command(TransportType transport_type, const char* serial, const std::string& command,
-                       bool disable_shell_protocol, StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback) {
+int send_shell_command(const std::string& command, bool disable_shell_protocol,
+                       StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback) {
     int fd;
     bool use_shell_protocol = false;
 
@@ -1097,7 +1105,7 @@
         }
 
         fprintf(stderr, "- waiting for device -\n");
-        if (!wait_for_device("wait-for-device", transport_type, serial)) {
+        if (!wait_for_device("wait-for-device")) {
             return 1;
         }
     }
@@ -1111,7 +1119,7 @@
     return exit_code;
 }
 
-static int logcat(TransportType transport, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv) {
+static int logcat(int argc, const char** argv) {
     char* log_tags = getenv("ANDROID_LOG_TAGS");
     std::string quoted = escape_arg(log_tags == nullptr ? "" : log_tags);
 
@@ -1128,7 +1136,7 @@
     }
 
     // No need for shell protocol with logcat, always disable for simplicity.
-    return send_shell_command(transport, serial, cmd, true);
+    return send_shell_command(cmd, true);
 }
 
 static void write_zeros(int bytes, int fd) {
@@ -1340,6 +1348,7 @@
 
     // We need to check for -d and -e before we look at $ANDROID_SERIAL.
     const char* serial = nullptr;
+    TransportId transport_id = 0;
 
     while (argc > 0) {
         if (!strcmp(argv[0],"server")) {
@@ -1359,7 +1368,7 @@
                 fprintf(stderr, "adb: invalid reply fd \"%s\"\n", reply_fd_str);
                 return 1;
             }
-        } else if (argv[0][0]=='-' && argv[0][1]=='s') {
+        } else if (!strncmp(argv[0], "-s", 2)) {
             if (isdigit(argv[0][2])) {
                 serial = argv[0] + 2;
             } else {
@@ -1368,6 +1377,19 @@
                 argc--;
                 argv++;
             }
+        } else if (!strncmp(argv[0], "-t", 2)) {
+            const char* id;
+            if (isdigit(argv[0][2])) {
+                id = argv[0] + 2;
+            } else {
+                id = argv[1];
+                argc--;
+                argv++;
+            }
+            transport_id = strtoll(id, const_cast<char**>(&id), 10);
+            if (*id != '\0') {
+                return syntax_error("invalid transport id");
+            }
         } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"-d")) {
             transport_type = kTransportUsb;
         } else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"-e")) {
@@ -1451,7 +1473,7 @@
         serial = getenv("ANDROID_SERIAL");
     }
 
-    adb_set_transport(transport_type, serial);
+    adb_set_transport(transport_type, serial, transport_id);
 
     if (is_server) {
         if (no_daemon || is_daemon) {
@@ -1478,7 +1500,7 @@
     if (!strncmp(argv[0], "wait-for-", strlen("wait-for-"))) {
         const char* service = argv[0];
 
-        if (!wait_for_device(service, transport_type, serial)) {
+        if (!wait_for_device(service)) {
             return 1;
         }
 
@@ -1566,9 +1588,13 @@
         } else {
             return 0;
         }
-    }
-    else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "tcpip") && argc > 1) {
-        return adb_connect_command(android::base::StringPrintf("tcpip:%s", argv[1]));
+    } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "tcpip")) {
+        if (argc != 2) return syntax_error("tcpip requires an argument");
+        int port;
+        if (!android::base::ParseInt(argv[1], &port, 1, 65535)) {
+            return syntax_error("tcpip: invalid port: %s", argv[1]);
+        }
+        return adb_connect_command(android::base::StringPrintf("tcpip:%d", port));
     }
     else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "remount") ||
              !strcmp(argv[0], "reboot") ||
@@ -1589,7 +1615,7 @@
         return adb_root(argv[0]) ? 0 : 1;
     } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "bugreport")) {
         Bugreport bugreport;
-        return bugreport.DoIt(transport_type, serial, argc, argv);
+        return bugreport.DoIt(argc, argv);
     } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "forward") || !strcmp(argv[0], "reverse")) {
         bool reverse = !strcmp(argv[0], "reverse");
         ++argv;
@@ -1685,20 +1711,20 @@
     else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "install")) {
         if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("install requires an argument");
         if (_use_legacy_install()) {
-            return install_app_legacy(transport_type, serial, argc, argv);
+            return install_app_legacy(argc, argv);
         }
-        return install_app(transport_type, serial, argc, argv);
+        return install_app(argc, argv);
     }
     else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "install-multiple")) {
         if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("install-multiple requires an argument");
-        return install_multiple_app(transport_type, serial, argc, argv);
+        return install_multiple_app(argc, argv);
     }
     else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "uninstall")) {
         if (argc < 2) return syntax_error("uninstall requires an argument");
         if (_use_legacy_install()) {
-            return uninstall_app_legacy(transport_type, serial, argc, argv);
+            return uninstall_app_legacy(argc, argv);
         }
-        return uninstall_app(transport_type, serial, argc, argv);
+        return uninstall_app(argc, argv);
     }
     else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "sync")) {
         std::string src;
@@ -1752,11 +1778,11 @@
         !strcmp(argv[0],"get-serialno") ||
         !strcmp(argv[0],"get-devpath"))
     {
-        return adb_query_command(format_host_command(argv[0], transport_type, serial));
+        return adb_query_command(format_host_command(argv[0]));
     }
     /* other commands */
     else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"logcat") || !strcmp(argv[0],"lolcat") || !strcmp(argv[0],"longcat")) {
-        return logcat(transport_type, serial, argc, argv);
+        return logcat(argc, argv);
     }
     else if (!strcmp(argv[0],"ppp")) {
         return ppp(argc, argv);
@@ -1819,7 +1845,7 @@
         return adb_query_command("host:host-features");
     } else if (!strcmp(argv[0], "reconnect")) {
         if (argc == 1) {
-            return adb_query_command(format_host_command(argv[0], transport_type, serial));
+            return adb_query_command(format_host_command(argv[0]));
         } else if (argc == 2) {
             if (!strcmp(argv[1], "device")) {
                 std::string err;
@@ -1838,7 +1864,7 @@
     return 1;
 }
 
-static int uninstall_app(TransportType transport, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv) {
+static int uninstall_app(int argc, const char** argv) {
     // 'adb uninstall' takes the same arguments as 'cmd package uninstall' on device
     std::string cmd = "cmd package";
     while (argc-- > 0) {
@@ -1854,10 +1880,10 @@
         cmd += " " + escape_arg(*argv++);
     }
 
-    return send_shell_command(transport, serial, cmd, false);
+    return send_shell_command(cmd, false);
 }
 
-static int install_app(TransportType transport, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv) {
+static int install_app(int argc, const char** argv) {
     // The last argument must be the APK file
     const char* file = argv[argc - 1];
     if (!android::base::EndsWithIgnoreCase(file, ".apk")) {
@@ -1910,9 +1936,7 @@
     return 1;
 }
 
-static int install_multiple_app(TransportType transport, const char* serial, int argc,
-                                const char** argv)
-{
+static int install_multiple_app(int argc, const char** argv) {
     // Find all APK arguments starting at end.
     // All other arguments passed through verbatim.
     int first_apk = -1;
@@ -2037,17 +2061,17 @@
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 }
 
-static int pm_command(TransportType transport, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv) {
+static int pm_command(int argc, const char** argv) {
     std::string cmd = "pm";
 
     while (argc-- > 0) {
         cmd += " " + escape_arg(*argv++);
     }
 
-    return send_shell_command(transport, serial, cmd, false);
+    return send_shell_command(cmd, false);
 }
 
-static int uninstall_app_legacy(TransportType transport, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv) {
+static int uninstall_app_legacy(int argc, const char** argv) {
     /* if the user choose the -k option, we refuse to do it until devices are
        out with the option to uninstall the remaining data somehow (adb/ui) */
     int i;
@@ -2063,15 +2087,15 @@
     }
 
     /* 'adb uninstall' takes the same arguments as 'pm uninstall' on device */
-    return pm_command(transport, serial, argc, argv);
+    return pm_command(argc, argv);
 }
 
-static int delete_file(TransportType transport, const char* serial, const std::string& filename) {
+static int delete_file(const std::string& filename) {
     std::string cmd = "rm -f " + escape_arg(filename);
-    return send_shell_command(transport, serial, cmd, false);
+    return send_shell_command(cmd, false);
 }
 
-static int install_app_legacy(TransportType transport, const char* serial, int argc, const char** argv) {
+static int install_app_legacy(int argc, const char** argv) {
     static const char *const DATA_DEST = "/data/local/tmp/%s";
     static const char *const SD_DEST = "/sdcard/tmp/%s";
     const char* where = DATA_DEST;
@@ -2100,9 +2124,9 @@
         where, android::base::Basename(argv[last_apk]).c_str());
     if (!do_sync_push(apk_file, apk_dest.c_str(), false)) goto cleanup_apk;
     argv[last_apk] = apk_dest.c_str(); /* destination name, not source location */
-    result = pm_command(transport, serial, argc, argv);
+    result = pm_command(argc, argv);
 
 cleanup_apk:
-    delete_file(transport, serial, apk_dest);
+    delete_file(apk_dest);
     return result;
 }
diff --git a/adb/commandline.h b/adb/commandline.h
index 9ba69a3..36cd798 100644
--- a/adb/commandline.h
+++ b/adb/commandline.h
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@
 // Connects to the device "shell" service with |command| and prints the
 // resulting output.
 // if |callback| is non-null, stdout/stderr output will be handled by it.
-int send_shell_command(TransportType transport_type, const char* serial, const std::string& command,
-                       bool disable_shell_protocol, StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback =
-                                                        &DEFAULT_STANDARD_STREAMS_CALLBACK);
+int send_shell_command(
+    const std::string& command, bool disable_shell_protocol,
+    StandardStreamsCallbackInterface* callback = &DEFAULT_STANDARD_STREAMS_CALLBACK);
 
 #endif  // COMMANDLINE_H
diff --git a/adb/daemon/usb.cpp b/adb/daemon/usb.cpp
index 0f92282..87ed3db 100644
--- a/adb/daemon/usb.cpp
+++ b/adb/daemon/usb.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -49,16 +50,11 @@
 #define MAX_PACKET_SIZE_HS 512
 #define MAX_PACKET_SIZE_SS 1024
 
-// Kernels before 3.3 have a 16KiB transfer limit  That limit was replaced
-// with a 16MiB global limit in 3.3, but each URB submitted required a
-// contiguous kernel allocation, so you would get ENOMEM if you tried to
-// send something larger than the biggest available contiguous kernel
-// memory region. Large contiguous allocations could be unreliable
-// on a device kernel that has been running for a while fragmenting its
-// memory so we start with a larger allocation, and shrink the amount if
-// necessary.
 #define USB_FFS_BULK_SIZE 16384
 
+// Number of buffers needed to fit MAX_PAYLOAD, with an extra for ZLPs.
+#define USB_FFS_NUM_BUFS ((MAX_PAYLOAD / USB_FFS_BULK_SIZE) + 1)
+
 #define cpu_to_le16(x) htole16(x)
 #define cpu_to_le32(x) htole32(x)
 
@@ -234,6 +230,26 @@
     },
 };
 
+static void aio_block_init(aio_block* aiob) {
+    aiob->iocb.resize(USB_FFS_NUM_BUFS);
+    aiob->iocbs.resize(USB_FFS_NUM_BUFS);
+    aiob->events.resize(USB_FFS_NUM_BUFS);
+    aiob->num_submitted = 0;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < USB_FFS_NUM_BUFS; i++) {
+        aiob->iocbs[i] = &aiob->iocb[i];
+    }
+}
+
+static int getMaxPacketSize(int ffs_fd) {
+    usb_endpoint_descriptor desc;
+    if (ioctl(ffs_fd, FUNCTIONFS_ENDPOINT_DESC, reinterpret_cast<unsigned long>(&desc))) {
+        D("[ could not get endpoint descriptor! (%d) ]", errno);
+        return MAX_PACKET_SIZE_HS;
+    } else {
+        return desc.wMaxPacketSize;
+    }
+}
+
 bool init_functionfs(struct usb_handle* h) {
     LOG(INFO) << "initializing functionfs";
 
@@ -301,6 +317,14 @@
         goto err;
     }
 
+    if (io_setup(USB_FFS_NUM_BUFS, &h->read_aiob.ctx) ||
+        io_setup(USB_FFS_NUM_BUFS, &h->write_aiob.ctx)) {
+        D("[ aio: got error on io_setup (%d) ]", errno);
+    }
+
+    h->read_aiob.fd = h->bulk_out;
+    h->write_aiob.fd = h->bulk_in;
+
     h->max_rw = MAX_PAYLOAD;
     while (h->max_rw >= USB_FFS_BULK_SIZE && retries < ENDPOINT_ALLOC_RETRIES) {
         int ret_in = ioctl(h->bulk_in, FUNCTIONFS_ENDPOINT_ALLOC, static_cast<__u32>(h->max_rw));
@@ -410,6 +434,65 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int usb_ffs_do_aio(usb_handle* h, const void* data, int len, bool read) {
+    aio_block* aiob = read ? &h->read_aiob : &h->write_aiob;
+    bool zero_packet = false;
+
+    int num_bufs = len / USB_FFS_BULK_SIZE + (len % USB_FFS_BULK_SIZE == 0 ? 0 : 1);
+    const char* cur_data = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(data);
+    int packet_size = getMaxPacketSize(aiob->fd);
+
+    if (posix_madvise(const_cast<void*>(data), len, POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL | POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED) <
+        0) {
+        D("[ Failed to madvise: %d ]", errno);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_bufs; i++) {
+        int buf_len = std::min(len, USB_FFS_BULK_SIZE);
+        io_prep(&aiob->iocb[i], aiob->fd, cur_data, buf_len, 0, read);
+
+        len -= buf_len;
+        cur_data += buf_len;
+
+        if (len == 0 && buf_len % packet_size == 0 && read) {
+            // adb does not expect the device to send a zero packet after data transfer,
+            // but the host *does* send a zero packet for the device to read.
+            zero_packet = true;
+        }
+    }
+    if (zero_packet) {
+        io_prep(&aiob->iocb[num_bufs], aiob->fd, reinterpret_cast<const void*>(cur_data),
+                packet_size, 0, read);
+        num_bufs += 1;
+    }
+
+    if (io_submit(aiob->ctx, num_bufs, aiob->iocbs.data()) < num_bufs) {
+        D("[ aio: got error submitting %s (%d) ]", read ? "read" : "write", errno);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
+            io_getevents(aiob->ctx, num_bufs, num_bufs, aiob->events.data(), nullptr)) < num_bufs) {
+        D("[ aio: got error waiting %s (%d) ]", read ? "read" : "write", errno);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < num_bufs; i++) {
+        if (aiob->events[i].res < 0) {
+            errno = aiob->events[i].res;
+            D("[ aio: got error event on %s (%d) ]", read ? "read" : "write", errno);
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int usb_ffs_aio_read(usb_handle* h, void* data, int len) {
+    return usb_ffs_do_aio(h, data, len, true);
+}
+
+static int usb_ffs_aio_write(usb_handle* h, const void* data, int len) {
+    return usb_ffs_do_aio(h, data, len, false);
+}
+
 static void usb_ffs_kick(usb_handle* h) {
     int err;
 
@@ -438,6 +521,9 @@
     h->kicked = false;
     adb_close(h->bulk_out);
     adb_close(h->bulk_in);
+    io_destroy(h->read_aiob.ctx);
+    io_destroy(h->write_aiob.ctx);
+
     // Notify usb_adb_open_thread to open a new connection.
     h->lock.lock();
     h->open_new_connection = true;
@@ -450,8 +536,17 @@
 
     usb_handle* h = new usb_handle();
 
-    h->write = usb_ffs_write;
-    h->read = usb_ffs_read;
+    if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("sys.usb.ffs.aio_compat", false)) {
+        // Devices on older kernels (< 3.18) will not have aio support for ffs
+        // unless backported. Fall back on the non-aio functions instead.
+        h->write = usb_ffs_write;
+        h->read = usb_ffs_read;
+    } else {
+        h->write = usb_ffs_aio_write;
+        h->read = usb_ffs_aio_read;
+        aio_block_init(&h->read_aiob);
+        aio_block_init(&h->write_aiob);
+    }
     h->kick = usb_ffs_kick;
     h->close = usb_ffs_close;
 
diff --git a/adb/daemon/usb.h b/adb/daemon/usb.h
index 55b5995..db1a6d6 100644
--- a/adb/daemon/usb.h
+++ b/adb/daemon/usb.h
@@ -20,6 +20,17 @@
 #include <condition_variable>
 #include <mutex>
 
+#include <asyncio/AsyncIO.h>
+
+struct aio_block {
+    std::vector<struct iocb> iocb;
+    std::vector<struct iocb*> iocbs;
+    std::vector<struct io_event> events;
+    aio_context_t ctx;
+    int num_submitted;
+    int fd;
+};
+
 struct usb_handle {
     usb_handle() : kicked(false) {
     }
@@ -39,7 +50,11 @@
     int bulk_out = -1; /* "out" from the host's perspective => source for adbd */
     int bulk_in = -1;  /* "in" from the host's perspective => sink for adbd */
 
+    // Access to these blocks is very not thread safe. Have one block for both the
+    // read and write threads.
+    struct aio_block read_aiob;
+    struct aio_block write_aiob;
+
     int max_rw;
 };
 
-bool init_functionfs(struct usb_handle* h);
diff --git a/adb/file_sync_client.cpp b/adb/file_sync_client.cpp
index 2576fb1..26f8d83 100644
--- a/adb/file_sync_client.cpp
+++ b/adb/file_sync_client.cpp
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@
         syncsendbuf sbuf;
         sbuf.id = ID_DATA;
         while (true) {
-            int bytes_read = adb_read(lfd, sbuf.data, max);
+            int bytes_read = adb_read(lfd, sbuf.data, max - sizeof(SyncRequest));
             if (bytes_read == -1) {
                 Error("reading '%s' locally failed: %s", lpath, strerror(errno));
                 adb_close(lfd);
diff --git a/adb/file_sync_service.cpp b/adb/file_sync_service.cpp
index 2acf661..c6f3e66 100644
--- a/adb/file_sync_service.cpp
+++ b/adb/file_sync_service.cpp
@@ -206,6 +206,12 @@
     __android_log_security_bswrite(SEC_TAG_ADB_SEND_FILE, path);
 
     int fd = adb_open_mode(path, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_CLOEXEC, mode);
+
+    if (posix_fadvise(fd, 0, 0, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL | POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE | POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED) <
+        0) {
+        D("[ Failed to fadvise: %d ]", errno);
+    }
+
     if (fd < 0 && errno == ENOENT) {
         if (!secure_mkdirs(android::base::Dirname(path))) {
             SendSyncFailErrno(s, "secure_mkdirs failed");
@@ -283,25 +289,25 @@
     // reading and throwing away ID_DATA packets until the other side notices
     // that we've reported an error.
     while (true) {
-        if (!ReadFdExactly(s, &msg.data, sizeof(msg.data))) goto fail;
+        if (!ReadFdExactly(s, &msg.data, sizeof(msg.data))) break;
 
         if (msg.data.id == ID_DONE) {
-            goto abort;
+            break;
         } else if (msg.data.id != ID_DATA) {
             char id[5];
             memcpy(id, &msg.data.id, sizeof(msg.data.id));
             id[4] = '\0';
             D("handle_send_fail received unexpected id '%s' during failure", id);
-            goto abort;
+            break;
         }
 
         if (msg.data.size > buffer.size()) {
             D("handle_send_fail received oversized packet of length '%u' during failure",
               msg.data.size);
-            goto abort;
+            break;
         }
 
-        if (!ReadFdExactly(s, &buffer[0], msg.data.size)) goto abort;
+        if (!ReadFdExactly(s, &buffer[0], msg.data.size)) break;
     }
 
 abort:
@@ -413,10 +419,14 @@
         return false;
     }
 
+    if (posix_fadvise(fd, 0, 0, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL | POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE) < 0) {
+        D("[ Failed to fadvise: %d ]", errno);
+    }
+
     syncmsg msg;
     msg.data.id = ID_DATA;
     while (true) {
-        int r = adb_read(fd, &buffer[0], buffer.size());
+        int r = adb_read(fd, &buffer[0], buffer.size() - sizeof(msg.data));
         if (r <= 0) {
             if (r == 0) break;
             SendSyncFailErrno(s, "read failed");
diff --git a/adb/services.cpp b/adb/services.cpp
index 9605e6e..dbf71d3 100644
--- a/adb/services.cpp
+++ b/adb/services.cpp
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@
         return -1;
     }
     VLOG(SERVICES) << "service socketpair: " << s[0] << ", " << s[1];
-    if (handle_forward_request(command, kTransportAny, nullptr, s[1]) < 0) {
+    if (handle_forward_request(command, kTransportAny, nullptr, 0, s[1]) < 0) {
         SendFail(s[1], "not a reverse forwarding command");
     }
     adb_close(s[1]);
@@ -334,6 +334,7 @@
 struct state_info {
     TransportType transport_type;
     std::string serial;
+    TransportId transport_id;
     ConnectionState state;
 };
 
@@ -346,7 +347,8 @@
         bool is_ambiguous = false;
         std::string error = "unknown error";
         const char* serial = sinfo->serial.length() ? sinfo->serial.c_str() : NULL;
-        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(sinfo->transport_type, serial, &is_ambiguous, &error);
+        atransport* t = acquire_one_transport(sinfo->transport_type, serial, sinfo->transport_id,
+                                              &is_ambiguous, &error);
         if (t != nullptr && (sinfo->state == kCsAny || sinfo->state == t->GetConnectionState())) {
             SendOkay(fd);
             break;
@@ -437,9 +439,11 @@
 #endif
 
 #if ADB_HOST
-asocket* host_service_to_socket(const char* name, const char* serial) {
+asocket* host_service_to_socket(const char* name, const char* serial, TransportId transport_id) {
     if (!strcmp(name,"track-devices")) {
-        return create_device_tracker();
+        return create_device_tracker(false);
+    } else if (!strcmp(name, "track-devices-l")) {
+        return create_device_tracker(true);
     } else if (android::base::StartsWith(name, "wait-for-")) {
         name += strlen("wait-for-");
 
@@ -450,6 +454,7 @@
         }
 
         if (serial) sinfo->serial = serial;
+        sinfo->transport_id = transport_id;
 
         if (android::base::StartsWith(name, "local")) {
             name += strlen("local");
@@ -478,11 +483,17 @@
             return nullptr;
         }
 
-        int fd = create_service_thread(wait_for_state, sinfo.release());
+        int fd = create_service_thread(wait_for_state, sinfo.get());
+        if (fd != -1) {
+            sinfo.release();
+        }
         return create_local_socket(fd);
     } else if (!strncmp(name, "connect:", 8)) {
         char* host = strdup(name + 8);
         int fd = create_service_thread(connect_service, host);
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            free(host);
+        }
         return create_local_socket(fd);
     }
     return NULL;
diff --git a/adb/sockets.cpp b/adb/sockets.cpp
index e0143c6..f28a3df 100644
--- a/adb/sockets.cpp
+++ b/adb/sockets.cpp
@@ -430,10 +430,11 @@
 }
 
 #if ADB_HOST
-static asocket* create_host_service_socket(const char* name, const char* serial) {
+static asocket* create_host_service_socket(const char* name, const char* serial,
+                                           TransportId transport_id) {
     asocket* s;
 
-    s = host_service_to_socket(name, serial);
+    s = host_service_to_socket(name, serial, transport_id);
 
     if (s != NULL) {
         D("LS(%d) bound to '%s'", s->id, name);
@@ -658,6 +659,7 @@
 #if ADB_HOST
     char* service = nullptr;
     char* serial = nullptr;
+    TransportId transport_id = 0;
     TransportType type = kTransportAny;
 #endif
 
@@ -715,6 +717,14 @@
             serial = service;
             service = serial_end + 1;
         }
+    } else if (!strncmp(service, "host-transport-id:", strlen("host-transport-id:"))) {
+        service += strlen("host-transport-id:");
+        transport_id = strtoll(service, &service, 10);
+
+        if (*service != ':') {
+            return -1;
+        }
+        service++;
     } else if (!strncmp(service, "host-usb:", strlen("host-usb:"))) {
         type = kTransportUsb;
         service += strlen("host-usb:");
@@ -736,7 +746,7 @@
         ** the OKAY or FAIL message and all we have to do
         ** is clean up.
         */
-        if (handle_host_request(service, type, serial, s->peer->fd, s) == 0) {
+        if (handle_host_request(service, type, serial, transport_id, s->peer->fd, s) == 0) {
             /* XXX fail message? */
             D("SS(%d): handled host service '%s'", s->id, service);
             goto fail;
@@ -751,7 +761,7 @@
         ** if no such service exists, we'll fail out
         ** and tear down here.
         */
-        s2 = create_host_service_socket(service, serial);
+        s2 = create_host_service_socket(service, serial, transport_id);
         if (s2 == 0) {
             D("SS(%d): couldn't create host service '%s'", s->id, service);
             SendFail(s->peer->fd, "unknown host service");
@@ -783,7 +793,7 @@
 #else /* !ADB_HOST */
     if (s->transport == nullptr) {
         std::string error_msg = "unknown failure";
-        s->transport = acquire_one_transport(kTransportAny, nullptr, nullptr, &error_msg);
+        s->transport = acquire_one_transport(kTransportAny, nullptr, 0, nullptr, &error_msg);
         if (s->transport == nullptr) {
             SendFail(s->peer->fd, error_msg);
             goto fail;
diff --git a/adb/sysdeps.h b/adb/sysdeps.h
index 49c7847..0abb680 100644
--- a/adb/sysdeps.h
+++ b/adb/sysdeps.h
@@ -582,18 +582,12 @@
 #ifdef __APPLE__
     return pthread_setname_np(name.c_str());
 #else
-    const char *s = name.c_str();
-
-    // pthread_setname_np fails rather than truncating long strings.
-    const int max_task_comm_len = 16; // including the null terminator
-    if (name.length() > (max_task_comm_len - 1)) {
-        char buf[max_task_comm_len];
-        strncpy(buf, name.c_str(), sizeof(buf) - 1);
-        buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = '\0';
-        s = buf;
-    }
-
-    return pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), s) ;
+    // Both bionic and glibc's pthread_setname_np fails rather than truncating long strings.
+    // glibc doesn't have strlcpy, so we have to fake it.
+    char buf[16];  // MAX_TASK_COMM_LEN, but that's not exported by the kernel headers.
+    strncpy(buf, name.c_str(), sizeof(buf) - 1);
+    buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = '\0';
+    return pthread_setname_np(pthread_self(), buf);
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/adb/test_adb.py b/adb/test_adb.py
index cb3e0d8..98c8a59 100644
--- a/adb/test_adb.py
+++ b/adb/test_adb.py
@@ -60,13 +60,13 @@
                              stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
         out, _ = p.communicate()
         self.assertEqual(1, p.returncode)
-        self.assertIn('help message', out)
+        self.assertIn('requires an argument', out)
 
         p = subprocess.Popen(['adb', 'tcpip', 'foo'], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                              stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
         out, _ = p.communicate()
         self.assertEqual(1, p.returncode)
-        self.assertIn('error', out)
+        self.assertIn('invalid port', out)
 
     # Helper method that reads a pipe until it is closed, then sets the event.
     def _read_pipe_and_set_event(self, pipe, event):
diff --git a/adb/transport.cpp b/adb/transport.cpp
index 2bbbefd..b2e03a0 100644
--- a/adb/transport.cpp
+++ b/adb/transport.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@
 #include <android-base/quick_exit.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/thread_annotations.h>
 
 #include "adb.h"
 #include "adb_auth.h"
@@ -46,10 +48,11 @@
 
 static void transport_unref(atransport *t);
 
+// TODO: unordered_map<TransportId, atransport*>
 static auto& transport_list = *new std::list<atransport*>();
 static auto& pending_list = *new std::list<atransport*>();
 
-static std::mutex& transport_lock = *new std::mutex();
+static auto& transport_lock = *new std::recursive_mutex();
 
 const char* const kFeatureShell2 = "shell_v2";
 const char* const kFeatureCmd = "cmd";
@@ -57,6 +60,11 @@
 const char* const kFeatureLibusb = "libusb";
 const char* const kFeaturePushSync = "push_sync";
 
+TransportId NextTransportId() {
+    static std::atomic<TransportId> next(1);
+    return next++;
+}
+
 static std::string dump_packet(const char* name, const char* func, apacket* p) {
     unsigned command = p->msg.command;
     int len = p->msg.data_length;
@@ -298,9 +306,11 @@
 }
 
 void kick_transport(atransport* t) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     // As kick_transport() can be called from threads without guarantee that t is valid,
     // check if the transport is in transport_list first.
+    //
+    // TODO(jmgao): WTF? Is this actually true?
     if (std::find(transport_list.begin(), transport_list.end(), t) != transport_list.end()) {
         t->Kick();
     }
@@ -319,7 +329,8 @@
  */
 struct device_tracker {
     asocket socket;
-    int update_needed;
+    bool update_needed;
+    bool long_output;
     device_tracker* next;
 };
 
@@ -330,7 +341,7 @@
     device_tracker** pnode = &device_tracker_list;
     device_tracker* node = *pnode;
 
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     while (node) {
         if (node == tracker) {
             *pnode = node->next;
@@ -376,15 +387,15 @@
 
     // We want to send the device list when the tracker connects
     // for the first time, even if no update occurred.
-    if (tracker->update_needed > 0) {
-        tracker->update_needed = 0;
+    if (tracker->update_needed) {
+        tracker->update_needed = false;
 
-        std::string transports = list_transports(false);
+        std::string transports = list_transports(tracker->long_output);
         device_tracker_send(tracker, transports);
     }
 }
 
-asocket* create_device_tracker(void) {
+asocket* create_device_tracker(bool long_output) {
     device_tracker* tracker = reinterpret_cast<device_tracker*>(calloc(1, sizeof(*tracker)));
     if (tracker == nullptr) fatal("cannot allocate device tracker");
 
@@ -393,7 +404,8 @@
     tracker->socket.enqueue = device_tracker_enqueue;
     tracker->socket.ready = device_tracker_ready;
     tracker->socket.close = device_tracker_close;
-    tracker->update_needed = 1;
+    tracker->update_needed = true;
+    tracker->long_output = long_output;
 
     tracker->next = device_tracker_list;
     device_tracker_list = tracker;
@@ -403,7 +415,7 @@
 
 // Check if all of the USB transports are connected.
 bool iterate_transports(std::function<bool(const atransport*)> fn) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     for (const auto& t : transport_list) {
         if (!fn(t)) {
             return false;
@@ -507,7 +519,7 @@
         adb_close(t->fd);
 
         {
-            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+            std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
             transport_list.remove(t);
         }
 
@@ -546,7 +558,7 @@
     }
 
     {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+        std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
         pending_list.remove(t);
         transport_list.push_front(t);
     }
@@ -573,7 +585,7 @@
 
 void kick_all_transports() {
     // To avoid only writing part of a packet to a transport after exit, kick all transports.
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     for (auto t : transport_list) {
         t->Kick();
     }
@@ -638,11 +650,15 @@
     return !*to_test;
 }
 
-atransport* acquire_one_transport(TransportType type, const char* serial, bool* is_ambiguous,
-                                  std::string* error_out, bool accept_any_state) {
+atransport* acquire_one_transport(TransportType type, const char* serial, TransportId transport_id,
+                                  bool* is_ambiguous, std::string* error_out,
+                                  bool accept_any_state) {
     atransport* result = nullptr;
 
-    if (serial) {
+    if (transport_id != 0) {
+        *error_out =
+            android::base::StringPrintf("no device with transport id '%" PRIu64 "'", transport_id);
+    } else if (serial) {
         *error_out = android::base::StringPrintf("device '%s' not found", serial);
     } else if (type == kTransportLocal) {
         *error_out = "no emulators found";
@@ -652,7 +668,7 @@
         *error_out = "no devices found";
     }
 
-    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::unique_lock<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     for (const auto& t : transport_list) {
         if (t->GetConnectionState() == kCsNoPerm) {
 #if ADB_HOST
@@ -661,8 +677,12 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        // Check for matching serial number.
-        if (serial) {
+        if (transport_id) {
+            if (t->id == transport_id) {
+                result = t;
+                break;
+            }
+        } else if (serial) {
             if (t->MatchesTarget(serial)) {
                 if (result) {
                     *error_out = "more than one device";
@@ -889,18 +909,23 @@
 
 #if ADB_HOST
 
+// We use newline as our delimiter, make sure to never output it.
+static std::string sanitize(std::string str, bool alphanumeric) {
+    auto pred = alphanumeric ? [](const char c) { return !isalnum(c); }
+                             : [](const char c) { return c == '\n'; };
+    std::replace_if(str.begin(), str.end(), pred, '_');
+    return str;
+}
+
 static void append_transport_info(std::string* result, const char* key, const char* value,
-                                  bool sanitize) {
+                                  bool alphanumeric) {
     if (value == nullptr || *value == '\0') {
         return;
     }
 
     *result += ' ';
     *result += key;
-
-    for (const char* p = value; *p; ++p) {
-        result->push_back((!sanitize || isalnum(*p)) ? *p : '_');
-    }
+    *result += sanitize(value, alphanumeric);
 }
 
 static void append_transport(const atransport* t, std::string* result, bool long_listing) {
@@ -920,6 +945,11 @@
         append_transport_info(result, "product:", t->product, false);
         append_transport_info(result, "model:", t->model, true);
         append_transport_info(result, "device:", t->device, false);
+
+        // Put id at the end, so that anyone parsing the output here can always find it by scanning
+        // backwards from newlines, even with hypothetical devices named 'transport_id:1'.
+        *result += " transport_id:";
+        *result += std::to_string(t->id);
     }
     *result += '\n';
 }
@@ -927,7 +957,7 @@
 std::string list_transports(bool long_listing) {
     std::string result;
 
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     for (const auto& t : transport_list) {
         append_transport(t, &result, long_listing);
     }
@@ -935,7 +965,7 @@
 }
 
 void close_usb_devices(std::function<bool(const atransport*)> predicate) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     for (auto& t : transport_list) {
         if (predicate(t)) {
             t->Kick();
@@ -964,7 +994,7 @@
         return -1;
     }
 
-    std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::unique_lock<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     for (const auto& transport : pending_list) {
         if (transport->serial && strcmp(serial, transport->serial) == 0) {
             VLOG(TRANSPORT) << "socket transport " << transport->serial
@@ -996,7 +1026,7 @@
 atransport* find_transport(const char* serial) {
     atransport* result = nullptr;
 
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     for (auto& t : transport_list) {
         if (t->serial && strcmp(serial, t->serial) == 0) {
             result = t;
@@ -1008,7 +1038,7 @@
 }
 
 void kick_all_tcp_devices() {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     for (auto& t : transport_list) {
         if (t->IsTcpDevice()) {
             // Kicking breaks the read_transport thread of this transport out of any read, then
@@ -1037,7 +1067,7 @@
     }
 
     {
-        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+        std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
         pending_list.push_front(t);
     }
 
@@ -1046,7 +1076,7 @@
 
 // This should only be used for transports with connection_state == kCsNoPerm.
 void unregister_usb_transport(usb_handle* usb) {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(transport_lock);
+    std::lock_guard<std::recursive_mutex> lock(transport_lock);
     transport_list.remove_if(
         [usb](atransport* t) { return t->usb == usb && t->GetConnectionState() == kCsNoPerm; });
 }
diff --git a/adb/transport.h b/adb/transport.h
index 4a89ed9..00fad56 100644
--- a/adb/transport.h
+++ b/adb/transport.h
@@ -54,14 +54,17 @@
 // The server supports `push --sync`.
 extern const char* const kFeaturePushSync;
 
+TransportId NextTransportId();
+
 class atransport {
-public:
+  public:
     // TODO(danalbert): We expose waaaaaaay too much stuff because this was
     // historically just a struct, but making the whole thing a more idiomatic
     // class in one go is a very large change. Given how bad our testing is,
     // it's better to do this piece by piece.
 
-    atransport(ConnectionState state = kCsOffline) : ref_count(0), connection_state_(state) {
+    atransport(ConnectionState state = kCsOffline)
+        : id(NextTransportId()), ref_count(0), connection_state_(state) {
         transport_fde = {};
         protocol_version = A_VERSION;
         max_payload = MAX_PAYLOAD;
@@ -72,12 +75,8 @@
     void (*close)(atransport* t) = nullptr;
 
     void SetWriteFunction(int (*write_func)(apacket*, atransport*)) { write_func_ = write_func; }
-    void SetKickFunction(void (*kick_func)(atransport*)) {
-        kick_func_ = kick_func;
-    }
-    bool IsKicked() {
-        return kicked_;
-    }
+    void SetKickFunction(void (*kick_func)(atransport*)) { kick_func_ = kick_func; }
+    bool IsKicked() { return kicked_; }
     int Write(apacket* p);
     void Kick();
 
@@ -85,6 +84,7 @@
     ConnectionState GetConnectionState() const;
     void SetConnectionState(ConnectionState state);
 
+    const TransportId id;
     int fd = -1;
     int transport_socket = -1;
     fdevent transport_fde;
@@ -191,12 +191,14 @@
 /*
  * Obtain a transport from the available transports.
  * If serial is non-null then only the device with that serial will be chosen.
+ * If transport_id is non-zero then only the device with that transport ID will be chosen.
  * If multiple devices/emulators would match, *is_ambiguous (if non-null)
  * is set to true and nullptr returned.
  * If no suitable transport is found, error is set and nullptr returned.
  */
-atransport* acquire_one_transport(TransportType type, const char* serial, bool* is_ambiguous,
-                                  std::string* error_out, bool accept_any_state = false);
+atransport* acquire_one_transport(TransportType type, const char* serial, TransportId transport_id,
+                                  bool* is_ambiguous, std::string* error_out,
+                                  bool accept_any_state = false);
 void kick_transport(atransport* t);
 void update_transports(void);
 
@@ -231,6 +233,6 @@
 
 void send_packet(apacket* p, atransport* t);
 
-asocket* create_device_tracker(void);
+asocket* create_device_tracker(bool long_output);
 
 #endif   /* __TRANSPORT_H */
diff --git a/adb/transport_local.cpp b/adb/transport_local.cpp
index 809ed89..9cd378c 100644
--- a/adb/transport_local.cpp
+++ b/adb/transport_local.cpp
@@ -388,6 +388,25 @@
     D("transport: qemu_socket_thread() exiting");
     return;
 }
+
+// If adbd is running inside the emulator, it will normally use QEMUD pipe (aka
+// goldfish) as the transport. This can either be explicitly set by the
+// service.adb.transport property, or be inferred from ro.kernel.qemu that is
+// set to "1" for ranchu/goldfish.
+static bool use_qemu_goldfish() {
+    // Legacy way to detect if adbd should use the goldfish pipe is to check for
+    // ro.kernel.qemu, keep that behaviour for backward compatibility.
+    if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.kernel.qemu", false)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    // If service.adb.transport is present and is set to "goldfish", use the
+    // QEMUD pipe.
+    if (android::base::GetProperty("service.adb.transport", "") == "goldfish") {
+        return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 #endif  // !ADB_HOST
 
 void local_init(int port)
@@ -401,13 +420,7 @@
 #else
     // For the adbd daemon in the system image we need to distinguish
     // between the device, and the emulator.
-    if (android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.kernel.qemu", false)) {
-        // Running inside the emulator: use QEMUD pipe as the transport.
-        func = qemu_socket_thread;
-    } else {
-        // Running inside the device: use TCP socket as the transport.
-        func = server_socket_thread;
-    }
+    func = use_qemu_goldfish() ? qemu_socket_thread : server_socket_thread;
     debug_name = "server";
 #endif // !ADB_HOST
 
diff --git a/adb/transport_usb.cpp b/adb/transport_usb.cpp
index 7e8ae67..6768d31 100644
--- a/adb/transport_usb.cpp
+++ b/adb/transport_usb.cpp
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
     D("UsbReadMessage");
 
     size_t usb_packet_size = usb_get_max_packet_size(h);
-    CHECK(usb_packet_size >= sizeof(*msg));
-    CHECK(usb_packet_size < 4096);
+    CHECK_GE(usb_packet_size, sizeof(*msg));
+    CHECK_LT(usb_packet_size, 4096ULL);
 
     char buffer[4096];
     int n = usb_read(h, buffer, usb_packet_size);
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
     D("UsbReadPayload(%d)", p->msg.data_length);
 
     size_t usb_packet_size = usb_get_max_packet_size(h);
-    CHECK(sizeof(p->data) % usb_packet_size == 0);
+    CHECK_EQ(0ULL, sizeof(p->data) % usb_packet_size);
 
     // Round the data length up to the nearest packet size boundary.
     // The device won't send a zero packet for packet size aligned payloads,
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
     if (rem_size) {
         len += usb_packet_size - rem_size;
     }
-    CHECK(len <= sizeof(p->data));
+    CHECK_LE(len, sizeof(p->data));
     return usb_read(h, &p->data, len);
 }
 
diff --git a/base/Android.bp b/base/Android.bp
index b636dc3..82aee2a 100644
--- a/base/Android.bp
+++ b/base/Android.bp
@@ -39,8 +39,11 @@
 cc_library {
     name: "libbase",
     vendor_available: true,
-    clang: true,
     host_supported: true,
+    vndk: {
+        enabled: true,
+        support_system_process: true,
+    },
     srcs: [
         "file.cpp",
         "logging.cpp",
@@ -109,7 +112,6 @@
 cc_test {
     name: "libbase_test",
     host_supported: true,
-    clang: true,
     srcs: [
         "endian_test.cpp",
         "errors_test.cpp",
diff --git a/base/chrono_utils.cpp b/base/chrono_utils.cpp
index 5eedf3b..b6bf701 100644
--- a/base/chrono_utils.cpp
+++ b/base/chrono_utils.cpp
@@ -33,5 +33,10 @@
 #endif  // __ANDROID__
 }
 
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Timer& t) {
+  os << t.duration().count() << "ms";
+  return os;
+}
+
 }  // namespace base
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/base/chrono_utils_test.cpp b/base/chrono_utils_test.cpp
index 057132d..da442f4 100644
--- a/base/chrono_utils_test.cpp
+++ b/base/chrono_utils_test.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 #include <time.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
@@ -42,5 +45,36 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(now, boot_seconds);
 }
 
+template <typename T>
+void ExpectAboutEqual(T expected, T actual) {
+  auto expected_upper_bound = expected * 1.05f;
+  auto expected_lower_bound = expected * .95;
+  EXPECT_GT(expected_upper_bound, actual);
+  EXPECT_LT(expected_lower_bound, actual);
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoUtilsTest, TimerDurationIsSane) {
+  auto start = boot_clock::now();
+  Timer t;
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(50ms);
+  auto stop = boot_clock::now();
+  auto stop_timer = t.duration();
+
+  auto expected = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(stop - start);
+  ExpectAboutEqual(expected, stop_timer);
+}
+
+TEST(ChronoUtilsTest, TimerOstream) {
+  Timer t;
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(50ms);
+  auto stop_timer = t.duration().count();
+  std::stringstream os;
+  os << t;
+  decltype(stop_timer) stop_timer_from_stream;
+  os >> stop_timer_from_stream;
+  EXPECT_NE(0, stop_timer);
+  ExpectAboutEqual(stop_timer, stop_timer_from_stream);
+}
+
 }  // namespace base
-}  // namespace android
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/base/file.cpp b/base/file.cpp
index a2f2887..2f697a1 100644
--- a/base/file.cpp
+++ b/base/file.cpp
@@ -153,6 +153,37 @@
   return true;
 }
 
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+// Windows implementation of pread. Note that this DOES move the file descriptors read position,
+// but it does so atomically.
+static ssize_t pread(int fd, void* data, size_t byte_count, off64_t offset) {
+  DWORD bytes_read;
+  OVERLAPPED overlapped;
+  memset(&overlapped, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+  overlapped.Offset = static_cast<DWORD>(offset);
+  overlapped.OffsetHigh = static_cast<DWORD>(offset >> 32);
+  if (!ReadFile(reinterpret_cast<HANDLE>(_get_osfhandle(fd)), data, static_cast<DWORD>(byte_count),
+                &bytes_read, &overlapped)) {
+    // In case someone tries to read errno (since this is masquerading as a POSIX call)
+    errno = EIO;
+    return -1;
+  }
+  return static_cast<ssize_t>(bytes_read);
+}
+#endif
+
+bool ReadFullyAtOffset(int fd, void* data, size_t byte_count, off64_t offset) {
+  uint8_t* p = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data);
+  while (byte_count > 0) {
+    ssize_t n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread(fd, p, byte_count, offset));
+    if (n <= 0) return false;
+    p += n;
+    byte_count -= n;
+    offset += n;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
 bool WriteFully(int fd, const void* data, size_t byte_count) {
   const uint8_t* p = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
   size_t remaining = byte_count;
diff --git a/base/include/android-base/chrono_utils.h b/base/include/android-base/chrono_utils.h
index 0086425..7679d4c 100644
--- a/base/include/android-base/chrono_utils.h
+++ b/base/include/android-base/chrono_utils.h
@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@
 #define ANDROID_BASE_CHRONO_UTILS_H
 
 #include <chrono>
+#include <sstream>
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
 namespace android {
 namespace base {
@@ -31,6 +34,20 @@
   static time_point now();
 };
 
+class Timer {
+ public:
+  Timer() : start_(boot_clock::now()) {}
+
+  std::chrono::milliseconds duration() const {
+    return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(boot_clock::now() - start_);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  boot_clock::time_point start_;
+};
+
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Timer& t);
+
 }  // namespace base
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/base/include/android-base/file.h b/base/include/android-base/file.h
index 651f529..667d6fb 100644
--- a/base/include/android-base/file.h
+++ b/base/include/android-base/file.h
@@ -18,12 +18,18 @@
 #define ANDROID_BASE_FILE_H
 
 #include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <string>
 
 #if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(O_BINARY)
 #define O_BINARY 0
 #endif
 
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+/* Mac OS has always had a 64-bit off_t, so it doesn't have off64_t. */
+typedef off_t off64_t;
+#endif
+
 namespace android {
 namespace base {
 
@@ -42,6 +48,17 @@
 #endif
 
 bool ReadFully(int fd, void* data, size_t byte_count);
+
+// Reads `byte_count` bytes from the file descriptor at the specified offset.
+// Returns false if there was an IO error or EOF was reached before reading `byte_count` bytes.
+//
+// NOTE: On Linux/Mac, this function wraps pread, which provides atomic read support without
+// modifying the read pointer of the file descriptor. On Windows, however, the read pointer does
+// get modified. This means that ReadFullyAtOffset can be used concurrently with other calls to the
+// same function, but concurrently seeking or reading incrementally can lead to unexpected
+// behavior.
+bool ReadFullyAtOffset(int fd, void* data, size_t byte_count, off64_t offset);
+
 bool WriteFully(int fd, const void* data, size_t byte_count);
 
 bool RemoveFileIfExists(const std::string& path, std::string* err = nullptr);
diff --git a/base/include/android-base/macros.h b/base/include/android-base/macros.h
index 88bbe8a..25f2ff4 100644
--- a/base/include/android-base/macros.h
+++ b/base/include/android-base/macros.h
@@ -179,4 +179,19 @@
   } while (0)
 #endif
 
+// Current ABI string
+#if defined(__arm__)
+#define ABI_STRING "arm"
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+#define ABI_STRING "arm64"
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+#define ABI_STRING "x86"
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+#define ABI_STRING "x86_64"
+#elif defined(__mips__) && !defined(__LP64__)
+#define ABI_STRING "mips"
+#elif defined(__mips__) && defined(__LP64__)
+#define ABI_STRING "mips64"
+#endif
+
 #endif  // ANDROID_BASE_MACROS_H
diff --git a/base/include/android-base/unique_fd.h b/base/include/android-base/unique_fd.h
index 6cfcfcd..5d89271 100644
--- a/base/include/android-base/unique_fd.h
+++ b/base/include/android-base/unique_fd.h
@@ -17,6 +17,13 @@
 #ifndef ANDROID_BASE_UNIQUE_FD_H
 #define ANDROID_BASE_UNIQUE_FD_H
 
+#include <fcntl.h>
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 // DO NOT INCLUDE OTHER LIBBASE HEADERS!
@@ -88,6 +95,49 @@
 
 using unique_fd = unique_fd_impl<DefaultCloser>;
 
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+
+// Inline functions, so that they can be used header-only.
+inline bool Pipe(unique_fd* read, unique_fd* write) {
+  int pipefd[2];
+
+#if defined(__linux__)
+  if (pipe2(pipefd, O_CLOEXEC) != 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+#else  // defined(__APPLE__)
+  if (pipe(pipefd) != 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (fcntl(pipefd[0], F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) != 0 || fcntl(pipefd[1], F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) != 0) {
+    close(pipefd[0]);
+    close(pipefd[1]);
+    return false;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  read->reset(pipefd[0]);
+  write->reset(pipefd[1]);
+  return true;
+}
+
+inline bool Socketpair(int domain, int type, int protocol, unique_fd* left, unique_fd* right) {
+  int sockfd[2];
+  if (socketpair(domain, type, protocol, sockfd) != 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  left->reset(sockfd[0]);
+  right->reset(sockfd[1]);
+  return true;
+}
+
+inline bool Socketpair(int type, unique_fd* left, unique_fd* right) {
+  return Socketpair(AF_UNIX, type, 0, left, right);
+}
+
+#endif  // !defined(_WIN32)
+
 }  // namespace base
 }  // namespace android
 
diff --git a/base/include/android-base/utf8.h b/base/include/android-base/utf8.h
index 2d5a6f6..c9cc1ab 100755
--- a/base/include/android-base/utf8.h
+++ b/base/include/android-base/utf8.h
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #else
 // Bring in prototypes for standard APIs so that we can import them into the utf8 namespace.
 #include <fcntl.h>      // open
+#include <stdio.h>      // fopen
+#include <sys/stat.h>   // mkdir
 #include <unistd.h>     // unlink
 #endif
 
@@ -53,6 +55,19 @@
 // Convert a UTF-8 std::string (including any embedded NULL characters) to
 // UTF-16. Returns whether the conversion was done successfully.
 bool UTF8ToWide(const std::string& utf8, std::wstring* utf16);
+
+// Convert a file system path, represented as a NULL-terminated string of
+// UTF-8 characters, to a UTF-16 string representing the same file system
+// path using the Windows extended-lengh path representation.
+//
+// See https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247(v=vs.85).aspx#MAXPATH:
+//   ```The Windows API has many functions that also have Unicode versions to
+//   permit an extended-length path for a maximum total path length of 32,767
+//   characters. To specify an extended-length path, use the "\\?\" prefix.
+//   For example, "\\?\D:\very long path".```
+//
+// Returns whether the conversion was done successfully.
+bool UTF8PathToWindowsLongPath(const char* utf8, std::wstring* utf16);
 #endif
 
 // The functions in the utf8 namespace take UTF-8 strings. For Windows, these
@@ -73,9 +88,13 @@
 namespace utf8 {
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
+FILE* fopen(const char* name, const char* mode);
+int mkdir(const char* name, mode_t mode);
 int open(const char* name, int flags, ...);
 int unlink(const char* name);
 #else
+using ::fopen;
+using ::mkdir;
 using ::open;
 using ::unlink;
 #endif
diff --git a/base/utf8.cpp b/base/utf8.cpp
index 3cca700..5984fb0 100644
--- a/base/utf8.cpp
+++ b/base/utf8.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
 #include "android-base/utf8.h"
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "android-base/logging.h"
@@ -153,12 +155,58 @@
   return UTF8ToWide(utf8.c_str(), utf8.length(), utf16);
 }
 
+static bool isDriveLetter(wchar_t c) {
+  return (c >= L'a' && c <= L'z') || (c >= L'A' && c <= L'Z');
+}
+
+bool UTF8PathToWindowsLongPath(const char* utf8, std::wstring* utf16) {
+  if (!UTF8ToWide(utf8, utf16)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Note: Although most Win32 File I/O API are limited to MAX_PATH (260
+  //       characters), the CreateDirectory API is limited to 248 characters.
+  if (utf16->length() >= 248) {
+    // If path is of the form "x:\" or "x:/"
+    if (isDriveLetter((*utf16)[0]) && (*utf16)[1] == L':' &&
+        ((*utf16)[2] == L'\\' || (*utf16)[2] == L'/')) {
+      // Append long path prefix, and make sure there are no unix-style
+      // separators to ensure a fully compliant Win32 long path string.
+      utf16->insert(0, LR"(\\?\)");
+      std::replace(utf16->begin(), utf16->end(), L'/', L'\\');
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
 // Versions of standard library APIs that support UTF-8 strings.
 namespace utf8 {
 
+FILE* fopen(const char* name, const char* mode) {
+  std::wstring name_utf16;
+  if (!UTF8PathToWindowsLongPath(name, &name_utf16)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  std::wstring mode_utf16;
+  if (!UTF8ToWide(mode, &mode_utf16)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return _wfopen(name_utf16.c_str(), mode_utf16.c_str());
+}
+
+int mkdir(const char* name, mode_t mode) {
+  std::wstring name_utf16;
+  if (!UTF8PathToWindowsLongPath(name, &name_utf16)) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  return _wmkdir(name_utf16.c_str());
+}
+
 int open(const char* name, int flags, ...) {
   std::wstring name_utf16;
-  if (!UTF8ToWide(name, &name_utf16)) {
+  if (!UTF8PathToWindowsLongPath(name, &name_utf16)) {
     return -1;
   }
 
@@ -175,7 +223,7 @@
 
 int unlink(const char* name) {
   std::wstring name_utf16;
-  if (!UTF8ToWide(name, &name_utf16)) {
+  if (!UTF8PathToWindowsLongPath(name, &name_utf16)) {
     return -1;
   }
 
diff --git a/base/utf8_test.cpp b/base/utf8_test.cpp
index ae8fc8c..fcb25c3 100644
--- a/base/utf8_test.cpp
+++ b/base/utf8_test.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,12 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
 #include "android-base/macros.h"
+#include "android-base/test_utils.h"
+#include "android-base/unique_fd.h"
 
 namespace android {
 namespace base {
@@ -408,5 +413,76 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(expected_null, SysUTF8ToWide(utf8_null));
 }
 
+TEST(UTF8PathToWindowsLongPathTest, DontAddPrefixIfShorterThanMaxPath) {
+  std::string utf8 = "c:\\mypath\\myfile.txt";
+
+  std::wstring wide;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(UTF8PathToWindowsLongPath(utf8.c_str(), &wide));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, wide.find(LR"(\\?\)"));
+}
+
+TEST(UTF8PathToWindowsLongPathTest, AddPrefixIfLongerThanMaxPath) {
+  std::string utf8 = "c:\\mypath";
+  while (utf8.length() < 300 /* MAX_PATH is 260 */) {
+    utf8 += "\\mypathsegment";
+  }
+
+  std::wstring wide;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(UTF8PathToWindowsLongPath(utf8.c_str(), &wide));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, wide.find(LR"(\\?\)"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, wide.find(L"/"));
+}
+
+TEST(UTF8PathToWindowsLongPathTest, AddPrefixAndFixSeparatorsIfLongerThanMaxPath) {
+  std::string utf8 = "c:/mypath";
+  while (utf8.length() < 300 /* MAX_PATH is 260 */) {
+    utf8 += "/mypathsegment";
+  }
+
+  std::wstring wide;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(UTF8PathToWindowsLongPath(utf8.c_str(), &wide));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, wide.find(LR"(\\?\)"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string::npos, wide.find(L"/"));
+}
+
+namespace utf8 {
+
+TEST(Utf8FilesTest, CanCreateOpenAndDeleteFileWithLongPath) {
+  TemporaryDir td;
+
+  // Create long directory path
+  std::string utf8 = td.path;
+  while (utf8.length() < 300 /* MAX_PATH is 260 */) {
+    utf8 += "\\mypathsegment";
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, mkdir(utf8.c_str(), 0));
+  }
+
+  // Create file
+  utf8 += "\\test-file.bin";
+  int flags = O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_BINARY;
+  int mode = 0666;
+  android::base::unique_fd fd(open(utf8.c_str(), flags, mode));
+  EXPECT_NE(-1, fd.get());
+
+  // Close file
+  fd.reset();
+  EXPECT_EQ(-1, fd.get());
+
+  // Open file with fopen
+  FILE* file = fopen(utf8.c_str(), "rb");
+  EXPECT_NE(nullptr, file);
+
+  if (file) {
+    fclose(file);
+  }
+
+  // Delete file
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, unlink(utf8.c_str()));
+}
+
+}  // namespace utf8
 }  // namespace base
 }  // namespace android
diff --git a/bootstat/Android.bp b/bootstat/Android.bp
index bc90a6e..dd357ed 100644
--- a/bootstat/Android.bp
+++ b/bootstat/Android.bp
@@ -32,9 +32,6 @@
         "liblog",
         "libmetricslogger",
     ],
-    whole_static_libs: ["libgtest_prod"],
-    // Clang is required because of C++14
-    clang: true,
 }
 
 // bootstat static library
diff --git a/bootstat/bootstat.cpp b/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
index a4c2160..bd611f0 100644
--- a/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
+++ b/bootstat/bootstat.cpp
@@ -85,12 +85,13 @@
   fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s [options]\n", cmd);
   fprintf(stderr,
           "options include:\n"
-          "  -h, --help            Show this help\n"
-          "  -l, --log             Log all metrics to logstorage\n"
-          "  -p, --print           Dump the boot event records to the console\n"
-          "  -r, --record          Record the timestamp of a named boot event\n"
-          "  --value               Optional value to associate with the boot event\n"
-          "  --record_boot_reason  Record the reason why the device booted\n"
+          "  -h, --help              Show this help\n"
+          "  -l, --log               Log all metrics to logstorage\n"
+          "  -p, --print             Dump the boot event records to the console\n"
+          "  -r, --record            Record the timestamp of a named boot event\n"
+          "  --value                 Optional value to associate with the boot event\n"
+          "  --record_boot_complete  Record metrics related to the time for the device boot\n"
+          "  --record_boot_reason    Record the reason why the device booted\n"
           "  --record_time_since_factory_reset Record the time since the device was reset\n");
 }
 
@@ -168,6 +169,13 @@
   {"wdog_bark", 42},
   {"wdog_bite", 43},
   {"wdog_reset", 44},
+  {"shutdown,", 45},  // Trailing comma is intentional.
+  {"shutdown,userrequested", 46},
+  {"reboot,bootloader", 47},
+  {"reboot,cold", 48},
+  {"reboot,recovery", 49},
+  {"thermal_shutdown", 50},
+  {"s3_wakeup", 51}
 };
 
 // Converts a string value representing the reason the system booted to an
diff --git a/bootstat/bootstat.rc b/bootstat/bootstat.rc
index f4756d5..d697efb 100644
--- a/bootstat/bootstat.rc
+++ b/bootstat/bootstat.rc
@@ -1,7 +1,39 @@
 # This file is the LOCAL_INIT_RC file for the bootstat command.
 
 on post-fs-data
-    mkdir /data/misc/bootstat 0700 root root
+    mkdir /data/misc/bootstat 0700 system log
+    # To deal with ota transition resulting from a change in DAC from
+    # root.root to system.log, may be deleted after ota has settled.
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/absolute_boot_time
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/boot_complete
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/boot_complete_no_encryption
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/boot_reason
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.1BLE
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.1BLL
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.2BLE
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.2BLL
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.AVB
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.KD
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.KL
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.ODT
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.SW
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/bootime.bootloader.total
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/build_date
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/factory_reset
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/factory_reset_boot_complete
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/factory_reset_boot_complete_no_encryption
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/factory_reset_current_time
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/factory_reset_record_value
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/last_boot_time_utc
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ota_boot_complete
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ota_boot_complete_no_encryption
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/post_decrypt_time_elapsed
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ro.boottime.init
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ro.boottime.init.cold_boot_wait
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/ro.boottime.init.selinux
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/time_since_factory_reset
+    chown system log /data/misc/bootstat/time_since_last_boot
+    # end ota transitional support
 
 # Record the time at which the user has successfully entered the pin to decrypt
 # the device, /data is decrypted, and the system is entering the main boot phase.
@@ -10,7 +42,7 @@
 # property:init.svc.bootanim=running: The boot animation is running
 # property:ro.crypto.type=block: FDE device
 on post-fs-data && property:init.svc.bootanim=running && property:ro.crypto.type=block
-    exec - root root -- /system/bin/bootstat -r post_decrypt_time_elapsed
+    exec - system log -- /system/bin/bootstat -r post_decrypt_time_elapsed
 
 # sys.logbootcomplete is a signal to enable the bootstat logging mechanism.
 # This signaling is necessary to prevent logging boot metrics after a runtime
@@ -33,13 +65,13 @@
 # Record boot complete metrics.
 on property:sys.boot_completed=1 && property:sys.logbootcomplete=1
     # Record boot_complete and related stats (decryption, etc).
-    exec - root root -- /system/bin/bootstat --record_boot_complete
+    exec - system log -- /system/bin/bootstat --record_boot_complete
 
     # Record the boot reason.
-    exec - root root -- /system/bin/bootstat --record_boot_reason
+    exec - system log -- /system/bin/bootstat --record_boot_reason
 
     # Record time since factory reset.
-    exec - root root -- /system/bin/bootstat --record_time_since_factory_reset
+    exec - system log -- /system/bin/bootstat --record_time_since_factory_reset
 
     # Log all boot events.
-    exec - root root -- /system/bin/bootstat -l
+    exec - system log -- /system/bin/bootstat -l
diff --git a/debuggerd/Android.bp b/debuggerd/Android.bp
index 5565cfd..2b5f4f6 100644
--- a/debuggerd/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/Android.bp
@@ -66,7 +66,10 @@
     defaults: ["debuggerd_defaults"],
     srcs: ["handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp"],
 
-    header_libs: ["libdebuggerd_common_headers"],
+    header_libs: [
+        "libbase_headers",
+        "libdebuggerd_common_headers",
+    ],
 
     whole_static_libs: [
         "libasync_safe",
@@ -106,6 +109,7 @@
         "libdebuggerd",
         "libbacktrace",
         "libunwind",
+        "libunwindstack",
         "liblzma",
         "libcutils",
     ],
@@ -171,6 +175,7 @@
     static_libs: [
         "libbacktrace",
         "libunwind",
+        "libunwindstack",
         "liblzma",
         "libbase",
         "libcutils",
@@ -274,7 +279,7 @@
         "libbase",
         "libdebuggerd_client",
         "liblog",
-        "libselinux",
+        "libprocinfo",
     ],
 
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
diff --git a/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client_test.cpp b/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client_test.cpp
index 8420f03..9c2f0d6 100644
--- a/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/client/debuggerd_client_test.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
@@ -36,8 +37,20 @@
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
+static int getThreadCount() {
+  int threadCount = 1024;
+  std::vector<std::string> characteristics =
+      android::base::Split(android::base::GetProperty("ro.build.characteristics", ""), ",");
+  if (std::find(characteristics.begin(), characteristics.end(), "embedded")
+      != characteristics.end()) {
+    // 128 is the realistic number for iot devices.
+    threadCount = 128;
+  }
+  return threadCount;
+}
+
 TEST(debuggerd_client, race) {
-  static constexpr int THREAD_COUNT = 1024;
+  static int THREAD_COUNT = getThreadCount();
   pid_t forkpid = fork();
 
   ASSERT_NE(-1, forkpid);
diff --git a/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp b/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
index 5db0e5f..dfc74fb 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/crash_dump.cpp
@@ -44,13 +44,17 @@
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <procinfo/process.h>
 
-#include "backtrace.h"
-#include "tombstone.h"
-#include "utility.h"
+#define ATRACE_TAG ATRACE_TAG_BIONIC
+#include <utils/Trace.h>
+
+#include "libdebuggerd/backtrace.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 #include "debuggerd/handler.h"
-#include "protocol.h"
 #include "tombstoned/tombstoned.h"
+
+#include "protocol.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 using android::base::unique_fd;
@@ -76,9 +80,27 @@
   return fstatat(pid_proc_fd, task_path.c_str(), &st, 0) == 0;
 }
 
+static pid_t get_tracer(pid_t tracee) {
+  // Check to see if the thread is being ptraced by another process.
+  android::procinfo::ProcessInfo process_info;
+  if (android::procinfo::GetProcessInfo(tracee, &process_info)) {
+    return process_info.tracer;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
 // Attach to a thread, and verify that it's still a member of the given process
 static bool ptrace_seize_thread(int pid_proc_fd, pid_t tid, std::string* error) {
   if (ptrace(PTRACE_SEIZE, tid, 0, 0) != 0) {
+    if (errno == EPERM) {
+      pid_t tracer = get_tracer(tid);
+      if (tracer != -1) {
+        *error = StringPrintf("failed to attach to thread %d, already traced by %d (%s)", tid,
+                              tracer, get_process_name(tracer).c_str());
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
     *error = StringPrintf("failed to attach to thread %d: %s", tid, strerror(errno));
     return false;
   }
@@ -101,6 +123,7 @@
 }
 
 static bool activity_manager_notify(pid_t pid, int signal, const std::string& amfd_data) {
+  ATRACE_CALL();
   android::base::unique_fd amfd(socket_local_client(
       "/data/system/ndebugsocket", ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_FILESYSTEM, SOCK_STREAM));
   if (amfd.get() == -1) {
@@ -176,6 +199,7 @@
 }
 
 static void drop_capabilities() {
+  ATRACE_CALL();
   __user_cap_header_struct capheader;
   memset(&capheader, 0, sizeof(capheader));
   capheader.version = _LINUX_CAPABILITY_VERSION_3;
@@ -194,6 +218,8 @@
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  atrace_begin(ATRACE_TAG, "before reparent");
+
   pid_t target = getppid();
   bool tombstoned_connected = false;
   unique_fd tombstoned_socket;
@@ -261,6 +287,8 @@
     PLOG(FATAL) << "parent died";
   }
 
+  atrace_end(ATRACE_TAG);
+
   // Reparent ourselves to init, so that the signal handler can waitpid on the
   // original process to avoid leaving a zombie for non-fatal dumps.
   pid_t forkpid = fork();
@@ -270,6 +298,8 @@
     exit(0);
   }
 
+  ATRACE_NAME("after reparent");
+
   // Die if we take too long.
   //
   // Note: processes with many threads and minidebug-info can take a bit to
@@ -278,42 +308,58 @@
 
   std::string attach_error;
 
-  // Seize the main thread.
-  if (!ptrace_seize_thread(target_proc_fd, main_tid, &attach_error)) {
-    LOG(FATAL) << attach_error;
-  }
-
-  // Seize the siblings.
   std::map<pid_t, std::string> threads;
+
   {
-    std::set<pid_t> siblings;
-    if (!android::procinfo::GetProcessTids(target, &siblings)) {
-      PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to get process siblings";
+    ATRACE_NAME("ptrace");
+    // Seize the main thread.
+    if (!ptrace_seize_thread(target_proc_fd, main_tid, &attach_error)) {
+      LOG(FATAL) << attach_error;
     }
 
-    // but not the already attached main thread.
-    siblings.erase(main_tid);
-    // or the handler pseudothread.
-    siblings.erase(pseudothread_tid);
+    // Seize the siblings.
+    {
+      std::set<pid_t> siblings;
+      if (!android::procinfo::GetProcessTids(target, &siblings)) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to get process siblings";
+      }
 
-    for (pid_t sibling_tid : siblings) {
-      if (!ptrace_seize_thread(target_proc_fd, sibling_tid, &attach_error)) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << attach_error;
-      } else {
-        threads.emplace(sibling_tid, get_thread_name(sibling_tid));
+      // but not the already attached main thread.
+      siblings.erase(main_tid);
+      // or the handler pseudothread.
+      siblings.erase(pseudothread_tid);
+
+      for (pid_t sibling_tid : siblings) {
+        if (!ptrace_seize_thread(target_proc_fd, sibling_tid, &attach_error)) {
+          LOG(WARNING) << attach_error;
+        } else {
+          threads.emplace(sibling_tid, get_thread_name(sibling_tid));
+        }
       }
     }
   }
 
   // Collect the backtrace map, open files, and process/thread names, while we still have caps.
-  std::unique_ptr<BacktraceMap> backtrace_map(BacktraceMap::Create(main_tid));
-  if (!backtrace_map) {
-    LOG(FATAL) << "failed to create backtrace map";
+  std::unique_ptr<BacktraceMap> backtrace_map;
+  {
+    ATRACE_NAME("backtrace map");
+    backtrace_map.reset(BacktraceMap::Create(main_tid));
+    if (!backtrace_map) {
+      LOG(FATAL) << "failed to create backtrace map";
+    }
+  }
+  std::unique_ptr<BacktraceMap> backtrace_map_new;
+  backtrace_map_new.reset(BacktraceMap::CreateNew(main_tid));
+  if (!backtrace_map_new) {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "failed to create backtrace map new";
   }
 
   // Collect the list of open files.
   OpenFilesList open_files;
-  populate_open_files_list(target, &open_files);
+  {
+    ATRACE_NAME("open files");
+    populate_open_files_list(target, &open_files);
+  }
 
   std::string process_name = get_process_name(main_tid);
   threads.emplace(main_tid, get_thread_name(main_tid));
@@ -321,9 +367,12 @@
   // Drop our capabilities now that we've attached to the threads we care about.
   drop_capabilities();
 
-  const DebuggerdDumpType dump_type_enum = static_cast<DebuggerdDumpType>(dump_type);
-  LOG(INFO) << "obtaining output fd from tombstoned, type: " << dump_type_enum;
-  tombstoned_connected = tombstoned_connect(target, &tombstoned_socket, &output_fd, dump_type_enum);
+  {
+    ATRACE_NAME("tombstoned_connect");
+    const DebuggerdDumpType dump_type_enum = static_cast<DebuggerdDumpType>(dump_type);
+    LOG(INFO) << "obtaining output fd from tombstoned, type: " << dump_type_enum;
+    tombstoned_connected = tombstoned_connect(target, &tombstoned_socket, &output_fd, dump_type_enum);
+  }
 
   // Write a '\1' to stdout to tell the crashing process to resume.
   // It also restores the value of PR_SET_DUMPABLE at this point.
@@ -352,9 +401,12 @@
   }
 
   siginfo_t siginfo = {};
-  if (!wait_for_signal(main_tid, &siginfo)) {
-    printf("failed to wait for signal in tid %d: %s\n", main_tid, strerror(errno));
-    exit(1);
+  {
+    ATRACE_NAME("wait_for_signal");
+    if (!wait_for_signal(main_tid, &siginfo)) {
+      printf("failed to wait for signal in tid %d: %s\n", main_tid, strerror(errno));
+      exit(1);
+    }
   }
 
   int signo = siginfo.si_signo;
@@ -376,10 +428,13 @@
 
   std::string amfd_data;
   if (backtrace) {
+    ATRACE_NAME("dump_backtrace");
     dump_backtrace(output_fd.get(), backtrace_map.get(), target, main_tid, process_name, threads, 0);
   } else {
-    engrave_tombstone(output_fd.get(), backtrace_map.get(), &open_files, target, main_tid,
-                      process_name, threads, abort_address, fatal_signal ? &amfd_data : nullptr);
+    ATRACE_NAME("engrave_tombstone");
+    engrave_tombstone(output_fd.get(), backtrace_map.get(), backtrace_map_new.get(), &open_files,
+                      target, main_tid, process_name, threads, abort_address,
+                      fatal_signal ? &amfd_data : nullptr);
   }
 
   // We don't actually need to PTRACE_DETACH, as long as our tracees aren't in
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp b/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp
index f73f672..b7b1938 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/Android.bp
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
     name: "crasher-defaults",
 
     cppflags: [
-        "-std=gnu++14",
         "-W",
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
diff --git a/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp b/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp
index 6970201..f57349b 100644
--- a/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/crasher/crasher.cpp
@@ -134,6 +134,14 @@
     free(buf); // GCC is smart enough to warn about this, but we're doing it deliberately.
 }
 
+noinline void leak() {
+    while (true) {
+        void* mapping =
+            mmap(nullptr, PAGE_SIZE, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+        static_cast<volatile char*>(mapping)[0] = 'a';
+    }
+}
+
 noinline void sigsegv_non_null() {
     int* a = (int *)(&do_action);
     *a = 42;
@@ -160,8 +168,8 @@
     fprintf(stderr, "  stack-overflow        recurse until the stack overflows\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  nostack               crash with a NULL stack pointer\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
-    fprintf(stderr, "  heap-corruption       cause a libc abort by corrupting the heap\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  heap-usage            cause a libc abort by abusing a heap function\n");
+    fprintf(stderr, "  leak                  leak memory until we get OOM-killed\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  abort                 call abort()\n");
     fprintf(stderr, "  assert                call assert() without a function\n");
@@ -265,6 +273,8 @@
         return pthread_join(0, nullptr);
     } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "heap-usage")) {
         abuse_heap();
+    } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "leak")) {
+        leak();
     } else if (!strcasecmp(arg, "SIGSEGV-unmapped")) {
         char* map = reinterpret_cast<char*>(mmap(nullptr, sizeof(int), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                                                  MAP_SHARED | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0));
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd.cpp
index 6298ace..b016e23 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <debuggerd/client.h>
-#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <procinfo/process.h>
 #include "util.h"
 
 using android::base::unique_fd;
@@ -66,6 +66,24 @@
     usage(1);
   }
 
+  if (getuid() != 0) {
+    errx(1, "root is required");
+  }
+
+  // Check to see if the process exists and that we can actually send a signal to it.
+  android::procinfo::ProcessInfo proc_info;
+  if (!android::procinfo::GetProcessInfo(pid, &proc_info)) {
+    err(1, "failed to fetch info for process %d", pid);
+  }
+
+  if (proc_info.state == android::procinfo::kProcessStateZombie) {
+    errx(1, "process %d is a zombie", pid);
+  }
+
+  if (kill(pid, 0) != 0) {
+    err(1, "cannot send signal to process %d", pid);
+  }
+
   unique_fd piperead, pipewrite;
   if (!Pipe(&piperead, &pipewrite)) {
     err(1, "failed to create pipe");
diff --git a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
index 2015157..dbf81a4 100644
--- a/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/debuggerd_test.cpp
@@ -16,10 +16,11 @@
 
 #include <err.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/capability.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/ptrace.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <chrono>
 #include <regex>
@@ -88,8 +89,12 @@
     }                                                                                       \
   } while (0)
 
+#define ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, frame_name)                        \
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(#\d\d pc [0-9a-f]+\s+ /system/lib)" ARCH_SUFFIX \
+                       R"(/libc.so \()" frame_name R"(\+)")
+
 static void tombstoned_intercept(pid_t target_pid, unique_fd* intercept_fd, unique_fd* output_fd,
-                                 DebuggerdDumpType intercept_type) {
+                                 InterceptStatus* status, DebuggerdDumpType intercept_type) {
   intercept_fd->reset(socket_local_client(kTombstonedInterceptSocketName,
                                           ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_RESERVED, SOCK_SEQPACKET));
   if (intercept_fd->get() == -1) {
@@ -136,7 +141,7 @@
            << ", received " << rc;
   }
 
-  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, response.status);
+  *status = response.status;
 }
 
 class CrasherTest : public ::testing::Test {
@@ -180,7 +185,9 @@
     FAIL() << "crasher hasn't been started";
   }
 
-  tombstoned_intercept(crasher_pid, &this->intercept_fd, output_fd, intercept_type);
+  InterceptStatus status;
+  tombstoned_intercept(crasher_pid, &this->intercept_fd, output_fd, &status, intercept_type);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
 }
 
 void CrasherTest::FinishIntercept(int* result) {
@@ -305,7 +312,7 @@
 
   std::string result;
   ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(#00 pc [0-9a-f]+\s+ /system/lib)" ARCH_SUFFIX R"(/libc.so \(abort)");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "abort");
 }
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, signal) {
@@ -441,7 +448,7 @@
   FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
   ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
   ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(#00 pc [0-9a-f]+  /system/lib)" ARCH_SUFFIX R"(/libc.so \(read\+)");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "read");
 
   int status;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, waitpid(crasher_pid, &status, WNOHANG | WUNTRACED));
@@ -452,7 +459,7 @@
   FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
   ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
   ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(#00 pc [0-9a-f]+\s+ /system/lib)" ARCH_SUFFIX R"(/libc.so \(abort)");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "abort");
 }
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, PR_SET_DUMPABLE_0_crash) {
@@ -472,7 +479,7 @@
 
   std::string result;
   ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(#00 pc [0-9a-f]+\s+ /system/lib)" ARCH_SUFFIX R"(/libc.so \(abort)");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "abort");
 }
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, capabilities) {
@@ -529,7 +536,7 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
   ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
   ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(name: thread_name\s+>>> .+debuggerd_test(32|64) <<<)");
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(#00 pc [0-9a-f]+\s+ /system/lib)" ARCH_SUFFIX R"(/libc.so \(tgkill)");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "tgkill");
 }
 
 TEST_F(CrasherTest, fake_pid) {
@@ -560,7 +567,41 @@
 
   std::string result;
   ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
-  ASSERT_MATCH(result, R"(#00 pc [0-9a-f]+\s+ /system/lib)" ARCH_SUFFIX R"(/libc.so \(tgkill)");
+  ASSERT_BACKTRACE_FRAME(result, "tgkill");
+}
+
+TEST_F(CrasherTest, competing_tracer) {
+  int intercept_result;
+  unique_fd output_fd;
+  StartProcess([]() {
+    while (true) {
+    }
+  });
+
+  StartIntercept(&output_fd);
+  FinishCrasher();
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, ptrace(PTRACE_SEIZE, crasher_pid, 0, 0));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, kill(crasher_pid, SIGABRT));
+
+  int status;
+  ASSERT_EQ(crasher_pid, waitpid(crasher_pid, &status, 0));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(WIFSTOPPED(status));
+  ASSERT_EQ(SIGABRT, WSTOPSIG(status));
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, ptrace(PTRACE_CONT, crasher_pid, 0, SIGABRT));
+  FinishIntercept(&intercept_result);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1, intercept_result) << "tombstoned reported failure";
+
+  std::string result;
+  ConsumeFd(std::move(output_fd), &result);
+  std::string regex = R"(failed to attach to thread \d+, already traced by )";
+  regex += std::to_string(gettid());
+  regex += R"( \(.+debuggerd_test)";
+  ASSERT_MATCH(result, regex.c_str());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, crasher_pid, 0, SIGABRT));
+  AssertDeath(SIGABRT);
 }
 
 TEST(crash_dump, zombie) {
@@ -598,7 +639,9 @@
     pid_t pid = 123'456'789 + i;
 
     unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-    tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+    InterceptStatus status;
+    tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+    ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
 
     {
       unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
@@ -630,7 +673,9 @@
       pid_t pid = pid_base + dump;
 
       unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-      tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+      InterceptStatus status;
+      tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+      ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
 
       // Pretend to crash, and then immediately close the socket.
       unique_fd sockfd(socket_local_client(kTombstonedCrashSocketName,
@@ -661,7 +706,9 @@
       pid_t pid = pid_base + dump;
 
       unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
-      tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+      InterceptStatus status;
+      tombstoned_intercept(pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdTombstone);
+      ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
 
       {
         unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
@@ -685,3 +732,65 @@
     thread.join();
   }
 }
+
+TEST(tombstoned, java_trace_intercept_smoke) {
+  // Using a "real" PID is a little dangerous here - if the test fails
+  // or crashes, we might end up getting a bogus / unreliable stack
+  // trace.
+  const pid_t self = getpid();
+
+  unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
+  InterceptStatus status;
+  tombstoned_intercept(self, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+
+  // First connect to tombstoned requesting a native backtrace. This
+  // should result in a "regular" FD and not the installed intercept.
+  const char native[] = "native";
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tombstoned_connect(self, &tombstoned_socket, &input_fd, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(input_fd.get(), native, sizeof(native)));
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket.get());
+
+  // Then, connect to tombstoned asking for a java backtrace. This *should*
+  // trigger the intercept.
+  const char java[] = "java";
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tombstoned_connect(self, &tombstoned_socket, &input_fd, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(input_fd.get(), java, sizeof(java)));
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket.get());
+
+  char outbuf[sizeof(java)];
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(output_fd.get(), outbuf, sizeof(outbuf)));
+  ASSERT_STREQ("java", outbuf);
+}
+
+TEST(tombstoned, multiple_intercepts) {
+  const pid_t fake_pid = 1'234'567;
+  unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
+  InterceptStatus status;
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+
+  unique_fd intercept_fd_2, output_fd_2;
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd_2, &output_fd_2, &status, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kFailedAlreadyRegistered, status);
+}
+
+TEST(tombstoned, intercept_any) {
+  const pid_t fake_pid = 1'234'567;
+
+  unique_fd intercept_fd, output_fd;
+  InterceptStatus status;
+  tombstoned_intercept(fake_pid, &intercept_fd, &output_fd, &status, kDebuggerdNativeBacktrace);
+  ASSERT_EQ(InterceptStatus::kRegistered, status);
+
+  const char any[] = "any";
+  unique_fd tombstoned_socket, input_fd;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tombstoned_connect(fake_pid, &tombstoned_socket, &input_fd, kDebuggerdAnyIntercept));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(input_fd.get(), any, sizeof(any)));
+  tombstoned_notify_completion(tombstoned_socket.get());
+
+  char outbuf[sizeof(any)];
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(output_fd.get(), outbuf, sizeof(outbuf)));
+  ASSERT_STREQ("any", outbuf);
+}
diff --git a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp
index 43104ec..06d4a9b 100644
--- a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_fallback.cpp
@@ -45,8 +45,8 @@
 #include "tombstoned/tombstoned.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
-#include "backtrace.h"
-#include "tombstone.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/backtrace.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
 
 using android::base::unique_fd;
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
index 1275229..d41dc67 100644
--- a/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/handler/debuggerd_handler.cpp
@@ -48,10 +48,13 @@
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <async_safe/log.h>
 
 #include "dump_type.h"
 
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
 // see man(2) prctl, specifically the section about PR_GET_NAME
 #define MAX_TASK_NAME_LEN (16)
 
@@ -117,13 +120,12 @@
 }
 
 static bool get_main_thread_name(char* buf, size_t len) {
-  int fd = open("/proc/self/comm", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+  unique_fd fd(open("/proc/self/comm", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
   if (fd == -1) {
     return false;
   }
 
   ssize_t rc = read(fd, buf, len);
-  close(fd);
   if (rc == -1) {
     return false;
   } else if (rc == 0) {
@@ -302,8 +304,8 @@
   TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(dup2(devnull, STDOUT_FILENO));
   TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(dup2(devnull, STDERR_FILENO));
 
-  int pipefds[2];
-  if (pipe(pipefds) != 0) {
+  unique_fd pipe_read, pipe_write;
+  if (!android::base::Pipe(&pipe_read, &pipe_write)) {
     fatal_errno("failed to create pipe");
   }
 
@@ -313,9 +315,9 @@
     async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc",
                           "failed to fork in debuggerd signal handler: %s", strerror(errno));
   } else if (forkpid == 0) {
-    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(dup2(pipefds[1], STDOUT_FILENO));
-    close(pipefds[0]);
-    close(pipefds[1]);
+    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(dup2(pipe_write.get(), STDOUT_FILENO));
+    pipe_write.reset();
+    pipe_read.reset();
 
     raise_caps();
 
@@ -333,9 +335,9 @@
 
     fatal_errno("exec failed");
   } else {
-    close(pipefds[1]);
+    pipe_write.reset();
     char buf[4];
-    ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(pipefds[0], &buf, sizeof(buf)));
+    ssize_t rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(pipe_read.get(), &buf, sizeof(buf)));
     if (rc == -1) {
       async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, "libc", "read of IPC pipe failed: %s",
                             strerror(errno));
@@ -351,7 +353,7 @@
         thread_info->crash_dump_started = true;
       }
     }
-    close(pipefds[0]);
+    pipe_read.reset();
 
     // Don't leave a zombie child.
     int status;
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/arm/machine.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/arm/machine.cpp
index ac833ae..bfb5ea4 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/arm/machine.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/arm/machine.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/machine.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -25,8 +27,7 @@
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "machine.h"
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 void dump_memory_and_code(log_t* log, Backtrace* backtrace) {
   pt_regs regs;
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/arm64/machine.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/arm64/machine.cpp
index fa73c99a..ad1c951 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/arm64/machine.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/arm64/machine.cpp
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/machine.h"
+
 #include <elf.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -27,8 +29,7 @@
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "machine.h"
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 void dump_memory_and_code(log_t* log, Backtrace* backtrace) {
   struct user_pt_regs regs;
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/backtrace.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/backtrace.cpp
index 334d97f..f616e1b 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/backtrace.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/backtrace.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/backtrace.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <limits.h>
@@ -34,9 +36,7 @@
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "backtrace.h"
-
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 static void dump_process_header(log_t* log, pid_t pid, const char* process_name) {
   time_t t = time(NULL);
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/elf_utils.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/elf_utils.cpp
index 4e798e2..a35102f 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/elf_utils.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/elf_utils.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/elf_utils.h"
+
 #include <elf.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -27,8 +29,6 @@
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "elf_utils.h"
-
 #define NOTE_ALIGN(size)  (((size) + 3) & ~3)
 
 template <typename HdrType, typename PhdrType, typename NhdrType>
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/backtrace.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/backtrace.h
similarity index 100%
rename from debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/backtrace.h
rename to debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/backtrace.h
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/elf_utils.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/elf_utils.h
similarity index 100%
rename from debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/elf_utils.h
rename to debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/elf_utils.h
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/machine.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/machine.h
similarity index 100%
rename from debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/machine.h
rename to debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/machine.h
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/open_files_list.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h
similarity index 100%
rename from debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/open_files_list.h
rename to debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/tombstone.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
similarity index 82%
rename from debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/tombstone.h
rename to debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
index 79743b6..45740df 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/tombstone.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/tombstone.h
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@
 int open_tombstone(std::string* path);
 
 /* Creates a tombstone file and writes the crash dump to it. */
-void engrave_tombstone(int tombstone_fd, BacktraceMap* map, const OpenFilesList* open_files,
-                       pid_t pid, pid_t tid, const std::string& process_name,
-                       const std::map<pid_t, std::string>& threads, uintptr_t abort_msg_address,
-                       std::string* amfd_data);
+void engrave_tombstone(int tombstone_fd, BacktraceMap* map, BacktraceMap* map_new,
+                       const OpenFilesList* open_files, pid_t pid, pid_t tid,
+                       const std::string& process_name, const std::map<pid_t, std::string>& threads,
+                       uintptr_t abort_msg_address, std::string* amfd_data);
 
 void engrave_tombstone_ucontext(int tombstone_fd, uintptr_t abort_msg_address, siginfo_t* siginfo,
                                 ucontext_t* ucontext);
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/utility.h b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
similarity index 81%
rename from debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/utility.h
rename to debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
index e5e5106..f481b78 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/utility.h
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/include/libdebuggerd/utility.h
@@ -24,26 +24,9 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 
-// Figure out the abi based on defined macros.
-#if defined(__arm__)
-#define ABI_STRING "arm"
-#elif defined(__aarch64__)
-#define ABI_STRING "arm64"
-#elif defined(__mips__) && !defined(__LP64__)
-#define ABI_STRING "mips"
-#elif defined(__mips__) && defined(__LP64__)
-#define ABI_STRING "mips64"
-#elif defined(__i386__)
-#define ABI_STRING "x86"
-#elif defined(__x86_64__)
-#define ABI_STRING "x86_64"
-#else
-#error "Unsupported ABI"
-#endif
-
-
 struct log_t{
     // Tombstone file descriptor.
     int tfd;
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/mips/machine.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/mips/machine.cpp
index cbf272a..1fc690b 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/mips/machine.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/mips/machine.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/machine.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -25,8 +27,7 @@
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "machine.h"
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 #define R(x) (static_cast<uintptr_t>(x))
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/mips64/machine.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/mips64/machine.cpp
index 0a8d532..955e507 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/mips64/machine.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/mips64/machine.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/machine.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -25,8 +27,7 @@
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "machine.h"
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 #define R(x) (static_cast<uintptr_t>(x))
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.cpp
index 5c7ea70..e199db8 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/open_files_list.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h"
+
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -31,9 +33,7 @@
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "open_files_list.h"
-
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 void populate_open_files_list(pid_t pid, OpenFilesList* list) {
   std::string fd_dir_name = "/proc/" + std::to_string(pid) + "/fd";
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/dump_memory_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/dump_memory_test.cpp
index 49f3690..0fad2cf 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/dump_memory_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/dump_memory_test.cpp
@@ -22,9 +22,10 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
+
 #include "BacktraceMock.h"
 #include "log_fake.h"
-#include "utility.h"
 
 const char g_expected_full_dump[] =
 "\nmemory near r1:\n"
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/elf_fake.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/elf_fake.cpp
index bb52b59..f8cbca7 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/elf_fake.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/elf_fake.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "elf_fake.h"
+
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <string>
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/log_fake.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/log_fake.cpp
index 3336bcb..68f4013 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/log_fake.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/log_fake.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "log_fake.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/open_files_list_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/open_files_list_test.cpp
index 85e0695..acac72c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/open_files_list_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/open_files_list_test.cpp
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 #include "android-base/test_utils.h"
 
-#include "open_files_list.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h"
 
 // Check that we can produce a list of open files for the current process, and
 // that it includes a known open file.
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/ptrace_fake.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/ptrace_fake.cpp
index f40cbd4..0d4080e 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/ptrace_fake.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/ptrace_fake.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "ptrace_fake.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
@@ -21,8 +23,6 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-#include "ptrace_fake.h"
-
 siginfo_t g_fake_si = {.si_signo = 0};
 
 void ptrace_set_fake_getsiginfo(const siginfo_t& si) {
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_test.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_test.cpp
index 325210d..e79dd96 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_test.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/test/tombstone_test.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 #include "BacktraceMock.h"
 #include "elf_fake.h"
@@ -220,21 +220,21 @@
   map.start = 0xa434000;
   map.end = 0xa435000;
   map.offset = 0x1000;
-  map.load_base = 0xd000;
+  map.load_bias = 0xd000;
   map.flags = PROT_WRITE;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa534000;
   map.end = 0xa535000;
   map.offset = 0x3000;
-  map.load_base = 0x2000;
+  map.load_bias = 0x2000;
   map.flags = PROT_EXEC;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa634000;
   map.end = 0xa635000;
   map.offset = 0;
-  map.load_base = 0;
+  map.load_bias = 0;
   map.flags = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC;
   map.name = "/system/lib/fake.so";
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
@@ -244,20 +244,20 @@
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory map:\n"
+  const char* expected_dump =
+      "\nmemory map:\n"
 #if defined(__LP64__)
-"    00000000'0a234000-00000000'0a234fff ---         0      1000\n"
-"    00000000'0a334000-00000000'0a334fff r--      f000      1000\n"
-"    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"    00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
+      "    00000000'0a234000-00000000'0a234fff ---         0      1000\n"
+      "    00000000'0a334000-00000000'0a334fff r--      f000      1000\n"
+      "    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "    00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
 #else
-"    0a234000-0a234fff ---         0      1000\n"
-"    0a334000-0a334fff r--      f000      1000\n"
-"    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"    0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
+      "    0a234000-0a234fff ---         0      1000\n"
+      "    0a334000-0a334fff r--      f000      1000\n"
+      "    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "    0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
 #endif
   ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
 
@@ -274,21 +274,21 @@
   map.start = 0xa434000;
   map.end = 0xa435000;
   map.offset = 0x1000;
-  map.load_base = 0xd000;
+  map.load_bias = 0xd000;
   map.flags = PROT_WRITE;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa534000;
   map.end = 0xa535000;
   map.offset = 0x3000;
-  map.load_base = 0x2000;
+  map.load_bias = 0x2000;
   map.flags = PROT_EXEC;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa634000;
   map.end = 0xa635000;
   map.offset = 0;
-  map.load_base = 0;
+  map.load_bias = 0;
   map.flags = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC;
   map.name = "/system/lib/fake.so";
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
@@ -304,18 +304,18 @@
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory map: (fault address prefixed with --->)\n"
+  const char* expected_dump =
+      "\nmemory map: (fault address prefixed with --->)\n"
 #if defined(__LP64__)
-"--->Fault address falls at 00000000'00001000 before any mapped regions\n"
-"    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"    00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
+      "--->Fault address falls at 00000000'00001000 before any mapped regions\n"
+      "    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "    00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
 #else
-"--->Fault address falls at 00001000 before any mapped regions\n"
-"    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"    0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
+      "--->Fault address falls at 00001000 before any mapped regions\n"
+      "    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "    0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
 #endif
   ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
 
@@ -332,21 +332,21 @@
   map.start = 0xa434000;
   map.end = 0xa435000;
   map.offset = 0x1000;
-  map.load_base = 0xd000;
+  map.load_bias = 0xd000;
   map.flags = PROT_WRITE;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa534000;
   map.end = 0xa535000;
   map.offset = 0x3000;
-  map.load_base = 0x2000;
+  map.load_bias = 0x2000;
   map.flags = PROT_EXEC;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa634000;
   map.end = 0xa635000;
   map.offset = 0;
-  map.load_base = 0;
+  map.load_bias = 0;
   map.flags = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC;
   map.name = "/system/lib/fake.so";
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
@@ -362,18 +362,18 @@
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory map: (fault address prefixed with --->)\n"
+  const char* expected_dump =
+      "\nmemory map: (fault address prefixed with --->)\n"
 #if defined(__LP64__)
-"    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"--->Fault address falls at 00000000'0a533000 between mapped regions\n"
-"    00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
+      "    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "--->Fault address falls at 00000000'0a533000 between mapped regions\n"
+      "    00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
 #else
-"    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"--->Fault address falls at 0a533000 between mapped regions\n"
-"    0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
+      "    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "--->Fault address falls at 0a533000 between mapped regions\n"
+      "    0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
 #endif
   ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
 
@@ -390,21 +390,21 @@
   map.start = 0xa434000;
   map.end = 0xa435000;
   map.offset = 0x1000;
-  map.load_base = 0xd000;
+  map.load_bias = 0xd000;
   map.flags = PROT_WRITE;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa534000;
   map.end = 0xa535000;
   map.offset = 0x3000;
-  map.load_base = 0x2000;
+  map.load_bias = 0x2000;
   map.flags = PROT_EXEC;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa634000;
   map.end = 0xa635000;
   map.offset = 0;
-  map.load_base = 0;
+  map.load_bias = 0;
   map.flags = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC;
   map.name = "/system/lib/fake.so";
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
@@ -420,16 +420,16 @@
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory map: (fault address prefixed with --->)\n"
+  const char* expected_dump =
+      "\nmemory map: (fault address prefixed with --->)\n"
 #if defined(__LP64__)
-"    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"--->00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
+      "    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "--->00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
 #else
-"    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"--->0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
+      "    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "--->0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n";
 #endif
   ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
 
@@ -446,21 +446,21 @@
   map.start = 0xa434000;
   map.end = 0xa435000;
   map.offset = 0x1000;
-  map.load_base = 0xd000;
+  map.load_bias = 0xd000;
   map.flags = PROT_WRITE;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa534000;
   map.end = 0xa535000;
   map.offset = 0x3000;
-  map.load_base = 0x2000;
+  map.load_bias = 0x2000;
   map.flags = PROT_EXEC;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
   map.start = 0xa634000;
   map.end = 0xa635000;
   map.offset = 0;
-  map.load_base = 0;
+  map.load_bias = 0;
   map.flags = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC;
   map.name = "/system/lib/fake.so";
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
@@ -480,18 +480,18 @@
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory map: (fault address prefixed with --->)\n"
+  const char* expected_dump =
+      "\nmemory map: (fault address prefixed with --->)\n"
 #if defined(__LP64__)
-"    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"    00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n"
-"--->Fault address falls at 00001234'5a534040 after any mapped regions\n";
+      "    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "    00000000'0a534000-00000000'0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    00000000'0a634000-00000000'0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n"
+      "--->Fault address falls at 00001234'5a534040 after any mapped regions\n";
 #else
-"    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n"
-"    0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load base 0x2000)\n"
-"    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n"
-"--->Fault address falls at 0f534040 after any mapped regions\n";
+      "    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n"
+      "    0a534000-0a534fff --x      3000      1000  (load bias 0x2000)\n"
+      "    0a634000-0a634fff rwx         0      1000  /system/lib/fake.so\n"
+      "--->Fault address falls at 0f534040 after any mapped regions\n";
 #endif
   ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
 
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@
   map.start = 0xa434000;
   map.end = 0xa435000;
   map.offset = 0x1000;
-  map.load_base = 0xd000;
+  map.load_bias = 0xd000;
   map.flags = PROT_WRITE;
   map_mock_->AddMap(map);
 
@@ -520,12 +520,12 @@
   std::string tombstone_contents;
   ASSERT_TRUE(lseek(log_.tfd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFdToString(log_.tfd, &tombstone_contents));
-  const char* expected_dump = \
-"\nmemory map:\n"
+  const char* expected_dump =
+      "\nmemory map:\n"
 #if defined(__LP64__)
-"    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n";
+      "    00000000'0a434000-00000000'0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n";
 #else
-"    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load base 0xd000)\n";
+      "    0a434000-0a434fff -w-      1000      1000  (load bias 0xd000)\n";
 #endif
   ASSERT_STREQ(expected_dump, tombstone_contents.c_str());
 
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
index edc7be5..50d19bd 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/tombstone.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/tombstone.h"
+
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
@@ -43,22 +45,18 @@
 #include <log/logprint.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
+// Needed to get DEBUGGER_SIGNAL.
 #include "debuggerd/handler.h"
 
-#include "backtrace.h"
-#include "elf_utils.h"
-#include "machine.h"
-#include "open_files_list.h"
-#include "tombstone.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/backtrace.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/elf_utils.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/machine.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/open_files_list.h"
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 
 #define STACK_WORDS 16
 
-#define MAX_TOMBSTONES  10
-#define TOMBSTONE_DIR   "/data/tombstones"
-#define TOMBSTONE_TEMPLATE (TOMBSTONE_DIR"/tombstone_%02d")
-
 static bool signal_has_si_addr(int si_signo, int si_code) {
   // Manually sent signals won't have si_addr.
   if (si_code == SI_USER || si_code == SI_QUEUE || si_code == SI_TKILL) {
@@ -168,6 +166,26 @@
         case TRAP_BRANCH: return "TRAP_BRANCH";
         case TRAP_HWBKPT: return "TRAP_HWBKPT";
       }
+      if ((code & 0xff) == SIGTRAP) {
+        switch ((code >> 8) & 0xff) {
+          case PTRACE_EVENT_FORK:
+            return "PTRACE_EVENT_FORK";
+          case PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK:
+            return "PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK";
+          case PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE:
+            return "PTRACE_EVENT_CLONE";
+          case PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC:
+            return "PTRACE_EVENT_EXEC";
+          case PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE:
+            return "PTRACE_EVENT_VFORK_DONE";
+          case PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT:
+            return "PTRACE_EVENT_EXIT";
+          case PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP:
+            return "PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP";
+          case PTRACE_EVENT_STOP:
+            return "PTRACE_EVENT_STOP";
+        }
+      }
       static_assert(NSIGTRAP == TRAP_HWBKPT, "missing TRAP_* si_code");
       break;
   }
@@ -446,11 +464,11 @@
         line += " (BuildId: " + build_id + ")";
       }
     }
-    if (it->load_base != 0) {
+    if (it->load_bias != 0) {
       if (space_needed) {
         line += ' ';
       }
-      line += StringPrintf(" (load base 0x%" PRIxPTR ")", it->load_base);
+      line += StringPrintf(" (load bias 0x%" PRIxPTR ")", it->load_bias);
     }
     _LOG(log, logtype::MAPS, "%s\n", line.c_str());
   }
@@ -475,8 +493,55 @@
   _LOG(log, logtype::REGISTERS, "    register dumping unimplemented on this architecture");
 }
 
-static void dump_thread(log_t* log, pid_t pid, pid_t tid, const std::string& process_name,
-                        const std::string& thread_name, BacktraceMap* map,
+static bool verify_backtraces_equal(Backtrace* back1, Backtrace* back2) {
+  if (back1->NumFrames() != back2->NumFrames()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  std::string back1_str;
+  std::string back2_str;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < back1->NumFrames(); i++) {
+    back1_str += back1->FormatFrameData(i);
+    back2_str += back2->FormatFrameData(i);
+  }
+  return back1_str == back2_str;
+}
+
+static void log_mismatch_data(log_t* log, Backtrace* backtrace) {
+  _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "MISMATCH: This unwind is different.\n");
+  if (backtrace->NumFrames() == 0) {
+    _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "MISMATCH: No frames in new backtrace.\n");
+    return;
+  }
+  _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "MISMATCH: Backtrace from new unwinder.\n");
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < backtrace->NumFrames(); i++) {
+    _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "MISMATCH: %s\n", backtrace->FormatFrameData(i).c_str());
+  }
+
+  // Get the stack trace up to 8192 bytes.
+  std::vector<uint64_t> buffer(8192 / sizeof(uint64_t));
+  size_t bytes =
+      backtrace->Read(backtrace->GetFrame(0)->sp, reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(buffer.data()),
+                      buffer.size() * sizeof(uint64_t));
+  std::string log_data;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < bytes / sizeof(uint64_t); i++) {
+    if ((i % 4) == 0) {
+      if (!log_data.empty()) {
+        _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "MISMATCH: stack_data%s\n", log_data.c_str());
+        log_data = "";
+      }
+    }
+    log_data += android::base::StringPrintf(" 0x%016" PRIx64, buffer[i]);
+  }
+
+  if (!log_data.empty()) {
+    _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "MISMATCH: data%s\n", log_data.c_str());
+  }
+
+  // If there is any leftover (bytes % sizeof(uint64_t) != 0, ignore it for now.
+}
+
+static bool dump_thread(log_t* log, pid_t pid, pid_t tid, const std::string& process_name,
+                        const std::string& thread_name, BacktraceMap* map, BacktraceMap* map_new,
                         uintptr_t abort_msg_address, bool primary_thread) {
   log->current_tid = tid;
   if (!primary_thread) {
@@ -490,7 +555,18 @@
     dump_abort_message(backtrace.get(), log, abort_msg_address);
   }
   dump_registers(log, tid);
+  bool matches = true;
   if (backtrace->Unwind(0)) {
+    // Use the new method and verify it is the same as old.
+    std::unique_ptr<Backtrace> backtrace_new(Backtrace::CreateNew(pid, tid, map_new));
+    if (!backtrace_new->Unwind(0)) {
+      _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "Failed to unwind with new unwinder: %s\n",
+           backtrace_new->GetErrorString(backtrace_new->GetError()).c_str());
+      matches = false;
+    } else if (!verify_backtraces_equal(backtrace.get(), backtrace_new.get())) {
+      log_mismatch_data(log, backtrace_new.get());
+      matches = false;
+    }
     dump_backtrace_and_stack(backtrace.get(), log);
   } else {
     ALOGE("Unwind failed: pid = %d, tid = %d", pid, tid);
@@ -504,6 +580,8 @@
   }
 
   log->current_tid = log->crashed_tid;
+
+  return matches;
 }
 
 // Reads the contents of the specified log device, filters out the entries
@@ -637,9 +715,10 @@
 }
 
 // Dumps all information about the specified pid to the tombstone.
-static void dump_crash(log_t* log, BacktraceMap* map, const OpenFilesList* open_files, pid_t pid,
-                       pid_t tid, const std::string& process_name,
-                       const std::map<pid_t, std::string>& threads, uintptr_t abort_msg_address) {
+static void dump_crash(log_t* log, BacktraceMap* map, BacktraceMap* map_new,
+                       const OpenFilesList* open_files, pid_t pid, pid_t tid,
+                       const std::string& process_name, const std::map<pid_t, std::string>& threads,
+                       uintptr_t abort_msg_address) {
   // don't copy log messages to tombstone unless this is a dev device
   char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
   property_get("ro.debuggable", value, "0");
@@ -648,7 +727,8 @@
   _LOG(log, logtype::HEADER,
        "*** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***\n");
   dump_header_info(log);
-  dump_thread(log, pid, tid, process_name, threads.find(tid)->second, map, abort_msg_address, true);
+  bool new_unwind_matches = dump_thread(log, pid, tid, process_name, threads.find(tid)->second, map,
+                                        map_new, abort_msg_address, true);
   if (want_logs) {
     dump_logs(log, pid, 5);
   }
@@ -658,7 +738,9 @@
     const std::string& thread_name = it.second;
 
     if (thread_tid != tid) {
-      dump_thread(log, pid, thread_tid, process_name, thread_name, map, 0, false);
+      bool match =
+          dump_thread(log, pid, thread_tid, process_name, thread_name, map, map_new, 0, false);
+      new_unwind_matches = new_unwind_matches && match;
     }
   }
 
@@ -670,71 +752,26 @@
   if (want_logs) {
     dump_logs(log, pid, 0);
   }
+  if (!new_unwind_matches) {
+    _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "MISMATCH: New and old unwinder do not agree.\n");
+    _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "MISMATCH: If you see this please file a bug in:\n");
+    _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD,
+         "MISMATCH: Android > Android OS & Apps > Runtime > native > tools "
+         "(debuggerd/gdb/init/simpleperf/strace/valgrind)\n");
+    _LOG(log, logtype::THREAD, "MISMATCH: and attach this tombstone.\n");
+  }
 }
 
-// open_tombstone - find an available tombstone slot, if any, of the
-// form tombstone_XX where XX is 00 to MAX_TOMBSTONES-1, inclusive. If no
-// file is available, we reuse the least-recently-modified file.
-int open_tombstone(std::string* out_path) {
-  // In a single pass, find an available slot and, in case none
-  // exist, find and record the least-recently-modified file.
-  char path[128];
-  int fd = -1;
-  int oldest = -1;
-  struct stat oldest_sb;
-  for (int i = 0; i < MAX_TOMBSTONES; i++) {
-    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), TOMBSTONE_TEMPLATE, i);
-
-    struct stat sb;
-    if (stat(path, &sb) == 0) {
-      if (oldest < 0 || sb.st_mtime < oldest_sb.st_mtime) {
-        oldest = i;
-        oldest_sb.st_mtime = sb.st_mtime;
-      }
-      continue;
-    }
-    if (errno != ENOENT) continue;
-
-    fd = open(path, O_CREAT | O_EXCL | O_WRONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC, 0600);
-    if (fd < 0) continue;  // raced ?
-
-    if (out_path) {
-      *out_path = path;
-    }
-    fchown(fd, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM);
-    return fd;
-  }
-
-  if (oldest < 0) {
-    ALOGE("debuggerd: failed to find a valid tombstone, default to using tombstone 0.\n");
-    oldest = 0;
-  }
-
-  // we didn't find an available file, so we clobber the oldest one
-  snprintf(path, sizeof(path), TOMBSTONE_TEMPLATE, oldest);
-  fd = open(path, O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_WRONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC, 0600);
-  if (fd < 0) {
-    ALOGE("debuggerd: failed to open tombstone file '%s': %s\n", path, strerror(errno));
-    return -1;
-  }
-
-  if (out_path) {
-    *out_path = path;
-  }
-  fchown(fd, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM);
-  return fd;
-}
-
-void engrave_tombstone(int tombstone_fd, BacktraceMap* map, const OpenFilesList* open_files,
-                       pid_t pid, pid_t tid, const std::string& process_name,
-                       const std::map<pid_t, std::string>& threads, uintptr_t abort_msg_address,
-                       std::string* amfd_data) {
+void engrave_tombstone(int tombstone_fd, BacktraceMap* map, BacktraceMap* map_new,
+                       const OpenFilesList* open_files, pid_t pid, pid_t tid,
+                       const std::string& process_name, const std::map<pid_t, std::string>& threads,
+                       uintptr_t abort_msg_address, std::string* amfd_data) {
   log_t log;
   log.current_tid = tid;
   log.crashed_tid = tid;
   log.tfd = tombstone_fd;
   log.amfd_data = amfd_data;
-  dump_crash(&log, map, open_files, pid, tid, process_name, threads, abort_msg_address);
+  dump_crash(&log, map, map_new, open_files, pid, tid, process_name, threads, abort_msg_address);
 }
 
 void engrave_tombstone_ucontext(int tombstone_fd, uintptr_t abort_msg_address, siginfo_t* siginfo,
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
index 22fde5e..1b74652 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/utility.cpp
@@ -16,22 +16,28 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/ptrace.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <string>
 
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
 // Whitelist output desired in the logcat output.
 bool is_allowed_in_logcat(enum logtype ltype) {
   if ((ltype == HEADER)
@@ -42,6 +48,19 @@
   return false;
 }
 
+static bool should_write_to_kmsg() {
+  // Write to kmsg if tombstoned isn't up, and we're able to do so.
+  if (!android::base::GetBoolProperty("ro.debuggable", false)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (android::base::GetProperty("init.svc.tombstoned", "") == "running") {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
 __attribute__((__weak__, visibility("default")))
 void _LOG(log_t* log, enum logtype ltype, const char* fmt, ...) {
   bool write_to_tombstone = (log->tfd != -1);
@@ -49,6 +68,7 @@
                       && log->crashed_tid != -1
                       && log->current_tid != -1
                       && (log->crashed_tid == log->current_tid);
+  static bool write_to_kmsg = should_write_to_kmsg();
 
   char buf[512];
   va_list ap;
@@ -70,6 +90,30 @@
     if (log->amfd_data != nullptr) {
       *log->amfd_data += buf;
     }
+
+    if (write_to_kmsg) {
+      unique_fd kmsg_fd(open("/dev/kmsg_debug", O_WRONLY | O_APPEND | O_CLOEXEC));
+      if (kmsg_fd.get() >= 0) {
+        // Our output might contain newlines which would otherwise be handled by the android logger.
+        // Split the lines up ourselves before sending to the kernel logger.
+        if (buf[len - 1] == '\n') {
+          buf[len - 1] = '\0';
+        }
+
+        std::vector<std::string> fragments = android::base::Split(buf, "\n");
+        for (const std::string& fragment : fragments) {
+          static constexpr char prefix[] = "<3>DEBUG: ";
+          struct iovec iov[3];
+          iov[0].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(prefix);
+          iov[0].iov_len = strlen(prefix);
+          iov[1].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(fragment.c_str());
+          iov[1].iov_len = fragment.length();
+          iov[2].iov_base = const_cast<char*>("\n");
+          iov[2].iov_len = 1;
+          TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(writev(kmsg_fd.get(), iov, 3));
+        }
+      }
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -205,7 +249,7 @@
 }
 
 void read_with_default(const char* path, char* buf, size_t len, const char* default_value) {
-  android::base::unique_fd fd(open(path, O_RDONLY));
+  unique_fd fd(open(path, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
   if (fd != -1) {
     int rc = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd.get(), buf, len - 1));
     if (rc != -1) {
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/x86/machine.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/x86/machine.cpp
index af10817..09a64cd 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/x86/machine.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/x86/machine.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/machine.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -24,8 +26,7 @@
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "machine.h"
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 void dump_memory_and_code(log_t* log, Backtrace* backtrace) {
   struct pt_regs r;
diff --git a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/x86_64/machine.cpp b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/x86_64/machine.cpp
index bf2c2b4..de1c268 100644
--- a/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/x86_64/machine.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/libdebuggerd/x86_64/machine.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #define LOG_TAG "DEBUG"
 
+#include "libdebuggerd/machine.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -25,8 +27,7 @@
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "machine.h"
-#include "utility.h"
+#include "libdebuggerd/utility.h"
 
 void dump_memory_and_code(log_t* log, Backtrace* backtrace) {
   struct user_regs_struct r;
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
index 09cff45..93c7fb5 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.cpp
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
   }
 
   static CrashQueue* for_anrs() {
-    static CrashQueue queue("/data/anr", "anr_" /* file_name_prefix */,
+    static CrashQueue queue("/data/anr", "trace_" /* file_name_prefix */,
                             GetIntProperty("tombstoned.max_anr_count", 64),
                             4 /* max_concurrent_dumps */);
     return &queue;
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@
 };
 
 // Whether java trace dumps are produced via tombstoned.
-static constexpr bool kJavaTraceDumpsEnabled = false;
+static constexpr bool kJavaTraceDumpsEnabled = true;
 
 // Forward declare the callbacks so they can be placed in a sensible order.
 static void crash_accept_cb(evconnlistener* listener, evutil_socket_t sockfd, sockaddr*, int, void*);
@@ -343,7 +343,14 @@
   }
 
   if (!crash->crash_path.empty()) {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Tombstone written to: " << crash->crash_path;
+    if (crash->crash_type == kDebuggerdJavaBacktrace) {
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Traces for pid " << crash->crash_pid << " written to: " << crash->crash_path;
+    } else {
+      // NOTE: Several tools parse this log message to figure out where the
+      // tombstone associated with a given native crash was written. Any changes
+      // to this message must be carefully considered.
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Tombstone written to: " << crash->crash_path;
+    }
   }
 
 fail:
diff --git a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.rc b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.rc
index b8345ca..53ef01c 100644
--- a/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.rc
+++ b/debuggerd/tombstoned/tombstoned.rc
@@ -7,4 +7,5 @@
 
     socket tombstoned_crash seqpacket 0666 system system
     socket tombstoned_intercept seqpacket 0666 system system
+    socket tombstoned_java_trace seqpacket 0666 system system
     writepid /dev/cpuset/system-background/tasks
diff --git a/debuggerd/util.cpp b/debuggerd/util.cpp
index c6a997b..0bb07ac 100644
--- a/debuggerd/util.cpp
+++ b/debuggerd/util.cpp
@@ -86,13 +86,3 @@
 
   return result;
 }
-
-bool Pipe(unique_fd* read, unique_fd* write) {
-  int pipefds[2];
-  if (pipe(pipefds) != 0) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  read->reset(pipefds[0]);
-  write->reset(pipefds[1]);
-  return true;
-}
diff --git a/debuggerd/util.h b/debuggerd/util.h
index 6051714..171e07a 100644
--- a/debuggerd/util.h
+++ b/debuggerd/util.h
@@ -42,5 +42,3 @@
 //   plus any errors returned by the underlying recvmsg.
 ssize_t recv_fd(int sockfd, void* _Nonnull data, size_t len,
                 android::base::unique_fd* _Nullable out_fd);
-
-bool Pipe(android::base::unique_fd* read, android::base::unique_fd* write);
diff --git a/demangle/Android.bp b/demangle/Android.bp
index ce617a7..e55c886 100644
--- a/demangle/Android.bp
+++ b/demangle/Android.bp
@@ -28,10 +28,8 @@
 
 cc_library {
     name: "libdemangle",
-
-    vendor_available: true,
-
     defaults: ["libdemangle_defaults"],
+    vendor_available: true,
 
     srcs: [
         "Demangler.cpp",
diff --git a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
index 271ca95..5f2267c 100644
--- a/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fastboot.cpp
@@ -93,6 +93,9 @@
 static unsigned second_offset  = 0x00f00000;
 static unsigned tags_offset    = 0x00000100;
 
+static bool g_disable_verity = false;
+static bool g_disable_verification = false;
+
 static const std::string convert_fbe_marker_filename("convert_fbe");
 
 enum fb_buffer_type {
@@ -419,6 +422,10 @@
             "  --skip-reboot                            Will not reboot the device when\n"
             "                                           performing commands that normally\n"
             "                                           trigger a reboot.\n"
+            "  --disable-verity                         Set the disable-verity flag in the\n"
+            "                                           the vbmeta image being flashed.\n"
+            "  --disable-verification                   Set the disable-verification flag in"
+            "                                           the vbmeta image being flashed.\n"
 #if !defined(_WIN32)
             "  --wipe-and-use-fbe                       On devices which support it,\n"
             "                                           erase userdata and cache, and\n"
@@ -858,10 +865,55 @@
     return load_buf_fd(transport, fd.release(), buf);
 }
 
+static void rewrite_vbmeta_buffer(struct fastboot_buffer* buf) {
+    // Buffer needs to be at least the size of the VBMeta struct which
+    // is 256 bytes.
+    if (buf->sz < 256) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    int fd = make_temporary_fd();
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        die("Failed to create temporary file for vbmeta rewriting");
+    }
+
+    std::string data;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(buf->fd, &data)) {
+        die("Failed reading from vbmeta");
+    }
+
+    // There's a 32-bit big endian |flags| field at offset 120 where
+    // bit 0 corresponds to disable-verity and bit 1 corresponds to
+    // disable-verification.
+    //
+    // See external/avb/libavb/avb_vbmeta_image.h for the layout of
+    // the VBMeta struct.
+    if (g_disable_verity) {
+        data[123] |= 0x01;
+    }
+    if (g_disable_verification) {
+        data[123] |= 0x02;
+    }
+
+    if (!android::base::WriteStringToFd(data, fd)) {
+        die("Failed writing to modified vbmeta");
+    }
+    close(buf->fd);
+    buf->fd = fd;
+    lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+}
+
 static void flash_buf(const char *pname, struct fastboot_buffer *buf)
 {
     sparse_file** s;
 
+    // Rewrite vbmeta if that's what we're flashing and modification has been requested.
+    if ((g_disable_verity || g_disable_verification) &&
+        (strcmp(pname, "vbmeta") == 0 || strcmp(pname, "vbmeta_a") == 0 ||
+         strcmp(pname, "vbmeta_b") == 0)) {
+        rewrite_vbmeta_buffer(buf);
+    }
+
     switch (buf->type) {
         case FB_BUFFER_SPARSE: {
             std::vector<std::pair<sparse_file*, int64_t>> sparse_files;
@@ -1411,7 +1463,7 @@
 
     if (fs_generator_generate(gen, output.path, size, initial_dir,
             eraseBlkSize, logicalBlkSize)) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "Cannot generate image: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        die("Cannot generate image for %s\n", partition);
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1470,6 +1522,8 @@
         {"set-active", optional_argument, 0, 'a'},
         {"skip-secondary", no_argument, 0, 0},
         {"skip-reboot", no_argument, 0, 0},
+        {"disable-verity", no_argument, 0, 0},
+        {"disable-verification", no_argument, 0, 0},
 #if !defined(_WIN32)
         {"wipe-and-use-fbe", no_argument, 0, 0},
 #endif
@@ -1555,6 +1609,10 @@
                 skip_secondary = true;
             } else if (strcmp("skip-reboot", longopts[longindex].name) == 0 ) {
                 skip_reboot = true;
+            } else if (strcmp("disable-verity", longopts[longindex].name) == 0 ) {
+                g_disable_verity = true;
+            } else if (strcmp("disable-verification", longopts[longindex].name) == 0 ) {
+                g_disable_verification = true;
 #if !defined(_WIN32)
             } else if (strcmp("wipe-and-use-fbe", longopts[longindex].name) == 0) {
                 wants_wipe = true;
diff --git a/fastboot/fs.cpp b/fastboot/fs.cpp
index 4a4a7c0..709f061 100644
--- a/fastboot/fs.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/fs.cpp
@@ -124,6 +124,8 @@
     }
     mke2fs_args.push_back("-E");
     mke2fs_args.push_back(ext_attr.c_str());
+    mke2fs_args.push_back("-O");
+    mke2fs_args.push_back("uninit_bg");
     mke2fs_args.push_back(fileName);
 
     std::string size_str = std::to_string(partSize / block_size);
diff --git a/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp b/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp
index 9069baa..e95b049 100644
--- a/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp
+++ b/fastboot/usb_osx.cpp
@@ -93,12 +93,9 @@
     SInt32 score;
     UInt8 interfaceNumEndpoints;
 
-    // Placing the constant KIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare into the following
-    // fields of the IOUSBFindInterfaceRequest structure will allow us to
-    // find all of the interfaces
-    request.bInterfaceClass = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-    request.bInterfaceSubClass = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
-    request.bInterfaceProtocol = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
+    request.bInterfaceClass = 0xff;
+    request.bInterfaceSubClass = 0x42;
+    request.bInterfaceProtocol = 0x03;
     request.bAlternateSetting = kIOUSBFindInterfaceDontCare;
 
     // Get an iterator for the interfaces on the device
@@ -282,7 +279,6 @@
             &plugin, &score);
 
     if ((kr != 0) || (plugin == NULL)) {
-        ERR("Unable to create a plug-in (%08x)\n", kr);
         goto error;
     }
 
@@ -436,8 +432,7 @@
 
         if (try_device(device, &h) != 0) {
             IOObjectRelease(device);
-            ret = -1;
-            break;
+            continue;
         }
 
         if (h.success) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/Android.bp b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
index 4441ad0..7fd67c2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/Android.bp
+++ b/fs_mgr/Android.bp
@@ -21,20 +21,6 @@
     },
     local_include_dirs: ["include/"],
     cppflags: ["-Werror"],
-    static_libs: [
-        "libfec",
-        "libfec_rs",
-        "libbase",
-        "libcrypto_utils",
-        "libcrypto",
-        "libext4_utils",
-        "libsquashfs_utils",
-        "libselinux",
-        "libavb",
-    ],
-    whole_static_libs: [
-        "liblogwrap",
-    ],
 }
 
 cc_library_static {
@@ -46,12 +32,28 @@
         "fs_mgr.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_dm_ioctl.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_format.cpp",
-        "fs_mgr_fstab.cpp",
-        "fs_mgr_slotselect.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_verity.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_avb.cpp",
         "fs_mgr_avb_ops.cpp",
-        "fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp",
+    ],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libfec",
+        "libfec_rs",
+        "libbase",
+        "libcrypto_utils",
+        "libcrypto",
+        "libext4_utils",
+        "libsquashfs_utils",
+        "libselinux",
+        "libavb",
+        "libfstab",
+    ],
+    export_static_lib_headers: [
+        "libfstab",
+    ],
+    whole_static_libs: [
+        "liblogwrap",
+        "libfstab",
     ],
     product_variables: {
         debuggable: {
@@ -62,3 +64,16 @@
         },
     },
 }
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libfstab",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    defaults: ["fs_mgr_defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "fs_mgr_fstab.cpp",
+        "fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp",
+        "fs_mgr_slotselect.cpp",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include_fstab"],
+    header_libs: ["libbase_headers"],
+}
diff --git a/fs_mgr/Android.mk b/fs_mgr/Android.mk
index 9249343..18ccc43 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/Android.mk
+++ b/fs_mgr/Android.mk
@@ -15,13 +15,11 @@
     libavb
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-LOCAL_CLANG := true
 LOCAL_SANITIZE := integer
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES:= fs_mgr_main.cpp
 LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/include
 LOCAL_MODULE:= fs_mgr
 LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional
-LOCAL_REQUIRED_MODULES := mke2fs mke2fs.conf e2fsdroid
 LOCAL_FORCE_STATIC_EXECUTABLE := true
 LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/sbin
 LOCAL_UNSTRIPPED_PATH := $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT_UNSTRIPPED)
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
index e009383..c9af421 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <thread>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
@@ -78,43 +79,33 @@
     FS_STAT_E2FSCK_F_ALWAYS = 0x0004,
     FS_STAT_UNCLEAN_SHUTDOWN = 0x0008,
     FS_STAT_QUOTA_ENABLED = 0x0010,
-    FS_STAT_TUNE2FS_FAILED = 0x0020,
     FS_STAT_RO_MOUNT_FAILED = 0x0040,
     FS_STAT_RO_UNMOUNT_FAILED = 0x0080,
     FS_STAT_FULL_MOUNT_FAILED = 0x0100,
     FS_STAT_E2FSCK_FAILED = 0x0200,
     FS_STAT_E2FSCK_FS_FIXED = 0x0400,
     FS_STAT_EXT4_INVALID_MAGIC = 0x0800,
+    FS_STAT_TOGGLE_QUOTAS_FAILED = 0x10000,
+    FS_STAT_SET_RESERVED_BLOCKS_FAILED = 0x20000,
+    FS_STAT_ENABLE_ENCRYPTION_FAILED = 0x40000,
 };
 
-/*
- * gettime() - returns the time in seconds of the system's monotonic clock or
- * zero on error.
- */
-static time_t gettime(void)
-{
-    struct timespec ts;
-    int ret;
+// TODO: switch to inotify()
+bool fs_mgr_wait_for_file(const std::string& filename,
+                          const std::chrono::milliseconds relative_timeout) {
+    auto start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
 
-    ret = clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        PERROR << "clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC) failed";
-        return 0;
+    while (true) {
+        if (!access(filename.c_str(), F_OK) || errno != ENOENT) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        std::this_thread::sleep_for(50ms);
+
+        auto now = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+        auto time_elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(now - start_time);
+        if (time_elapsed > relative_timeout) return false;
     }
-
-    return ts.tv_sec;
-}
-
-static int wait_for_file(const char *filename, int timeout)
-{
-    struct stat info;
-    time_t timeout_time = gettime() + timeout;
-    int ret = -1;
-
-    while (gettime() < timeout_time && ((ret = stat(filename, &info)) < 0))
-        usleep(10000);
-
-    return ret;
 }
 
 static void log_fs_stat(const char* blk_device, int fs_stat)
@@ -128,10 +119,16 @@
     }
 }
 
+static bool is_extfs(const std::string& fs_type) {
+    return fs_type == "ext4" || fs_type == "ext3" || fs_type == "ext2";
+}
+
 static bool should_force_check(int fs_stat) {
-    return fs_stat & (FS_STAT_E2FSCK_F_ALWAYS | FS_STAT_UNCLEAN_SHUTDOWN | FS_STAT_QUOTA_ENABLED |
-                      FS_STAT_TUNE2FS_FAILED | FS_STAT_RO_MOUNT_FAILED | FS_STAT_RO_UNMOUNT_FAILED |
-                      FS_STAT_FULL_MOUNT_FAILED | FS_STAT_E2FSCK_FAILED);
+    return fs_stat &
+           (FS_STAT_E2FSCK_F_ALWAYS | FS_STAT_UNCLEAN_SHUTDOWN | FS_STAT_QUOTA_ENABLED |
+            FS_STAT_RO_MOUNT_FAILED | FS_STAT_RO_UNMOUNT_FAILED | FS_STAT_FULL_MOUNT_FAILED |
+            FS_STAT_E2FSCK_FAILED | FS_STAT_TOGGLE_QUOTAS_FAILED |
+            FS_STAT_SET_RESERVED_BLOCKS_FAILED | FS_STAT_ENABLE_ENCRYPTION_FAILED);
 }
 
 static void check_fs(const char *blk_device, char *fs_type, char *target, int *fs_stat)
@@ -144,7 +141,7 @@
     const char* e2fsck_forced_argv[] = {E2FSCK_BIN, "-f", "-y", blk_device};
 
     /* Check for the types of filesystems we know how to check */
-    if (!strcmp(fs_type, "ext2") || !strcmp(fs_type, "ext3") || !strcmp(fs_type, "ext4")) {
+    if (is_extfs(fs_type)) {
         if (*fs_stat & FS_STAT_EXT4_INVALID_MAGIC) {  // will fail, so do not try
             return;
         }
@@ -242,186 +239,214 @@
     return;
 }
 
-/* Function to read the primary superblock */
-static int read_super_block(int fd, struct ext4_super_block *sb)
-{
-    off64_t ret;
-
-    ret = lseek64(fd, 1024, SEEK_SET);
-    if (ret < 0)
-        return ret;
-
-    ret = read(fd, sb, sizeof(*sb));
-    if (ret < 0)
-        return ret;
-    if (ret != sizeof(*sb))
-        return ret;
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_blocks_count(struct ext4_super_block *es)
-{
+static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_blocks_count(const struct ext4_super_block* es) {
     return ((ext4_fsblk_t)le32_to_cpu(es->s_blocks_count_hi) << 32) |
-            le32_to_cpu(es->s_blocks_count_lo);
+           le32_to_cpu(es->s_blocks_count_lo);
 }
 
-static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_r_blocks_count(struct ext4_super_block *es)
-{
+static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_r_blocks_count(const struct ext4_super_block* es) {
     return ((ext4_fsblk_t)le32_to_cpu(es->s_r_blocks_count_hi) << 32) |
-            le32_to_cpu(es->s_r_blocks_count_lo);
+           le32_to_cpu(es->s_r_blocks_count_lo);
 }
 
-static int do_quota_with_shutdown_check(char *blk_device, char *fs_type,
-                                        struct fstab_rec *rec, int *fs_stat)
-{
-    int force_check = 0;
-    if (!strcmp(fs_type, "ext4")) {
-        /*
-         * Some system images do not have tune2fs for licensing reasons
-         * Detect these and skip reserve blocks.
-         */
-        if (access(TUNE2FS_BIN, X_OK)) {
-            LERROR << "Not running " << TUNE2FS_BIN << " on "
-                   << blk_device << " (executable not in system image)";
-        } else {
-            const char* arg1 = nullptr;
-            const char* arg2 = nullptr;
-            int status = 0;
-            int ret = 0;
-            android::base::unique_fd fd(
-                TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(blk_device, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-            if (fd >= 0) {
-                struct ext4_super_block sb;
-                ret = read_super_block(fd, &sb);
-                if (ret < 0) {
-                    PERROR << "Can't read '" << blk_device << "' super block";
-                    return force_check;
-                }
-                if (sb.s_magic != EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC) {
-                    LINFO << "Invalid ext4 magic:0x" << std::hex << sb.s_magic << "," << blk_device;
-                    *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_EXT4_INVALID_MAGIC;
-                    return 0;  // not a valid fs, tune2fs, fsck, and mount  will all fail.
-                }
-                *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_IS_EXT4;
-                LINFO << "superblock s_max_mnt_count:" << sb.s_max_mnt_count << "," << blk_device;
-                if (sb.s_max_mnt_count == 0xffff) {  // -1 (int16) in ext2, but uint16 in ext4
-                    *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_NEW_IMAGE_VERSION;
-                }
-                if ((sb.s_feature_incompat & EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_RECOVER) != 0 ||
-                    (sb.s_state & EXT4_VALID_FS) == 0) {
-                    LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(): was not clealy shutdown, state flag:"
-                          << std::hex << sb.s_state
-                          << "incompat flag:" << std::hex << sb.s_feature_incompat;
-                    force_check = 1;
-                    *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_UNCLEAN_SHUTDOWN;
-                }
-                int has_quota = (sb.s_feature_ro_compat
-                        & cpu_to_le32(EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_QUOTA)) != 0;
-                int want_quota = fs_mgr_is_quota(rec) != 0;
-
-                if (has_quota == want_quota) {
-                    LINFO << "Requested quota status is match on " << blk_device;
-                    return force_check;
-                } else if (want_quota) {
-                    LINFO << "Enabling quota on " << blk_device;
-                    arg1 = "-Oquota";
-                    arg2 = "-Qusrquota,grpquota";
-                    force_check = 1;
-                    *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_QUOTA_ENABLED;
-                } else {
-                    LINFO << "Disabling quota on " << blk_device;
-                    arg1 = "-Q^usrquota,^grpquota";
-                    arg2 = "-O^quota";
-                }
-            } else {
-                PERROR << "Failed to open '" << blk_device << "'";
-                return force_check;
-            }
-
-            const char *tune2fs_argv[] = {
-                TUNE2FS_BIN,
-                arg1,
-                arg2,
-                blk_device,
-            };
-            ret = android_fork_execvp_ext(ARRAY_SIZE(tune2fs_argv),
-                                          const_cast<char **>(tune2fs_argv),
-                                          &status, true, LOG_KLOG | LOG_FILE,
-                                          true, NULL, NULL, 0);
-            if (ret < 0) {
-                /* No need to check for error in fork, we can't really handle it now */
-                LERROR << "Failed trying to run " << TUNE2FS_BIN;
-                *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_TUNE2FS_FAILED;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    return force_check;
+static bool is_ext4_superblock_valid(const struct ext4_super_block* es) {
+    if (es->s_magic != EXT4_SUPER_MAGIC) return false;
+    if (es->s_rev_level != EXT4_DYNAMIC_REV && es->s_rev_level != EXT4_GOOD_OLD_REV) return false;
+    if (EXT4_INODES_PER_GROUP(es) == 0) return false;
+    return true;
 }
 
-static void do_reserved_size(char *blk_device, char *fs_type, struct fstab_rec *rec, int *fs_stat)
-{
-    /* Check for the types of filesystems we know how to check */
-    if (!strcmp(fs_type, "ext2") || !strcmp(fs_type, "ext3") || !strcmp(fs_type, "ext4")) {
-        /*
-         * Some system images do not have tune2fs for licensing reasons
-         * Detect these and skip reserve blocks.
-         */
-        if (access(TUNE2FS_BIN, X_OK)) {
-            LERROR << "Not running " << TUNE2FS_BIN << " on "
-                   << blk_device << " (executable not in system image)";
+// Read the primary superblock from an ext4 filesystem.  On failure return
+// false.  If it's not an ext4 filesystem, also set FS_STAT_EXT4_INVALID_MAGIC.
+static bool read_ext4_superblock(const char* blk_device, struct ext4_super_block* sb, int* fs_stat) {
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(blk_device, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
+
+    if (fd < 0) {
+        PERROR << "Failed to open '" << blk_device << "'";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (pread(fd, sb, sizeof(*sb), 1024) != sizeof(*sb)) {
+        PERROR << "Can't read '" << blk_device << "' superblock";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!is_ext4_superblock_valid(sb)) {
+        LINFO << "Invalid ext4 superblock on '" << blk_device << "'";
+        // not a valid fs, tune2fs, fsck, and mount  will all fail.
+        *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_EXT4_INVALID_MAGIC;
+        return false;
+    }
+    *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_IS_EXT4;
+    LINFO << "superblock s_max_mnt_count:" << sb->s_max_mnt_count << "," << blk_device;
+    if (sb->s_max_mnt_count == 0xffff) {  // -1 (int16) in ext2, but uint16 in ext4
+        *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_NEW_IMAGE_VERSION;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Some system images do not have tune2fs for licensing reasons.
+// Detect these and skip running it.
+static bool tune2fs_available(void) {
+    return access(TUNE2FS_BIN, X_OK) == 0;
+}
+
+static bool run_tune2fs(const char* argv[], int argc) {
+    int ret;
+
+    ret = android_fork_execvp_ext(argc, const_cast<char**>(argv), nullptr, true,
+                                  LOG_KLOG | LOG_FILE, true, nullptr, nullptr, 0);
+    return ret == 0;
+}
+
+// Enable/disable quota support on the filesystem if needed.
+static void tune_quota(const char* blk_device, const struct fstab_rec* rec,
+                       const struct ext4_super_block* sb, int* fs_stat) {
+    bool has_quota = (sb->s_feature_ro_compat & cpu_to_le32(EXT4_FEATURE_RO_COMPAT_QUOTA)) != 0;
+    bool want_quota = fs_mgr_is_quota(rec) != 0;
+
+    if (has_quota == want_quota) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!tune2fs_available()) {
+        LERROR << "Unable to " << (want_quota ? "enable" : "disable") << " quotas on " << blk_device
+               << " because " TUNE2FS_BIN " is missing";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const char* argv[] = {TUNE2FS_BIN, nullptr, nullptr, blk_device};
+
+    if (want_quota) {
+        LINFO << "Enabling quotas on " << blk_device;
+        argv[1] = "-Oquota";
+        argv[2] = "-Qusrquota,grpquota";
+        *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_QUOTA_ENABLED;
+    } else {
+        LINFO << "Disabling quotas on " << blk_device;
+        argv[1] = "-O^quota";
+        argv[2] = "-Q^usrquota,^grpquota";
+    }
+
+    if (!run_tune2fs(argv, ARRAY_SIZE(argv))) {
+        LERROR << "Failed to run " TUNE2FS_BIN " to " << (want_quota ? "enable" : "disable")
+               << " quotas on " << blk_device;
+        *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_TOGGLE_QUOTAS_FAILED;
+    }
+}
+
+// Set the number of reserved filesystem blocks if needed.
+static void tune_reserved_size(const char* blk_device, const struct fstab_rec* rec,
+                               const struct ext4_super_block* sb, int* fs_stat) {
+    if (!(rec->fs_mgr_flags & MF_RESERVEDSIZE)) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // The size to reserve is given in the fstab, but we won't reserve more
+    // than 2% of the filesystem.
+    const uint64_t max_reserved_blocks = ext4_blocks_count(sb) * 0.02;
+    uint64_t reserved_blocks = rec->reserved_size / EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE(sb);
+
+    if (reserved_blocks > max_reserved_blocks) {
+        LWARNING << "Reserved blocks " << reserved_blocks << " is too large; "
+                 << "capping to " << max_reserved_blocks;
+        reserved_blocks = max_reserved_blocks;
+    }
+
+    if (ext4_r_blocks_count(sb) == reserved_blocks) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!tune2fs_available()) {
+        LERROR << "Unable to set the number of reserved blocks on " << blk_device
+               << " because " TUNE2FS_BIN " is missing";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    char buf[32];
+    const char* argv[] = {TUNE2FS_BIN, "-r", buf, blk_device};
+
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%" PRIu64, reserved_blocks);
+    LINFO << "Setting reserved block count on " << blk_device << " to " << reserved_blocks;
+    if (!run_tune2fs(argv, ARRAY_SIZE(argv))) {
+        LERROR << "Failed to run " TUNE2FS_BIN " to set the number of reserved blocks on "
+               << blk_device;
+        *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_SET_RESERVED_BLOCKS_FAILED;
+    }
+}
+
+// Enable file-based encryption if needed.
+static void tune_encrypt(const char* blk_device, const struct fstab_rec* rec,
+                         const struct ext4_super_block* sb, int* fs_stat) {
+    bool has_encrypt = (sb->s_feature_incompat & cpu_to_le32(EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_ENCRYPT)) != 0;
+    bool want_encrypt = fs_mgr_is_file_encrypted(rec) != 0;
+
+    if (has_encrypt || !want_encrypt) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (!tune2fs_available()) {
+        LERROR << "Unable to enable ext4 encryption on " << blk_device
+               << " because " TUNE2FS_BIN " is missing";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const char* argv[] = {TUNE2FS_BIN, "-Oencrypt", blk_device};
+
+    LINFO << "Enabling ext4 encryption on " << blk_device;
+    if (!run_tune2fs(argv, ARRAY_SIZE(argv))) {
+        LERROR << "Failed to run " TUNE2FS_BIN " to enable "
+               << "ext4 encryption on " << blk_device;
+        *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_ENABLE_ENCRYPTION_FAILED;
+    }
+}
+
+//
+// Prepare the filesystem on the given block device to be mounted.
+//
+// If the "check" option was given in the fstab record, or it seems that the
+// filesystem was uncleanly shut down, we'll run fsck on the filesystem.
+//
+// If needed, we'll also enable (or disable) filesystem features as specified by
+// the fstab record.
+//
+static int prepare_fs_for_mount(const char* blk_device, const struct fstab_rec* rec) {
+    int fs_stat = 0;
+
+    if (is_extfs(rec->fs_type)) {
+        struct ext4_super_block sb;
+
+        if (read_ext4_superblock(blk_device, &sb, &fs_stat)) {
+            if ((sb.s_feature_incompat & EXT4_FEATURE_INCOMPAT_RECOVER) != 0 ||
+                (sb.s_state & EXT4_VALID_FS) == 0) {
+                LINFO << "Filesystem on " << blk_device << " was not cleanly shutdown; "
+                      << "state flags: 0x" << std::hex << sb.s_state << ", "
+                      << "incompat feature flags: 0x" << std::hex << sb.s_feature_incompat;
+                fs_stat |= FS_STAT_UNCLEAN_SHUTDOWN;
+            }
+
+            // Note: quotas should be enabled before running fsck.
+            tune_quota(blk_device, rec, &sb, &fs_stat);
         } else {
-            LINFO << "Running " << TUNE2FS_BIN << " on " << blk_device;
-
-            int status = 0;
-            int ret = 0;
-            unsigned long reserved_blocks = 0;
-            android::base::unique_fd fd(
-                TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(blk_device, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC)));
-            if (fd >= 0) {
-                struct ext4_super_block sb;
-                ret = read_super_block(fd, &sb);
-                if (ret < 0) {
-                    PERROR << "Can't read '" << blk_device << "' super block";
-                    return;
-                }
-                reserved_blocks = rec->reserved_size / EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE(&sb);
-                unsigned long reserved_threshold = ext4_blocks_count(&sb) * 0.02;
-                if (reserved_threshold < reserved_blocks) {
-                    LWARNING << "Reserved blocks " << reserved_blocks
-                             << " is too large";
-                    reserved_blocks = reserved_threshold;
-                }
-
-                if (ext4_r_blocks_count(&sb) == reserved_blocks) {
-                    LINFO << "Have reserved same blocks";
-                    return;
-                }
-            } else {
-                PERROR << "Failed to open '" << blk_device << "'";
-                return;
-            }
-
-            char buf[16] = {0};
-            snprintf(buf, sizeof (buf), "-r %lu", reserved_blocks);
-            const char *tune2fs_argv[] = {
-                TUNE2FS_BIN,
-                buf,
-                blk_device,
-            };
-
-            ret = android_fork_execvp_ext(ARRAY_SIZE(tune2fs_argv),
-                                          const_cast<char **>(tune2fs_argv),
-                                          &status, true, LOG_KLOG | LOG_FILE,
-                                          true, NULL, NULL, 0);
-
-            if (ret < 0) {
-                /* No need to check for error in fork, we can't really handle it now */
-                LERROR << "Failed trying to run " << TUNE2FS_BIN;
-                *fs_stat |= FS_STAT_TUNE2FS_FAILED;
-            }
+            return fs_stat;
         }
     }
+
+    if ((rec->fs_mgr_flags & MF_CHECK) ||
+        (fs_stat & (FS_STAT_UNCLEAN_SHUTDOWN | FS_STAT_QUOTA_ENABLED))) {
+        check_fs(blk_device, rec->fs_type, rec->mount_point, &fs_stat);
+    }
+
+    if (is_extfs(rec->fs_type) && (rec->fs_mgr_flags & (MF_RESERVEDSIZE | MF_FILEENCRYPTION))) {
+        struct ext4_super_block sb;
+
+        if (read_ext4_superblock(blk_device, &sb, &fs_stat)) {
+            tune_reserved_size(blk_device, rec, &sb, &fs_stat);
+            tune_encrypt(blk_device, rec, &sb, &fs_stat);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return fs_stat;
 }
 
 static void remove_trailing_slashes(char *n)
@@ -457,6 +482,16 @@
     return rc;
 }
 
+// Orange state means the device is unlocked, see the following link for details.
+// https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/verified-boot#device_state
+bool fs_mgr_is_device_unlocked() {
+    std::string verified_boot_state;
+    if (fs_mgr_get_boot_config("verifiedbootstate", &verified_boot_state)) {
+        return verified_boot_state == "orange";
+    }
+    return false;
+}
+
 /*
  * __mount(): wrapper around the mount() system call which also
  * sets the underlying block device to read-only if the mount is read-only.
@@ -476,10 +511,11 @@
         if ((info.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK)
             unlink(target);
     mkdir(target, 0755);
+    errno = 0;
     ret = mount(source, target, rec->fs_type, mountflags, rec->fs_options);
     save_errno = errno;
-    LINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(source=" << source << ",target="
-          << target << ",type=" << rec->fs_type << ")=" << ret;
+    PINFO << __FUNCTION__ << "(source=" << source << ",target=" << target
+          << ",type=" << rec->fs_type << ")=" << ret;
     if ((ret == 0) && (mountflags & MS_RDONLY) != 0) {
         fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(source);
     }
@@ -559,10 +595,7 @@
                 continue;
             }
 
-            int fs_stat = 0;
-            int force_check = do_quota_with_shutdown_check(fstab->recs[i].blk_device,
-                                                           fstab->recs[i].fs_type,
-                                                           &fstab->recs[i], &fs_stat);
+            int fs_stat = prepare_fs_for_mount(fstab->recs[i].blk_device, &fstab->recs[i]);
             if (fs_stat & FS_STAT_EXT4_INVALID_MAGIC) {
                 LERROR << __FUNCTION__ << "(): skipping mount, invalid ext4, mountpoint="
                        << fstab->recs[i].mount_point << " rec[" << i
@@ -570,15 +603,6 @@
                 mount_errno = EINVAL;  // continue bootup for FDE
                 continue;
             }
-            if ((fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_CHECK) || force_check) {
-                check_fs(fstab->recs[i].blk_device, fstab->recs[i].fs_type,
-                         fstab->recs[i].mount_point, &fs_stat);
-            }
-
-            if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_RESERVEDSIZE) {
-                do_reserved_size(fstab->recs[i].blk_device, fstab->recs[i].fs_type,
-                                 &fstab->recs[i], &fs_stat);
-            }
 
             int retry_count = 2;
             while (retry_count-- > 0) {
@@ -756,19 +780,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-// TODO: add ueventd notifiers if they don't exist.
-// This is just doing a wait_for_device for maximum of 1s
-int fs_mgr_test_access(const char *device) {
-    int tries = 25;
-    while (tries--) {
-        if (!access(device, F_OK) || errno != ENOENT) {
-            return 0;
-        }
-        usleep(40 * 1000);
-    }
-    return -1;
-}
-
 bool is_device_secure() {
     int ret = -1;
     char value[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
@@ -829,9 +840,7 @@
         }
 
         /* Translate LABEL= file system labels into block devices */
-        if (!strcmp(fstab->recs[i].fs_type, "ext2") ||
-            !strcmp(fstab->recs[i].fs_type, "ext3") ||
-            !strcmp(fstab->recs[i].fs_type, "ext4")) {
+        if (is_extfs(fstab->recs[i].fs_type)) {
             int tret = translate_ext_labels(&fstab->recs[i]);
             if (tret < 0) {
                 LERROR << "Could not translate label to block device";
@@ -839,8 +848,10 @@
             }
         }
 
-        if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_WAIT) {
-            wait_for_file(fstab->recs[i].blk_device, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+        if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_WAIT &&
+            !fs_mgr_wait_for_file(fstab->recs[i].blk_device, 20s)) {
+            LERROR << "Skipping '" << fstab->recs[i].blk_device << "' during mount_all";
+            continue;
         }
 
         if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_AVB) {
@@ -1047,22 +1058,12 @@
         }
 
         /* First check the filesystem if requested */
-        if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_WAIT) {
-            wait_for_file(n_blk_device, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+        if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_WAIT && !fs_mgr_wait_for_file(n_blk_device, 20s)) {
+            LERROR << "Skipping mounting '" << n_blk_device << "'";
+            continue;
         }
 
-        int fs_stat = 0;
-        int force_check = do_quota_with_shutdown_check(n_blk_device, fstab->recs[i].fs_type,
-                                                       &fstab->recs[i], &fs_stat);
-
-        if ((fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_CHECK) || force_check) {
-            check_fs(n_blk_device, fstab->recs[i].fs_type,
-                     fstab->recs[i].mount_point, &fs_stat);
-        }
-
-        if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_RESERVEDSIZE) {
-            do_reserved_size(n_blk_device, fstab->recs[i].fs_type, &fstab->recs[i], &fs_stat);
-        }
+        int fs_stat = prepare_fs_for_mount(n_blk_device, &fstab->recs[i]);
 
         if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_AVB) {
             if (!avb_handle) {
@@ -1221,8 +1222,11 @@
             fclose(zram_fp);
         }
 
-        if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_WAIT) {
-            wait_for_file(fstab->recs[i].blk_device, WAIT_TIMEOUT);
+        if (fstab->recs[i].fs_mgr_flags & MF_WAIT &&
+            !fs_mgr_wait_for_file(fstab->recs[i].blk_device, 20s)) {
+            LERROR << "Skipping mkswap for '" << fstab->recs[i].blk_device << "'";
+            ret = -1;
+            continue;
         }
 
         /* Initialize the swap area */
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_avb.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_avb.cpp
index 2c99aa7..7824cfa 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_avb.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_avb.cpp
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@
     fstab_entry->blk_device = strdup(verity_blk_name.c_str());
 
     // Makes sure we've set everything up properly.
-    if (wait_for_verity_dev && fs_mgr_test_access(verity_blk_name.c_str()) < 0) {
+    if (wait_for_verity_dev && !fs_mgr_wait_for_file(verity_blk_name, 1s)) {
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -473,16 +473,6 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-// Orange state means the device is unlocked, see the following link for details.
-// https://source.android.com/security/verifiedboot/verified-boot#device_state
-static inline bool IsDeviceUnlocked() {
-    std::string verified_boot_state;
-    if (fs_mgr_get_boot_config("verifiedbootstate", &verified_boot_state)) {
-        return verified_boot_state == "orange";
-    }
-    return false;
-}
-
 FsManagerAvbUniquePtr FsManagerAvbHandle::Open(const fstab& fstab) {
     FsManagerAvbOps avb_ops(fstab);
     return DoOpen(&avb_ops);
@@ -498,7 +488,7 @@
 }
 
 FsManagerAvbUniquePtr FsManagerAvbHandle::DoOpen(FsManagerAvbOps* avb_ops) {
-    bool is_device_unlocked = IsDeviceUnlocked();
+    bool is_device_unlocked = fs_mgr_is_device_unlocked();
 
     FsManagerAvbUniquePtr avb_handle(new FsManagerAvbHandle());
     if (!avb_handle) {
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_avb_ops.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_avb_ops.cpp
index ba1262f..43879fe 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_avb_ops.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_avb_ops.cpp
@@ -142,10 +142,8 @@
     }
     std::string path = iter->second;
 
-    // Ensures the device path (a symlink created by init) is ready to
-    // access. fs_mgr_test_access() will test a few iterations if the
-    // path doesn't exist yet.
-    if (fs_mgr_test_access(path.c_str()) < 0) {
+    // Ensures the device path (a symlink created by init) is ready to access.
+    if (!fs_mgr_wait_for_file(path, 1s)) {
         return AVB_IO_RESULT_ERROR_NO_SUCH_PARTITION;
     }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp
index ab5beed..9c5d3f3 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_boot_config.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <string>
+
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
@@ -21,19 +23,11 @@
 
 #include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
 
-// Tries to get the boot config value in properties, kernel cmdline and
-// device tree (in that order).  returns 'true' if successfully found, 'false'
-// otherwise
-bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val) {
+// Tries to get the given boot config value from kernel cmdline.
+// Returns true if successfully found, false otherwise.
+bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val) {
     FS_MGR_CHECK(out_val != nullptr);
 
-    // first check if we have "ro.boot" property already
-    *out_val = android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot." + key, "");
-    if (!out_val->empty()) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    // fallback to kernel cmdline, properties may not be ready yet
     std::string cmdline;
     std::string cmdline_key("androidboot." + key);
     if (android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/cmdline", &cmdline)) {
@@ -48,12 +42,34 @@
         }
     }
 
+    return false;
+}
+
+// Tries to get the boot config value in properties, kernel cmdline and
+// device tree (in that order).  returns 'true' if successfully found, 'false'
+// otherwise
+bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val) {
+    FS_MGR_CHECK(out_val != nullptr);
+
+    // first check if we have "ro.boot" property already
+    *out_val = android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot." + key, "");
+    if (!out_val->empty()) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    // fallback to kernel cmdline, properties may not be ready yet
+    if (fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline(key, out_val)) {
+        return true;
+    }
+
     // lastly, check the device tree
     if (is_dt_compatible()) {
-        std::string file_name = kAndroidDtDir + "/" + key;
-        // DT entries terminate with '\0' but so do the properties
+        std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/" + key;
         if (android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, out_val)) {
-            return true;
+            if (!out_val->empty()) {
+                out_val->pop_back();  // Trims the trailing '\0' out.
+                return true;
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp
index 75feee7..a03d92c 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_format.cpp
@@ -24,21 +24,25 @@
 #include <cutils/partition_utils.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 
-#include <ext4_utils/ext4.h>
 #include <ext4_utils/ext4_utils.h>
-#include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
-#include <selinux/android.h>
-#include <selinux/label.h>
+#include <ext4_utils/ext4.h>
+#include <ext4_utils/make_ext4fs.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <selinux/label.h>
+#include <selinux/android.h>
 
 #include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
 #include "cryptfs.h"
 
+extern "C" {
+extern struct fs_info info;     /* magic global from ext4_utils */
+extern void reset_ext4fs_info();
+}
+
 static int format_ext4(char *fs_blkdev, char *fs_mnt_point, bool crypt_footer)
 {
     uint64_t dev_sz;
     int fd, rc = 0;
-    int status;
 
     if ((fd = open(fs_blkdev, O_WRONLY)) < 0) {
         PERROR << "Cannot open block device";
@@ -51,36 +55,30 @@
         return -1;
     }
 
-    close(fd);
+    struct selabel_handle *sehandle = selinux_android_file_context_handle();
+    if (!sehandle) {
+        /* libselinux logs specific error */
+        LERROR << "Cannot initialize android file_contexts";
+        close(fd);
+        return -1;
+    }
 
     /* Format the partition using the calculated length */
+    reset_ext4fs_info();
+    info.len = (off64_t)dev_sz;
     if (crypt_footer) {
-        dev_sz -= CRYPT_FOOTER_OFFSET;
+        info.len -= CRYPT_FOOTER_OFFSET;
     }
 
-    std::string size_str = std::to_string(dev_sz / 4096);
-    const char* const mke2fs_args[] = {
-        "/system/bin/mke2fs", "-t", "ext4", "-b", "4096", fs_blkdev, size_str.c_str(), nullptr};
-
-    rc = android_fork_execvp_ext(arraysize(mke2fs_args), const_cast<char**>(mke2fs_args), &status,
-                                 true, LOG_KLOG, true, nullptr, nullptr, 0);
+    /* Use make_ext4fs_internal to avoid wiping an already-wiped partition. */
+    rc = make_ext4fs_internal(fd, NULL, NULL, fs_mnt_point, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, sehandle, 0, 0, NULL, NULL, NULL);
     if (rc) {
-        LERROR << "mke2fs returned " << rc;
-        return rc;
+        LERROR << "make_ext4fs returned " << rc;
     }
+    close(fd);
 
-    const char* const e2fsdroid_args[] = {
-        "/system/bin/e2fsdroid",
-        "-e",
-        "-a",
-        fs_mnt_point,
-        fs_blkdev,
-        nullptr};
-
-    rc = android_fork_execvp_ext(arraysize(e2fsdroid_args), const_cast<char**>(e2fsdroid_args),
-                                 &status, true, LOG_KLOG, true, nullptr, nullptr, 0);
-    if (rc) {
-        LERROR << "e2fsdroid returned " << rc;
+    if (sehandle) {
+        selabel_close(sehandle);
     }
 
     return rc;
@@ -88,11 +86,44 @@
 
 static int format_f2fs(char *fs_blkdev)
 {
-    int status;
-    const char* const args[] = {"/system/bin/make_f2fs", "-f", "-O encrypt", fs_blkdev, nullptr};
+    char * args[5];
+    int pid;
+    int rc = 0;
 
-    return android_fork_execvp_ext(arraysize(args), const_cast<char**>(args), &status, true,
-                                   LOG_KLOG, true, nullptr, nullptr, 0);
+    args[0] = (char *)"/system/bin/make_f2fs";
+    args[1] = (char *)"-f";
+    args[2] = (char *)"-O encrypt";
+    args[3] = fs_blkdev;
+    args[4] = (char *)0;
+
+    pid = fork();
+    if (pid < 0) {
+       return pid;
+    }
+    if (!pid) {
+        /* This doesn't return */
+        execv(args[0], args);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    for(;;) {
+        pid_t p = waitpid(pid, &rc, 0);
+        if (p != pid) {
+            LERROR << "Error waiting for child process - " << p;
+            rc = -1;
+            break;
+        }
+        if (WIFEXITED(rc)) {
+            rc = WEXITSTATUS(rc);
+            LINFO << args[0] << " done, status " << rc;
+            if (rc) {
+                rc = -1;
+            }
+            break;
+        }
+        LERROR << "Still waiting for " << args[0] << "...";
+    }
+
+    return rc;
 }
 
 int fs_mgr_do_format(struct fstab_rec *fstab, bool crypt_footer)
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
index 6c527c5..eeac697 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_fstab.cpp
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 
 #include "fs_mgr_priv.h"
 
+const std::string kDefaultAndroidDtDir("/proc/device-tree/firmware/android");
+
 struct fs_mgr_flag_values {
     char *key_loc;
     char* key_dir;
@@ -365,9 +367,26 @@
     return f;
 }
 
+static std::string init_android_dt_dir() {
+    std::string android_dt_dir;
+    // The platform may specify a custom Android DT path in kernel cmdline
+    if (!fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline("android_dt_dir", &android_dt_dir)) {
+        // Fall back to the standard procfs-based path
+        android_dt_dir = kDefaultAndroidDtDir;
+    }
+    return android_dt_dir;
+}
+
+// FIXME: The same logic is duplicated in system/core/init/
+const std::string& get_android_dt_dir() {
+    // Set once and saves time for subsequent calls to this function
+    static const std::string kAndroidDtDir = init_android_dt_dir();
+    return kAndroidDtDir;
+}
+
 static bool is_dt_fstab_compatible() {
     std::string dt_value;
-    std::string file_name = kAndroidDtDir + "/fstab/compatible";
+    std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/fstab/compatible";
     if (read_dt_file(file_name, &dt_value)) {
         if (dt_value == "android,fstab") {
             return true;
@@ -383,7 +402,7 @@
         return fstab;
     }
 
-    std::string fstabdir_name = kAndroidDtDir + "/fstab";
+    std::string fstabdir_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/fstab";
     std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)> fstabdir(opendir(fstabdir_name.c_str()), closedir);
     if (!fstabdir) return fstab;
 
@@ -446,7 +465,7 @@
 }
 
 bool is_dt_compatible() {
-    std::string file_name = kAndroidDtDir + "/compatible";
+    std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + "/compatible";
     std::string dt_value;
     if (read_dt_file(file_name, &dt_value)) {
         if (dt_value == "android,firmware") {
@@ -864,32 +883,26 @@
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_NOEMULATEDSD;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_notrim(struct fstab_rec *fstab)
-{
+int fs_mgr_is_notrim(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_NOTRIM;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_formattable(struct fstab_rec *fstab)
-{
+int fs_mgr_is_formattable(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & (MF_FORMATTABLE);
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_slotselect(struct fstab_rec *fstab)
-{
+int fs_mgr_is_slotselect(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_SLOTSELECT;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_nofail(struct fstab_rec *fstab)
-{
+int fs_mgr_is_nofail(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_NOFAIL;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_latemount(struct fstab_rec *fstab)
-{
+int fs_mgr_is_latemount(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_LATEMOUNT;
 }
 
-int fs_mgr_is_quota(struct fstab_rec *fstab)
-{
+int fs_mgr_is_quota(const struct fstab_rec* fstab) {
     return fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_QUOTA;
 }
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
index 3ca507b..0f62e18 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv.h
@@ -17,8 +17,12 @@
 #ifndef __CORE_FS_MGR_PRIV_H
 #define __CORE_FS_MGR_PRIV_H
 
+#include <chrono>
+#include <string>
+
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <fs_mgr.h>
+
+#include "fs_mgr.h"
 #include "fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h"
 
 /* The CHECK() in logging.h will use program invocation name as the tag.
@@ -43,8 +47,6 @@
 
 #define CRYPTO_TMPFS_OPTIONS "size=256m,mode=0771,uid=1000,gid=1000"
 
-#define WAIT_TIMEOUT 20
-
 /* fstab has the following format:
  *
  * Any line starting with a # is a comment and ignored
@@ -111,9 +113,14 @@
 
 #define DM_BUF_SIZE 4096
 
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
 int fs_mgr_set_blk_ro(const char *blockdev);
-int fs_mgr_test_access(const char *device);
+bool fs_mgr_wait_for_file(const std::string& filename,
+                          const std::chrono::milliseconds relative_timeout);
 bool fs_mgr_update_for_slotselect(struct fstab *fstab);
+bool fs_mgr_is_device_unlocked();
+const std::string& get_android_dt_dir();
 bool is_dt_compatible();
 bool is_device_secure();
 int load_verity_state(struct fstab_rec* fstab, int* mode);
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h
index 8773d33..d98dc02 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_priv_boot_config.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <string>
 
-const std::string kAndroidDtDir("/proc/device-tree/firmware/android");
-
+bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config_from_kernel_cmdline(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val);
 bool fs_mgr_get_boot_config(const std::string& key, std::string* out_val);
 
 #endif /* __CORE_FS_MGR_PRIV_BOOTCONFIG_H */
diff --git a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_verity.cpp b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_verity.cpp
index 8904995..7f8e1e2 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_verity.cpp
+++ b/fs_mgr/fs_mgr_verity.cpp
@@ -348,10 +348,13 @@
 
 static int was_verity_restart()
 {
-    static const char *files[] = {
+    static const char* files[] = {
+        // clang-format off
+        "/sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops-0",
         "/sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops",
         "/proc/last_kmsg",
         NULL
+        // clang-format on
     };
     int i;
 
@@ -689,27 +692,55 @@
     return read_verity_state(fstab->verity_loc, offset, mode);
 }
 
-static void update_verity_table_blk_device(char *blk_device, char **table)
-{
-    std::string result, word;
+// Update the verity table using the actual block device path.
+// Two cases:
+// Case-1: verity table is shared for devices with different by-name prefix.
+// Example:
+//   verity table token:       /dev/block/bootdevice/by-name/vendor
+//   blk_device-1 (non-A/B):   /dev/block/platform/soc.0/7824900.sdhci/by-name/vendor
+//   blk_device-2 (A/B):       /dev/block/platform/soc.0/f9824900.sdhci/by-name/vendor_a
+//
+// Case-2: append A/B suffix in the verity table.
+// Example:
+//   verity table token: /dev/block/platform/soc.0/7824900.sdhci/by-name/vendor
+//   blk_device:         /dev/block/platform/soc.0/7824900.sdhci/by-name/vendor_a
+static void update_verity_table_blk_device(const std::string& blk_device, char** table,
+                                           bool slot_select) {
+    bool updated = false;
+    std::string result, ab_suffix;
     auto tokens = android::base::Split(*table, " ");
 
+    // If slot_select is set, it means blk_device is already updated with ab_suffix.
+    if (slot_select) ab_suffix = fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+
     for (const auto& token : tokens) {
-        if (android::base::StartsWith(token, "/dev/block/") &&
-            android::base::StartsWith(blk_device, token.c_str())) {
-            word = blk_device;
+        std::string new_token;
+        if (android::base::StartsWith(token, "/dev/block/")) {
+            if (token == blk_device) return;  // no need to update if they're already the same.
+            std::size_t found1 = blk_device.find("by-name");
+            std::size_t found2 = token.find("by-name");
+            if (found1 != std::string::npos && found2 != std::string::npos &&
+                blk_device.substr(found1) == token.substr(found2) + ab_suffix) {
+                new_token = blk_device;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!new_token.empty()) {
+            updated = true;
+            LINFO << "Verity table: updated block device from '" << token << "' to '" << new_token
+                  << "'";
         } else {
-            word = token;
+            new_token = token;
         }
 
         if (result.empty()) {
-            result = word;
+            result = new_token;
         } else {
-            result += " " + word;
+            result += " " + new_token;
         }
     }
 
-    if (result.empty()) {
+    if (!updated) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -751,8 +782,8 @@
     if (fec_verity_get_metadata(f, &verity) < 0) {
         PERROR << "Failed to get verity metadata '" << fstab->blk_device << "'";
         // Allow verity disabled when the device is unlocked without metadata
-        if ("0" == android::base::GetProperty("ro.boot.flash.locked", "")) {
-            retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_DISABLED;
+        if (fs_mgr_is_device_unlocked()) {
+            retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SKIPPED;
             LWARNING << "Allow invalid metadata when the device is unlocked";
         }
         goto out;
@@ -810,9 +841,15 @@
 
     // verify the signature on the table
     if (verify_verity_signature(verity) < 0) {
+        // Allow signature verification error when the device is unlocked
+        if (fs_mgr_is_device_unlocked()) {
+            retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SKIPPED;
+            LWARNING << "Allow signature verification error when the device is unlocked";
+            goto out;
+        }
         if (params.mode == VERITY_MODE_LOGGING) {
             // the user has been warned, allow mounting without dm-verity
-            retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SUCCESS;
+            retval = FS_MGR_SETUP_VERITY_SKIPPED;
             goto out;
         }
 
@@ -825,10 +862,9 @@
     LINFO << "Enabling dm-verity for " << mount_point.c_str()
           << " (mode " << params.mode << ")";
 
-    if (fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_SLOTSELECT) {
-        // Update the verity params using the actual block device path
-        update_verity_table_blk_device(fstab->blk_device, &params.table);
-    }
+    // Update the verity params using the actual block device path
+    update_verity_table_blk_device(fstab->blk_device, &params.table,
+                                   fstab->fs_mgr_flags & MF_SLOTSELECT);
 
     // load the verity mapping table
     if (load_verity_table(io, mount_point, verity.data_size, fd, &params,
@@ -899,7 +935,7 @@
     }
 
     // make sure we've set everything up properly
-    if (wait_for_verity_dev && fs_mgr_test_access(fstab->blk_device) < 0) {
+    if (wait_for_verity_dev && !fs_mgr_wait_for_file(fstab->blk_device, 1s)) {
         goto out;
     }
 
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
index e033d47..c74f6c8 100644
--- a/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
+++ b/fs_mgr/include/fs_mgr.h
@@ -22,11 +22,7 @@
 #include <stdbool.h>
 #include <linux/dm-ioctl.h>
 
-// C++ only headers
-// TODO: move this into separate header files under include/fs_mgr/*.h
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-#include <string>
-#endif
+#include <fstab/fstab.h>
 
 // Magic number at start of verity metadata
 #define VERITY_METADATA_MAGIC_NUMBER 0xb001b001
@@ -53,49 +49,10 @@
     MOUNT_MODE_LATE = 2
 };
 
-/*
- * The entries must be kept in the same order as they were seen in the fstab.
- * Unless explicitly requested, a lookup on mount point should always
- * return the 1st one.
- */
-struct fstab {
-    int num_entries;
-    struct fstab_rec *recs;
-    char *fstab_filename;
-};
-
-struct fstab_rec {
-    char *blk_device;
-    char *mount_point;
-    char *fs_type;
-    unsigned long flags;
-    char *fs_options;
-    int fs_mgr_flags;
-    char *key_loc;
-    char* key_dir;
-    char *verity_loc;
-    long long length;
-    char *label;
-    int partnum;
-    int swap_prio;
-    int max_comp_streams;
-    unsigned int zram_size;
-    uint64_t reserved_size;
-    unsigned int file_contents_mode;
-    unsigned int file_names_mode;
-    unsigned int erase_blk_size;
-    unsigned int logical_blk_size;
-};
-
 // Callback function for verity status
 typedef void (*fs_mgr_verity_state_callback)(struct fstab_rec *fstab,
         const char *mount_point, int mode, int status);
 
-struct fstab *fs_mgr_read_fstab_default();
-struct fstab *fs_mgr_read_fstab_dt();
-struct fstab *fs_mgr_read_fstab(const char *fstab_path);
-void fs_mgr_free_fstab(struct fstab *fstab);
-
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_IS_METADATA_ENCRYPTED 7
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_METADATA_ENCRYPTION 6
 #define FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_FILE_ENCRYPTED 5
@@ -120,28 +77,6 @@
 void fs_mgr_get_crypt_info(struct fstab* fstab, char* key_loc, char* real_blk_device, size_t size);
 bool fs_mgr_load_verity_state(int* mode);
 bool fs_mgr_update_verity_state(fs_mgr_verity_state_callback callback);
-int fs_mgr_add_entry(struct fstab *fstab,
-                     const char *mount_point, const char *fs_type,
-                     const char *blk_device);
-struct fstab_rec *fs_mgr_get_entry_for_mount_point(struct fstab *fstab, const char *path);
-int fs_mgr_is_voldmanaged(const struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_nonremovable(const struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_verified(const struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_verifyatboot(const struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_avb(const struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_encryptable(const struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_file_encrypted(const struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-void fs_mgr_get_file_encryption_modes(const struct fstab_rec *fstab,
-                                      const char **contents_mode_ret,
-                                      const char **filenames_mode_ret);
-int fs_mgr_is_convertible_to_fbe(const struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_noemulatedsd(const struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_notrim(struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_formattable(struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_slotselect(struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_nofail(struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_latemount(struct fstab_rec *fstab);
-int fs_mgr_is_quota(struct fstab_rec *fstab);
 int fs_mgr_swapon_all(struct fstab *fstab);
 
 int fs_mgr_do_format(struct fstab_rec *fstab, bool reserve_footer);
@@ -154,10 +89,4 @@
 
 __END_DECLS
 
-// C++ only functions
-// TODO: move this into separate header files under include/fs_mgr/*.h
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-std::string fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
-#endif
-
 #endif /* __CORE_FS_MGR_H */
diff --git a/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15c8caf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/fs_mgr/include_fstab/fstab/fstab.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __CORE_FS_TAB_H
+#define __CORE_FS_TAB_H
+
+#include <linux/dm-ioctl.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+// C++ only headers
+// TODO: move this into separate header files under include/fs_mgr/*.h
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+#include <string>
+#endif
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+/*
+ * The entries must be kept in the same order as they were seen in the fstab.
+ * Unless explicitly requested, a lookup on mount point should always
+ * return the 1st one.
+ */
+struct fstab {
+    int num_entries;
+    struct fstab_rec* recs;
+    char* fstab_filename;
+};
+
+struct fstab_rec {
+    char* blk_device;
+    char* mount_point;
+    char* fs_type;
+    unsigned long flags;
+    char* fs_options;
+    int fs_mgr_flags;
+    char* key_loc;
+    char* key_dir;
+    char* verity_loc;
+    long long length;
+    char* label;
+    int partnum;
+    int swap_prio;
+    int max_comp_streams;
+    unsigned int zram_size;
+    uint64_t reserved_size;
+    unsigned int file_contents_mode;
+    unsigned int file_names_mode;
+    unsigned int erase_blk_size;
+    unsigned int logical_blk_size;
+};
+
+struct fstab* fs_mgr_read_fstab_default();
+struct fstab* fs_mgr_read_fstab_dt();
+struct fstab* fs_mgr_read_fstab(const char* fstab_path);
+void fs_mgr_free_fstab(struct fstab* fstab);
+
+int fs_mgr_add_entry(struct fstab* fstab, const char* mount_point, const char* fs_type,
+                     const char* blk_device);
+struct fstab_rec* fs_mgr_get_entry_for_mount_point(struct fstab* fstab, const char* path);
+int fs_mgr_is_voldmanaged(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_nonremovable(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_verified(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_verifyatboot(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_avb(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_encryptable(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_file_encrypted(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+void fs_mgr_get_file_encryption_modes(const struct fstab_rec* fstab, const char** contents_mode_ret,
+                                      const char** filenames_mode_ret);
+int fs_mgr_is_convertible_to_fbe(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_noemulatedsd(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_notrim(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_formattable(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_slotselect(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_nofail(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_latemount(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+int fs_mgr_is_quota(const struct fstab_rec* fstab);
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+// C++ only functions
+// TODO: move this into separate header files under include/fs_mgr/*.h
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+std::string fs_mgr_get_slot_suffix();
+#endif
+
+#endif /* __CORE_FS_TAB_H */
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/SoftGateKeeper.h b/gatekeeperd/SoftGateKeeper.h
index cb02a6f..92d1752 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/SoftGateKeeper.h
+++ b/gatekeeperd/SoftGateKeeper.h
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 }
 
 #include <android-base/memory.h>
-#include <UniquePtr.h>
 #include <gatekeeper/gatekeeper.h>
+#include <nativehelper/UniquePtr.h>
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <unordered_map>
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/SoftGateKeeperDevice.h b/gatekeeperd/SoftGateKeeperDevice.h
index 3463c29..229f9a9 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/SoftGateKeeperDevice.h
+++ b/gatekeeperd/SoftGateKeeperDevice.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "SoftGateKeeper.h"
 
-#include <UniquePtr.h>
+#include <nativehelper/UniquePtr.h>
 
 using namespace gatekeeper;
 
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/tests/Android.mk b/gatekeeperd/tests/Android.mk
index a62b1d4..c38c64b 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/tests/Android.mk
+++ b/gatekeeperd/tests/Android.mk
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 LOCAL_MODULE := gatekeeperd-unit-tests
 LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/Android.mk
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += -g -Wall -Werror -std=gnu++11 -Wno-missing-field-initializers
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += -g -Wall -Werror -Wno-missing-field-initializers
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := libgatekeeper libcrypto libbase
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libscrypt_static
 LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := external/scrypt/lib/crypto
diff --git a/gatekeeperd/tests/gatekeeper_test.cpp b/gatekeeperd/tests/gatekeeper_test.cpp
index 47a8bfa..b3aea7b 100644
--- a/gatekeeperd/tests/gatekeeper_test.cpp
+++ b/gatekeeperd/tests/gatekeeper_test.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <hardware/hw_auth_token.h>
-#include <UniquePtr.h>
+#include <nativehelper/UniquePtr.h>
 
 #include "../SoftGateKeeper.h"
 
diff --git a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
index d26530b..676ee41 100644
--- a/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
+++ b/healthd/BatteryMonitor.cpp
@@ -116,6 +116,10 @@
         { "Over voltage", BATTERY_HEALTH_OVER_VOLTAGE },
         { "Unspecified failure", BATTERY_HEALTH_UNSPECIFIED_FAILURE },
         { "Cold", BATTERY_HEALTH_COLD },
+        // battery health values from JEITA spec
+        { "Warm", BATTERY_HEALTH_GOOD },
+        { "Cool", BATTERY_HEALTH_GOOD },
+        { "Hot", BATTERY_HEALTH_OVERHEAT },
         { NULL, 0 },
     };
 
diff --git a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
index e7f3eaf..6c6d738 100644
--- a/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
+++ b/healthd/healthd_mode_charger.cpp
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <functional>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
 
 #include <linux/netlink.h>
 #include <sys/socket.h>
@@ -72,8 +73,6 @@
 #define POWER_ON_KEY_TIME (2 * MSEC_PER_SEC)
 #define UNPLUGGED_SHUTDOWN_TIME (10 * MSEC_PER_SEC)
 
-#define LAST_KMSG_PATH "/proc/last_kmsg"
-#define LAST_KMSG_PSTORE_PATH "/sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops"
 #define LAST_KMSG_MAX_SZ (32 * 1024)
 
 #define LOGE(x...) KLOG_ERROR("charger", x);
@@ -205,14 +204,21 @@
     LOGW("\n");
     LOGW("*************** LAST KMSG ***************\n");
     LOGW("\n");
-    buf = (char*)load_file(LAST_KMSG_PSTORE_PATH, &sz);
+    const char* kmsg[] = {
+        // clang-format off
+        "/sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops-0",
+        "/sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops",
+        "/proc/last_kmsg",
+        // clang-format on
+    };
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(kmsg); ++i) {
+        buf = (char*)load_file(kmsg[i], &sz);
+        if (buf && sz) break;
+    }
 
     if (!buf || !sz) {
-        buf = (char*)load_file(LAST_KMSG_PATH, &sz);
-        if (!buf || !sz) {
-            LOGW("last_kmsg not found. Cold reset?\n");
-            goto out;
-        }
+        LOGW("last_kmsg not found. Cold reset?\n");
+        goto out;
     }
 
     len = min(sz, LAST_KMSG_MAX_SZ);
diff --git a/include/private/fs_config.h b/include/private/fs_config.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9868a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/private/fs_config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+// TODO(b/63135587) remove this file after the transitive dependency
+// from private/android_filesystem_config.h is resolved. All files that use
+// libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h should include the file directly, not
+// indirectly via private/android_filesystem_config.h.
diff --git a/init/Android.bp b/init/Android.bp
index 5d6d979..672942e 100644
--- a/init/Android.bp
+++ b/init/Android.bp
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@
     name: "init_defaults",
     cpp_std: "experimental",
     sanitize: {
-        misc_undefined: ["integer"],
+        misc_undefined: ["signed-integer-overflow"],
     },
-    tidy_checks: ["-misc-forwarding-reference-overload"],
     cppflags: [
         "-DLOG_UEVENTS=0",
         "-Wall",
@@ -55,6 +54,9 @@
                 "-DSHUTDOWN_ZERO_TIMEOUT=1",
             ],
         },
+        uml: {
+            cppflags: ["-DUSER_MODE_LINUX"],
+        }
     },
 }
 
@@ -68,10 +70,15 @@
         "devices.cpp",
         "firmware_handler.cpp",
         "import_parser.cpp",
-        "init_parser.cpp",
         "log.cpp",
         "parser.cpp",
+        "persistent_properties.cpp",
+        "property_service.cpp",
+        "security.cpp",
+        "selinux.cpp",
         "service.cpp",
+        "rlimit_parser.cpp",
+        "tokenizer.cpp",
         "uevent_listener.cpp",
         "ueventd_parser.cpp",
         "util.cpp",
@@ -82,7 +89,12 @@
         "libselinux",
         "liblog",
         "libprocessgroup",
+        "libfs_mgr",
     ],
+    include_dirs: [
+        "system/core/mkbootimg",
+    ],
+
 }
 
 /*
@@ -106,15 +118,11 @@
         "init.cpp",
         "init_first_stage.cpp",
         "keychords.cpp",
-        "property_service.cpp",
         "reboot.cpp",
-        "signal_handler.cpp",
+        "sigchld_handler.cpp",
         "ueventd.cpp",
         "watchdogd.cpp",
     ],
-    include_dirs: [
-        "system/core/mkbootimg"
-    ],
     static_libs: [
         "libinit",
         "libbootloader_message",
@@ -154,18 +162,24 @@
     defaults: ["init_defaults"],
     srcs: [
         "devices_test.cpp",
-        "init_parser_test.cpp",
         "init_test.cpp",
+        "persistent_properties_test.cpp",
         "property_service_test.cpp",
+        "result_test.cpp",
+        "rlimit_parser_test.cpp",
         "service_test.cpp",
+        "ueventd_test.cpp",
         "util_test.cpp",
     ],
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "libcutils",
-        "libselinux",
     ],
-    static_libs: ["libinit"],
+    static_libs: [
+        "libinit",
+        "libselinux",
+        "libcrypto",
+    ],
 }
 
 subdirs = ["*"]
diff --git a/init/Android.mk b/init/Android.mk
index bf75f5a..6c28517 100644
--- a/init/Android.mk
+++ b/init/Android.mk
@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@
     -DALLOW_LOCAL_PROP_OVERRIDE=1 \
     -DALLOW_PERMISSIVE_SELINUX=1 \
     -DREBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC=1 \
+    -DWORLD_WRITABLE_KMSG=1 \
     -DDUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE=1
 else
 init_options += \
     -DALLOW_LOCAL_PROP_OVERRIDE=0 \
     -DALLOW_PERMISSIVE_SELINUX=0 \
     -DREBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC=0 \
+    -DWORLD_WRITABLE_KMSG=0 \
     -DDUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE=0
 endif
 
@@ -38,8 +40,6 @@
 # --
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-# b/38002385, work around clang-tidy segmentation fault.
-LOCAL_TIDY_CHECKS := -misc-forwarding-reference-overload
 LOCAL_CPPFLAGS := $(init_cflags)
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES:= \
     bootchart.cpp \
@@ -47,15 +47,12 @@
     init.cpp \
     init_first_stage.cpp \
     keychords.cpp \
-    property_service.cpp \
     reboot.cpp \
-    signal_handler.cpp \
+    sigchld_handler.cpp \
     ueventd.cpp \
     watchdogd.cpp \
 
 LOCAL_MODULE:= init
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDES += \
-    system/core/mkbootimg
 
 LOCAL_FORCE_STATIC_EXECUTABLE := true
 LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)
@@ -73,6 +70,7 @@
     libcutils \
     libbase \
     libc \
+    libseccomp_policy \
     libselinux \
     liblog \
     libcrypto_utils \
@@ -94,6 +92,5 @@
     ln -sf ../init $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/sbin/ueventd; \
     ln -sf ../init $(TARGET_ROOT_OUT)/sbin/watchdogd
 
-LOCAL_SANITIZE := integer
-LOCAL_CLANG := true
+LOCAL_SANITIZE := signed-integer-overflow
 include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)
diff --git a/init/README.md b/init/README.md
index 422fdad..7df37ff 100644
--- a/init/README.md
+++ b/init/README.md
@@ -216,6 +216,12 @@
   http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/capabilities.7.html for a list of Linux
   capabilities.
 
+`setrlimit <resource> <cur> <max>`
+> This applies the given rlimit to the service. rlimits are inherited by child
+  processes, so this effectively applies the given rlimit to the process tree
+  started by this service.
+  It is parsed similarly to the setrlimit command specified below.
+
 `seclabel <seclabel>`
 > Change to 'seclabel' before exec'ing this service.
   Primarily for use by services run from the rootfs, e.g. ueventd, adbd.
@@ -260,6 +266,18 @@
 > Sets the child's /proc/self/oom\_score\_adj to the specified value,
   which must range from -1000 to 1000.
 
+`memcg.swappiness <value>`
+> Sets the child's memory.swappiness to the specified value (only if memcg is mounted),
+  which must be equal or greater than 0.
+
+`memcg.soft_limit_in_bytes <value>`
+> Sets the child's memory.soft_limit_in_bytes to the specified value (only if memcg is mounted),
+  which must be equal or greater than 0.
+
+`memcg.limit_in_bytes <value>`
+> Sets the child's memory.limit_in_bytes to the specified value (only if memcg is mounted),
+  which must be equal or greater than 0.
+
 `shutdown <shutdown_behavior>`
 > Set shutdown behavior of the service process. When this is not specified,
   the service is killed during shutdown process by using SIGTERM and SIGKILL.
@@ -435,12 +453,20 @@
 `rmdir <path>`
 > Calls rmdir(2) on the given path.
 
+`readahead <file|dir> [--fully]`
+> Calls readahead(2) on the file or files within given directory.
+  Use option --fully to read the full file content.
+
 `setprop <name> <value>`
 > Set system property _name_ to _value_. Properties are expanded
   within _value_.
 
 `setrlimit <resource> <cur> <max>`
-> Set the rlimit for a resource.
+> Set the rlimit for a resource. This applies to all processes launched after
+  the limit is set. It is intended to be set early in init and applied globally.
+  _resource_ is best specified using its text representation ('cpu', 'rtio', etc
+  or 'RLIM_CPU', 'RLIM_RTIO', etc). It also may be specified as the int value
+  that the resource enum corresponds to.
 
 `start <service>`
 > Start a service running if it is not already running.
diff --git a/init/action.cpp b/init/action.cpp
index 41bd061..60204a8 100644
--- a/init/action.cpp
+++ b/init/action.cpp
@@ -16,27 +16,28 @@
 
 #include "action.h"
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 
 #include "util.h"
 
 using android::base::Join;
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 Command::Command(BuiltinFunction f, const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line)
     : func_(f), args_(args), line_(line) {}
 
-int Command::InvokeFunc() const {
+Result<Success> Command::InvokeFunc() const {
     std::vector<std::string> expanded_args;
     expanded_args.resize(args_.size());
     expanded_args[0] = args_[0];
     for (std::size_t i = 1; i < args_.size(); ++i) {
         if (!expand_props(args_[i], &expanded_args[i])) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << args_[0] << ": cannot expand '" << args_[i] << "'";
-            return -EINVAL;
+            return Error() << "cannot expand '" << args_[i] << "'";
         }
     }
 
@@ -52,19 +53,16 @@
 
 const KeywordMap<BuiltinFunction>* Action::function_map_ = nullptr;
 
-bool Action::AddCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Action::AddCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line) {
     if (!function_map_) {
-        *err = "no function map available";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "no function map available";
     }
 
-    auto function = function_map_->FindFunction(args, err);
-    if (!function) {
-        return false;
-    }
+    auto function = function_map_->FindFunction(args);
+    if (!function) return Error() << function.error();
 
-    AddCommand(function, args, line);
-    return true;
+    AddCommand(*function, args, line);
+    return Success();
 }
 
 void Action::AddCommand(BuiltinFunction f, const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line) {
@@ -89,83 +87,86 @@
 }
 
 void Action::ExecuteCommand(const Command& command) const {
-    Timer t;
-    int result = command.InvokeFunc();
+    android::base::Timer t;
+    auto result = command.InvokeFunc();
+    auto duration = t.duration();
 
-    double duration_ms = t.duration_s() * 1000;
+    // There are many legacy paths in rootdir/init.rc that will virtually never exist on a new
+    // device, such as '/sys/class/leds/jogball-backlight/brightness'.  As of this writing, there
+    // are 198 such failures on bullhead.  Instead of spamming the log reporting them, we do not
+    // report such failures unless we're running at the DEBUG log level.
+    bool report_failure = !result.has_value();
+    if (report_failure && android::base::GetMinimumLogSeverity() > android::base::DEBUG &&
+        result.error_errno() == ENOENT) {
+        report_failure = false;
+    }
+
     // Any action longer than 50ms will be warned to user as slow operation
-    if (duration_ms > 50.0 ||
+    if (report_failure || duration > 50ms ||
         android::base::GetMinimumLogSeverity() <= android::base::DEBUG) {
         std::string trigger_name = BuildTriggersString();
         std::string cmd_str = command.BuildCommandString();
-        std::string source = StringPrintf(" (%s:%d)", filename_.c_str(), command.line());
 
-        LOG(INFO) << "Command '" << cmd_str << "' action=" << trigger_name << source
-                  << " returned " << result << " took " << duration_ms << "ms.";
+        LOG(INFO) << "Command '" << cmd_str << "' action=" << trigger_name << " (" << filename_
+                  << ":" << command.line() << ") took " << duration.count() << "ms and "
+                  << (result ? "succeeded" : "failed: " + result.error_string());
     }
 }
 
-bool Action::ParsePropertyTrigger(const std::string& trigger, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Action::ParsePropertyTrigger(const std::string& trigger) {
     const static std::string prop_str("property:");
     std::string prop_name(trigger.substr(prop_str.length()));
     size_t equal_pos = prop_name.find('=');
     if (equal_pos == std::string::npos) {
-        *err = "property trigger found without matching '='";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "property trigger found without matching '='";
     }
 
     std::string prop_value(prop_name.substr(equal_pos + 1));
     prop_name.erase(equal_pos);
 
     if (auto [it, inserted] = property_triggers_.emplace(prop_name, prop_value); !inserted) {
-        *err = "multiple property triggers found for same property";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "multiple property triggers found for same property";
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Action::InitTriggers(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Action::InitTriggers(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     const static std::string prop_str("property:");
     for (std::size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
         if (args[i].empty()) {
-            *err = "empty trigger is not valid";
-            return false;
+            return Error() << "empty trigger is not valid";
         }
 
         if (i % 2) {
             if (args[i] != "&&") {
-                *err = "&& is the only symbol allowed to concatenate actions";
-                return false;
+                return Error() << "&& is the only symbol allowed to concatenate actions";
             } else {
                 continue;
             }
         }
 
         if (!args[i].compare(0, prop_str.length(), prop_str)) {
-            if (!ParsePropertyTrigger(args[i], err)) {
-                return false;
+            if (auto result = ParsePropertyTrigger(args[i]); !result) {
+                return result;
             }
         } else {
             if (!event_trigger_.empty()) {
-                *err = "multiple event triggers are not allowed";
-                return false;
+                return Error() << "multiple event triggers are not allowed";
             }
 
             event_trigger_ = args[i];
         }
     }
 
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Action::InitSingleTrigger(const std::string& trigger) {
+Result<Success> Action::InitSingleTrigger(const std::string& trigger) {
     std::vector<std::string> name_vector{trigger};
-    std::string err;
-    bool ret = InitTriggers(name_vector, &err);
-    if (!ret) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "InitSingleTrigger failed due to: " << err;
+    if (auto result = InitTriggers(name_vector); !result) {
+        return Error() << "InitTriggers() failed: " << result.error();
     }
-    return ret;
+    return Success();
 }
 
 // This function checks that all property triggers are satisfied, that is
@@ -263,7 +264,8 @@
     auto action = std::make_unique<Action>(true, "<Builtin Action>", 0);
     std::vector<std::string> name_vector{name};
 
-    if (!action->InitSingleTrigger(name)) {
+    if (auto result = action->InitSingleTrigger(name); !result) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot queue BuiltinAction for " << name << ": " << result.error();
         return;
     }
 
@@ -332,25 +334,25 @@
     current_command_ = 0;
 }
 
-bool ActionParser::ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
-                                int line, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> ActionParser::ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args,
+                                           const std::string& filename, int line) {
     std::vector<std::string> triggers(args.begin() + 1, args.end());
     if (triggers.size() < 1) {
-        *err = "actions must have a trigger";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "Actions must have a trigger";
     }
 
     auto action = std::make_unique<Action>(false, filename, line);
-    if (!action->InitTriggers(triggers, err)) {
-        return false;
+
+    if (auto result = action->InitTriggers(triggers); !result) {
+        return Error() << "InitTriggers() failed: " << result.error();
     }
 
     action_ = std::move(action);
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool ActionParser::ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line, std::string* err) {
-    return action_ ? action_->AddCommand(std::move(args), line, err) : false;
+Result<Success> ActionParser::ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) {
+    return action_ ? action_->AddCommand(std::move(args), line) : Success();
 }
 
 void ActionParser::EndSection() {
@@ -358,3 +360,6 @@
         action_manager_->AddAction(std::move(action_));
     }
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/action.h b/init/action.h
index c04076a..d977f82 100644
--- a/init/action.h
+++ b/init/action.h
@@ -24,14 +24,18 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "builtins.h"
-#include "init_parser.h"
 #include "keyword_map.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "result.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 class Command {
   public:
     Command(BuiltinFunction f, const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line);
 
-    int InvokeFunc() const;
+    Result<Success> InvokeFunc() const;
     std::string BuildCommandString() const;
 
     int line() const { return line_; }
@@ -50,10 +54,10 @@
   public:
     explicit Action(bool oneshot, const std::string& filename, int line);
 
-    bool AddCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line, std::string* err);
+    Result<Success> AddCommand(const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line);
     void AddCommand(BuiltinFunction f, const std::vector<std::string>& args, int line);
-    bool InitTriggers(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool InitSingleTrigger(const std::string& trigger);
+    Result<Success> InitTriggers(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> InitSingleTrigger(const std::string& trigger);
     std::size_t NumCommands() const;
     void ExecuteOneCommand(std::size_t command) const;
     void ExecuteAllCommands() const;
@@ -75,7 +79,7 @@
     void ExecuteCommand(const Command& command) const;
     bool CheckPropertyTriggers(const std::string& name = "",
                                const std::string& value = "") const;
-    bool ParsePropertyTrigger(const std::string& trigger, std::string* err);
+    Result<Success> ParsePropertyTrigger(const std::string& trigger);
 
     std::map<std::string, std::string> property_triggers_;
     std::string event_trigger_;
@@ -117,9 +121,9 @@
   public:
     ActionParser(ActionManager* action_manager)
         : action_manager_(action_manager), action_(nullptr) {}
-    bool ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename, int line,
-                      std::string* err) override;
-    bool ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line, std::string* err) override;
+    Result<Success> ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
+                                 int line) override;
+    Result<Success> ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) override;
     void EndSection() override;
 
   private:
@@ -127,4 +131,7 @@
     std::unique_ptr<Action> action_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/bootchart.cpp b/init/bootchart.cpp
index 825603a..ec84317 100644
--- a/init/bootchart.cpp
+++ b/init/bootchart.cpp
@@ -40,6 +40,9 @@
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 static std::thread* g_bootcharting_thread;
 
 static std::mutex g_bootcharting_finished_mutex;
@@ -160,35 +163,38 @@
   LOG(INFO) << "Bootcharting finished";
 }
 
-static int do_bootchart_start() {
-  // We don't care about the content, but we do care that /data/bootchart/enabled actually exists.
-  std::string start;
-  if (!android::base::ReadFileToString("/data/bootchart/enabled", &start)) {
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Not bootcharting";
-    return 0;
-  }
+static Result<Success> do_bootchart_start() {
+    // We don't care about the content, but we do care that /data/bootchart/enabled actually exists.
+    std::string start;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString("/data/bootchart/enabled", &start)) {
+        LOG(VERBOSE) << "Not bootcharting";
+        return Success();
+    }
 
-  g_bootcharting_thread = new std::thread(bootchart_thread_main);
-  return 0;
+    g_bootcharting_thread = new std::thread(bootchart_thread_main);
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_bootchart_stop() {
-  if (!g_bootcharting_thread) return 0;
+static Result<Success> do_bootchart_stop() {
+    if (!g_bootcharting_thread) return Success();
 
-  // Tell the worker thread it's time to quit.
-  {
-    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_bootcharting_finished_mutex);
-    g_bootcharting_finished = true;
-    g_bootcharting_finished_cv.notify_one();
-  }
+    // Tell the worker thread it's time to quit.
+    {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(g_bootcharting_finished_mutex);
+        g_bootcharting_finished = true;
+        g_bootcharting_finished_cv.notify_one();
+    }
 
-  g_bootcharting_thread->join();
-  delete g_bootcharting_thread;
-  g_bootcharting_thread = nullptr;
-  return 0;
+    g_bootcharting_thread->join();
+    delete g_bootcharting_thread;
+    g_bootcharting_thread = nullptr;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-int do_bootchart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-  if (args[1] == "start") return do_bootchart_start();
-  return do_bootchart_stop();
+Result<Success> do_bootchart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (args[1] == "start") return do_bootchart_start();
+    return do_bootchart_stop();
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/bootchart.h b/init/bootchart.h
index 0e3593d..f614f71 100644
--- a/init/bootchart.h
+++ b/init/bootchart.h
@@ -20,6 +20,14 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-int do_bootchart(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+#include "result.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+Result<Success> do_bootchart(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif /* _BOOTCHART_H */
diff --git a/init/builtins.cpp b/init/builtins.cpp
index fcc6092..d77abdf 100644
--- a/init/builtins.cpp
+++ b/init/builtins.cpp
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <fts.h>
 #include <linux/loop.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <mntent.h>
@@ -39,12 +40,14 @@
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <bootloader_message/bootloader_message.h>
 #include <cutils/android_reboot.h>
 #include <ext4_utils/ext4_crypt.h>
@@ -53,145 +56,147 @@
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 #include <selinux/label.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <system/thread_defs.h>
 
 #include "action.h"
 #include "bootchart.h"
 #include "init.h"
-#include "init_parser.h"
+#include "parser.h"
 #include "property_service.h"
 #include "reboot.h"
+#include "rlimit_parser.h"
 #include "service.h"
-#include "signal_handler.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 using namespace std::literals::string_literals;
 
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
 #define chmod DO_NOT_USE_CHMOD_USE_FCHMODAT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 static constexpr std::chrono::nanoseconds kCommandRetryTimeout = 5s;
 
-static int insmod(const char *filename, const char *options, int flags) {
-    int fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC);
-    if (fd == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "insmod: open(\"" << filename << "\") failed";
-        return -1;
-    }
-    int rc = syscall(__NR_finit_module, fd, options, flags);
-    if (rc == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "finit_module for \"" << filename << "\" failed";
-    }
-    close(fd);
-    return rc;
-}
-
-static int __ifupdown(const char *interface, int up) {
-    struct ifreq ifr;
-    int s, ret;
-
-    strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, interface, IFNAMSIZ);
-
-    s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0);
-    if (s < 0)
-        return -1;
-
-    ret = ioctl(s, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr);
-    if (ret < 0) {
-        goto done;
-    }
-
-    if (up)
-        ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP;
-    else
-        ifr.ifr_flags &= ~IFF_UP;
-
-    ret = ioctl(s, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr);
-
-done:
-    close(s);
-    return ret;
-}
-
-static int reboot_into_recovery(const std::vector<std::string>& options) {
+static Result<Success> reboot_into_recovery(const std::vector<std::string>& options) {
     std::string err;
     if (!write_bootloader_message(options, &err)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "failed to set bootloader message: " << err;
-        return -1;
+        return Error() << "Failed to set bootloader message: " << err;
     }
     property_set("sys.powerctl", "reboot,recovery");
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_class_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-        /* Starting a class does not start services
-         * which are explicitly disabled.  They must
-         * be started individually.
-         */
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().
-        ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], [] (Service* s) { s->StartIfNotDisabled(); });
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int do_class_stop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().
-        ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], [] (Service* s) { s->Stop(); });
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int do_class_reset(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().
-        ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], [] (Service* s) { s->Reset(); });
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int do_class_restart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().
-        ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], [] (Service* s) { s->Restart(); });
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int do_domainname(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    std::string err;
-    if (!WriteFile("/proc/sys/kernel/domainname", args[1], &err)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << err;
-        return -1;
+template <typename F>
+static void ForEachServiceInClass(const std::string& classname, F function) {
+    for (const auto& service : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
+        if (service->classnames().count(classname)) std::invoke(function, service);
     }
-    return 0;
 }
 
-static int do_enable(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName(args[1]);
-    if (!svc) {
-        return -1;
+static Result<Success> do_class_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    // Starting a class does not start services which are explicitly disabled.
+    // They must  be started individually.
+    ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], &Service::StartIfNotDisabled);
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_class_stop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], &Service::Stop);
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_class_reset(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], &Service::Reset);
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_class_restart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    ForEachServiceInClass(args[1], &Service::Restart);
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_domainname(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (auto result = WriteFile("/proc/sys/kernel/domainname", args[1]); !result) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to write to /proc/sys/kernel/domainname: " << result.error();
     }
-    return svc->Enable();
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_exec(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    return ServiceManager::GetInstance().Exec(args) ? 0 : -1;
-}
+static Result<Success> do_enable(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
+    if (!svc) return Error() << "Could not find service";
 
-static int do_exec_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    return ServiceManager::GetInstance().ExecStart(args[1]) ? 0 : -1;
-}
-
-static int do_export(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    return add_environment(args[1].c_str(), args[2].c_str());
-}
-
-static int do_hostname(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    std::string err;
-    if (!WriteFile("/proc/sys/kernel/hostname", args[1], &err)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << err;
-        return -1;
+    if (auto result = svc->Enable(); !result) {
+        return Error() << "Could not enable service: " << result.error();
     }
-    return 0;
+
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_ifup(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    return __ifupdown(args[1].c_str(), 1);
+static Result<Success> do_exec(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto service = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args);
+    if (!service) {
+        return Error() << "Could not create exec service";
+    }
+    if (auto result = service->ExecStart(); !result) {
+        return Error() << "Could not start exec service: " << result.error();
+    }
+
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().AddService(std::move(service));
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_insmod(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_exec_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    Service* service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
+    if (!service) {
+        return Error() << "Service not found";
+    }
+
+    if (auto result = service->ExecStart(); !result) {
+        return Error() << "Could not start exec service: " << result.error();
+    }
+
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_export(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (setenv(args[1].c_str(), args[2].c_str(), 1) == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "setenv() failed";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_hostname(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (auto result = WriteFile("/proc/sys/kernel/hostname", args[1]); !result) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to write to /proc/sys/kernel/hostname: " << result.error();
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_ifup(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    struct ifreq ifr;
+
+    strlcpy(ifr.ifr_name, args[1].c_str(), IFNAMSIZ);
+
+    unique_fd s(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, 0)));
+    if (s < 0) return ErrnoError() << "opening socket failed";
+
+    if (ioctl(s, SIOCGIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "ioctl(..., SIOCGIFFLAGS, ...) failed";
+    }
+
+    ifr.ifr_flags |= IFF_UP;
+
+    if (ioctl(s, SIOCSIFFLAGS, &ifr) < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "ioctl(..., SIOCSIFFLAGS, ...) failed";
+    }
+
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_insmod(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     int flags = 0;
     auto it = args.begin() + 1;
 
@@ -202,53 +207,56 @@
 
     std::string filename = *it++;
     std::string options = android::base::Join(std::vector<std::string>(it, args.end()), ' ');
-    return insmod(filename.c_str(), options.c_str(), flags);
+
+    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(filename.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC)));
+    if (fd == -1) return ErrnoError() << "open(\"" << filename << "\") failed";
+
+    int rc = syscall(__NR_finit_module, fd.get(), options.c_str(), flags);
+    if (rc == -1) return ErrnoError() << "finit_module for \"" << filename << "\" failed";
+
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_mkdir(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+// mkdir <path> [mode] [owner] [group]
+static Result<Success> do_mkdir(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     mode_t mode = 0755;
-    int ret;
-
-    /* mkdir <path> [mode] [owner] [group] */
-
     if (args.size() >= 3) {
         mode = std::strtoul(args[2].c_str(), 0, 8);
     }
 
-    ret = make_dir(args[1].c_str(), mode, sehandle);
-    /* chmod in case the directory already exists */
-    if (ret == -1 && errno == EEXIST) {
-        ret = fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, args[1].c_str(), mode, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
-    }
-    if (ret == -1) {
-        return -errno;
+    if (!make_dir(args[1], mode)) {
+        /* chmod in case the directory already exists */
+        if (errno == EEXIST) {
+            if (fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, args[1].c_str(), mode, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) == -1) {
+                return ErrnoError() << "fchmodat() failed";
+            }
+        } else {
+            return ErrnoError() << "mkdir() failed";
+        }
     }
 
     if (args.size() >= 4) {
-        uid_t uid;
-        std::string decode_uid_err;
-        if (!DecodeUid(args[3], &uid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to find UID for '" << args[3] << "': " << decode_uid_err;
-            return -1;
+        auto uid = DecodeUid(args[3]);
+        if (!uid) {
+            return Error() << "Unable to decode UID for '" << args[3] << "': " << uid.error();
         }
-        gid_t gid = -1;
+        Result<gid_t> gid = -1;
 
         if (args.size() == 5) {
-            if (!DecodeUid(args[4], &gid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to find GID for '" << args[3] << "': " << decode_uid_err;
-                return -1;
+            gid = DecodeUid(args[4]);
+            if (!gid) {
+                return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[3] << "': " << gid.error();
             }
         }
 
-        if (lchown(args[1].c_str(), uid, gid) == -1) {
-            return -errno;
+        if (lchown(args[1].c_str(), *uid, *gid) == -1) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "lchown failed";
         }
 
         /* chown may have cleared S_ISUID and S_ISGID, chmod again */
         if (mode & (S_ISUID | S_ISGID)) {
-            ret = fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, args[1].c_str(), mode, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
-            if (ret == -1) {
-                return -errno;
+            if (fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, args[1].c_str(), mode, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) == -1) {
+                return ErrnoError() << "fchmodat failed";
             }
         }
     }
@@ -259,15 +267,18 @@
                 "--prompt_and_wipe_data",
                 "--reason=set_policy_failed:"s + args[1]};
             reboot_into_recovery(options);
-            return -1;
+            return Error() << "reboot into recovery failed";
         }
     }
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
 /* umount <path> */
-static int do_umount(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-  return umount(args[1].c_str());
+static Result<Success> do_umount(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (umount(args[1].c_str()) < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "umount() failed";
+    }
+    return Success();
 }
 
 static struct {
@@ -295,16 +306,13 @@
 #define DATA_MNT_POINT "/data"
 
 /* mount <type> <device> <path> <flags ...> <options> */
-static int do_mount(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    char tmp[64];
-    const char *source, *target, *system;
-    const char *options = NULL;
+static Result<Success> do_mount(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    const char* options = nullptr;
     unsigned flags = 0;
-    std::size_t na = 0;
-    int n, i;
-    int wait = 0;
+    bool wait = false;
 
-    for (na = 4; na < args.size(); na++) {
+    for (size_t na = 4; na < args.size(); na++) {
+        size_t i;
         for (i = 0; mount_flags[i].name; i++) {
             if (!args[na].compare(mount_flags[i].name)) {
                 flags |= mount_flags[i].flag;
@@ -313,71 +321,54 @@
         }
 
         if (!mount_flags[i].name) {
-            if (!args[na].compare("wait"))
-                wait = 1;
-            /* if our last argument isn't a flag, wolf it up as an option string */
-            else if (na + 1 == args.size())
+            if (!args[na].compare("wait")) {
+                wait = true;
+                // If our last argument isn't a flag, wolf it up as an option string.
+            } else if (na + 1 == args.size()) {
                 options = args[na].c_str();
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    system = args[1].c_str();
-    source = args[2].c_str();
-    target = args[3].c_str();
+    const char* system = args[1].c_str();
+    const char* source = args[2].c_str();
+    const char* target = args[3].c_str();
 
-    if (!strncmp(source, "loop@", 5)) {
-        int mode, loop, fd;
-        struct loop_info info;
+    if (android::base::StartsWith(source, "loop@")) {
+        int mode = (flags & MS_RDONLY) ? O_RDONLY : O_RDWR;
+        unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(source + 5, mode | O_CLOEXEC)));
+        if (fd < 0) return ErrnoError() << "open(" << source + 5 << ", " << mode << ") failed";
 
-        mode = (flags & MS_RDONLY) ? O_RDONLY : O_RDWR;
-        fd = open(source + 5, mode | O_CLOEXEC);
-        if (fd < 0) {
-            return -1;
-        }
+        for (size_t n = 0;; n++) {
+            std::string tmp = android::base::StringPrintf("/dev/block/loop%zu", n);
+            unique_fd loop(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(tmp.c_str(), mode | O_CLOEXEC)));
+            if (loop < 0) return ErrnoError() << "open(" << tmp << ", " << mode << ") failed";
 
-        for (n = 0; ; n++) {
-            snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "/dev/block/loop%d", n);
-            loop = open(tmp, mode | O_CLOEXEC);
-            if (loop < 0) {
-                close(fd);
-                return -1;
-            }
-
+            loop_info info;
             /* if it is a blank loop device */
             if (ioctl(loop, LOOP_GET_STATUS, &info) < 0 && errno == ENXIO) {
                 /* if it becomes our loop device */
-                if (ioctl(loop, LOOP_SET_FD, fd) >= 0) {
-                    close(fd);
-
-                    if (mount(tmp, target, system, flags, options) < 0) {
+                if (ioctl(loop, LOOP_SET_FD, fd.get()) >= 0) {
+                    if (mount(tmp.c_str(), target, system, flags, options) < 0) {
                         ioctl(loop, LOOP_CLR_FD, 0);
-                        close(loop);
-                        return -1;
+                        return ErrnoError() << "mount() failed";
                     }
-
-                    close(loop);
-                    goto exit_success;
+                    return Success();
                 }
             }
-
-            close(loop);
         }
 
-        close(fd);
-        LOG(ERROR) << "out of loopback devices";
-        return -1;
+        return Error() << "out of loopback devices";
     } else {
         if (wait)
             wait_for_file(source, kCommandRetryTimeout);
         if (mount(source, target, system, flags, options) < 0) {
-            return -1;
+            return ErrnoError() << "mount() failed";
         }
 
     }
 
-exit_success:
-    return 0;
-
+    return Success();
 }
 
 /* Imports .rc files from the specified paths. Default ones are applied if none is given.
@@ -385,21 +376,15 @@
  * start_index: index of the first path in the args list
  */
 static void import_late(const std::vector<std::string>& args, size_t start_index, size_t end_index) {
-    Parser& parser = Parser::GetInstance();
+    auto& action_manager = ActionManager::GetInstance();
+    auto& service_list = ServiceList::GetInstance();
+    Parser parser = CreateParser(action_manager, service_list);
     if (end_index <= start_index) {
         // Fallbacks for partitions on which early mount isn't enabled.
-        if (!parser.is_system_etc_init_loaded()) {
-            parser.ParseConfig("/system/etc/init");
-            parser.set_is_system_etc_init_loaded(true);
+        for (const auto& path : late_import_paths) {
+            parser.ParseConfig(path);
         }
-        if (!parser.is_vendor_etc_init_loaded()) {
-            parser.ParseConfig("/vendor/etc/init");
-            parser.set_is_vendor_etc_init_loaded(true);
-        }
-        if (!parser.is_odm_etc_init_loaded()) {
-            parser.ParseConfig("/odm/etc/init");
-            parser.set_is_odm_etc_init_loaded(true);
-        }
+        late_import_paths.clear();
     } else {
         for (size_t i = start_index; i < end_index; ++i) {
             parser.ParseConfig(args[i]);
@@ -415,9 +400,7 @@
  *
  *  Call fs_mgr_mount_all() to mount the given fstab
  */
-static int mount_fstab(const char* fstabfile, int mount_mode) {
-    int ret = -1;
-
+static Result<int> mount_fstab(const char* fstabfile, int mount_mode) {
     /*
      * Call fs_mgr_mount_all() to mount all filesystems.  We fork(2) and
      * do the call in the child to provide protection to the main init
@@ -435,9 +418,9 @@
         }
 
         if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
-            ret = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+            return WEXITSTATUS(status);
         } else {
-            ret = -1;
+            return Error() << "child aborted";
         }
     } else if (pid == 0) {
         /* child, call fs_mgr_mount_all() */
@@ -454,10 +437,8 @@
         }
         _exit(child_ret);
     } else {
-        /* fork failed, return an error */
-        return -1;
+        return Error() << "fork() failed";
     }
-    return ret;
 }
 
 /* Queue event based on fs_mgr return code.
@@ -469,29 +450,33 @@
  *
  * return code is processed based on input code
  */
-static int queue_fs_event(int code) {
-    int ret = code;
+static Result<Success> queue_fs_event(int code) {
     if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_ENCRYPTION) {
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("encrypt");
+        return Success();
     } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_MIGHT_BE_ENCRYPTED) {
         property_set("ro.crypto.state", "encrypted");
         property_set("ro.crypto.type", "block");
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("defaultcrypto");
+        return Success();
     } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTED) {
         property_set("ro.crypto.state", "unencrypted");
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("nonencrypted");
+        return Success();
     } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NOT_ENCRYPTABLE) {
         property_set("ro.crypto.state", "unsupported");
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("nonencrypted");
+        return Success();
     } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_RECOVERY) {
         /* Setup a wipe via recovery, and reboot into recovery */
         PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_mgr_mount_all suggested recovery, so wiping data via recovery.";
         const std::vector<std::string> options = {"--wipe_data", "--reason=fs_mgr_mount_all" };
-        ret = reboot_into_recovery(options);
+        reboot_into_recovery(options);
+        return Error() << "reboot_into_recovery() failed";
         /* If reboot worked, there is no return. */
     } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_FILE_ENCRYPTED) {
         if (e4crypt_install_keyring()) {
-            return -1;
+            return Error() << "e4crypt_install_keyring() failed";
         }
         property_set("ro.crypto.state", "encrypted");
         property_set("ro.crypto.type", "file");
@@ -499,29 +484,32 @@
         // Although encrypted, we have device key, so we do not need to
         // do anything different from the nonencrypted case.
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("nonencrypted");
+        return Success();
     } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_IS_METADATA_ENCRYPTED) {
         if (e4crypt_install_keyring()) {
-            return -1;
+            return Error() << "e4crypt_install_keyring() failed";
         }
         property_set("ro.crypto.state", "encrypted");
         property_set("ro.crypto.type", "file");
 
         // defaultcrypto detects file/block encryption. init flow is same for each.
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("defaultcrypto");
+        return Success();
     } else if (code == FS_MGR_MNTALL_DEV_NEEDS_METADATA_ENCRYPTION) {
         if (e4crypt_install_keyring()) {
-            return -1;
+            return Error() << "e4crypt_install_keyring() failed";
         }
         property_set("ro.crypto.type", "file");
 
         // encrypt detects file/block encryption. init flow is same for each.
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("encrypt");
+        return Success();
     } else if (code > 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "fs_mgr_mount_all returned unexpected error " << code;
+        Error() << "fs_mgr_mount_all() returned unexpected error " << code;
     }
     /* else ... < 0: error */
 
-    return ret;
+    return Error() << "Invalid code: " << code;
 }
 
 /* mount_all <fstab> [ <path> ]* [--<options>]*
@@ -529,7 +517,7 @@
  * This function might request a reboot, in which case it will
  * not return.
  */
-static int do_mount_all(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_mount_all(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     std::size_t na = 0;
     bool import_rc = true;
     bool queue_event = true;
@@ -552,11 +540,13 @@
         }
     }
 
-    std::string prop_name = android::base::StringPrintf("ro.boottime.init.mount_all.%s",
-                                                        prop_post_fix);
-    Timer t;
-    int ret =  mount_fstab(fstabfile, mount_mode);
-    property_set(prop_name.c_str(), std::to_string(t.duration_ms()).c_str());
+    std::string prop_name = "ro.boottime.init.mount_all."s + prop_post_fix;
+    android::base::Timer t;
+    auto mount_fstab_return_code = mount_fstab(fstabfile, mount_mode);
+    if (!mount_fstab_return_code) {
+        return Error() << "mount_fstab() failed " << mount_fstab_return_code.error();
+    }
+    property_set(prop_name, std::to_string(t.duration().count()));
 
     if (import_rc) {
         /* Paths of .rc files are specified at the 2nd argument and beyond */
@@ -566,13 +556,16 @@
     if (queue_event) {
         /* queue_fs_event will queue event based on mount_fstab return code
          * and return processed return code*/
-        ret = queue_fs_event(ret);
+        auto queue_fs_result = queue_fs_event(*mount_fstab_return_code);
+        if (!queue_fs_result) {
+            return Error() << "queue_fs_event() failed: " << queue_fs_result.error();
+        }
     }
 
-    return ret;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_swapon_all(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_swapon_all(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     struct fstab *fstab;
     int ret;
 
@@ -580,148 +573,238 @@
     ret = fs_mgr_swapon_all(fstab);
     fs_mgr_free_fstab(fstab);
 
-    return ret;
+    if (ret != 0) return Error() << "fs_mgr_swapon_all() failed";
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_setprop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    const char* name = args[1].c_str();
-    const char* value = args[2].c_str();
-    property_set(name, value);
-    return 0;
+static Result<Success> do_setprop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    property_set(args[1], args[2]);
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_setrlimit(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    struct rlimit limit;
-    int resource;
-    if (android::base::ParseInt(args[1], &resource) &&
-        android::base::ParseUint(args[2], &limit.rlim_cur) &&
-        android::base::ParseUint(args[3], &limit.rlim_max)) {
-        return setrlimit(resource, &limit);
+static Result<Success> do_setrlimit(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto rlimit = ParseRlimit(args);
+    if (!rlimit) return rlimit.error();
+
+    if (setrlimit(rlimit->first, &rlimit->second) == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "setrlimit failed";
     }
-    LOG(WARNING) << "ignoring setrlimit " << args[1] << " " << args[2] << " " << args[3];
-    return -1;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName(args[1]);
-    if (!svc) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "do_start: Service " << args[1] << " not found";
-        return -1;
+static Result<Success> do_start(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
+    if (!svc) return Error() << "service " << args[1] << " not found";
+    if (auto result = svc->Start(); !result) {
+        return Error() << "Could not start service: " << result.error();
     }
-    if (!svc->Start())
-        return -1;
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_stop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName(args[1]);
-    if (!svc) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "do_stop: Service " << args[1] << " not found";
-        return -1;
-    }
+static Result<Success> do_stop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
+    if (!svc) return Error() << "service " << args[1] << " not found";
     svc->Stop();
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_restart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName(args[1]);
-    if (!svc) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "do_restart: Service " << args[1] << " not found";
-        return -1;
-    }
+static Result<Success> do_restart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(args[1]);
+    if (!svc) return Error() << "service " << args[1] << " not found";
     svc->Restart();
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_trigger(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_trigger(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger(args[1]);
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_symlink(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    return symlink(args[1].c_str(), args[2].c_str());
-}
-
-static int do_rm(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    return unlink(args[1].c_str());
-}
-
-static int do_rmdir(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    return rmdir(args[1].c_str());
-}
-
-static int do_sysclktz(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    struct timezone tz = {};
-    if (android::base::ParseInt(args[1], &tz.tz_minuteswest) && settimeofday(NULL, &tz) != -1) {
-        return 0;
+static Result<Success> do_symlink(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (symlink(args[1].c_str(), args[2].c_str()) < 0) {
+        // The symlink builtin is often used to create symlinks for older devices to be backwards
+        // compatible with new paths, therefore we skip reporting this error.
+        if (errno == EEXIST && android::base::GetMinimumLogSeverity() > android::base::DEBUG) {
+            return Success();
+        }
+        return ErrnoError() << "symlink() failed";
     }
-    return -1;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_verity_load_state(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_rm(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (unlink(args[1].c_str()) < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "unlink() failed";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_rmdir(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (rmdir(args[1].c_str()) < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "rmdir() failed";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_sysclktz(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    struct timezone tz = {};
+    if (!android::base::ParseInt(args[1], &tz.tz_minuteswest)) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to parse mins_west_of_gmt";
+    }
+
+    if (settimeofday(nullptr, &tz) == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "settimeofday() failed";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_verity_load_state(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     int mode = -1;
     bool loaded = fs_mgr_load_verity_state(&mode);
     if (loaded && mode != VERITY_MODE_DEFAULT) {
         ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueEventTrigger("verity-logging");
     }
-    return loaded ? 0 : 1;
+    if (!loaded) return Error() << "Could not load verity state";
+
+    return Success();
 }
 
 static void verity_update_property(fstab_rec *fstab, const char *mount_point,
                                    int mode, int status) {
-    property_set(android::base::StringPrintf("partition.%s.verified", mount_point).c_str(),
-                 android::base::StringPrintf("%d", mode).c_str());
+    property_set("partition."s + mount_point + ".verified", std::to_string(mode));
 }
 
-static int do_verity_update_state(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    return fs_mgr_update_verity_state(verity_update_property) ? 0 : 1;
-}
-
-static int do_write(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    std::string err;
-    if (!WriteFile(args[1], args[2], &err)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << err;
-        return -1;
+static Result<Success> do_verity_update_state(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (!fs_mgr_update_verity_state(verity_update_property)) {
+        return Error() << "fs_mgr_update_verity_state() failed";
     }
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_copy(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    std::string data;
-    std::string err;
-    if (!ReadFile(args[1], &data, &err)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << err;
-        return -1;
+static Result<Success> do_write(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (auto result = WriteFile(args[1], args[2]); !result) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to write to file '" << args[1] << "': " << result.error();
     }
-    if (!WriteFile(args[2], data, &err)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << err;
-        return -1;
-    }
-    return 0;
+
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_chown(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    uid_t uid;
-    std::string decode_uid_err;
-    if (!DecodeUid(args[1], &uid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to find UID for '" << args[1] << "': " << decode_uid_err;
-        return -1;
+static Result<Success> readahead_file(const std::string& filename, bool fully) {
+    android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(filename.c_str(), O_RDONLY)));
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Error opening file";
+    }
+    if (posix_fadvise(fd, 0, 0, POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Error posix_fadvise file";
+    }
+    if (readahead(fd, 0, std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max())) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Error readahead file";
+    }
+    if (fully) {
+        char buf[BUFSIZ];
+        ssize_t n;
+        while ((n = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, &buf[0], sizeof(buf)))) > 0) {
+        }
+        if (n != 0) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "Error reading file";
+        }
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_readahead(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    struct stat sb;
+
+    if (stat(args[1].c_str(), &sb)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Error opening " << args[1];
+    }
+
+    bool readfully = false;
+    if (args.size() == 3 && args[2] == "--fully") {
+        readfully = true;
+    }
+    // We will do readahead in a forked process in order not to block init
+    // since it may block while it reads the
+    // filesystem metadata needed to locate the requested blocks.  This
+    // occurs frequently with ext[234] on large files using indirect blocks
+    // instead of extents, giving the appearance that the call blocks until
+    // the requested data has been read.
+    pid_t pid = fork();
+    if (pid == 0) {
+        if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, static_cast<int>(ANDROID_PRIORITY_LOWEST)) != 0) {
+            PLOG(WARNING) << "setpriority failed";
+        }
+        if (android_set_ioprio(0, IoSchedClass_IDLE, 7)) {
+            PLOG(WARNING) << "ioprio_get failed";
+        }
+        android::base::Timer t;
+        if (S_ISREG(sb.st_mode)) {
+            if (auto result = readahead_file(args[1], readfully); !result) {
+                LOG(WARNING) << "Unable to readahead '" << args[1] << "': " << result.error();
+                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+            }
+        } else if (S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
+            char* paths[] = {const_cast<char*>(args[1].data()), nullptr};
+            std::unique_ptr<FTS, decltype(&fts_close)> fts(
+                fts_open(paths, FTS_PHYSICAL | FTS_NOCHDIR | FTS_XDEV, nullptr), fts_close);
+            if (!fts) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Error opening directory: " << args[1];
+                _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+            }
+            // Traverse the entire hierarchy and do readahead
+            for (FTSENT* ftsent = fts_read(fts.get()); ftsent != nullptr;
+                 ftsent = fts_read(fts.get())) {
+                if (ftsent->fts_info & FTS_F) {
+                    const std::string filename = ftsent->fts_accpath;
+                    if (auto result = readahead_file(filename, readfully); !result) {
+                        LOG(WARNING)
+                            << "Unable to readahead '" << filename << "': " << result.error();
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        LOG(INFO) << "Readahead " << args[1] << " took " << t << " asynchronously";
+        _exit(0);
+    } else if (pid < 0) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Fork failed";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_copy(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile(args[1]);
+    if (!file_contents) {
+        return Error() << "Could not read input file '" << args[1] << "': " << file_contents.error();
+    }
+    if (auto result = WriteFile(args[2], *file_contents); !result) {
+        return Error() << "Could not write to output file '" << args[2] << "': " << result.error();
+    }
+
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static Result<Success> do_chown(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto uid = DecodeUid(args[1]);
+    if (!uid) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to decode UID for '" << args[1] << "': " << uid.error();
     }
 
     // GID is optional and pushes the index of path out by one if specified.
     const std::string& path = (args.size() == 4) ? args[3] : args[2];
-    gid_t gid = -1;
+    Result<gid_t> gid = -1;
 
     if (args.size() == 4) {
-        if (!DecodeUid(args[2], &gid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to find GID for '" << args[2] << "': " << decode_uid_err;
-            return -1;
+        gid = DecodeUid(args[2]);
+        if (!gid) {
+            return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[2] << "': " << gid.error();
         }
     }
 
-    if (lchown(path.c_str(), uid, gid) == -1) return -errno;
+    if (lchown(path.c_str(), *uid, *gid) == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "lchown() failed";
+    }
 
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
 static mode_t get_mode(const char *s) {
@@ -737,15 +820,15 @@
     return mode;
 }
 
-static int do_chmod(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_chmod(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     mode_t mode = get_mode(args[1].c_str());
     if (fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, args[2].c_str(), mode, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW) < 0) {
-        return -errno;
+        return ErrnoError() << "fchmodat() failed";
     }
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_restorecon(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_restorecon(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     int ret = 0;
 
     struct flag_type {const char* name; int value;};
@@ -762,8 +845,7 @@
     for (size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i) {
         if (android::base::StartsWith(args[i], "--")) {
             if (!in_flags) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "restorecon - flags must precede paths";
-                return -1;
+                return Error() << "flags must precede paths";
             }
             bool found = false;
             for (size_t j = 0; flags[j].name; ++j) {
@@ -774,26 +856,27 @@
                 }
             }
             if (!found) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "restorecon - bad flag " << args[i];
-                return -1;
+                return Error() << "bad flag " << args[i];
             }
         } else {
             in_flags = false;
             if (selinux_android_restorecon(args[i].c_str(), flag) < 0) {
-                ret = -errno;
+                ret = errno;
             }
         }
     }
-    return ret;
+
+    if (ret) return ErrnoError() << "selinux_android_restorecon() failed";
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_restorecon_recursive(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_restorecon_recursive(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     std::vector<std::string> non_const_args(args);
     non_const_args.insert(std::next(non_const_args.begin()), "--recursive");
     return do_restorecon(non_const_args);
 }
 
-static int do_loglevel(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_loglevel(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     // TODO: support names instead/as well?
     int log_level = -1;
     android::base::ParseInt(args[1], &log_level);
@@ -808,88 +891,73 @@
         case 1:
         case 0: severity = android::base::FATAL; break;
         default:
-            LOG(ERROR) << "loglevel: invalid log level " << log_level;
-            return -EINVAL;
+            return Error() << "invalid log level " << log_level;
     }
     android::base::SetMinimumLogSeverity(severity);
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_load_persist_props(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_load_persist_props(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     load_persist_props();
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_load_system_props(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_load_system_props(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     load_system_props();
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_wait(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    if (args.size() == 2) {
-        return wait_for_file(args[1].c_str(), kCommandRetryTimeout);
-    } else if (args.size() == 3) {
-        int timeout;
-        if (android::base::ParseInt(args[2], &timeout)) {
-            return wait_for_file(args[1].c_str(), std::chrono::seconds(timeout));
+static Result<Success> do_wait(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto timeout = kCommandRetryTimeout;
+    if (args.size() == 3) {
+        int timeout_int;
+        if (!android::base::ParseInt(args[2], &timeout_int)) {
+            return Error() << "failed to parse timeout";
         }
+        timeout = std::chrono::seconds(timeout_int);
     }
-    return -1;
+
+    if (wait_for_file(args[1].c_str(), timeout) != 0) {
+        return Error() << "wait_for_file() failed";
+    }
+
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int do_wait_for_prop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_wait_for_prop(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     const char* name = args[1].c_str();
     const char* value = args[2].c_str();
     size_t value_len = strlen(value);
 
     if (!is_legal_property_name(name)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "do_wait_for_prop(\"" << name << "\", \"" << value
-                   << "\") failed: bad name";
-        return -1;
+        return Error() << "is_legal_property_name(" << name << ") failed";
     }
     if (value_len >= PROP_VALUE_MAX) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "do_wait_for_prop(\"" << name << "\", \"" << value
-                   << "\") failed: value too long";
-        return -1;
+        return Error() << "value too long";
     }
     if (!start_waiting_for_property(name, value)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "do_wait_for_prop(\"" << name << "\", \"" << value
-                   << "\") failed: init already in waiting";
-        return -1;
+        return Error() << "already waiting for a property";
     }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Callback to make a directory from the ext4 code
- */
-static int do_installkeys_ensure_dir_exists(const char* dir) {
-    if (make_dir(dir, 0700, sehandle) && errno != EEXIST) {
-        return -1;
-    }
-
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
 static bool is_file_crypto() {
     return android::base::GetProperty("ro.crypto.type", "") == "file";
 }
 
-static int do_installkey(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    if (!is_file_crypto()) {
-        return 0;
-    }
+static Result<Success> do_installkey(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (!is_file_crypto()) return Success();
+
     auto unencrypted_dir = args[1] + e4crypt_unencrypted_folder;
-    if (do_installkeys_ensure_dir_exists(unencrypted_dir.c_str())) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create " << unencrypted_dir;
-        return -1;
+    if (!make_dir(unencrypted_dir, 0700) && errno != EEXIST) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to create " << unencrypted_dir;
     }
     std::vector<std::string> exec_args = {"exec", "/system/bin/vdc", "--wait", "cryptfs",
                                           "enablefilecrypto"};
     return do_exec(exec_args);
 }
 
-static int do_init_user0(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> do_init_user0(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     std::vector<std::string> exec_args = {"exec", "/system/bin/vdc", "--wait", "cryptfs",
                                           "init_user0"};
     return do_exec(exec_args);
@@ -924,6 +992,7 @@
         {"mount_all",               {1,     kMax, do_mount_all}},
         {"mount",                   {3,     kMax, do_mount}},
         {"umount",                  {1,     1,    do_umount}},
+        {"readahead",               {1,     2,    do_readahead}},
         {"restart",                 {1,     1,    do_restart}},
         {"restorecon",              {1,     kMax, do_restorecon}},
         {"restorecon_recursive",    {1,     kMax, do_restorecon_recursive}},
@@ -946,3 +1015,6 @@
     // clang-format on
     return builtin_functions;
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/builtins.h b/init/builtins.h
index e1f0567..f66ae19 100644
--- a/init/builtins.h
+++ b/init/builtins.h
@@ -23,8 +23,12 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "keyword_map.h"
+#include "result.h"
 
-using BuiltinFunction = std::function<int(const std::vector<std::string>&)>;
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+using BuiltinFunction = std::function<Result<Success>(const std::vector<std::string>&)>;
 class BuiltinFunctionMap : public KeywordMap<BuiltinFunction> {
   public:
     BuiltinFunctionMap() {}
@@ -33,4 +37,7 @@
     const Map& map() const override;
 };
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/capabilities.cpp b/init/capabilities.cpp
index b8a9ec0..642a364 100644
--- a/init/capabilities.cpp
+++ b/init/capabilities.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@
 
 #define CAP_MAP_ENTRY(cap) { #cap, CAP_##cap }
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 static const std::map<std::string, int> cap_map = {
     CAP_MAP_ENTRY(CHOWN),
     CAP_MAP_ENTRY(DAC_OVERRIDE),
@@ -104,17 +107,15 @@
 }
 
 static bool SetProcCaps(const CapSet& to_keep, bool add_setpcap) {
-    cap_t caps = cap_init();
-    auto deleter = [](cap_t* p) { cap_free(*p); };
-    std::unique_ptr<cap_t, decltype(deleter)> ptr_caps(&caps, deleter);
+    ScopedCaps caps(cap_init());
 
-    cap_clear(caps);
+    cap_clear(caps.get());
     cap_value_t value[1];
     for (size_t cap = 0; cap < to_keep.size(); ++cap) {
         if (to_keep.test(cap)) {
             value[0] = cap;
-            if (cap_set_flag(caps, CAP_INHERITABLE, arraysize(value), value, CAP_SET) != 0 ||
-                cap_set_flag(caps, CAP_PERMITTED, arraysize(value), value, CAP_SET) != 0) {
+            if (cap_set_flag(caps.get(), CAP_INHERITABLE, arraysize(value), value, CAP_SET) != 0 ||
+                cap_set_flag(caps.get(), CAP_PERMITTED, arraysize(value), value, CAP_SET) != 0) {
                 PLOG(ERROR) << "cap_set_flag(INHERITABLE|PERMITTED, " << cap << ") failed";
                 return false;
             }
@@ -123,14 +124,14 @@
 
     if (add_setpcap) {
         value[0] = CAP_SETPCAP;
-        if (cap_set_flag(caps, CAP_PERMITTED, arraysize(value), value, CAP_SET) != 0 ||
-            cap_set_flag(caps, CAP_EFFECTIVE, arraysize(value), value, CAP_SET) != 0) {
+        if (cap_set_flag(caps.get(), CAP_PERMITTED, arraysize(value), value, CAP_SET) != 0 ||
+            cap_set_flag(caps.get(), CAP_EFFECTIVE, arraysize(value), value, CAP_SET) != 0) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "cap_set_flag(PERMITTED|EFFECTIVE, " << CAP_SETPCAP << ") failed";
             return false;
         }
     }
 
-    if (cap_set_proc(caps) != 0) {
+    if (cap_set_proc(caps.get()) != 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "cap_set_proc(" << to_keep.to_ulong() << ") failed";
         return false;
     }
@@ -192,3 +193,6 @@
     // See http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/capabilities.7.html.
     return SetAmbientCaps(to_keep);
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/capabilities.h b/init/capabilities.h
index abd7fb2..ede85c3 100644
--- a/init/capabilities.h
+++ b/init/capabilities.h
@@ -15,16 +15,28 @@
 #ifndef _INIT_CAPABILITIES_H
 #define _INIT_CAPABILITIES_H
 
-#include <linux/capability.h>
+#include <sys/capability.h>
 
 #include <bitset>
 #include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+struct CapDeleter {
+    void operator()(cap_t caps) const { cap_free(caps); }
+};
 
 using CapSet = std::bitset<CAP_LAST_CAP + 1>;
+using ScopedCaps = std::unique_ptr<std::remove_pointer<cap_t>::type, CapDeleter>;
 
 int LookupCap(const std::string& cap_name);
 bool CapAmbientSupported();
 unsigned int GetLastValidCap();
 bool SetCapsForExec(const CapSet& to_keep);
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif  // _INIT_CAPABILITIES_H
diff --git a/init/descriptors.cpp b/init/descriptors.cpp
index 6f729a3..6265687 100644
--- a/init/descriptors.cpp
+++ b/init/descriptors.cpp
@@ -28,9 +28,11 @@
 #include <cutils/android_get_control_file.h>
 #include <cutils/sockets.h>
 
-#include "init.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 DescriptorInfo::DescriptorInfo(const std::string& name, const std::string& type, uid_t uid,
                                gid_t gid, int perm, const std::string& context)
         : name_(name), type_(type), uid_(uid), gid_(gid), perm_(perm), context_(context) {
@@ -58,8 +60,8 @@
   std::for_each(publishedName.begin(), publishedName.end(),
                 [] (char& c) { c = isalnum(c) ? c : '_'; });
 
-  std::string val = android::base::StringPrintf("%d", fd);
-  add_environment(publishedName.c_str(), val.c_str());
+  std::string val = std::to_string(fd);
+  setenv(publishedName.c_str(), val.c_str(), 1);
 
   // make sure we don't close on exec
   fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, 0);
@@ -74,7 +76,8 @@
 }
 
 void SocketInfo::Clean() const {
-  unlink(android::base::StringPrintf(ANDROID_SOCKET_DIR "/%s", name().c_str()).c_str());
+    std::string path = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/%s", ANDROID_SOCKET_DIR, name().c_str());
+    unlink(path.c_str());
 }
 
 int SocketInfo::Create(const std::string& context) const {
@@ -82,8 +85,7 @@
     int flags =
         ((types[0] == "stream" ? SOCK_STREAM : (types[0] == "dgram" ? SOCK_DGRAM : SOCK_SEQPACKET)));
     bool passcred = types.size() > 1 && types[1] == "passcred";
-    return CreateSocket(name().c_str(), flags, passcred, perm(), uid(), gid(), context.c_str(),
-                        sehandle);
+    return CreateSocket(name().c_str(), flags, passcred, perm(), uid(), gid(), context.c_str());
 }
 
 const std::string SocketInfo::key() const {
@@ -125,3 +127,6 @@
 const std::string FileInfo::key() const {
   return ANDROID_FILE_ENV_PREFIX;
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/descriptors.h b/init/descriptors.h
index ff276fb..3bdddfe 100644
--- a/init/descriptors.h
+++ b/init/descriptors.h
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 class DescriptorInfo {
  public:
   DescriptorInfo(const std::string& name, const std::string& type, uid_t uid,
@@ -75,4 +78,7 @@
   virtual const std::string key() const override;
 };
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/devices.cpp b/init/devices.cpp
index 2943fb7..af6b50a 100644
--- a/init/devices.cpp
+++ b/init/devices.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
+#include "selinux.h"
 #include "ueventd.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
@@ -37,13 +38,23 @@
 #error "Do not include init.h in files used by ueventd or watchdogd; it will expose init's globals"
 #endif
 
+using android::base::Basename;
+using android::base::Dirname;
+using android::base::Readlink;
+using android::base::Realpath;
+using android::base::StartsWith;
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 /* Given a path that may start with a PCI device, populate the supplied buffer
  * with the PCI domain/bus number and the peripheral ID and return 0.
  * If it doesn't start with a PCI device, or there is some error, return -1 */
 static bool FindPciDevicePrefix(const std::string& path, std::string* result) {
     result->clear();
 
-    if (!android::base::StartsWith(path, "/devices/pci")) return false;
+    if (!StartsWith(path, "/devices/pci")) return false;
 
     /* Beginning of the prefix is the initial "pci" after "/devices/" */
     std::string::size_type start = 9;
@@ -74,7 +85,7 @@
 static bool FindVbdDevicePrefix(const std::string& path, std::string* result) {
     result->clear();
 
-    if (!android::base::StartsWith(path, "/devices/vbd-")) return false;
+    if (!StartsWith(path, "/devices/vbd-")) return false;
 
     /* Beginning of the prefix is the initial "vbd-" after "/devices/" */
     std::string::size_type start = 13;
@@ -116,14 +127,14 @@
 }
 
 bool Permissions::Match(const std::string& path) const {
-    if (prefix_) return android::base::StartsWith(path, name_.c_str());
+    if (prefix_) return StartsWith(path, name_.c_str());
     if (wildcard_) return fnmatch(name_.c_str(), path.c_str(), FNM_PATHNAME) == 0;
     return path == name_;
 }
 
 bool SysfsPermissions::MatchWithSubsystem(const std::string& path,
                                           const std::string& subsystem) const {
-    std::string path_basename = android::base::Basename(path);
+    std::string path_basename = Basename(path);
     if (name().find(subsystem) != std::string::npos) {
         if (Match("/sys/class/" + subsystem + "/" + path_basename)) return true;
         if (Match("/sys/bus/" + subsystem + "/devices/" + path_basename)) return true;
@@ -156,11 +167,11 @@
     // Uevents don't contain the mount point, so we need to add it here.
     path.insert(0, sysfs_mount_point_);
 
-    std::string directory = android::base::Dirname(path);
+    std::string directory = Dirname(path);
 
     while (directory != "/" && directory != ".") {
         std::string subsystem_link_path;
-        if (android::base::Realpath(directory + "/subsystem", &subsystem_link_path) &&
+        if (Realpath(directory + "/subsystem", &subsystem_link_path) &&
             subsystem_link_path == sysfs_mount_point_ + "/bus/platform") {
             // We need to remove the mount point that we added above before returning.
             directory.erase(0, sysfs_mount_point_.size());
@@ -172,7 +183,7 @@
         if (last_slash == std::string::npos) return false;
 
         path.erase(last_slash);
-        directory = android::base::Dirname(path);
+        directory = Dirname(path);
     }
 
     return false;
@@ -209,23 +220,18 @@
     return {0600, 0, 0};
 }
 
-void DeviceHandler::MakeDevice(const std::string& path, int block, int major, int minor,
+void DeviceHandler::MakeDevice(const std::string& path, bool block, int major, int minor,
                                const std::vector<std::string>& links) const {
     auto[mode, uid, gid] = GetDevicePermissions(path, links);
     mode |= (block ? S_IFBLK : S_IFCHR);
 
-    char* secontext = nullptr;
-    if (sehandle_) {
-        std::vector<const char*> c_links;
-        for (const auto& link : links) {
-            c_links.emplace_back(link.c_str());
-        }
-        c_links.emplace_back(nullptr);
-        if (selabel_lookup_best_match(sehandle_, &secontext, path.c_str(), &c_links[0], mode)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Device '" << path << "' not created; cannot find SELinux label";
-            return;
-        }
-        setfscreatecon(secontext);
+    std::string secontext;
+    if (!SelabelLookupFileContextBestMatch(path, links, mode, &secontext)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Device '" << path << "' not created; cannot find SELinux label";
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!secontext.empty()) {
+        setfscreatecon(secontext.c_str());
     }
 
     dev_t dev = makedev(major, minor);
@@ -240,7 +246,7 @@
     }
     /* If the node already exists update its SELinux label to handle cases when
      * it was created with the wrong context during coldboot procedure. */
-    if (mknod(path.c_str(), mode, dev) && (errno == EEXIST) && secontext) {
+    if (mknod(path.c_str(), mode, dev) && (errno == EEXIST) && !secontext.empty()) {
         char* fcon = nullptr;
         int rc = lgetfilecon(path.c_str(), &fcon);
         if (rc < 0) {
@@ -248,10 +254,10 @@
             goto out;
         }
 
-        bool different = strcmp(fcon, secontext) != 0;
+        bool different = fcon != secontext;
         freecon(fcon);
 
-        if (different && lsetfilecon(path.c_str(), secontext)) {
+        if (different && lsetfilecon(path.c_str(), secontext.c_str())) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "Cannot set '" << secontext << "' SELinux label on '" << path
                         << "' device";
         }
@@ -263,51 +269,11 @@
         PLOG(FATAL) << "setegid(AID_ROOT) failed";
     }
 
-    if (secontext) {
-        freecon(secontext);
+    if (!secontext.empty()) {
         setfscreatecon(nullptr);
     }
 }
 
-std::vector<std::string> DeviceHandler::GetCharacterDeviceSymlinks(const Uevent& uevent) const {
-    std::string parent_device;
-    if (!FindPlatformDevice(uevent.path, &parent_device)) return {};
-
-    // skip path to the parent driver
-    std::string path = uevent.path.substr(parent_device.length());
-
-    if (!android::base::StartsWith(path, "/usb")) return {};
-
-    // skip root hub name and device. use device interface
-    // skip 3 slashes, including the first / by starting the search at the 1st character, not 0th.
-    // then extract what comes between the 3rd and 4th slash
-    // e.g. "/usb/usb_device/name/tty2-1:1.0" -> "name"
-
-    std::string::size_type start = 0;
-    start = path.find('/', start + 1);
-    if (start == std::string::npos) return {};
-
-    start = path.find('/', start + 1);
-    if (start == std::string::npos) return {};
-
-    auto end = path.find('/', start + 1);
-    if (end == std::string::npos) return {};
-
-    start++;  // Skip the first '/'
-
-    auto length = end - start;
-    if (length == 0) return {};
-
-    auto name_string = path.substr(start, length);
-
-    std::vector<std::string> links;
-    links.emplace_back("/dev/usb/" + uevent.subsystem + name_string);
-
-    mkdir("/dev/usb", 0755);
-
-    return links;
-}
-
 // replaces any unacceptable characters with '_', the
 // length of the resulting string is equal to the input string
 void SanitizePartitionName(std::string* string) {
@@ -334,9 +300,9 @@
         static const std::string devices_platform_prefix = "/devices/platform/";
         static const std::string devices_prefix = "/devices/";
 
-        if (android::base::StartsWith(device, devices_platform_prefix.c_str())) {
+        if (StartsWith(device, devices_platform_prefix.c_str())) {
             device = device.substr(devices_platform_prefix.length());
-        } else if (android::base::StartsWith(device, devices_prefix.c_str())) {
+        } else if (StartsWith(device, devices_prefix.c_str())) {
             device = device.substr(devices_prefix.length());
         }
 
@@ -375,13 +341,13 @@
     return links;
 }
 
-void DeviceHandler::HandleDevice(const std::string& action, const std::string& devpath, int block,
+void DeviceHandler::HandleDevice(const std::string& action, const std::string& devpath, bool block,
                                  int major, int minor, const std::vector<std::string>& links) const {
     if (action == "add") {
         MakeDevice(devpath, block, major, minor, links);
         for (const auto& link : links) {
-            if (mkdir_recursive(android::base::Dirname(link), 0755, sehandle_)) {
-                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory " << android::base::Dirname(link);
+            if (!mkdir_recursive(Dirname(link), 0755)) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create directory " << Dirname(link);
             }
 
             if (symlink(devpath.c_str(), link.c_str()) && errno != EEXIST) {
@@ -393,7 +359,7 @@
     if (action == "remove") {
         for (const auto& link : links) {
             std::string link_path;
-            if (android::base::Readlink(link, &link_path) && link_path == devpath) {
+            if (Readlink(link, &link_path) && link_path == devpath) {
                 unlink(link.c_str());
             }
         }
@@ -401,71 +367,50 @@
     }
 }
 
-void DeviceHandler::HandleBlockDeviceEvent(const Uevent& uevent) const {
-    // if it's not a /dev device, nothing to do
-    if (uevent.major < 0 || uevent.minor < 0) return;
-
-    const char* base = "/dev/block/";
-    make_dir(base, 0755, sehandle_);
-
-    std::string name = android::base::Basename(uevent.path);
-    std::string devpath = base + name;
-
-    std::vector<std::string> links;
-    if (android::base::StartsWith(uevent.path, "/devices")) {
-        links = GetBlockDeviceSymlinks(uevent);
-    }
-
-    HandleDevice(uevent.action, devpath, 1, uevent.major, uevent.minor, links);
-}
-
-void DeviceHandler::HandleGenericDeviceEvent(const Uevent& uevent) const {
-    // if it's not a /dev device, nothing to do
-    if (uevent.major < 0 || uevent.minor < 0) return;
-
-    std::string devpath;
-
-    if (android::base::StartsWith(uevent.subsystem, "usb")) {
-        if (uevent.subsystem == "usb") {
-            if (!uevent.device_name.empty()) {
-                devpath = "/dev/" + uevent.device_name;
-            } else {
-                // This imitates the file system that would be created
-                // if we were using devfs instead.
-                // Minors are broken up into groups of 128, starting at "001"
-                int bus_id = uevent.minor / 128 + 1;
-                int device_id = uevent.minor % 128 + 1;
-                devpath = android::base::StringPrintf("/dev/bus/usb/%03d/%03d", bus_id, device_id);
-            }
-        } else {
-            // ignore other USB events
-            return;
-        }
-    } else if (const auto subsystem =
-                   std::find(subsystems_.cbegin(), subsystems_.cend(), uevent.subsystem);
-               subsystem != subsystems_.cend()) {
-        devpath = subsystem->ParseDevPath(uevent);
-    } else {
-        devpath = "/dev/" + android::base::Basename(uevent.path);
-    }
-
-    mkdir_recursive(android::base::Dirname(devpath), 0755, sehandle_);
-
-    auto links = GetCharacterDeviceSymlinks(uevent);
-
-    HandleDevice(uevent.action, devpath, 0, uevent.major, uevent.minor, links);
-}
-
 void DeviceHandler::HandleDeviceEvent(const Uevent& uevent) {
     if (uevent.action == "add" || uevent.action == "change" || uevent.action == "online") {
         FixupSysPermissions(uevent.path, uevent.subsystem);
     }
 
+    // if it's not a /dev device, nothing to do
+    if (uevent.major < 0 || uevent.minor < 0) return;
+
+    std::string devpath;
+    std::vector<std::string> links;
+    bool block = false;
+
     if (uevent.subsystem == "block") {
-        HandleBlockDeviceEvent(uevent);
+        block = true;
+        devpath = "/dev/block/" + Basename(uevent.path);
+
+        if (StartsWith(uevent.path, "/devices")) {
+            links = GetBlockDeviceSymlinks(uevent);
+        }
+    } else if (const auto subsystem =
+                   std::find(subsystems_.cbegin(), subsystems_.cend(), uevent.subsystem);
+               subsystem != subsystems_.cend()) {
+        devpath = subsystem->ParseDevPath(uevent);
+    } else if (uevent.subsystem == "usb") {
+        if (!uevent.device_name.empty()) {
+            devpath = "/dev/" + uevent.device_name;
+        } else {
+            // This imitates the file system that would be created
+            // if we were using devfs instead.
+            // Minors are broken up into groups of 128, starting at "001"
+            int bus_id = uevent.minor / 128 + 1;
+            int device_id = uevent.minor % 128 + 1;
+            devpath = StringPrintf("/dev/bus/usb/%03d/%03d", bus_id, device_id);
+        }
+    } else if (StartsWith(uevent.subsystem, "usb")) {
+        // ignore other USB events
+        return;
     } else {
-        HandleGenericDeviceEvent(uevent);
+        devpath = "/dev/" + Basename(uevent.path);
     }
+
+    mkdir_recursive(Dirname(devpath), 0755);
+
+    HandleDevice(uevent.action, devpath, block, uevent.major, uevent.minor, links);
 }
 
 DeviceHandler::DeviceHandler(std::vector<Permissions> dev_permissions,
@@ -474,10 +419,12 @@
     : dev_permissions_(std::move(dev_permissions)),
       sysfs_permissions_(std::move(sysfs_permissions)),
       subsystems_(std::move(subsystems)),
-      sehandle_(selinux_android_file_context_handle()),
       skip_restorecon_(skip_restorecon),
       sysfs_mount_point_("/sys") {}
 
 DeviceHandler::DeviceHandler()
     : DeviceHandler(std::vector<Permissions>{}, std::vector<SysfsPermissions>{},
                     std::vector<Subsystem>{}, false) {}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/devices.h b/init/devices.h
index 362c38c..1f8f1e8 100644
--- a/init/devices.h
+++ b/init/devices.h
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@
 
 #include "uevent.h"
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 class Permissions {
   public:
     Permissions(const std::string& name, mode_t perm, uid_t uid, gid_t gid);
@@ -69,6 +72,7 @@
     friend class SubsystemParser;
 
     Subsystem() {}
+    Subsystem(std::string name) : name_(std::move(name)) {}
 
     // Returns the full path for a uevent of a device that is a member of this subsystem,
     // according to the rules parsed from ueventd.rc
@@ -112,20 +116,15 @@
     bool FindPlatformDevice(std::string path, std::string* platform_device_path) const;
     std::tuple<mode_t, uid_t, gid_t> GetDevicePermissions(
         const std::string& path, const std::vector<std::string>& links) const;
-    void MakeDevice(const std::string& path, int block, int major, int minor,
+    void MakeDevice(const std::string& path, bool block, int major, int minor,
                     const std::vector<std::string>& links) const;
-    std::vector<std::string> GetCharacterDeviceSymlinks(const Uevent& uevent) const;
-    void HandleDevice(const std::string& action, const std::string& devpath, int block, int major,
+    void HandleDevice(const std::string& action, const std::string& devpath, bool block, int major,
                       int minor, const std::vector<std::string>& links) const;
     void FixupSysPermissions(const std::string& upath, const std::string& subsystem) const;
 
-    void HandleBlockDeviceEvent(const Uevent& uevent) const;
-    void HandleGenericDeviceEvent(const Uevent& uevent) const;
-
     std::vector<Permissions> dev_permissions_;
     std::vector<SysfsPermissions> sysfs_permissions_;
     std::vector<Subsystem> subsystems_;
-    selabel_handle* sehandle_;
     bool skip_restorecon_;
     std::string sysfs_mount_point_;
 };
@@ -133,4 +132,7 @@
 // Exposed for testing
 void SanitizePartitionName(std::string* string);
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/devices_test.cpp b/init/devices_test.cpp
index e1e4e49..eba00cb 100644
--- a/init/devices_test.cpp
+++ b/init/devices_test.cpp
@@ -24,28 +24,27 @@
 
 using namespace std::string_literals;
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 class DeviceHandlerTester {
   public:
     void TestGetSymlinks(const std::string& platform_device, const Uevent& uevent,
-                         const std::vector<std::string> expected_links, bool block) {
+                         const std::vector<std::string> expected_links) {
         TemporaryDir fake_sys_root;
         device_handler_.sysfs_mount_point_ = fake_sys_root.path;
 
         std::string platform_device_dir = fake_sys_root.path + platform_device;
-        mkdir_recursive(platform_device_dir, 0777, nullptr);
+        mkdir_recursive(platform_device_dir, 0777);
 
         std::string platform_bus = fake_sys_root.path + "/bus/platform"s;
-        mkdir_recursive(platform_bus, 0777, nullptr);
+        mkdir_recursive(platform_bus, 0777);
         symlink(platform_bus.c_str(), (platform_device_dir + "/subsystem").c_str());
 
-        mkdir_recursive(android::base::Dirname(fake_sys_root.path + uevent.path), 0777, nullptr);
+        mkdir_recursive(android::base::Dirname(fake_sys_root.path + uevent.path), 0777);
 
         std::vector<std::string> result;
-        if (block) {
-            result = device_handler_.GetBlockDeviceSymlinks(uevent);
-        } else {
-            result = device_handler_.GetCharacterDeviceSymlinks(uevent);
-        }
+        result = device_handler_.GetBlockDeviceSymlinks(uevent);
 
         auto expected_size = expected_links.size();
         ASSERT_EQ(expected_size, result.size());
@@ -61,95 +60,6 @@
     DeviceHandler device_handler_;
 };
 
-TEST(device_handler, get_character_device_symlinks_success) {
-    const char* platform_device = "/devices/platform/some_device_name";
-    Uevent uevent = {
-        .path = "/devices/platform/some_device_name/usb/usb_device/name/tty2-1:1.0",
-        .subsystem = "tty",
-    };
-    std::vector<std::string> expected_result{"/dev/usb/ttyname"};
-
-    DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, false);
-}
-
-TEST(device_handler, get_character_device_symlinks_no_pdev_match) {
-    const char* platform_device = "/devices/platform/some_device_name";
-    Uevent uevent = {
-        .path = "/device/name/tty2-1:1.0", .subsystem = "tty",
-    };
-    std::vector<std::string> expected_result;
-
-    DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, false);
-}
-
-TEST(device_handler, get_character_device_symlinks_nothing_after_platform_device) {
-    const char* platform_device = "/devices/platform/some_device_name";
-    Uevent uevent = {
-        .path = "/devices/platform/some_device_name", .subsystem = "tty",
-    };
-    std::vector<std::string> expected_result;
-
-    DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, false);
-}
-
-TEST(device_handler, get_character_device_symlinks_no_usb_found) {
-    const char* platform_device = "/devices/platform/some_device_name";
-    Uevent uevent = {
-        .path = "/devices/platform/some_device_name/bad/bad/", .subsystem = "tty",
-    };
-    std::vector<std::string> expected_result;
-
-    DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, false);
-}
-
-TEST(device_handler, get_character_device_symlinks_no_roothub) {
-    const char* platform_device = "/devices/platform/some_device_name";
-    Uevent uevent = {
-        .path = "/devices/platform/some_device_name/usb/", .subsystem = "tty",
-    };
-    std::vector<std::string> expected_result;
-
-    DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, false);
-}
-
-TEST(device_handler, get_character_device_symlinks_no_usb_device) {
-    const char* platform_device = "/devices/platform/some_device_name";
-    Uevent uevent = {
-        .path = "/devices/platform/some_device_name/usb/usb_device/", .subsystem = "tty",
-    };
-    std::vector<std::string> expected_result;
-
-    DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, false);
-}
-
-TEST(device_handler, get_character_device_symlinks_no_final_slash) {
-    const char* platform_device = "/devices/platform/some_device_name";
-    Uevent uevent = {
-        .path = "/devices/platform/some_device_name/usb/usb_device/name", .subsystem = "tty",
-    };
-    std::vector<std::string> expected_result;
-
-    DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, false);
-}
-
-TEST(device_handler, get_character_device_symlinks_no_final_name) {
-    const char* platform_device = "/devices/platform/some_device_name";
-    Uevent uevent = {
-        .path = "/devices/platform/some_device_name/usb/usb_device//", .subsystem = "tty",
-    };
-    std::vector<std::string> expected_result;
-
-    DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, false);
-}
-
 TEST(device_handler, get_block_device_symlinks_success_platform) {
     // These are actual paths from bullhead
     const char* platform_device = "/devices/soc.0/f9824900.sdhci";
@@ -161,7 +71,7 @@
     std::vector<std::string> expected_result{"/dev/block/platform/soc.0/f9824900.sdhci/mmcblk0"};
 
     DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, true);
+    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result);
 }
 
 TEST(device_handler, get_block_device_symlinks_success_platform_with_partition) {
@@ -179,7 +89,7 @@
     };
 
     DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, true);
+    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result);
 }
 
 TEST(device_handler, get_block_device_symlinks_success_platform_with_partition_only_num) {
@@ -195,7 +105,7 @@
     };
 
     DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, true);
+    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result);
 }
 
 TEST(device_handler, get_block_device_symlinks_success_platform_with_partition_only_name) {
@@ -211,7 +121,7 @@
     };
 
     DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, true);
+    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result);
 }
 
 TEST(device_handler, get_block_device_symlinks_success_pci) {
@@ -222,7 +132,7 @@
     std::vector<std::string> expected_result{"/dev/block/pci/pci0000:00/0000:00:1f.2/mmcblk0"};
 
     DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, true);
+    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result);
 }
 
 TEST(device_handler, get_block_device_symlinks_pci_bad_format) {
@@ -233,7 +143,7 @@
     std::vector<std::string> expected_result{};
 
     DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, true);
+    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result);
 }
 
 TEST(device_handler, get_block_device_symlinks_success_vbd) {
@@ -244,7 +154,7 @@
     std::vector<std::string> expected_result{"/dev/block/vbd/1234/mmcblk0"};
 
     DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, true);
+    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result);
 }
 
 TEST(device_handler, get_block_device_symlinks_vbd_bad_format) {
@@ -255,7 +165,7 @@
     std::vector<std::string> expected_result{};
 
     DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, true);
+    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result);
 }
 
 TEST(device_handler, get_block_device_symlinks_no_matches) {
@@ -268,7 +178,7 @@
     std::vector<std::string> expected_result;
 
     DeviceHandlerTester device_handler_tester_;
-    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result, true);
+    device_handler_tester_.TestGetSymlinks(platform_device, uevent, expected_result);
 }
 
 TEST(device_handler, sanitize_null) {
@@ -400,3 +310,6 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(0U, permissions.uid());
     EXPECT_EQ(1001U, permissions.gid());
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/firmware_handler.cpp b/init/firmware_handler.cpp
index 844c605..b686885 100644
--- a/init/firmware_handler.cpp
+++ b/init/firmware_handler.cpp
@@ -24,16 +24,22 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <thread>
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
-#include "util.h"
+using android::base::Timer;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+using android::base::WriteFully;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 static void LoadFirmware(const Uevent& uevent, const std::string& root, int fw_fd, size_t fw_size,
                          int loading_fd, int data_fd) {
     // Start transfer.
-    android::base::WriteFully(loading_fd, "1", 1);
+    WriteFully(loading_fd, "1", 1);
 
     // Copy the firmware.
     int rc = sendfile(data_fd, fw_fd, nullptr, fw_size);
@@ -44,7 +50,7 @@
 
     // Tell the firmware whether to abort or commit.
     const char* response = (rc != -1) ? "0" : "-1";
-    android::base::WriteFully(loading_fd, response, strlen(response));
+    WriteFully(loading_fd, response, strlen(response));
 }
 
 static bool IsBooting() {
@@ -60,13 +66,13 @@
     std::string loading = root + "/loading";
     std::string data = root + "/data";
 
-    android::base::unique_fd loading_fd(open(loading.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    unique_fd loading_fd(open(loading.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
     if (loading_fd == -1) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "couldn't open firmware loading fd for " << uevent.firmware;
         return;
     }
 
-    android::base::unique_fd data_fd(open(data.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+    unique_fd data_fd(open(data.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
     if (data_fd == -1) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "couldn't open firmware data fd for " << uevent.firmware;
         return;
@@ -78,7 +84,7 @@
 try_loading_again:
     for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(firmware_dirs); i++) {
         std::string file = firmware_dirs[i] + uevent.firmware;
-        android::base::unique_fd fw_fd(open(file.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
+        unique_fd fw_fd(open(file.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
         struct stat sb;
         if (fw_fd != -1 && fstat(fw_fd, &sb) != -1) {
             LoadFirmware(uevent, root, fw_fd, sb.st_size, loading_fd, data_fd);
@@ -104,29 +110,17 @@
     if (uevent.subsystem != "firmware" || uevent.action != "add") return;
 
     // Loading the firmware in a child means we can do that in parallel...
-    // We double fork instead of waiting for these processes.
-    pid_t pid = fork();
+    auto pid = fork();
     if (pid == -1) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "could not fork to process firmware event for " << uevent.firmware;
-        return;
     }
-
     if (pid == 0) {
-        pid = fork();
-        if (pid == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "could not fork a sceond time to process firmware event for "
-                        << uevent.firmware;
-            _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
-        }
-        if (pid == 0) {
-            Timer t;
-            ProcessFirmwareEvent(uevent);
-            LOG(INFO) << "loading " << uevent.path << " took " << t;
-            _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
-        }
-
+        Timer t;
+        ProcessFirmwareEvent(uevent);
+        LOG(INFO) << "loading " << uevent.path << " took " << t;
         _exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
     }
-
-    waitpid(pid, nullptr, 0);
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/firmware_handler.h b/init/firmware_handler.h
index be9daae..e456ac4 100644
--- a/init/firmware_handler.h
+++ b/init/firmware_handler.h
@@ -19,6 +19,12 @@
 
 #include "uevent.h"
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 void HandleFirmwareEvent(const Uevent& uevent);
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/import_parser.cpp b/init/import_parser.cpp
index 99275e5..e335fd1 100644
--- a/init/import_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/import_parser.cpp
@@ -20,24 +20,25 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 
-bool ImportParser::ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
-                                int line, std::string* err) {
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+Result<Success> ImportParser::ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args,
+                                           const std::string& filename, int line) {
     if (args.size() != 2) {
-        *err = "single argument needed for import\n";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "single argument needed for import\n";
     }
 
     std::string conf_file;
     bool ret = expand_props(args[1], &conf_file);
     if (!ret) {
-        *err = "error while expanding import";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "error while expanding import";
     }
 
     LOG(INFO) << "Added '" << conf_file << "' to import list";
     if (filename_.empty()) filename_ = filename;
     imports_.emplace_back(std::move(conf_file), line);
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
 void ImportParser::EndFile() {
@@ -50,3 +51,6 @@
         }
     }
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/import_parser.h b/init/import_parser.h
index 45cbfad..5a2f894 100644
--- a/init/import_parser.h
+++ b/init/import_parser.h
@@ -17,16 +17,19 @@
 #ifndef _INIT_IMPORT_PARSER_H
 #define _INIT_IMPORT_PARSER_H
 
-#include "init_parser.h"
-
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "parser.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 class ImportParser : public SectionParser {
   public:
     ImportParser(Parser* parser) : parser_(parser) {}
-    bool ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename, int line,
-                      std::string* err) override;
+    Result<Success> ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
+                                 int line) override;
     void EndFile() override;
 
   private:
@@ -37,4 +40,7 @@
     std::vector<std::pair<std::string, int>> imports_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/init.cpp b/init/init.cpp
index 9652efa..c3e08fb 100644
--- a/init/init.cpp
+++ b/init/init.cpp
@@ -16,89 +16,107 @@
 
 #include "init.h"
 
-#include <ctype.h>
 #include <dirent.h>
-#include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <libgen.h>
 #include <paths.h>
+#include <seccomp_policy.h>
 #include <signal.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <sys/epoll.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/signalfd.h>
 #include <sys/sysmacros.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/un.h>
-#include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
-#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <cutils/android_reboot.h>
 #include <keyutils.h>
 #include <libavb/libavb.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <selinux/android.h>
-#include <selinux/label.h>
-#include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
-#include <fstream>
 #include <memory>
-#include <vector>
+#include <optional>
 
-#include "action.h"
-#include "bootchart.h"
 #include "import_parser.h"
 #include "init_first_stage.h"
-#include "init_parser.h"
 #include "keychords.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "property_service.h"
 #include "reboot.h"
-#include "service.h"
-#include "signal_handler.h"
+#include "security.h"
+#include "selinux.h"
+#include "sigchld_handler.h"
 #include "ueventd.h"
 #include "util.h"
 #include "watchdogd.h"
 
+using namespace std::string_literals;
+
 using android::base::boot_clock;
 using android::base::GetProperty;
-using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::Timer;
 
-struct selabel_handle *sehandle;
-struct selabel_handle *sehandle_prop;
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 static int property_triggers_enabled = 0;
 
 static char qemu[32];
 
 std::string default_console = "/dev/console";
-static time_t process_needs_restart_at;
-
-const char *ENV[32];
 
 static int epoll_fd = -1;
+static int sigterm_signal_fd = -1;
 
 static std::unique_ptr<Timer> waiting_for_prop(nullptr);
 static std::string wait_prop_name;
 static std::string wait_prop_value;
 static bool shutting_down;
 
+std::vector<std::string> late_import_paths;
+
 void DumpState() {
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().DumpState();
+    ServiceList::GetInstance().DumpState();
     ActionManager::GetInstance().DumpState();
 }
 
+Parser CreateParser(ActionManager& action_manager, ServiceList& service_list) {
+    Parser parser;
+
+    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&service_list));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&action_manager));
+    parser.AddSectionParser("import", std::make_unique<ImportParser>(&parser));
+
+    return parser;
+}
+
+static void LoadBootScripts(ActionManager& action_manager, ServiceList& service_list) {
+    Parser parser = CreateParser(action_manager, service_list);
+
+    std::string bootscript = GetProperty("ro.boot.init_rc", "");
+    if (bootscript.empty()) {
+        parser.ParseConfig("/init.rc");
+        if (!parser.ParseConfig("/system/etc/init")) {
+            late_import_paths.emplace_back("/system/etc/init");
+        }
+        if (!parser.ParseConfig("/vendor/etc/init")) {
+            late_import_paths.emplace_back("/vendor/etc/init");
+        }
+        if (!parser.ParseConfig("/odm/etc/init")) {
+            late_import_paths.emplace_back("/odm/etc/init");
+        }
+    } else {
+        parser.ParseConfig(bootscript);
+    }
+}
+
 void register_epoll_handler(int fd, void (*fn)()) {
     epoll_event ev;
     ev.events = EPOLLIN;
@@ -108,38 +126,6 @@
     }
 }
 
-/* add_environment - add "key=value" to the current environment */
-int add_environment(const char *key, const char *val)
-{
-    size_t n;
-    size_t key_len = strlen(key);
-
-    /* The last environment entry is reserved to terminate the list */
-    for (n = 0; n < (arraysize(ENV) - 1); n++) {
-
-        /* Delete any existing entry for this key */
-        if (ENV[n] != NULL) {
-            size_t entry_key_len = strcspn(ENV[n], "=");
-            if ((entry_key_len == key_len) && (strncmp(ENV[n], key, entry_key_len) == 0)) {
-                free((char*)ENV[n]);
-                ENV[n] = NULL;
-            }
-        }
-
-        /* Add entry if a free slot is available */
-        if (ENV[n] == NULL) {
-            char* entry;
-            asprintf(&entry, "%s=%s", key, val);
-            ENV[n] = entry;
-            return 0;
-        }
-    }
-
-    LOG(ERROR) << "No env. room to store: '" << key << "':'" << val << "'";
-
-    return -1;
-}
-
 bool start_waiting_for_property(const char *name, const char *value)
 {
     if (waiting_for_prop) {
@@ -186,23 +172,36 @@
     }
 }
 
-static void restart_processes()
-{
-    process_needs_restart_at = 0;
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().ForEachServiceWithFlags(SVC_RESTARTING, [](Service* s) {
-        s->RestartIfNeeded(&process_needs_restart_at);
-    });
+static std::optional<boot_clock::time_point> RestartProcesses() {
+    std::optional<boot_clock::time_point> next_process_restart_time;
+    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
+        if (!(s->flags() & SVC_RESTARTING)) continue;
+
+        auto restart_time = s->time_started() + 5s;
+        if (boot_clock::now() > restart_time) {
+            if (auto result = s->Start(); !result) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Could not restart process '" << s->name() << "': " << result.error();
+            }
+        } else {
+            if (!next_process_restart_time || restart_time < *next_process_restart_time) {
+                next_process_restart_time = restart_time;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return next_process_restart_time;
 }
 
 void handle_control_message(const std::string& msg, const std::string& name) {
-    Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName(name);
+    Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(name);
     if (svc == nullptr) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "no such service '" << name << "'";
         return;
     }
 
     if (msg == "start") {
-        svc->Start();
+        if (auto result = svc->Start(); !result) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not ctl.start service '" << name << "': " << result.error();
+        }
     } else if (msg == "stop") {
         svc->Stop();
     } else if (msg == "restart") {
@@ -212,7 +211,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static int wait_for_coldboot_done_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+static Result<Success> wait_for_coldboot_done_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     Timer t;
 
     LOG(VERBOSE) << "Waiting for " COLDBOOT_DONE "...";
@@ -226,233 +225,24 @@
     // because any build that slow isn't likely to boot at all, and we'd
     // rather any test lab devices fail back to the bootloader.
     if (wait_for_file(COLDBOOT_DONE, 60s) < 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Timed out waiting for " COLDBOOT_DONE;
-        panic();
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Timed out waiting for " COLDBOOT_DONE;
     }
 
-    property_set("ro.boottime.init.cold_boot_wait", std::to_string(t.duration_ms()).c_str());
-    return 0;
+    property_set("ro.boottime.init.cold_boot_wait", std::to_string(t.duration().count()));
+    return Success();
 }
 
-/*
- * Writes 512 bytes of output from Hardware RNG (/dev/hw_random, backed
- * by Linux kernel's hw_random framework) into Linux RNG's via /dev/urandom.
- * Does nothing if Hardware RNG is not present.
- *
- * Since we don't yet trust the quality of Hardware RNG, these bytes are not
- * mixed into the primary pool of Linux RNG and the entropy estimate is left
- * unmodified.
- *
- * If the HW RNG device /dev/hw_random is present, we require that at least
- * 512 bytes read from it are written into Linux RNG. QA is expected to catch
- * devices/configurations where these I/O operations are blocking for a long
- * time. We do not reboot or halt on failures, as this is a best-effort
- * attempt.
- */
-static int mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
-{
-    int result = -1;
-    int hwrandom_fd = -1;
-    int urandom_fd = -1;
-    char buf[512];
-    ssize_t chunk_size;
-    size_t total_bytes_written = 0;
-
-    hwrandom_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
-            open("/dev/hw_random", O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (hwrandom_fd == -1) {
-        if (errno == ENOENT) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "/dev/hw_random not found";
-            // It's not an error to not have a Hardware RNG.
-            result = 0;
-        } else {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /dev/hw_random";
-        }
-        goto ret;
-    }
-
-    urandom_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
-            open("/dev/urandom", O_WRONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (urandom_fd == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open /dev/urandom";
-        goto ret;
-    }
-
-    while (total_bytes_written < sizeof(buf)) {
-        chunk_size = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
-                read(hwrandom_fd, buf, sizeof(buf) - total_bytes_written));
-        if (chunk_size == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read from /dev/hw_random";
-            goto ret;
-        } else if (chunk_size == 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read from /dev/hw_random: EOF";
-            goto ret;
-        }
-
-        chunk_size = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(urandom_fd, buf, chunk_size));
-        if (chunk_size == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write to /dev/urandom";
-            goto ret;
-        }
-        total_bytes_written += chunk_size;
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "Mixed " << total_bytes_written << " bytes from /dev/hw_random into /dev/urandom";
-    result = 0;
-
-ret:
-    if (hwrandom_fd != -1) {
-        close(hwrandom_fd);
-    }
-    if (urandom_fd != -1) {
-        close(urandom_fd);
-    }
-    return result;
-}
-
-static void security_failure() {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Security failure...";
-    panic();
-}
-
-static bool set_highest_available_option_value(std::string path, int min, int max)
-{
-    std::ifstream inf(path, std::fstream::in);
-    if (!inf) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot open for reading: " << path;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    int current = max;
-    while (current >= min) {
-        // try to write out new value
-        std::string str_val = std::to_string(current);
-        std::ofstream of(path, std::fstream::out);
-        if (!of) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot open for writing: " << path;
-            return false;
-        }
-        of << str_val << std::endl;
-        of.close();
-
-        // check to make sure it was recorded
-        inf.seekg(0);
-        std::string str_rec;
-        inf >> str_rec;
-        if (str_val.compare(str_rec) == 0) {
-            break;
-        }
-        current--;
-    }
-    inf.close();
-
-    if (current < min) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set minimum option value " << min << " in " << path;
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-#define MMAP_RND_PATH "/proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_bits"
-#define MMAP_RND_COMPAT_PATH "/proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_compat_bits"
-
-/* __attribute__((unused)) due to lack of mips support: see mips block
- * in set_mmap_rnd_bits_action */
-static bool __attribute__((unused)) set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(int start, int min, bool compat) {
-    std::string path;
-    if (compat) {
-        path = MMAP_RND_COMPAT_PATH;
-    } else {
-        path = MMAP_RND_PATH;
-    }
-
-    return set_highest_available_option_value(path, min, start);
-}
-
-/*
- * Set /proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_bits and potentially
- * /proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_compat_bits to the maximum supported values.
- * Returns -1 if unable to set these to an acceptable value.
- *
- * To support this sysctl, the following upstream commits are needed:
- *
- * d07e22597d1d mm: mmap: add new /proc tunable for mmap_base ASLR
- * e0c25d958f78 arm: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
- * 8f0d3aa9de57 arm64: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
- * 9e08f57d684a x86: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
- * ec9ee4acd97c drivers: char: random: add get_random_long()
- * 5ef11c35ce86 mm: ASLR: use get_random_long()
- */
-static int set_mmap_rnd_bits_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
-{
-    int ret = -1;
-
-    /* values are arch-dependent */
-#if defined(__aarch64__)
-    /* arm64 supports 18 - 33 bits depending on pagesize and VA_SIZE */
-    if (set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(33, 24, false)
-            && set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(16, 16, true)) {
-        ret = 0;
-    }
-#elif defined(__x86_64__)
-    /* x86_64 supports 28 - 32 bits */
-    if (set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(32, 32, false)
-            && set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(16, 16, true)) {
-        ret = 0;
-    }
-#elif defined(__arm__) || defined(__i386__)
-    /* check to see if we're running on 64-bit kernel */
-    bool h64 = !access(MMAP_RND_COMPAT_PATH, F_OK);
-    /* supported 32-bit architecture must have 16 bits set */
-    if (set_mmap_rnd_bits_min(16, 16, h64)) {
-        ret = 0;
-    }
-#elif defined(__mips__) || defined(__mips64__)
-    // TODO: add mips support b/27788820
-    ret = 0;
-#else
-    LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown architecture";
-#endif
-
-    if (ret == -1) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set adequate mmap entropy value!";
-        security_failure();
-    }
-    return ret;
-}
-
-#define KPTR_RESTRICT_PATH "/proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict"
-#define KPTR_RESTRICT_MINVALUE 2
-#define KPTR_RESTRICT_MAXVALUE 4
-
-/* Set kptr_restrict to the highest available level.
- *
- * Aborts if unable to set this to an acceptable value.
- */
-static int set_kptr_restrict_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
-{
-    std::string path = KPTR_RESTRICT_PATH;
-
-    if (!set_highest_available_option_value(path, KPTR_RESTRICT_MINVALUE, KPTR_RESTRICT_MAXVALUE)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set adequate kptr_restrict value!";
-        security_failure();
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-static int keychord_init_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
-{
+static Result<Success> keychord_init_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     keychord_init();
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int console_init_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
-{
+static Result<Success> console_init_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     std::string console = GetProperty("ro.boot.console", "");
     if (!console.empty()) {
         default_console = "/dev/" + console;
     }
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
 static void import_kernel_nv(const std::string& key, const std::string& value, bool for_emulator) {
@@ -460,14 +250,14 @@
 
     if (for_emulator) {
         // In the emulator, export any kernel option with the "ro.kernel." prefix.
-        property_set(StringPrintf("ro.kernel.%s", key.c_str()).c_str(), value.c_str());
+        property_set("ro.kernel." + key, value);
         return;
     }
 
     if (key == "qemu") {
         strlcpy(qemu, value.c_str(), sizeof(qemu));
     } else if (android::base::StartsWith(key, "androidboot.")) {
-        property_set(StringPrintf("ro.boot.%s", key.c_str() + 12).c_str(), value.c_str());
+        property_set("ro.boot." + key.substr(12), value);
     }
 }
 
@@ -498,7 +288,7 @@
     };
     for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(prop_map); i++) {
         std::string value = GetProperty(prop_map[i].src_prop, "");
-        property_set(prop_map[i].dst_prop, (!value.empty()) ? value.c_str() : prop_map[i].default_value);
+        property_set(prop_map[i].dst_prop, (!value.empty()) ? value : prop_map[i].default_value);
     }
 }
 
@@ -507,7 +297,7 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)> dir(opendir(kAndroidDtDir.c_str()), closedir);
+    std::unique_ptr<DIR, int (*)(DIR*)> dir(opendir(get_android_dt_dir().c_str()), closedir);
     if (!dir) return;
 
     std::string dt_file;
@@ -517,13 +307,12 @@
             continue;
         }
 
-        std::string file_name = kAndroidDtDir + dp->d_name;
+        std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + dp->d_name;
 
         android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, &dt_file);
         std::replace(dt_file.begin(), dt_file.end(), ',', '.');
 
-        std::string property_name = StringPrintf("ro.boot.%s", dp->d_name);
-        property_set(property_name.c_str(), dt_file.c_str());
+        property_set("ro.boot."s + dp->d_name, dt_file);
     }
 }
 
@@ -535,396 +324,24 @@
     if (qemu[0]) import_kernel_cmdline(true, import_kernel_nv);
 }
 
-static int property_enable_triggers_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
-{
+static Result<Success> property_enable_triggers_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     /* Enable property triggers. */
     property_triggers_enabled = 1;
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static int queue_property_triggers_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args)
-{
+static Result<Success> queue_property_triggers_action(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueBuiltinAction(property_enable_triggers_action, "enable_property_trigger");
     ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueAllPropertyActions();
-    return 0;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-static void selinux_init_all_handles(void)
-{
-    sehandle = selinux_android_file_context_handle();
-    selinux_android_set_sehandle(sehandle);
-    sehandle_prop = selinux_android_prop_context_handle();
-}
-
-enum selinux_enforcing_status { SELINUX_PERMISSIVE, SELINUX_ENFORCING };
-
-static selinux_enforcing_status selinux_status_from_cmdline() {
-    selinux_enforcing_status status = SELINUX_ENFORCING;
-
-    import_kernel_cmdline(false, [&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value, bool in_qemu) {
-        if (key == "androidboot.selinux" && value == "permissive") {
-            status = SELINUX_PERMISSIVE;
+static void global_seccomp() {
+    import_kernel_cmdline(false, [](const std::string& key, const std::string& value, bool in_qemu) {
+        if (key == "androidboot.seccomp" && value == "global" && !set_global_seccomp_filter()) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to globally enable seccomp!";
         }
     });
-
-    return status;
-}
-
-static bool selinux_is_enforcing(void)
-{
-    if (ALLOW_PERMISSIVE_SELINUX) {
-        return selinux_status_from_cmdline() == SELINUX_ENFORCING;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-static int audit_callback(void *data, security_class_t /*cls*/, char *buf, size_t len) {
-
-    property_audit_data *d = reinterpret_cast<property_audit_data*>(data);
-
-    if (!d || !d->name || !d->cr) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "audit_callback invoked with null data arguments!";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    snprintf(buf, len, "property=%s pid=%d uid=%d gid=%d", d->name,
-            d->cr->pid, d->cr->uid, d->cr->gid);
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Forks, executes the provided program in the child, and waits for the completion in the parent.
- * Child's stderr is captured and logged using LOG(ERROR).
- *
- * Returns true if the child exited with status code 0, returns false otherwise.
- */
-static bool fork_execve_and_wait_for_completion(const char* filename, char* const argv[],
-                                                char* const envp[]) {
-    // Create a pipe used for redirecting child process's output.
-    // * pipe_fds[0] is the FD the parent will use for reading.
-    // * pipe_fds[1] is the FD the child will use for writing.
-    int pipe_fds[2];
-    if (pipe(pipe_fds) == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create pipe";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    pid_t child_pid = fork();
-    if (child_pid == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fork for " << filename;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (child_pid == 0) {
-        // fork succeeded -- this is executing in the child process
-
-        // Close the pipe FD not used by this process
-        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(pipe_fds[0]));
-
-        // Redirect stderr to the pipe FD provided by the parent
-        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(dup2(pipe_fds[1], STDERR_FILENO)) == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to redirect stderr of " << filename;
-            _exit(127);
-            return false;
-        }
-        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(pipe_fds[1]));
-
-        if (execve(filename, argv, envp) == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to execve " << filename;
-            return false;
-        }
-        // Unreachable because execve will have succeeded and replaced this code
-        // with child process's code.
-        _exit(127);
-        return false;
-    } else {
-        // fork succeeded -- this is executing in the original/parent process
-
-        // Close the pipe FD not used by this process
-        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(pipe_fds[1]));
-
-        // Log the redirected output of the child process.
-        // It's unfortunate that there's no standard way to obtain an istream for a file descriptor.
-        // As a result, we're buffering all output and logging it in one go at the end of the
-        // invocation, instead of logging it as it comes in.
-        const int child_out_fd = pipe_fds[0];
-        std::string child_output;
-        if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(child_out_fd, &child_output)) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to capture full output of " << filename;
-        }
-        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(child_out_fd));
-        if (!child_output.empty()) {
-            // Log captured output, line by line, because LOG expects to be invoked for each line
-            std::istringstream in(child_output);
-            std::string line;
-            while (std::getline(in, line)) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << line;
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Wait for child to terminate
-        int status;
-        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0)) != child_pid) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to wait for " << filename;
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
-            int status_code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
-            if (status_code == 0) {
-                return true;
-            } else {
-                LOG(ERROR) << filename << " exited with status " << status_code;
-            }
-        } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << filename << " killed by signal " << WTERMSIG(status);
-        } else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << filename << " stopped by signal " << WSTOPSIG(status);
-        } else {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "waitpid for " << filename << " returned unexpected status: " << status;
-        }
-
-        return false;
-    }
-}
-
-static bool read_first_line(const char* file, std::string* line) {
-    line->clear();
-
-    std::string contents;
-    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(file, &contents, true /* follow symlinks */)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    std::istringstream in(contents);
-    std::getline(in, *line);
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool selinux_find_precompiled_split_policy(std::string* file) {
-    file->clear();
-
-    static constexpr const char precompiled_sepolicy[] = "/vendor/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy";
-    if (access(precompiled_sepolicy, R_OK) == -1) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    std::string actual_plat_id;
-    if (!read_first_line("/system/etc/selinux/plat_and_mapping_sepolicy.cil.sha256",
-                         &actual_plat_id)) {
-        PLOG(INFO) << "Failed to read "
-                      "/system/etc/selinux/plat_and_mapping_sepolicy.cil.sha256";
-        return false;
-    }
-    std::string precompiled_plat_id;
-    if (!read_first_line("/vendor/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy.plat_and_mapping.sha256",
-                         &precompiled_plat_id)) {
-        PLOG(INFO) << "Failed to read "
-                      "/vendor/etc/selinux/"
-                      "precompiled_sepolicy.plat_and_mapping.sha256";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if ((actual_plat_id.empty()) || (actual_plat_id != precompiled_plat_id)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    *file = precompiled_sepolicy;
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool selinux_get_vendor_mapping_version(std::string* plat_vers) {
-    if (!read_first_line("/vendor/etc/selinux/plat_sepolicy_vers.txt", plat_vers)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read /vendor/etc/selinux/plat_sepolicy_vers.txt";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (plat_vers->empty()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "No version present in plat_sepolicy_vers.txt";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-static constexpr const char plat_policy_cil_file[] = "/system/etc/selinux/plat_sepolicy.cil";
-
-static bool selinux_is_split_policy_device() { return access(plat_policy_cil_file, R_OK) != -1; }
-
-/*
- * Loads SELinux policy split across platform/system and non-platform/vendor files.
- *
- * Returns true upon success, false otherwise (failure cause is logged).
- */
-static bool selinux_load_split_policy() {
-    // IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: Split policy consists of three CIL files:
-    // * platform -- policy needed due to logic contained in the system image,
-    // * non-platform -- policy needed due to logic contained in the vendor image,
-    // * mapping -- mapping policy which helps preserve forward-compatibility of non-platform policy
-    //   with newer versions of platform policy.
-    //
-    // secilc is invoked to compile the above three policy files into a single monolithic policy
-    // file. This file is then loaded into the kernel.
-
-    // Load precompiled policy from vendor image, if a matching policy is found there. The policy
-    // must match the platform policy on the system image.
-    std::string precompiled_sepolicy_file;
-    if (selinux_find_precompiled_split_policy(&precompiled_sepolicy_file)) {
-        android::base::unique_fd fd(
-            open(precompiled_sepolicy_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_BINARY));
-        if (fd != -1) {
-            if (selinux_android_load_policy_from_fd(fd, precompiled_sepolicy_file.c_str()) < 0) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load SELinux policy from " << precompiled_sepolicy_file;
-                return false;
-            }
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-    // No suitable precompiled policy could be loaded
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "Compiling SELinux policy";
-
-    // Determine the highest policy language version supported by the kernel
-    set_selinuxmnt("/sys/fs/selinux");
-    int max_policy_version = security_policyvers();
-    if (max_policy_version == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to determine highest policy version supported by kernel";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // We store the output of the compilation on /dev because this is the most convenient tmpfs
-    // storage mount available this early in the boot sequence.
-    char compiled_sepolicy[] = "/dev/sepolicy.XXXXXX";
-    android::base::unique_fd compiled_sepolicy_fd(mkostemp(compiled_sepolicy, O_CLOEXEC));
-    if (compiled_sepolicy_fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create temporary file " << compiled_sepolicy;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Determine which mapping file to include
-    std::string vend_plat_vers;
-    if (!selinux_get_vendor_mapping_version(&vend_plat_vers)) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    std::string mapping_file("/system/etc/selinux/mapping/" + vend_plat_vers + ".cil");
-    // clang-format off
-    const char* compile_args[] = {
-        "/system/bin/secilc",
-        plat_policy_cil_file,
-        "-M", "true", "-G", "-N",
-        // Target the highest policy language version supported by the kernel
-        "-c", std::to_string(max_policy_version).c_str(),
-        mapping_file.c_str(),
-        "/vendor/etc/selinux/nonplat_sepolicy.cil",
-        "-o", compiled_sepolicy,
-        // We don't care about file_contexts output by the compiler
-        "-f", "/sys/fs/selinux/null",  // /dev/null is not yet available
-        nullptr};
-    // clang-format on
-
-    if (!fork_execve_and_wait_for_completion(compile_args[0], (char**)compile_args, (char**)ENV)) {
-        unlink(compiled_sepolicy);
-        return false;
-    }
-    unlink(compiled_sepolicy);
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "Loading compiled SELinux policy";
-    if (selinux_android_load_policy_from_fd(compiled_sepolicy_fd, compiled_sepolicy) < 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load SELinux policy from " << compiled_sepolicy;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-/*
- * Loads SELinux policy from a monolithic file.
- *
- * Returns true upon success, false otherwise (failure cause is logged).
- */
-static bool selinux_load_monolithic_policy() {
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Loading SELinux policy from monolithic file";
-    if (selinux_android_load_policy() < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load monolithic SELinux policy";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-/*
- * Loads SELinux policy into the kernel.
- *
- * Returns true upon success, false otherwise (failure cause is logged).
- */
-static bool selinux_load_policy() {
-    return selinux_is_split_policy_device() ? selinux_load_split_policy()
-                                            : selinux_load_monolithic_policy();
-}
-
-static void selinux_initialize(bool in_kernel_domain) {
-    Timer t;
-
-    selinux_callback cb;
-    cb.func_log = selinux_klog_callback;
-    selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, cb);
-    cb.func_audit = audit_callback;
-    selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_AUDIT, cb);
-
-    if (in_kernel_domain) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Loading SELinux policy";
-        if (!selinux_load_policy()) {
-            panic();
-        }
-
-        bool kernel_enforcing = (security_getenforce() == 1);
-        bool is_enforcing = selinux_is_enforcing();
-        if (kernel_enforcing != is_enforcing) {
-            if (security_setenforce(is_enforcing)) {
-                PLOG(ERROR) << "security_setenforce(%s) failed" << (is_enforcing ? "true" : "false");
-                security_failure();
-            }
-        }
-
-        std::string err;
-        if (!WriteFile("/sys/fs/selinux/checkreqprot", "0", &err)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << err;
-            security_failure();
-        }
-
-        // init's first stage can't set properties, so pass the time to the second stage.
-        setenv("INIT_SELINUX_TOOK", std::to_string(t.duration_ms()).c_str(), 1);
-    } else {
-        selinux_init_all_handles();
-    }
-}
-
-// The files and directories that were created before initial sepolicy load or
-// files on ramdisk need to have their security context restored to the proper
-// value. This must happen before /dev is populated by ueventd.
-static void selinux_restore_context() {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Running restorecon...";
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/kmsg", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/socket", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/random", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/urandom", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/__properties__", 0);
-
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/file_contexts.bin", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_file_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_file_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_property_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_property_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_seapp_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_seapp_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_service_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_service_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_hwservice_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_hwservice_contexts", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/sepolicy", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/vndservice_contexts", 0);
-
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/sys", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/block", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/device-mapper", 0);
-
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/sbin/mke2fs_static", 0);
-    selinux_android_restorecon("/sbin/e2fsdroid_static", 0);
 }
 
 // Set the UDC controller for the ConfigFS USB Gadgets.
@@ -943,7 +360,7 @@
     }
 }
 
-static void install_reboot_signal_handlers() {
+static void InstallRebootSignalHandlers() {
     // Instead of panic'ing the kernel as is the default behavior when init crashes,
     // we prefer to reboot to bootloader on development builds, as this will prevent
     // boot looping bad configurations and allow both developers and test farms to easily
@@ -951,9 +368,18 @@
     struct sigaction action;
     memset(&action, 0, sizeof(action));
     sigfillset(&action.sa_mask);
-    action.sa_handler = [](int) {
-        // panic() reboots to bootloader
-        panic();
+    action.sa_handler = [](int signal) {
+        // These signal handlers are also caught for processes forked from init, however we do not
+        // want them to trigger reboot, so we directly call _exit() for children processes here.
+        if (getpid() != 1) {
+            _exit(signal);
+        }
+
+        // Calling DoReboot() or LOG(FATAL) is not a good option as this is a signal handler.
+        // RebootSystem uses syscall() which isn't actually async-signal-safe, but our only option
+        // and probably good enough given this is already an error case and only enabled for
+        // development builds.
+        RebootSystem(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, "bootloader");
     };
     action.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
     sigaction(SIGABRT, &action, nullptr);
@@ -968,6 +394,41 @@
     sigaction(SIGTRAP, &action, nullptr);
 }
 
+static void HandleSigtermSignal() {
+    signalfd_siginfo siginfo;
+    ssize_t bytes_read = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(sigterm_signal_fd, &siginfo, sizeof(siginfo)));
+    if (bytes_read != sizeof(siginfo)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read siginfo from sigterm_signal_fd";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (siginfo.ssi_pid != 0) {
+        // Drop any userspace SIGTERM requests.
+        LOG(DEBUG) << "Ignoring SIGTERM from pid " << siginfo.ssi_pid;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Handling SIGTERM, shutting system down";
+    HandlePowerctlMessage("shutdown");
+}
+
+static void InstallSigtermHandler() {
+    sigset_t mask;
+    sigemptyset(&mask);
+    sigaddset(&mask, SIGTERM);
+
+    if (sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, &mask, nullptr) == -1) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to block SIGTERM";
+    }
+
+    sigterm_signal_fd = signalfd(-1, &mask, SFD_CLOEXEC);
+    if (sigterm_signal_fd == -1) {
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "failed to create signalfd for SIGTERM";
+    }
+
+    register_epoll_handler(sigterm_signal_fd, HandleSigtermSignal);
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
     if (!strcmp(basename(argv[0]), "ueventd")) {
         return ueventd_main(argc, argv);
@@ -978,11 +439,9 @@
     }
 
     if (REBOOT_BOOTLOADER_ON_PANIC) {
-        install_reboot_signal_handlers();
+        InstallRebootSignalHandlers();
     }
 
-    add_environment("PATH", _PATH_DEFPATH);
-
     bool is_first_stage = (getenv("INIT_SECOND_STAGE") == nullptr);
 
     if (is_first_stage) {
@@ -991,6 +450,8 @@
         // Clear the umask.
         umask(0);
 
+        clearenv();
+        setenv("PATH", _PATH_DEFPATH, 1);
         // Get the basic filesystem setup we need put together in the initramdisk
         // on / and then we'll let the rc file figure out the rest.
         mount("tmpfs", "/dev", "tmpfs", MS_NOSUID, "mode=0755");
@@ -1005,7 +466,13 @@
         setgroups(arraysize(groups), groups);
         mount("sysfs", "/sys", "sysfs", 0, NULL);
         mount("selinuxfs", "/sys/fs/selinux", "selinuxfs", 0, NULL);
+
         mknod("/dev/kmsg", S_IFCHR | 0600, makedev(1, 11));
+
+        if constexpr (WORLD_WRITABLE_KMSG) {
+            mknod("/dev/kmsg_debug", S_IFCHR | 0622, makedev(1, 11));
+        }
+
         mknod("/dev/random", S_IFCHR | 0666, makedev(1, 8));
         mknod("/dev/urandom", S_IFCHR | 0666, makedev(1, 9));
 
@@ -1016,27 +483,29 @@
         LOG(INFO) << "init first stage started!";
 
         if (!DoFirstStageMount()) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to mount required partitions early ...";
-            panic();
+            LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to mount required partitions early ...";
         }
 
         SetInitAvbVersionInRecovery();
 
+        // Enable seccomp if global boot option was passed (otherwise it is enabled in zygote).
+        global_seccomp();
+
         // Set up SELinux, loading the SELinux policy.
-        selinux_initialize(true);
+        SelinuxSetupKernelLogging();
+        SelinuxInitialize();
 
         // We're in the kernel domain, so re-exec init to transition to the init domain now
         // that the SELinux policy has been loaded.
         if (selinux_android_restorecon("/init", 0) == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "restorecon failed";
-            security_failure();
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "restorecon failed of /init failed";
         }
 
         setenv("INIT_SECOND_STAGE", "true", 1);
 
         static constexpr uint32_t kNanosecondsPerMillisecond = 1e6;
         uint64_t start_ms = start_time.time_since_epoch().count() / kNanosecondsPerMillisecond;
-        setenv("INIT_STARTED_AT", StringPrintf("%" PRIu64, start_ms).c_str(), 1);
+        setenv("INIT_STARTED_AT", std::to_string(start_ms).c_str(), 1);
 
         char* path = argv[0];
         char* args[] = { path, nullptr };
@@ -1044,8 +513,7 @@
 
         // execv() only returns if an error happened, in which case we
         // panic and never fall through this conditional.
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "execv(\"" << path << "\") failed";
-        security_failure();
+        PLOG(FATAL) << "execv(\"" << path << "\") failed";
     }
 
     // At this point we're in the second stage of init.
@@ -1086,8 +554,9 @@
     unsetenv("INIT_AVB_VERSION");
 
     // Now set up SELinux for second stage.
-    selinux_initialize(false);
-    selinux_restore_context();
+    SelinuxSetupKernelLogging();
+    SelabelInitialize();
+    SelinuxRestoreContext();
 
     epoll_fd = epoll_create1(EPOLL_CLOEXEC);
     if (epoll_fd == -1) {
@@ -1095,7 +564,13 @@
         exit(1);
     }
 
-    signal_handler_init();
+    sigchld_handler_init();
+
+    if (!IsRebootCapable()) {
+        // If init does not have the CAP_SYS_BOOT capability, it is running in a container.
+        // In that case, receiving SIGTERM will cause the system to shut down.
+        InstallSigtermHandler();
+    }
 
     property_load_boot_defaults();
     export_oem_lock_status();
@@ -1106,26 +581,9 @@
     Action::set_function_map(&function_map);
 
     ActionManager& am = ActionManager::GetInstance();
-    ServiceManager& sm = ServiceManager::GetInstance();
-    Parser& parser = Parser::GetInstance();
+    ServiceList& sm = ServiceList::GetInstance();
 
-    parser.AddSectionParser("service", std::make_unique<ServiceParser>(&sm));
-    parser.AddSectionParser("on", std::make_unique<ActionParser>(&am));
-    parser.AddSectionParser("import", std::make_unique<ImportParser>(&parser));
-    std::string bootscript = GetProperty("ro.boot.init_rc", "");
-    if (bootscript.empty()) {
-        parser.ParseConfig("/init.rc");
-        parser.set_is_system_etc_init_loaded(
-                parser.ParseConfig("/system/etc/init"));
-        parser.set_is_vendor_etc_init_loaded(
-                parser.ParseConfig("/vendor/etc/init"));
-        parser.set_is_odm_etc_init_loaded(parser.ParseConfig("/odm/etc/init"));
-    } else {
-        parser.ParseConfig(bootscript);
-        parser.set_is_system_etc_init_loaded(true);
-        parser.set_is_vendor_etc_init_loaded(true);
-        parser.set_is_odm_etc_init_loaded(true);
-    }
+    LoadBootScripts(am, sm);
 
     // Turning this on and letting the INFO logging be discarded adds 0.2s to
     // Nexus 9 boot time, so it's disabled by default.
@@ -1136,9 +594,9 @@
     // Queue an action that waits for coldboot done so we know ueventd has set up all of /dev...
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(wait_for_coldboot_done_action, "wait_for_coldboot_done");
     // ... so that we can start queuing up actions that require stuff from /dev.
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng_action, "mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng");
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(set_mmap_rnd_bits_action, "set_mmap_rnd_bits");
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(set_kptr_restrict_action, "set_kptr_restrict");
+    am.QueueBuiltinAction(MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction, "MixHwrngIntoLinuxRng");
+    am.QueueBuiltinAction(SetMmapRndBitsAction, "SetMmapRndBits");
+    am.QueueBuiltinAction(SetKptrRestrictAction, "SetKptrRestrict");
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(keychord_init_action, "keychord_init");
     am.QueueBuiltinAction(console_init_action, "console_init");
 
@@ -1147,7 +605,7 @@
 
     // Repeat mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng in case /dev/hw_random or /dev/random
     // wasn't ready immediately after wait_for_coldboot_done
-    am.QueueBuiltinAction(mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng_action, "mix_hwrng_into_linux_rng");
+    am.QueueBuiltinAction(MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction, "MixHwrngIntoLinuxRng");
 
     // Don't mount filesystems or start core system services in charger mode.
     std::string bootmode = GetProperty("ro.bootmode", "");
@@ -1164,16 +622,20 @@
         // By default, sleep until something happens.
         int epoll_timeout_ms = -1;
 
-        if (!(waiting_for_prop || sm.IsWaitingForExec())) {
+        if (!(waiting_for_prop || Service::is_exec_service_running())) {
             am.ExecuteOneCommand();
         }
-        if (!(waiting_for_prop || sm.IsWaitingForExec())) {
-            if (!shutting_down) restart_processes();
+        if (!(waiting_for_prop || Service::is_exec_service_running())) {
+            if (!shutting_down) {
+                auto next_process_restart_time = RestartProcesses();
 
-            // If there's a process that needs restarting, wake up in time for that.
-            if (process_needs_restart_at != 0) {
-                epoll_timeout_ms = (process_needs_restart_at - time(nullptr)) * 1000;
-                if (epoll_timeout_ms < 0) epoll_timeout_ms = 0;
+                // If there's a process that needs restarting, wake up in time for that.
+                if (next_process_restart_time) {
+                    epoll_timeout_ms = std::chrono::ceil<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
+                                           *next_process_restart_time - boot_clock::now())
+                                           .count();
+                    if (epoll_timeout_ms < 0) epoll_timeout_ms = 0;
+                }
             }
 
             // If there's more work to do, wake up again immediately.
@@ -1191,3 +653,10 @@
 
     return 0;
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    android::init::main(argc, argv);
+}
diff --git a/init/init.h b/init/init.h
index 4024cfe..b757c1d 100644
--- a/init/init.h
+++ b/init/init.h
@@ -18,14 +18,22 @@
 #define _INIT_INIT_H
 
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "action.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "service.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 // Note: These globals are *only* valid in init, so they should not be used in ueventd,
 // watchdogd, or any files that may be included in those, such as devices.cpp and util.cpp.
 // TODO: Have an Init class and remove all globals.
-extern const char *ENV[32];
 extern std::string default_console;
-extern struct selabel_handle *sehandle;
-extern struct selabel_handle *sehandle_prop;
+extern std::vector<std::string> late_import_paths;
+
+Parser CreateParser(ActionManager& action_manager, ServiceList& service_list);
 
 void handle_control_message(const std::string& msg, const std::string& arg);
 
@@ -33,12 +41,13 @@
 
 void register_epoll_handler(int fd, void (*fn)());
 
-int add_environment(const char* key, const char* val);
-
 bool start_waiting_for_property(const char *name, const char *value);
 
 void DumpState();
 
 void ResetWaitForProp();
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif  /* _INIT_INIT_H */
diff --git a/init/init_first_stage.cpp b/init/init_first_stage.cpp
index d72c3ac4..0f7e38f 100644
--- a/init/init_first_stage.cpp
+++ b/init/init_first_stage.cpp
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
@@ -36,7 +37,10 @@
 #include "uevent_listener.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+using android::base::Timer;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 // Class Declarations
 // ------------------
@@ -508,3 +512,6 @@
     }
     setenv("INIT_AVB_VERSION", avb_handle->avb_version().c_str(), 1);
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/init_first_stage.h b/init/init_first_stage.h
index 170a24c..c7a3867 100644
--- a/init/init_first_stage.h
+++ b/init/init_first_stage.h
@@ -17,7 +17,13 @@
 #ifndef _INIT_FIRST_STAGE_H
 #define _INIT_FIRST_STAGE_H
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 bool DoFirstStageMount();
 void SetInitAvbVersionInRecovery();
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/init_parser.cpp b/init/init_parser.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b31cf2..0000000
--- a/init/init_parser.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,161 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "init_parser.h"
-
-#include <dirent.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-#include <android-base/strings.h>
-
-#include "parser.h"
-#include "util.h"
-
-Parser::Parser() {
-}
-
-Parser& Parser::GetInstance() {
-    static Parser instance;
-    return instance;
-}
-
-void Parser::AddSectionParser(const std::string& name,
-                              std::unique_ptr<SectionParser> parser) {
-    section_parsers_[name] = std::move(parser);
-}
-
-void Parser::AddSingleLineParser(const std::string& prefix, LineCallback callback) {
-    line_callbacks_.emplace_back(prefix, callback);
-}
-
-void Parser::ParseData(const std::string& filename, const std::string& data) {
-    //TODO: Use a parser with const input and remove this copy
-    std::vector<char> data_copy(data.begin(), data.end());
-    data_copy.push_back('\0');
-
-    parse_state state;
-    state.line = 0;
-    state.ptr = &data_copy[0];
-    state.nexttoken = 0;
-
-    SectionParser* section_parser = nullptr;
-    std::vector<std::string> args;
-
-    for (;;) {
-        switch (next_token(&state)) {
-        case T_EOF:
-            if (section_parser) {
-                section_parser->EndSection();
-            }
-            return;
-        case T_NEWLINE:
-            state.line++;
-            if (args.empty()) {
-                break;
-            }
-            // If we have a line matching a prefix we recognize, call its callback and unset any
-            // current section parsers.  This is meant for /sys/ and /dev/ line entries for uevent.
-            for (const auto& [prefix, callback] : line_callbacks_) {
-                if (android::base::StartsWith(args[0], prefix.c_str())) {
-                    if (section_parser) section_parser->EndSection();
-
-                    std::string ret_err;
-                    if (!callback(std::move(args), &ret_err)) {
-                        LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << state.line << ": " << ret_err;
-                    }
-                    section_parser = nullptr;
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-            if (section_parsers_.count(args[0])) {
-                if (section_parser) {
-                    section_parser->EndSection();
-                }
-                section_parser = section_parsers_[args[0]].get();
-                std::string ret_err;
-                if (!section_parser->ParseSection(std::move(args), filename, state.line, &ret_err)) {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << state.line << ": " << ret_err;
-                    section_parser = nullptr;
-                }
-            } else if (section_parser) {
-                std::string ret_err;
-                if (!section_parser->ParseLineSection(std::move(args), state.line, &ret_err)) {
-                    LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << state.line << ": " << ret_err;
-                }
-            }
-            args.clear();
-            break;
-        case T_TEXT:
-            args.emplace_back(state.text);
-            break;
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-bool Parser::ParseConfigFile(const std::string& path) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Parsing file " << path << "...";
-    Timer t;
-    std::string data;
-    std::string err;
-    if (!ReadFile(path, &data, &err)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << err;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    data.push_back('\n'); // TODO: fix parse_config.
-    ParseData(path, data);
-    for (const auto& [section_name, section_parser] : section_parsers_) {
-        section_parser->EndFile();
-    }
-
-    LOG(VERBOSE) << "(Parsing " << path << " took " << t << ".)";
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Parser::ParseConfigDir(const std::string& path) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Parsing directory " << path << "...";
-    std::unique_ptr<DIR, int(*)(DIR*)> config_dir(opendir(path.c_str()), closedir);
-    if (!config_dir) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not import directory '" << path << "'";
-        return false;
-    }
-    dirent* current_file;
-    std::vector<std::string> files;
-    while ((current_file = readdir(config_dir.get()))) {
-        // Ignore directories and only process regular files.
-        if (current_file->d_type == DT_REG) {
-            std::string current_path =
-                android::base::StringPrintf("%s/%s", path.c_str(), current_file->d_name);
-            files.emplace_back(current_path);
-        }
-    }
-    // Sort first so we load files in a consistent order (bug 31996208)
-    std::sort(files.begin(), files.end());
-    for (const auto& file : files) {
-        if (!ParseConfigFile(file)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "could not import file '" << file << "'";
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool Parser::ParseConfig(const std::string& path) {
-    if (is_dir(path.c_str())) {
-        return ParseConfigDir(path);
-    }
-    return ParseConfigFile(path);
-}
diff --git a/init/init_parser.h b/init/init_parser.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 722ebb2..0000000
--- a/init/init_parser.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,96 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef _INIT_INIT_PARSER_H_
-#define _INIT_INIT_PARSER_H_
-
-#include <map>
-#include <memory>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-//  SectionParser is an interface that can parse a given 'section' in init.
-//
-//  You can implement up to 4 functions below, with ParseSection() being mandatory.
-//  The first two function return bool with false indicating a failure and has a std::string* err
-//  parameter into which an error string can be written.  It will be reported along with the
-//  filename and line number of where the error occurred.
-//
-//  1) bool ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
-//                       int line, std::string* err)
-//    This function is called when a section is first encountered.
-//
-//  2) bool ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line, std::string* err)
-//    This function is called on each subsequent line until the next section is encountered.
-//
-//  3) bool EndSection()
-//    This function is called either when a new section is found or at the end of the file.
-//    It indicates that parsing of the current section is complete and any relevant objects should
-//    be committed.
-//
-//  4) bool EndFile()
-//    This function is called at the end of the file.
-//    It indicates that the parsing has completed and any relevant objects should be committed.
-
-class SectionParser {
-  public:
-    virtual ~SectionParser() {}
-    virtual bool ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
-                              int line, std::string* err) = 0;
-    virtual bool ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&&, int, std::string*) { return true; };
-    virtual void EndSection(){};
-    virtual void EndFile(){};
-};
-
-class Parser {
-  public:
-    //  LineCallback is the type for callbacks that can parse a line starting with a given prefix.
-    //
-    //  They take the form of bool Callback(std::vector<std::string>&& args, std::string* err)
-    //
-    //  Similar to ParseSection() and ParseLineSection(), this function returns bool with false
-    //  indicating a failure and has an std::string* err parameter into which an error string can
-    //  be written.
-    using LineCallback = std::function<bool(std::vector<std::string>&&, std::string*)>;
-
-    // TODO: init is the only user of this as a singleton; remove it.
-    static Parser& GetInstance();
-
-    Parser();
-
-    bool ParseConfig(const std::string& path);
-    void AddSectionParser(const std::string& name, std::unique_ptr<SectionParser> parser);
-    void AddSingleLineParser(const std::string& prefix, LineCallback callback);
-    void set_is_system_etc_init_loaded(bool loaded) { is_system_etc_init_loaded_ = loaded; }
-    void set_is_vendor_etc_init_loaded(bool loaded) { is_vendor_etc_init_loaded_ = loaded; }
-    void set_is_odm_etc_init_loaded(bool loaded) { is_odm_etc_init_loaded_ = loaded; }
-    bool is_system_etc_init_loaded() { return is_system_etc_init_loaded_; }
-    bool is_vendor_etc_init_loaded() { return is_vendor_etc_init_loaded_; }
-    bool is_odm_etc_init_loaded() { return is_odm_etc_init_loaded_; }
-
-  private:
-    void ParseData(const std::string& filename, const std::string& data);
-    bool ParseConfigFile(const std::string& path);
-    bool ParseConfigDir(const std::string& path);
-
-    std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<SectionParser>> section_parsers_;
-    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, LineCallback>> line_callbacks_;
-    bool is_system_etc_init_loaded_ = false;
-    bool is_vendor_etc_init_loaded_ = false;
-    bool is_odm_etc_init_loaded_ = false;
-};
-
-#endif
diff --git a/init/init_parser_test.cpp b/init/init_parser_test.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 86d60d0..0000000
--- a/init/init_parser_test.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include "init_parser.h"
-
-#include "init.h"
-#include "service.h"
-
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-TEST(init_parser, make_exec_oneshot_service_invalid_syntax) {
-    ServiceManager& sm = ServiceManager::GetInstance();
-    std::vector<std::string> args;
-    // Nothing.
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, sm.MakeExecOneshotService(args));
-
-    // No arguments to 'exec'.
-    args.push_back("exec");
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, sm.MakeExecOneshotService(args));
-
-    // No command in "exec --".
-    args.push_back("--");
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, sm.MakeExecOneshotService(args));
-}
-
-TEST(init_parser, make_exec_oneshot_service_too_many_supplementary_gids) {
-    ServiceManager& sm = ServiceManager::GetInstance();
-    std::vector<std::string> args;
-    args.push_back("exec");
-    args.push_back("seclabel");
-    args.push_back("root"); // uid.
-    args.push_back("root"); // gid.
-    for (int i = 0; i < NR_SVC_SUPP_GIDS; ++i) {
-        args.push_back("root"); // Supplementary gid.
-    }
-    args.push_back("--");
-    args.push_back("/system/bin/id");
-    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, sm.MakeExecOneshotService(args));
-}
-
-static void Test_make_exec_oneshot_service(bool dash_dash, bool seclabel, bool uid,
-                                           bool gid, bool supplementary_gids) {
-    ServiceManager& sm = ServiceManager::GetInstance();
-    std::vector<std::string> args;
-    args.push_back("exec");
-    if (seclabel) {
-        args.push_back("u:r:su:s0"); // seclabel
-        if (uid) {
-            args.push_back("log");      // uid
-            if (gid) {
-                args.push_back("shell");     // gid
-                if (supplementary_gids) {
-                    args.push_back("system");    // supplementary gid 0
-                    args.push_back("adb");       // supplementary gid 1
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    if (dash_dash) {
-        args.push_back("--");
-    }
-    args.push_back("/system/bin/toybox");
-    args.push_back("id");
-    Service* svc = sm.MakeExecOneshotService(args);
-    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, svc);
-
-    if (seclabel) {
-        ASSERT_EQ("u:r:su:s0", svc->seclabel());
-    } else {
-        ASSERT_EQ("", svc->seclabel());
-    }
-    if (uid) {
-        uid_t decoded_uid;
-        std::string err;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(DecodeUid("log", &decoded_uid, &err));
-        ASSERT_EQ(decoded_uid, svc->uid());
-    } else {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0U, svc->uid());
-    }
-    if (gid) {
-        uid_t decoded_uid;
-        std::string err;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(DecodeUid("shell", &decoded_uid, &err));
-        ASSERT_EQ(decoded_uid, svc->gid());
-    } else {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0U, svc->gid());
-    }
-    if (supplementary_gids) {
-        ASSERT_EQ(2U, svc->supp_gids().size());
-        uid_t decoded_uid;
-        std::string err;
-        ASSERT_TRUE(DecodeUid("system", &decoded_uid, &err));
-        ASSERT_EQ(decoded_uid, svc->supp_gids()[0]);
-        ASSERT_TRUE(DecodeUid("adb", &decoded_uid, &err));
-        ASSERT_EQ(decoded_uid, svc->supp_gids()[1]);
-    } else {
-        ASSERT_EQ(0U, svc->supp_gids().size());
-    }
-
-    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<std::size_t>(2), svc->args().size());
-    ASSERT_EQ("/system/bin/toybox", svc->args()[0]);
-    ASSERT_EQ("id", svc->args()[1]);
-}
-
-TEST(init_parser, make_exec_oneshot_service_with_everything) {
-    Test_make_exec_oneshot_service(true, true, true, true, true);
-}
-
-TEST(init_parser, make_exec_oneshot_service_with_seclabel_uid_gid) {
-    Test_make_exec_oneshot_service(true, true, true, true, false);
-}
-
-TEST(init_parser, make_exec_oneshot_service_with_seclabel_uid) {
-    Test_make_exec_oneshot_service(true, true, true, false, false);
-}
-
-TEST(init_parser, make_exec_oneshot_service_with_seclabel) {
-    Test_make_exec_oneshot_service(true, true, false, false, false);
-}
-
-TEST(init_parser, make_exec_oneshot_service_with_just_command) {
-    Test_make_exec_oneshot_service(true, false, false, false, false);
-}
-
-TEST(init_parser, make_exec_oneshot_service_with_just_command_no_dash) {
-    Test_make_exec_oneshot_service(false, false, false, false, false);
-}
diff --git a/init/init_test.cpp b/init/init_test.cpp
index 7093ba9..27659f9 100644
--- a/init/init_test.cpp
+++ b/init/init_test.cpp
@@ -23,10 +23,13 @@
 #include "action.h"
 #include "builtins.h"
 #include "import_parser.h"
-#include "init_parser.h"
 #include "keyword_map.h"
+#include "parser.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 class TestFunctionMap : public KeywordMap<BuiltinFunction> {
   public:
     // Helper for argument-less functions
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@
     void Add(const std::string& name, const BuiltinFunctionNoArgs function) {
         Add(name, 0, 0, [function](const std::vector<std::string>&) {
             function();
-            return 0;
+            return Success();
         });
     }
 
@@ -153,10 +156,9 @@
                                "execute 3";
     // clang-format on
     // WriteFile() ensures the right mode is set
-    std::string err;
-    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteFile(std::string(dir.path) + "/a.rc", dir_a_script, &err));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteFile(std::string(dir.path) + "/a.rc", dir_a_script));
 
-    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteFile(std::string(dir.path) + "/b.rc", "on boot\nexecute 5", &err));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteFile(std::string(dir.path) + "/b.rc", "on boot\nexecute 5"));
 
     // clang-format off
     std::string start_script = "import " + std::string(first_import.path) + "\n"
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@
     auto execute_command = [&num_executed](const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
         EXPECT_EQ(2U, args.size());
         EXPECT_EQ(++num_executed, std::stoi(args[1]));
-        return 0;
+        return Success();
     };
 
     TestFunctionMap test_function_map;
@@ -185,3 +187,6 @@
 
     EXPECT_EQ(6, num_executed);
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/keychords.cpp b/init/keychords.cpp
index c572cee..e686ce1 100644
--- a/init/keychords.cpp
+++ b/init/keychords.cpp
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "keychords.h"
+
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
@@ -25,7 +27,9 @@
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
 
 #include "init.h"
-#include "service.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 static struct input_keychord *keychords = 0;
 static int keychords_count = 0;
@@ -75,10 +79,13 @@
     // Only handle keychords if adb is enabled.
     std::string adb_enabled = android::base::GetProperty("init.svc.adbd", "");
     if (adb_enabled == "running") {
-        Service* svc = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByKeychord(id);
+        Service* svc = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(id, &Service::keychord_id);
         if (svc) {
-            LOG(INFO) << "Starting service " << svc->name() << " from keychord " << id;
-            svc->Start();
+            LOG(INFO) << "Starting service '" << svc->name() << "' from keychord " << id;
+            if (auto result = svc->Start(); !result) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Could not start service '" << svc->name() << "' from keychord " << id
+                           << ": " << result.error();
+            }
         } else {
             LOG(ERROR) << "Service for keychord " << id << " not found";
         }
@@ -88,7 +95,9 @@
 }
 
 void keychord_init() {
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().ForEachService(add_service_keycodes);
+    for (const auto& service : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
+        add_service_keycodes(service.get());
+    }
 
     // Nothing to do if no services require keychords.
     if (!keychords) {
@@ -112,3 +121,6 @@
 
     register_epoll_handler(keychord_fd, handle_keychord);
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/keychords.h b/init/keychords.h
index d2723b7..1c34098 100644
--- a/init/keychords.h
+++ b/init/keychords.h
@@ -17,9 +17,15 @@
 #ifndef _INIT_KEYCHORDS_H_
 #define _INIT_KEYCHORDS_H_
 
-struct service;
+#include "service.h"
 
-void add_service_keycodes(service*);
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+void add_service_keycodes(Service* svc);
 void keychord_init();
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/keyword_map.h b/init/keyword_map.h
index 88bad01..c95fc73 100644
--- a/init/keyword_map.h
+++ b/init/keyword_map.h
@@ -22,6 +22,11 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 
+#include "result.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 template <typename Function>
 class KeywordMap {
   public:
@@ -31,20 +36,17 @@
     virtual ~KeywordMap() {
     }
 
-    const Function FindFunction(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) const {
+    const Result<Function> FindFunction(const std::vector<std::string>& args) const {
         using android::base::StringPrintf;
 
-        if (args.empty()) {
-            *err = "keyword needed, but not provided";
-            return nullptr;
-        }
+        if (args.empty()) return Error() << "Keyword needed, but not provided";
+
         auto& keyword = args[0];
         auto num_args = args.size() - 1;
 
         auto function_info_it = map().find(keyword);
         if (function_info_it == map().end()) {
-            *err = StringPrintf("invalid keyword '%s'", keyword.c_str());
-            return nullptr;
+            return Error() << StringPrintf("Invalid keyword '%s'", keyword.c_str());
         }
 
         auto function_info = function_info_it->second;
@@ -52,22 +54,18 @@
         auto min_args = std::get<0>(function_info);
         auto max_args = std::get<1>(function_info);
         if (min_args == max_args && num_args != min_args) {
-            *err = StringPrintf("%s requires %zu argument%s",
-                                keyword.c_str(), min_args,
-                                (min_args > 1 || min_args == 0) ? "s" : "");
-            return nullptr;
+            return Error() << StringPrintf("%s requires %zu argument%s", keyword.c_str(), min_args,
+                                           (min_args > 1 || min_args == 0) ? "s" : "");
         }
 
         if (num_args < min_args || num_args > max_args) {
             if (max_args == std::numeric_limits<decltype(max_args)>::max()) {
-                *err = StringPrintf("%s requires at least %zu argument%s",
-                                    keyword.c_str(), min_args,
-                                    min_args > 1 ? "s" : "");
+                return Error() << StringPrintf("%s requires at least %zu argument%s",
+                                               keyword.c_str(), min_args, min_args > 1 ? "s" : "");
             } else {
-                *err = StringPrintf("%s requires between %zu and %zu arguments",
-                                    keyword.c_str(), min_args, max_args);
+                return Error() << StringPrintf("%s requires between %zu and %zu arguments",
+                                               keyword.c_str(), min_args, max_args);
             }
-            return nullptr;
         }
 
         return std::get<Function>(function_info);
@@ -79,4 +77,7 @@
     virtual const Map& map() const = 0;
 };
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/log.cpp b/init/log.cpp
index 0615730..6198fc2 100644
--- a/init/log.cpp
+++ b/init/log.cpp
@@ -19,16 +19,45 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <linux/audit.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <cutils/android_reboot.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
+#include "reboot.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+static void InitAborter(const char* abort_message) {
+    // When init forks, it continues to use this aborter for LOG(FATAL), but we want children to
+    // simply abort instead of trying to reboot the system.
+    if (getpid() != 1) {
+        android::base::DefaultAborter(abort_message);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // DoReboot() does a lot to try to shutdown the system cleanly.  If something happens to call
+    // LOG(FATAL) in the shutdown path, we want to catch this and immediately use the syscall to
+    // reboot instead of recursing here.
+    static bool has_aborted = false;
+    if (!has_aborted) {
+        has_aborted = true;
+        // Do not queue "shutdown" trigger since we want to shutdown immediately and it's not likely
+        // that we can even run the ActionQueue at this point.
+        DoReboot(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, "reboot", "bootloader", false);
+    } else {
+        RebootSystem(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, "bootloader");
+    }
+}
+
 void InitKernelLogging(char* argv[]) {
     // Make stdin/stdout/stderr all point to /dev/null.
     int fd = open("/sys/fs/selinux/null", O_RDWR);
     if (fd == -1) {
         int saved_errno = errno;
-        android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+        android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger, InitAborter);
         errno = saved_errno;
         PLOG(FATAL) << "Couldn't open /sys/fs/selinux/null";
     }
@@ -37,7 +66,7 @@
     dup2(fd, 2);
     if (fd > 2) close(fd);
 
-    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger);
+    android::base::InitLogging(argv, &android::base::KernelLogger, InitAborter);
 }
 
 int selinux_klog_callback(int type, const char *fmt, ...) {
@@ -55,3 +84,6 @@
     android::base::KernelLogger(android::base::MAIN, severity, "selinux", nullptr, 0, buf);
     return 0;
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/log.h b/init/log.h
index 29a27af..5a4eba6 100644
--- a/init/log.h
+++ b/init/log.h
@@ -19,8 +19,14 @@
 
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 void InitKernelLogging(char* argv[]);
 
 int selinux_klog_callback(int level, const char* fmt, ...) __printflike(2, 3);
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/parser.cpp b/init/parser.cpp
index 0d13cfe..8a4e798 100644
--- a/init/parser.cpp
+++ b/init/parser.cpp
@@ -1,118 +1,155 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
 #include "parser.h"
 
-int next_token(struct parse_state *state)
-{
-    char *x = state->ptr;
-    char *s;
+#include <dirent.h>
 
-    if (state->nexttoken) {
-        int t = state->nexttoken;
-        state->nexttoken = 0;
-        return t;
-    }
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
 
-    for (;;) {
-        switch (*x) {
-        case 0:
-            state->ptr = x;
-            return T_EOF;
-        case '\n':
-            x++;
-            state->ptr = x;
-            return T_NEWLINE;
-        case ' ':
-        case '\t':
-        case '\r':
-            x++;
-            continue;
-        case '#':
-            while (*x && (*x != '\n')) x++;
-            if (*x == '\n') {
-                state->ptr = x+1;
-                return T_NEWLINE;
-            } else {
-                state->ptr = x;
-                return T_EOF;
-            }
-        default:
-            goto text;
-        }
-    }
+#include "tokenizer.h"
+#include "util.h"
 
-textdone:
-    state->ptr = x;
-    *s = 0;
-    return T_TEXT;
-text:
-    state->text = s = x;
-textresume:
-    for (;;) {
-        switch (*x) {
-        case 0:
-            goto textdone;
-        case ' ':
-        case '\t':
-        case '\r':
-            x++;
-            goto textdone;
-        case '\n':
-            state->nexttoken = T_NEWLINE;
-            x++;
-            goto textdone;
-        case '"':
-            x++;
-            for (;;) {
-                switch (*x) {
-                case 0:
-                        /* unterminated quoted thing */
-                    state->ptr = x;
-                    return T_EOF;
-                case '"':
-                    x++;
-                    goto textresume;
-                default:
-                    *s++ = *x++;
-                }
-            }
-            break;
-        case '\\':
-            x++;
-            switch (*x) {
-            case 0:
-                goto textdone;
-            case 'n':
-                *s++ = '\n';
-                break;
-            case 'r':
-                *s++ = '\r';
-                break;
-            case 't':
-                *s++ = '\t';
-                break;
-            case '\\':
-                *s++ = '\\';
-                break;
-            case '\r':
-                    /* \ <cr> <lf> -> line continuation */
-                if (x[1] != '\n') {
-                    x++;
-                    continue;
-                }
-            case '\n':
-                    /* \ <lf> -> line continuation */
-                state->line++;
-                x++;
-                    /* eat any extra whitespace */
-                while((*x == ' ') || (*x == '\t')) x++;
-                continue;
-            default:
-                    /* unknown escape -- just copy */
-                *s++ = *x++;
-            }
-            continue;
-        default:
-            *s++ = *x++;
-        }
-    }
-    return T_EOF;
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+Parser::Parser() {}
+
+void Parser::AddSectionParser(const std::string& name, std::unique_ptr<SectionParser> parser) {
+    section_parsers_[name] = std::move(parser);
 }
+
+void Parser::AddSingleLineParser(const std::string& prefix, LineCallback callback) {
+    line_callbacks_.emplace_back(prefix, callback);
+}
+
+void Parser::ParseData(const std::string& filename, const std::string& data) {
+    // TODO: Use a parser with const input and remove this copy
+    std::vector<char> data_copy(data.begin(), data.end());
+    data_copy.push_back('\0');
+
+    parse_state state;
+    state.line = 0;
+    state.ptr = &data_copy[0];
+    state.nexttoken = 0;
+
+    SectionParser* section_parser = nullptr;
+    std::vector<std::string> args;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        switch (next_token(&state)) {
+            case T_EOF:
+                if (section_parser) section_parser->EndSection();
+                return;
+            case T_NEWLINE:
+                state.line++;
+                if (args.empty()) break;
+                // If we have a line matching a prefix we recognize, call its callback and unset any
+                // current section parsers.  This is meant for /sys/ and /dev/ line entries for
+                // uevent.
+                for (const auto& [prefix, callback] : line_callbacks_) {
+                    if (android::base::StartsWith(args[0], prefix.c_str())) {
+                        if (section_parser) section_parser->EndSection();
+
+                        if (auto result = callback(std::move(args)); !result) {
+                            LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << state.line << ": " << result.error();
+                        }
+                        section_parser = nullptr;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                if (section_parsers_.count(args[0])) {
+                    if (section_parser) section_parser->EndSection();
+                    section_parser = section_parsers_[args[0]].get();
+                    if (auto result =
+                            section_parser->ParseSection(std::move(args), filename, state.line);
+                        !result) {
+                        LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << state.line << ": " << result.error();
+                        section_parser = nullptr;
+                    }
+                } else if (section_parser) {
+                    if (auto result = section_parser->ParseLineSection(std::move(args), state.line);
+                        !result) {
+                        LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << state.line << ": " << result.error();
+                    }
+                }
+                args.clear();
+                break;
+            case T_TEXT:
+                args.emplace_back(state.text);
+                break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool Parser::ParseConfigFile(const std::string& path) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Parsing file " << path << "...";
+    android::base::Timer t;
+    auto config_contents = ReadFile(path);
+    if (!config_contents) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to read config file '" << path << "': " << config_contents.error();
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    config_contents->push_back('\n');  // TODO: fix parse_config.
+    ParseData(path, *config_contents);
+    for (const auto& [section_name, section_parser] : section_parsers_) {
+        section_parser->EndFile();
+    }
+
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "(Parsing " << path << " took " << t << ".)";
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool Parser::ParseConfigDir(const std::string& path) {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Parsing directory " << path << "...";
+    std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> config_dir(opendir(path.c_str()), closedir);
+    if (!config_dir) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Could not import directory '" << path << "'";
+        return false;
+    }
+    dirent* current_file;
+    std::vector<std::string> files;
+    while ((current_file = readdir(config_dir.get()))) {
+        // Ignore directories and only process regular files.
+        if (current_file->d_type == DT_REG) {
+            std::string current_path =
+                android::base::StringPrintf("%s/%s", path.c_str(), current_file->d_name);
+            files.emplace_back(current_path);
+        }
+    }
+    // Sort first so we load files in a consistent order (bug 31996208)
+    std::sort(files.begin(), files.end());
+    for (const auto& file : files) {
+        if (!ParseConfigFile(file)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "could not import file '" << file << "'";
+        }
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool Parser::ParseConfig(const std::string& path) {
+    if (is_dir(path.c_str())) {
+        return ParseConfigDir(path);
+    }
+    return ParseConfigFile(path);
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/parser.h b/init/parser.h
index 3dcc566..4ab24a4 100644
--- a/init/parser.h
+++ b/init/parser.h
@@ -14,21 +14,79 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef PARSER_H_
-#define PARSER_H_
+#ifndef _INIT_PARSER_H_
+#define _INIT_PARSER_H_
 
-#define T_EOF 0
-#define T_TEXT 1
-#define T_NEWLINE 2
+#include <map>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
-struct parse_state
-{
-    char *ptr;
-    char *text;
-    int line;
-    int nexttoken;
+#include "result.h"
+
+//  SectionParser is an interface that can parse a given 'section' in init.
+//
+//  You can implement up to 4 functions below, with ParseSection() being mandatory.
+//  The first two function return bool with false indicating a failure and has a std::string* err
+//  parameter into which an error string can be written.  It will be reported along with the
+//  filename and line number of where the error occurred.
+//
+//  1) bool ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
+//                       int line, std::string* err)
+//    This function is called when a section is first encountered.
+//
+//  2) bool ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line, std::string* err)
+//    This function is called on each subsequent line until the next section is encountered.
+//
+//  3) bool EndSection()
+//    This function is called either when a new section is found or at the end of the file.
+//    It indicates that parsing of the current section is complete and any relevant objects should
+//    be committed.
+//
+//  4) bool EndFile()
+//    This function is called at the end of the file.
+//    It indicates that the parsing has completed and any relevant objects should be committed.
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+class SectionParser {
+  public:
+    virtual ~SectionParser() {}
+    virtual Result<Success> ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args,
+                                         const std::string& filename, int line) = 0;
+    virtual Result<Success> ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&&, int) { return Success(); };
+    virtual void EndSection(){};
+    virtual void EndFile(){};
 };
 
-int next_token(struct parse_state *state);
+class Parser {
+  public:
+    //  LineCallback is the type for callbacks that can parse a line starting with a given prefix.
+    //
+    //  They take the form of bool Callback(std::vector<std::string>&& args, std::string* err)
+    //
+    //  Similar to ParseSection() and ParseLineSection(), this function returns bool with false
+    //  indicating a failure and has an std::string* err parameter into which an error string can
+    //  be written.
+    using LineCallback = std::function<Result<Success>(std::vector<std::string>&&)>;
 
-#endif /* PARSER_H_ */
+    Parser();
+
+    bool ParseConfig(const std::string& path);
+    void AddSectionParser(const std::string& name, std::unique_ptr<SectionParser> parser);
+    void AddSingleLineParser(const std::string& prefix, LineCallback callback);
+
+  private:
+    void ParseData(const std::string& filename, const std::string& data);
+    bool ParseConfigFile(const std::string& path);
+    bool ParseConfigDir(const std::string& path);
+
+    std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<SectionParser>> section_parsers_;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, LineCallback>> line_callbacks_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/init/persistent_properties.cpp b/init/persistent_properties.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66fa011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/persistent_properties.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "persistent_properties.h"
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/system_properties.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+
+using android::base::ReadFdToString;
+using android::base::StartsWith;
+using android::base::WriteStringToFd;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+std::string persistent_property_filename = "/data/property/persistent_properties";
+
+namespace {
+
+constexpr const uint32_t kMagic = 0x8495E0B4;
+constexpr const char kLegacyPersistentPropertyDir[] = "/data/property";
+
+Result<std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>> LoadLegacyPersistentProperties() {
+    std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> dir(opendir(kLegacyPersistentPropertyDir), closedir);
+    if (!dir) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Unable to open persistent property directory \""
+                            << kLegacyPersistentPropertyDir << "\"";
+    }
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> persistent_properties;
+    dirent* entry;
+    while ((entry = readdir(dir.get())) != nullptr) {
+        if (!StartsWith(entry->d_name, "persist.")) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (entry->d_type != DT_REG) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        unique_fd fd(openat(dirfd(dir.get()), entry->d_name, O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW));
+        if (fd == -1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open persistent property file \"" << entry->d_name << "\"";
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        struct stat sb;
+        if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "fstat on property file \"" << entry->d_name << "\" failed";
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // File must not be accessible to others, be owned by root/root, and
+        // not be a hard link to any other file.
+        if (((sb.st_mode & (S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO)) != 0) || sb.st_uid != 0 || sb.st_gid != 0 ||
+            sb.st_nlink != 1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "skipping insecure property file " << entry->d_name
+                        << " (uid=" << sb.st_uid << " gid=" << sb.st_gid << " nlink=" << sb.st_nlink
+                        << " mode=" << std::oct << sb.st_mode << ")";
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        std::string value;
+        if (ReadFdToString(fd, &value)) {
+            persistent_properties.emplace_back(entry->d_name, value);
+        } else {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to read persistent property file " << entry->d_name;
+        }
+    }
+    return persistent_properties;
+}
+
+void RemoveLegacyPersistentPropertyFiles() {
+    std::unique_ptr<DIR, decltype(&closedir)> dir(opendir(kLegacyPersistentPropertyDir), closedir);
+    if (!dir) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open persistent property directory \""
+                    << kLegacyPersistentPropertyDir << "\"";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    dirent* entry;
+    while ((entry = readdir(dir.get())) != nullptr) {
+        if (!StartsWith(entry->d_name, "persist.")) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (entry->d_type != DT_REG) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        unlinkat(dirfd(dir.get()), entry->d_name, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> LoadPersistentPropertiesFromMemory() {
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> properties;
+    __system_property_foreach(
+        [](const prop_info* pi, void* cookie) {
+            __system_property_read_callback(
+                pi,
+                [](void* cookie, const char* name, const char* value, unsigned serial) {
+                    if (StartsWith(name, "persist.")) {
+                        auto properties =
+                            reinterpret_cast<std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>*>(
+                                cookie);
+                        properties->emplace_back(name, value);
+                    }
+                },
+                cookie);
+        },
+        &properties);
+    return properties;
+}
+
+class PersistentPropertyFileParser {
+  public:
+    PersistentPropertyFileParser(const std::string& contents) : contents_(contents), position_(0) {}
+    Result<std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>> Parse();
+
+  private:
+    Result<std::string> ReadString();
+    Result<uint32_t> ReadUint32();
+
+    const std::string& contents_;
+    size_t position_;
+};
+
+Result<std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>> PersistentPropertyFileParser::Parse() {
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> result;
+
+    if (auto magic = ReadUint32(); magic) {
+        if (*magic != kMagic) {
+            return Error() << "Magic value '0x" << std::hex << *magic
+                           << "' does not match expected value '0x" << kMagic << "'";
+        }
+    } else {
+        return Error() << "Could not read magic value: " << magic.error();
+    }
+
+    if (auto version = ReadUint32(); version) {
+        if (*version != 1) {
+            return Error() << "Version '" << *version
+                           << "' does not match any compatible version: (1)";
+        }
+    } else {
+        return Error() << "Could not read version: " << version.error();
+    }
+
+    auto num_properties = ReadUint32();
+    if (!num_properties) {
+        return Error() << "Could not read num_properties: " << num_properties.error();
+    }
+
+    while (position_ < contents_.size()) {
+        auto key = ReadString();
+        if (!key) {
+            return Error() << "Could not read key: " << key.error();
+        }
+        if (!StartsWith(*key, "persist.")) {
+            return Error() << "Property '" << *key << "' does not starts with 'persist.'";
+        }
+        auto value = ReadString();
+        if (!value) {
+            return Error() << "Could not read value: " << value.error();
+        }
+        result.emplace_back(*key, *value);
+    }
+
+    if (result.size() != *num_properties) {
+        return Error() << "Mismatch of number of persistent properties read, " << result.size()
+                       << " and number of persistent properties expected, " << *num_properties;
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+Result<std::string> PersistentPropertyFileParser::ReadString() {
+    auto string_length = ReadUint32();
+    if (!string_length) {
+        return Error() << "Could not read size for string";
+    }
+
+    if (position_ + *string_length > contents_.size()) {
+        return Error() << "String size would cause it to overflow the input buffer";
+    }
+    auto result = std::string(contents_, position_, *string_length);
+    position_ += *string_length;
+    return result;
+}
+
+Result<uint32_t> PersistentPropertyFileParser::ReadUint32() {
+    if (position_ + 3 > contents_.size()) {
+        return Error() << "Input buffer not large enough to read uint32_t";
+    }
+    uint32_t result = *reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(&contents_[position_]);
+    position_ += sizeof(uint32_t);
+    return result;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+Result<std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>> LoadPersistentPropertyFile() {
+    const std::string temp_filename = persistent_property_filename + ".tmp";
+    if (access(temp_filename.c_str(), F_OK) == 0) {
+        LOG(INFO)
+            << "Found temporary property file while attempting to persistent system properties"
+               " a previous persistent property write may have failed";
+        unlink(temp_filename.c_str());
+    }
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile(persistent_property_filename);
+    if (!file_contents) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to read persistent property file: " << file_contents.error();
+    }
+    auto parsed_contents = PersistentPropertyFileParser(*file_contents).Parse();
+    if (!parsed_contents) {
+        // If the file cannot be parsed, then we don't have any recovery mechanisms, so we delete
+        // it to allow for future writes to take place successfully.
+        unlink(persistent_property_filename.c_str());
+        return Error() << "Unable to parse persistent property file: " << parsed_contents.error();
+    }
+    return parsed_contents;
+}
+
+std::string GenerateFileContents(
+    const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& persistent_properties) {
+    std::string result;
+
+    uint32_t magic = kMagic;
+    result.append(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&magic), sizeof(uint32_t));
+
+    uint32_t version = 1;
+    result.append(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&version), sizeof(uint32_t));
+
+    uint32_t num_properties = persistent_properties.size();
+    result.append(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&num_properties), sizeof(uint32_t));
+
+    for (const auto& [key, value] : persistent_properties) {
+        uint32_t key_length = key.length();
+        result.append(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&key_length), sizeof(uint32_t));
+        result.append(key);
+        uint32_t value_length = value.length();
+        result.append(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&value_length), sizeof(uint32_t));
+        result.append(value);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+Result<Success> WritePersistentPropertyFile(
+    const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& persistent_properties) {
+    auto file_contents = GenerateFileContents(persistent_properties);
+
+    const std::string temp_filename = persistent_property_filename + ".tmp";
+    unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
+        open(temp_filename.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_NOFOLLOW | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0600)));
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Could not open temporary properties file";
+    }
+    if (!WriteStringToFd(file_contents, fd)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Unable to write file contents";
+    }
+    fsync(fd);
+    fd.reset();
+
+    if (rename(temp_filename.c_str(), persistent_property_filename.c_str())) {
+        int saved_errno = errno;
+        unlink(temp_filename.c_str());
+        return Error(saved_errno) << "Unable to rename persistent property file";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+// Persistent properties are not written often, so we rather not keep any data in memory and read
+// then rewrite the persistent property file for each update.
+void WritePersistentProperty(const std::string& name, const std::string& value) {
+    auto persistent_properties = LoadPersistentPropertyFile();
+    if (!persistent_properties) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Recovering persistent properties from memory: "
+                   << persistent_properties.error();
+        persistent_properties = LoadPersistentPropertiesFromMemory();
+    }
+    auto it = std::find_if(persistent_properties->begin(), persistent_properties->end(),
+                           [&name](const auto& entry) { return entry.first == name; });
+    if (it != persistent_properties->end()) {
+        *it = {name, value};
+    } else {
+        persistent_properties->emplace_back(name, value);
+    }
+
+    if (auto result = WritePersistentPropertyFile(*persistent_properties); !result) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not store persistent property: " << result.error();
+    }
+}
+
+std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> LoadPersistentProperties() {
+    auto persistent_properties = LoadPersistentPropertyFile();
+
+    if (!persistent_properties) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not load single persistent property file, trying legacy directory: "
+                   << persistent_properties.error();
+        persistent_properties = LoadLegacyPersistentProperties();
+        if (!persistent_properties) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to load legacy persistent properties: "
+                       << persistent_properties.error();
+            return {};
+        }
+        if (auto result = WritePersistentPropertyFile(*persistent_properties); result) {
+            RemoveLegacyPersistentPropertyFiles();
+        } else {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write single persistent property file: " << result.error();
+            // Fall through so that we still set the properties that we've read.
+        }
+    }
+
+    return *persistent_properties;
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/persistent_properties.h b/init/persistent_properties.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d84d9db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/persistent_properties.h
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _INIT_PERSISTENT_PROPERTIES_H
+#define _INIT_PERSISTENT_PROPERTIES_H
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "result.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> LoadPersistentProperties();
+void WritePersistentProperty(const std::string& name, const std::string& value);
+
+// Exposed only for testing
+Result<std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>> LoadPersistentPropertyFile();
+std::string GenerateFileContents(
+    const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& persistent_properties);
+Result<Success> WritePersistentPropertyFile(
+    const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& persistent_properties);
+extern std::string persistent_property_filename;
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp b/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ab5b22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/persistent_properties_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "persistent_properties.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include <android-base/test_utils.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "util.h"
+
+using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+TEST(persistent_properties, GeneratedContents) {
+    const std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> persistent_properties = {
+        {"persist.abc", ""},
+        {"persist.def", "test_success"},
+    };
+    auto generated_contents = GenerateFileContents(persistent_properties);
+
+    // Manually serialized contents below:
+    std::string file_contents;
+    // All values below are written and read as little endian.
+    // Add magic value: 0x8495E0B4
+    file_contents += "\xB4\xE0\x95\x84"s;
+    // Add version: 1
+    file_contents += "\x01\x00\x00\x00"s;
+    // Add number of properties: 2
+    file_contents += "\x02\x00\x00\x00"s;
+
+    // Add first key: persist.abc
+    file_contents += "\x0B\x00\x00\x00persist.abc"s;
+    // Add first value: (empty string)
+    file_contents += "\x00\x00\x00\x00"s;
+
+    // Add second key: persist.def
+    file_contents += "\x0B\x00\x00\x00persist.def"s;
+    // Add second value: test_success
+    file_contents += "\x0C\x00\x00\x00test_success"s;
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(file_contents, generated_contents);
+}
+
+TEST(persistent_properties, EndToEnd) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    persistent_property_filename = tf.path;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> persistent_properties = {
+        {"persist.sys.locale", "en-US"},
+        {"persist.sys.timezone", "America/Los_Angeles"},
+        {"persist.test.empty.value", ""},
+        {"persist.test.new.line", "abc\n\n\nabc"},
+        {"persist.test.numbers", "1234567890"},
+        {"persist.test.non.ascii", "\x00\x01\x02\xFF\xFE\xFD\x7F\x8F\x9F"},
+        // We don't currently allow for non-ascii keys for system properties, but this is a policy
+        // decision, not a technical limitation.
+        {"persist.\x00\x01\x02\xFF\xFE\xFD\x7F\x8F\x9F", "non-ascii-key"},
+    };
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WritePersistentPropertyFile(persistent_properties));
+
+    auto read_back_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
+    EXPECT_EQ(persistent_properties, read_back_properties);
+}
+
+TEST(persistent_properties, BadMagic) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    persistent_property_filename = tf.path;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, "ab"));
+
+    auto read_back_properties = LoadPersistentPropertyFile();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(read_back_properties);
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        "Unable to parse persistent property file: Could not read magic value: Input buffer not "
+        "large enough to read uint32_t",
+        read_back_properties.error_string());
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, "\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF"));
+
+    read_back_properties = LoadPersistentPropertyFile();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(read_back_properties);
+    EXPECT_EQ(
+        "Unable to parse persistent property file: Magic value '0xffffffff' does not match "
+        "expected value '0x8495e0b4'",
+        read_back_properties.error_string());
+}
+
+TEST(persistent_properties, AddProperty) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    persistent_property_filename = tf.path;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> persistent_properties = {
+        {"persist.sys.timezone", "America/Los_Angeles"},
+    };
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WritePersistentPropertyFile(persistent_properties));
+
+    WritePersistentProperty("persist.sys.locale", "pt-BR");
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> persistent_properties_expected = {
+        {"persist.sys.timezone", "America/Los_Angeles"},
+        {"persist.sys.locale", "pt-BR"},
+    };
+
+    auto read_back_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
+    EXPECT_EQ(persistent_properties_expected, read_back_properties);
+}
+
+TEST(persistent_properties, UpdateProperty) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    persistent_property_filename = tf.path;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> persistent_properties = {
+        {"persist.sys.locale", "en-US"},
+        {"persist.sys.timezone", "America/Los_Angeles"},
+    };
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WritePersistentPropertyFile(persistent_properties));
+
+    WritePersistentProperty("persist.sys.locale", "pt-BR");
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> persistent_properties_expected = {
+        {"persist.sys.locale", "pt-BR"},
+        {"persist.sys.timezone", "America/Los_Angeles"},
+    };
+
+    auto read_back_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
+    EXPECT_EQ(persistent_properties_expected, read_back_properties);
+}
+
+TEST(persistent_properties, UpdatePropertyBadParse) {
+    TemporaryFile tf;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+    persistent_property_filename = tf.path;
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, "ab"));
+
+    WritePersistentProperty("persist.sys.locale", "pt-BR");
+
+    auto read_back_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
+    EXPECT_GT(read_back_properties.size(), 0U);
+
+    auto it = std::find_if(
+        read_back_properties.begin(), read_back_properties.end(), [](const auto& entry) {
+            return entry.first == "persist.sys.locale" && entry.second == "pt-BR";
+        });
+    EXPECT_FALSE(it == read_back_properties.end());
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/property_service.cpp b/init/property_service.cpp
index 20f21a9..8f145cf 100644
--- a/init/property_service.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 #include "property_service.h"
 
 #include <ctype.h>
-#include <dirent.h>
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <inttypes.h>
@@ -39,8 +38,10 @@
 #include <sys/_system_properties.h>
 
 #include <memory>
+#include <queue>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
@@ -53,17 +54,23 @@
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
 #include "init.h"
+#include "persistent_properties.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::Timer;
 
-#define PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR  "/data/property"
 #define RECOVERY_MOUNT_POINT "/recovery"
 
-static int persistent_properties_loaded = 0;
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+static bool persistent_properties_loaded = false;
 
 static int property_set_fd = -1;
 
+static struct selabel_handle* sehandle_prop;
+
 void property_init() {
     if (__system_property_area_init()) {
         LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to initialize property area";
@@ -114,29 +121,6 @@
     return check_mac_perms(ctl_name, sctx, cr);
 }
 
-static void write_persistent_property(const char *name, const char *value)
-{
-    char tempPath[PATH_MAX];
-    char path[PATH_MAX];
-    int fd;
-
-    snprintf(tempPath, sizeof(tempPath), "%s/.temp.XXXXXX", PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR);
-    fd = mkstemp(tempPath);
-    if (fd < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to write persistent property to temp file " << tempPath;
-        return;
-    }
-    write(fd, value, strlen(value));
-    fsync(fd);
-    close(fd);
-
-    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/%s", PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR, name);
-    if (rename(tempPath, path)) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to rename persistent property file " << tempPath << " to " << path;
-        unlink(tempPath);
-    }
-}
-
 bool is_legal_property_name(const std::string& name) {
     size_t namelen = name.size();
 
@@ -162,7 +146,7 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-uint32_t property_set(const std::string& name, const std::string& value) {
+static uint32_t PropertySetImpl(const std::string& name, const std::string& value) {
     size_t valuelen = value.size();
 
     if (!is_legal_property_name(name)) {
@@ -176,12 +160,6 @@
         return PROP_ERROR_INVALID_VALUE;
     }
 
-    if (name == "selinux.restorecon_recursive" && valuelen > 0) {
-        if (selinux_android_restorecon(value.c_str(), SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE) != 0) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to restorecon_recursive " << value;
-        }
-    }
-
     prop_info* pi = (prop_info*) __system_property_find(name.c_str());
     if (pi != nullptr) {
         // ro.* properties are actually "write-once".
@@ -204,12 +182,91 @@
     // Don't write properties to disk until after we have read all default
     // properties to prevent them from being overwritten by default values.
     if (persistent_properties_loaded && android::base::StartsWith(name, "persist.")) {
-        write_persistent_property(name.c_str(), value.c_str());
+        WritePersistentProperty(name, value);
     }
     property_changed(name, value);
     return PROP_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+typedef int (*PropertyAsyncFunc)(const std::string&, const std::string&);
+
+struct PropertyChildInfo {
+    pid_t pid;
+    PropertyAsyncFunc func;
+    std::string name;
+    std::string value;
+};
+
+static std::queue<PropertyChildInfo> property_children;
+
+static void PropertyChildLaunch() {
+    auto& info = property_children.front();
+    pid_t pid = fork();
+    if (pid < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fork for property_set_async";
+        while (!property_children.empty()) {
+            property_children.pop();
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+    if (pid != 0) {
+        info.pid = pid;
+    } else {
+        if (info.func(info.name, info.value) != 0) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "property_set_async(\"" << info.name << "\", \"" << info.value
+                       << "\") failed";
+        }
+        exit(0);
+    }
+}
+
+bool PropertyChildReap(pid_t pid) {
+    if (property_children.empty()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    auto& info = property_children.front();
+    if (info.pid != pid) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (PropertySetImpl(info.name, info.value) != PROP_SUCCESS) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to set async property " << info.name;
+    }
+    property_children.pop();
+    if (!property_children.empty()) {
+        PropertyChildLaunch();
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+static uint32_t PropertySetAsync(const std::string& name, const std::string& value,
+                                 PropertyAsyncFunc func) {
+    if (value.empty()) {
+        return PropertySetImpl(name, value);
+    }
+
+    PropertyChildInfo info;
+    info.func = func;
+    info.name = name;
+    info.value = value;
+    property_children.push(info);
+    if (property_children.size() == 1) {
+        PropertyChildLaunch();
+    }
+    return PROP_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int RestoreconRecursiveAsync(const std::string& name, const std::string& value) {
+    return selinux_android_restorecon(value.c_str(), SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE);
+}
+
+uint32_t property_set(const std::string& name, const std::string& value) {
+    if (name == "selinux.restorecon_recursive") {
+        return PropertySetAsync(name, value, RestoreconRecursiveAsync);
+    }
+
+    return PropertySetImpl(name, value);
+}
+
 class SocketConnection {
  public:
   SocketConnection(int socket, const struct ucred& cred)
@@ -276,7 +333,7 @@
     while (*timeout_ms > 0) {
       Timer timer;
       int nr = poll(ufds, 1, *timeout_ms);
-      uint64_t millis = timer.duration_ms();
+      uint64_t millis = timer.duration().count();
       *timeout_ms = (millis > *timeout_ms) ? 0 : *timeout_ms - millis;
 
       if (nr > 0) {
@@ -363,6 +420,20 @@
     }
   } else {
     if (check_mac_perms(name, source_ctx, &cr)) {
+      // sys.powerctl is a special property that is used to make the device reboot.  We want to log
+      // any process that sets this property to be able to accurately blame the cause of a shutdown.
+      if (name == "sys.powerctl") {
+        std::string cmdline_path = StringPrintf("proc/%d/cmdline", cr.pid);
+        std::string process_cmdline;
+        std::string process_log_string;
+        if (android::base::ReadFileToString(cmdline_path, &process_cmdline)) {
+          // Since cmdline is null deliminated, .c_str() conveniently gives us just the process path.
+          process_log_string = StringPrintf(" (%s)", process_cmdline.c_str());
+        }
+        LOG(INFO) << "Received sys.powerctl='" << value << "' from pid: " << cr.pid
+                  << process_log_string;
+      }
+
       uint32_t result = property_set(name, value);
       if (!legacy_protocol) {
         socket.SendUint32(result);
@@ -509,73 +580,18 @@
 // "ro.foo.*" is a prefix match, and "ro.foo.bar" is an exact match.
 static bool load_properties_from_file(const char* filename, const char* filter) {
     Timer t;
-    std::string data;
-    std::string err;
-    if (!ReadFile(filename, &data, &err)) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "Couldn't load property file: " << err;
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile(filename);
+    if (!file_contents) {
+        PLOG(WARNING) << "Couldn't load property file '" << filename
+                      << "': " << file_contents.error();
         return false;
     }
-    data.push_back('\n');
-    load_properties(&data[0], filter);
+    file_contents->push_back('\n');
+    load_properties(file_contents->data(), filter);
     LOG(VERBOSE) << "(Loading properties from " << filename << " took " << t << ".)";
     return true;
 }
 
-static void load_persistent_properties() {
-    persistent_properties_loaded = 1;
-
-    std::unique_ptr<DIR, int(*)(DIR*)> dir(opendir(PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR), closedir);
-    if (!dir) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open persistent property directory \""
-                    << PERSISTENT_PROPERTY_DIR << "\"";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    struct dirent* entry;
-    while ((entry = readdir(dir.get())) != NULL) {
-        if (strncmp("persist.", entry->d_name, strlen("persist."))) {
-            continue;
-        }
-        if (entry->d_type != DT_REG) {
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // Open the file and read the property value.
-        int fd = openat(dirfd(dir.get()), entry->d_name, O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW);
-        if (fd == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to open persistent property file \"" << entry->d_name << "\"";
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        struct stat sb;
-        if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "fstat on property file \"" << entry->d_name << "\" failed";
-            close(fd);
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        // File must not be accessible to others, be owned by root/root, and
-        // not be a hard link to any other file.
-        if (((sb.st_mode & (S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO)) != 0) || sb.st_uid != 0 || sb.st_gid != 0 || sb.st_nlink != 1) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "skipping insecure property file " << entry->d_name
-                        << " (uid=" << sb.st_uid << " gid=" << sb.st_gid
-                        << " nlink=" << sb.st_nlink << " mode=" << std::oct << sb.st_mode << ")";
-            close(fd);
-            continue;
-        }
-
-        char value[PROP_VALUE_MAX];
-        int length = read(fd, value, sizeof(value) - 1);
-        if (length >= 0) {
-            value[length] = 0;
-            property_set(entry->d_name, value);
-        } else {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "Unable to read persistent property file " << entry->d_name;
-        }
-        close(fd);
-    }
-}
-
 // persist.sys.usb.config values can't be combined on build-time when property
 // files are split into each partition.
 // So we need to apply the same rule of build/make/tools/post_process_props.py
@@ -618,9 +634,24 @@
  * has mounted /data.
  */
 void load_persist_props(void) {
+    // Devices with FDE have load_persist_props called twice; the first time when the temporary
+    // /data partition is mounted and then again once /data is truly mounted.  We do not want to
+    // read persistent properties from the temporary /data partition or mark persistent properties
+    // as having been loaded during the first call, so we return in that case.
+    std::string crypto_state = android::base::GetProperty("ro.crypto.state", "");
+    std::string crypto_type = android::base::GetProperty("ro.crypto.type", "");
+    if (crypto_state == "encrypted" && crypto_type == "block") {
+        static size_t num_calls = 0;
+        if (++num_calls == 1) return;
+    }
+
     load_override_properties();
     /* Read persistent properties after all default values have been loaded. */
-    load_persistent_properties();
+    auto persistent_properties = LoadPersistentProperties();
+    for (const auto& [name, value] : persistent_properties) {
+        property_set(name, value);
+    }
+    persistent_properties_loaded = true;
     property_set("ro.persistent_properties.ready", "true");
 }
 
@@ -647,7 +678,7 @@
     boot_img_hdr hdr;
     if (android::base::ReadFully(fd, &hdr, sizeof(hdr))) {
         std::string hex = bytes_to_hex(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(hdr.id), sizeof(hdr.id));
-        property_set("ro.recovery_id", hex.c_str());
+        property_set("ro.recovery_id", hex);
     } else {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "error reading /recovery";
     }
@@ -663,11 +694,30 @@
     load_recovery_id_prop();
 }
 
+static int SelinuxAuditCallback(void* data, security_class_t /*cls*/, char* buf, size_t len) {
+    property_audit_data* d = reinterpret_cast<property_audit_data*>(data);
+
+    if (!d || !d->name || !d->cr) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "AuditCallback invoked with null data arguments!";
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    snprintf(buf, len, "property=%s pid=%d uid=%d gid=%d", d->name, d->cr->pid, d->cr->uid,
+             d->cr->gid);
+    return 0;
+}
+
 void start_property_service() {
+    sehandle_prop = selinux_android_prop_context_handle();
+
+    selinux_callback cb;
+    cb.func_audit = SelinuxAuditCallback;
+    selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_AUDIT, cb);
+
     property_set("ro.property_service.version", "2");
 
     property_set_fd = CreateSocket(PROP_SERVICE_NAME, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC | SOCK_NONBLOCK,
-                                   false, 0666, 0, 0, nullptr, sehandle);
+                                   false, 0666, 0, 0, nullptr);
     if (property_set_fd == -1) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "start_property_service socket creation failed";
         exit(1);
@@ -677,3 +727,6 @@
 
     register_epoll_handler(property_set_fd, handle_property_set_fd);
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/property_service.h b/init/property_service.h
index 9a5b6f6..a55e79c 100644
--- a/init/property_service.h
+++ b/init/property_service.h
@@ -21,11 +21,16 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 struct property_audit_data {
     ucred *cr;
     const char* name;
 };
 
+extern bool PropertyChildReap(pid_t pid);
+
 void property_init(void);
 void property_load_boot_defaults(void);
 void load_persist_props(void);
@@ -34,5 +39,7 @@
 uint32_t property_set(const std::string& name, const std::string& value);
 bool is_legal_property_name(const std::string& name);
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif  /* _INIT_PROPERTY_H */
diff --git a/init/property_service_test.cpp b/init/property_service_test.cpp
index 4d784aa..3a64e02 100644
--- a/init/property_service_test.cpp
+++ b/init/property_service_test.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 TEST(property_service, very_long_name_35166374) {
   // Connect to the property service directly...
   int fd = socket(AF_LOCAL, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0);
@@ -46,3 +49,6 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<ssize_t>(sizeof(data)), send(fd, &data, sizeof(data), 0));
   ASSERT_EQ(0, close(fd));
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/reboot.cpp b/init/reboot.cpp
index cee5a72..049c952 100644
--- a/init/reboot.cpp
+++ b/init/reboot.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <linux/fs.h>
 #include <mntent.h>
-#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+#include <sys/capability.h>
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
 #include <sys/mount.h>
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
@@ -47,12 +48,19 @@
 #include <fs_mgr.h>
 #include <logwrap/logwrap.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
+#include "capabilities.h"
 #include "init.h"
 #include "property_service.h"
 #include "service.h"
+#include "sigchld_handler.h"
 
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::Timer;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 // represents umount status during reboot / shutdown.
 enum UmountStat {
@@ -157,12 +165,39 @@
 }
 
 static void LogShutdownTime(UmountStat stat, Timer* t) {
-    LOG(WARNING) << "powerctl_shutdown_time_ms:" << std::to_string(t->duration_ms()) << ":" << stat;
+    LOG(WARNING) << "powerctl_shutdown_time_ms:" << std::to_string(t->duration().count()) << ":"
+                 << stat;
 }
 
-static void __attribute__((noreturn))
-RebootSystem(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& rebootTarget) {
+bool IsRebootCapable() {
+    if (!CAP_IS_SUPPORTED(CAP_SYS_BOOT)) {
+        PLOG(WARNING) << "CAP_SYS_BOOT is not supported";
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    ScopedCaps caps(cap_get_proc());
+    if (!caps) {
+        PLOG(WARNING) << "cap_get_proc() failed";
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    cap_flag_value_t value = CAP_SET;
+    if (cap_get_flag(caps.get(), CAP_SYS_BOOT, CAP_EFFECTIVE, &value) != 0) {
+        PLOG(WARNING) << "cap_get_flag(CAP_SYS_BOOT, EFFECTIVE) failed";
+        return true;
+    }
+    return value == CAP_SET;
+}
+
+void __attribute__((noreturn)) RebootSystem(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& rebootTarget) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Reboot ending, jumping to kernel";
+
+    if (!IsRebootCapable()) {
+        // On systems where init does not have the capability of rebooting the
+        // device, just exit cleanly.
+        exit(0);
+    }
+
     switch (cmd) {
         case ANDROID_RB_POWEROFF:
             reboot(RB_POWER_OFF);
@@ -178,7 +213,7 @@
             break;
     }
     // In normal case, reboot should not return.
-    PLOG(FATAL) << "reboot call returned";
+    PLOG(ERROR) << "reboot call returned";
     abort();
 }
 
@@ -227,10 +262,8 @@
     }
 }
 
-static UmountStat UmountPartitions(int timeoutMs) {
+static UmountStat UmountPartitions(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout) {
     Timer t;
-    UmountStat stat = UMOUNT_STAT_TIMEOUT;
-    int retry = 0;
     /* data partition needs all pending writes to be completed and all emulated partitions
      * umounted.If the current waiting is not good enough, give
      * up and leave it to e2fsck after reboot to fix it.
@@ -242,25 +275,27 @@
             return UMOUNT_STAT_ERROR;
         }
         if (block_devices.size() == 0) {
-            stat = UMOUNT_STAT_SUCCESS;
-            break;
+            return UMOUNT_STAT_SUCCESS;
         }
-        if ((timeoutMs < t.duration_ms()) && retry > 0) {  // try umount at least once
-            stat = UMOUNT_STAT_TIMEOUT;
-            break;
+        bool unmount_done = true;
+        if (emulated_devices.size() > 0) {
+            unmount_done = std::all_of(emulated_devices.begin(), emulated_devices.end(),
+                                       [](auto& entry) { return entry.Umount(); });
+            if (unmount_done) {
+                sync();
+            }
         }
-        if (emulated_devices.size() > 0 &&
-            std::all_of(emulated_devices.begin(), emulated_devices.end(),
-                        [](auto& entry) { return entry.Umount(); })) {
-            sync();
+        unmount_done = std::all_of(block_devices.begin(), block_devices.end(),
+                                   [](auto& entry) { return entry.Umount(); }) &&
+                       unmount_done;
+        if (unmount_done) {
+            return UMOUNT_STAT_SUCCESS;
         }
-        for (auto& entry : block_devices) {
-            entry.Umount();
+        if ((timeout < t.duration())) {  // try umount at least once
+            return UMOUNT_STAT_TIMEOUT;
         }
-        retry++;
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
     }
-    return stat;
 }
 
 static void KillAllProcesses() { android::base::WriteStringToFile("i", "/proc/sysrq-trigger"); }
@@ -274,7 +309,7 @@
  *
  * return true when umount was successful. false when timed out.
  */
-static UmountStat TryUmountAndFsck(bool runFsck, int timeoutMs) {
+static UmountStat TryUmountAndFsck(bool runFsck, std::chrono::milliseconds timeout) {
     Timer t;
     std::vector<MountEntry> block_devices;
     std::vector<MountEntry> emulated_devices;
@@ -285,13 +320,13 @@
         return UMOUNT_STAT_ERROR;
     }
 
-    UmountStat stat = UmountPartitions(timeoutMs - t.duration_ms());
+    UmountStat stat = UmountPartitions(timeout - t.duration());
     if (stat != UMOUNT_STAT_SUCCESS) {
         LOG(INFO) << "umount timeout, last resort, kill all and try";
         if (DUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE) DumpUmountDebuggingInfo(true);
         KillAllProcesses();
         // even if it succeeds, still it is timeout and do not run fsck with all processes killed
-        UmountStat st = UmountPartitions(0);
+        UmountStat st = UmountPartitions(0ms);
         if ((st != UMOUNT_STAT_SUCCESS) && DUMP_ON_UMOUNT_FAILURE) DumpUmountDebuggingInfo(false);
     }
 
@@ -310,70 +345,74 @@
     Timer t;
     LOG(INFO) << "Reboot start, reason: " << reason << ", rebootTarget: " << rebootTarget;
 
-    android::base::WriteStringToFile(StringPrintf("%s\n", reason.c_str()), LAST_REBOOT_REASON_FILE,
-                                     S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR, AID_SYSTEM, AID_SYSTEM);
+    property_set(LAST_REBOOT_REASON_PROPERTY, reason.c_str());
+    sync();
 
-    bool is_thermal_shutdown = false;
-    if (cmd == ANDROID_RB_THERMOFF) {
-        is_thermal_shutdown = true;
-        runFsck = false;
-    }
+    bool is_thermal_shutdown = cmd == ANDROID_RB_THERMOFF;
 
-    unsigned int shutdown_timeout = 0;  // ms
+    auto shutdown_timeout = 0ms;
     if (!SHUTDOWN_ZERO_TIMEOUT) {
         if (is_thermal_shutdown) {
-            constexpr unsigned int thermal_shutdown_timeout = 1;  // sec
-            shutdown_timeout = thermal_shutdown_timeout * 1000;
+            constexpr unsigned int thermal_shutdown_timeout = 1;
+            shutdown_timeout = std::chrono::seconds(thermal_shutdown_timeout);
         } else {
-            constexpr unsigned int shutdown_timeout_default = 6;  // sec
+            constexpr unsigned int shutdown_timeout_default = 6;
             auto shutdown_timeout_property = android::base::GetUintProperty(
                 "ro.build.shutdown_timeout", shutdown_timeout_default);
-            shutdown_timeout = shutdown_timeout_property * 1000;
+            shutdown_timeout = std::chrono::seconds(shutdown_timeout_property);
         }
     }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Shutdown timeout: " << shutdown_timeout << " ms";
+    LOG(INFO) << "Shutdown timeout: " << shutdown_timeout.count() << " ms";
 
     // keep debugging tools until non critical ones are all gone.
     const std::set<std::string> kill_after_apps{"tombstoned", "logd", "adbd"};
     // watchdogd is a vendor specific component but should be alive to complete shutdown safely.
     const std::set<std::string> to_starts{"watchdogd"};
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().ForEachService([&kill_after_apps, &to_starts](Service* s) {
+    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
         if (kill_after_apps.count(s->name())) {
             s->SetShutdownCritical();
         } else if (to_starts.count(s->name())) {
-            s->Start();
+            if (auto result = s->Start(); !result) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Could not start shutdown 'to_start' service '" << s->name()
+                           << "': " << result.error();
+            }
             s->SetShutdownCritical();
         } else if (s->IsShutdownCritical()) {
-            s->Start();  // start shutdown critical service if not started
+            // Start shutdown critical service if not started.
+            if (auto result = s->Start(); !result) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Could not start shutdown critical service '" << s->name()
+                           << "': " << result.error();
+            }
         }
-    });
+    }
 
-    Service* bootAnim = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName("bootanim");
-    Service* surfaceFlinger = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName("surfaceflinger");
+    Service* bootAnim = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService("bootanim");
+    Service* surfaceFlinger = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService("surfaceflinger");
     if (bootAnim != nullptr && surfaceFlinger != nullptr && surfaceFlinger->IsRunning()) {
-        ServiceManager::GetInstance().ForEachServiceInClass("animation", [](Service* s) {
-            s->SetShutdownCritical();  // will not check animation class separately
-        });
+        // will not check animation class separately
+        for (const auto& service : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
+            if (service->classnames().count("animation")) service->SetShutdownCritical();
+        }
     }
 
     // optional shutdown step
     // 1. terminate all services except shutdown critical ones. wait for delay to finish
-    if (shutdown_timeout > 0) {
+    if (shutdown_timeout > 0ms) {
         LOG(INFO) << "terminating init services";
 
         // Ask all services to terminate except shutdown critical ones.
-        ServiceManager::GetInstance().ForEachService([](Service* s) {
+        for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance().services_in_shutdown_order()) {
             if (!s->IsShutdownCritical()) s->Terminate();
-        });
+        }
 
         int service_count = 0;
         // Only wait up to half of timeout here
         auto termination_wait_timeout = shutdown_timeout / 2;
-        while (t.duration_ms() < termination_wait_timeout) {
-            ServiceManager::GetInstance().ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
+        while (t.duration() < termination_wait_timeout) {
+            ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
 
             service_count = 0;
-            ServiceManager::GetInstance().ForEachService([&service_count](Service* s) {
+            for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
                 // Count the number of services running except shutdown critical.
                 // Exclude the console as it will ignore the SIGTERM signal
                 // and not exit.
@@ -382,7 +421,7 @@
                 if (!s->IsShutdownCritical() && s->pid() != 0 && (s->flags() & SVC_CONSOLE) == 0) {
                     service_count++;
                 }
-            });
+            }
 
             if (service_count == 0) {
                 // All terminable services terminated. We can exit early.
@@ -398,13 +437,13 @@
 
     // minimum safety steps before restarting
     // 2. kill all services except ones that are necessary for the shutdown sequence.
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().ForEachService([](Service* s) {
+    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance().services_in_shutdown_order()) {
         if (!s->IsShutdownCritical()) s->Stop();
-    });
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
+    }
+    ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
 
     // 3. send volume shutdown to vold
-    Service* voldService = ServiceManager::GetInstance().FindServiceByName("vold");
+    Service* voldService = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService("vold");
     if (voldService != nullptr && voldService->IsRunning()) {
         ShutdownVold();
         voldService->Stop();
@@ -412,12 +451,12 @@
         LOG(INFO) << "vold not running, skipping vold shutdown";
     }
     // logcat stopped here
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().ForEachService([&kill_after_apps](Service* s) {
+    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance().services_in_shutdown_order()) {
         if (kill_after_apps.count(s->name())) s->Stop();
-    });
+    }
     // 4. sync, try umount, and optionally run fsck for user shutdown
     sync();
-    UmountStat stat = TryUmountAndFsck(runFsck, shutdown_timeout - t.duration_ms());
+    UmountStat stat = TryUmountAndFsck(runFsck, shutdown_timeout - t.duration());
     // Follow what linux shutdown is doing: one more sync with little bit delay
     sync();
     if (!is_thermal_shutdown) std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
@@ -438,10 +477,15 @@
         command_invalid = true;
     } else if (cmd_params[0] == "shutdown") {
         cmd = ANDROID_RB_POWEROFF;
-        if (cmd_params.size() == 2 && cmd_params[1] == "userrequested") {
-            // The shutdown reason is PowerManager.SHUTDOWN_USER_REQUESTED.
-            // Run fsck once the file system is remounted in read-only mode.
-            run_fsck = true;
+        if (cmd_params.size() == 2) {
+            if (cmd_params[1] == "userrequested") {
+                // The shutdown reason is PowerManager.SHUTDOWN_USER_REQUESTED.
+                // Run fsck once the file system is remounted in read-only mode.
+                run_fsck = true;
+            } else if (cmd_params[1] == "thermal") {
+                // run_fsck is false to avoid delay
+                cmd = ANDROID_RB_THERMOFF;
+            }
         }
     } else if (cmd_params[0] == "reboot") {
         cmd = ANDROID_RB_RESTART2;
@@ -457,14 +501,11 @@
                                << err;
                 }
             }
-            // If there is an additional bootloader parameter, pass it along
-            if (cmd_params.size() == 3) {
+            // If there is an additional parameter, pass it along
+            if ((cmd_params.size() == 3) && cmd_params[2].size()) {
                 reboot_target += "," + cmd_params[2];
             }
         }
-    } else if (command == "thermal-shutdown") {  // no additional parameter allowed
-        // run_fsck is false to avoid delay
-        cmd = ANDROID_RB_THERMOFF;
     } else {
         command_invalid = true;
     }
@@ -481,17 +522,20 @@
     auto shutdown_handler = [cmd, command, reboot_target,
                              run_fsck](const std::vector<std::string>&) {
         DoReboot(cmd, command, reboot_target, run_fsck);
-        return 0;
+        return Success();
     };
     ActionManager::GetInstance().QueueBuiltinAction(shutdown_handler, "shutdown_done");
 
     // Skip wait for prop if it is in progress
     ResetWaitForProp();
 
-    // Skip wait for exec if it is in progress
-    if (ServiceManager::GetInstance().IsWaitingForExec()) {
-        ServiceManager::GetInstance().ClearExecWait();
+    // Clear EXEC flag if there is one pending
+    for (const auto& s : ServiceList::GetInstance()) {
+        s->UnSetExec();
     }
 
     return true;
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/reboot.h b/init/reboot.h
index b304b3c..1c58bd1 100644
--- a/init/reboot.h
+++ b/init/reboot.h
@@ -19,9 +19,15 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+// This is a wrapper around the actual reboot calls.  DoReboot() should be preferred in most cases.
+void __attribute__((noreturn)) RebootSystem(unsigned int cmd, const std::string& rebootTarget);
+
 /* Reboot / shutdown the system.
  * cmd ANDROID_RB_* as defined in android_reboot.h
- * reason Reason string like "reboot", "userrequested"
+ * reason Reason string like "reboot", "shutdown,userrequested"
  * rebootTarget Reboot target string like "bootloader". Otherwise, it should be an
  *              empty string.
  * runFsck Whether to run fsck after umount is done.
@@ -32,4 +38,11 @@
 // Parses and handles a setprop sys.powerctl message.
 bool HandlePowerctlMessage(const std::string& command);
 
+// Determines whether the system is capable of rebooting. This is conservative,
+// so if any of the attempts to determine this fail, it will still return true.
+bool IsRebootCapable();
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/result.h b/init/result.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36c3b83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/result.h
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// This file contains classes for returning a successful result along with an optional
+// arbitrarily typed return value or for returning a failure result along with an optional string
+// indicating why the function failed.
+
+// There are 3 classes that implement this functionality and one additional helper type.
+//
+// Result<T> either contains a member of type T that can be accessed using similar semantics as
+// std::optional<T> or it contains a ResultError describing an error, which can be accessed via
+// Result<T>::error().
+//
+// ResultError is a type that contains both a std::string describing the error and a copy of errno
+// from when the error occurred.  ResultError can be used in an ostream directly to print its
+// string value.
+//
+// Success is a typedef that aids in creating Result<T> that do not contain a return value.
+// Result<Success> is the correct return type for a function that either returns successfully or
+// returns an error value.  Returning Success() from a function that returns Result<Success> is the
+// correct way to indicate that a function without a return type has completed successfully.
+//
+// A successful Result<T> is constructed implicitly from any type that can be implicitly converted
+// to T or from the constructor arguments for T.  This allows you to return a type T directly from
+// a function that returns Result<T>.
+//
+// Error and ErrnoError are used to construct a Result<T> that has failed.  The Error class takes
+// an ostream as an input and are implicitly cast to a Result<T> containing that failure.
+// ErrnoError() is a helper function to create an Error class that appends ": " + strerror(errno)
+// to the end of the failure string to aid in interacting with C APIs.  Alternatively, an errno
+// value can be directly specified via the Error() constructor.
+//
+// ResultError can be used in the ostream when using Error to construct a Result<T>.  In this case,
+// the string that the ResultError takes is passed through the stream normally, but the errno is
+// passed to the Result<T>.  This can be used to pass errno from a failing C function up multiple
+// callers.
+//
+// ResultError can also directly construct a Result<T>.  This is particularly useful if you have a
+// function that return Result<T> but you have a Result<U> and want to return its error.  In this
+// case, you can return the .error() from the Result<U> to construct the Result<T>.
+
+// An example of how to use these is below:
+// Result<U> CalculateResult(const T& input) {
+//   U output;
+//   if (!SomeOtherCppFunction(input, &output)) {
+//     return Error() << "SomeOtherCppFunction(" << input << ") failed";
+//   }
+//   if (!c_api_function(output)) {
+//     return ErrnoError() << "c_api_function(" << output << ") failed";
+//   }
+//   return output;
+// }
+//
+// auto output = CalculateResult(input);
+// if (!output) return Error() << "CalculateResult failed: " << output.error();
+// UseOutput(*output);
+
+#ifndef _INIT_RESULT_H
+#define _INIT_RESULT_H
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <variant>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+struct ResultError {
+    template <typename T>
+    ResultError(T&& error_string, int error_errno)
+        : error_string(std::forward<T>(error_string)), error_errno(error_errno) {}
+
+    std::string error_string;
+    int error_errno;
+};
+
+inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const ResultError& t) {
+    os << t.error_string;
+    return os;
+}
+
+inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, ResultError&& t) {
+    os << std::move(t.error_string);
+    return os;
+}
+
+class Error {
+  public:
+    Error() : errno_(0), append_errno_(false) {}
+    Error(int errno_to_append) : errno_(errno_to_append), append_errno_(true) {}
+
+    template <typename T>
+    Error&& operator<<(T&& t) {
+        ss_ << std::forward<T>(t);
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+
+    Error&& operator<<(const ResultError& result_error) {
+        ss_ << result_error.error_string;
+        errno_ = result_error.error_errno;
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+
+    Error&& operator<<(ResultError&& result_error) {
+        ss_ << std::move(result_error.error_string);
+        errno_ = result_error.error_errno;
+        return std::move(*this);
+    }
+
+    const std::string str() const {
+        std::string str = ss_.str();
+        if (append_errno_) {
+            if (str.empty()) {
+                return strerror(errno_);
+            }
+            return str + ": " + strerror(errno_);
+        }
+        return str;
+    }
+
+    int get_errno() const { return errno_; }
+
+    Error(const Error&) = delete;
+    Error(Error&&) = delete;
+    Error& operator=(const Error&) = delete;
+    Error& operator=(Error&&) = delete;
+
+  private:
+    std::stringstream ss_;
+    int errno_;
+    bool append_errno_;
+};
+
+inline Error ErrnoError() {
+    return Error(errno);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class Result {
+  public:
+    template <typename... U>
+    Result(U&&... result) : contents_(std::in_place_index_t<0>(), std::forward<U>(result)...) {}
+
+    Result(Error&& error) : contents_(std::in_place_index_t<1>(), error.str(), error.get_errno()) {}
+    Result(const ResultError& result_error)
+        : contents_(std::in_place_index_t<1>(), result_error.error_string,
+                    result_error.error_errno) {}
+    Result(ResultError&& result_error)
+        : contents_(std::in_place_index_t<1>(), std::move(result_error.error_string),
+                    result_error.error_errno) {}
+
+    bool has_value() const { return contents_.index() == 0; }
+
+    T& value() & { return std::get<0>(contents_); }
+    const T& value() const & { return std::get<0>(contents_); }
+    T&& value() && { return std::get<0>(std::move(contents_)); }
+    const T&& value() const && { return std::get<0>(std::move(contents_)); }
+
+    const ResultError& error() const & { return std::get<1>(contents_); }
+    ResultError&& error() && { return std::get<1>(std::move(contents_)); }
+    const ResultError&& error() const && { return std::get<1>(std::move(contents_)); }
+
+    const std::string& error_string() const & { return std::get<1>(contents_).error_string; }
+    std::string&& error_string() && { return std::get<1>(std::move(contents_)).error_string; }
+    const std::string&& error_string() const && {
+        return std::get<1>(std::move(contents_)).error_string;
+    }
+
+    int error_errno() const { return std::get<1>(contents_).error_errno; }
+
+    explicit operator bool() const { return has_value(); }
+
+    T& operator*() & { return value(); }
+    const T& operator*() const & { return value(); }
+    T&& operator*() && { return std::move(value()); }
+    const T&& operator*() const && { return std::move(value()); }
+
+    T* operator->() { return &value(); }
+    const T* operator->() const { return &value(); }
+
+  private:
+    std::variant<T, ResultError> contents_;
+};
+
+using Success = std::monostate;
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/init/result_test.cpp b/init/result_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19caaf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/result_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "result.h"
+
+#include "errno.h"
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+TEST(result, result_accessors) {
+    Result<std::string> result = "success";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("success", *result);
+    EXPECT_EQ("success", result.value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ('s', result->data()[0]);
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_accessors_rvalue) {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Result<std::string>("success"));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(Result<std::string>("success").has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("success", *Result<std::string>("success"));
+    EXPECT_EQ("success", Result<std::string>("success").value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ('s', Result<std::string>("success")->data()[0]);
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_success) {
+    Result<Success> result = Success();
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(Success(), *result);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Success(), result.value());
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_success_rvalue) {
+    // Success() doesn't actually create a Result<Success> object, but rather an object that can be
+    // implicitly constructed into a Result<Success> object.
+
+    auto MakeRvalueSuccessResult = []() -> Result<Success> { return Success(); };
+    ASSERT_TRUE(MakeRvalueSuccessResult());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(MakeRvalueSuccessResult().has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(Success(), *MakeRvalueSuccessResult());
+    EXPECT_EQ(Success(), MakeRvalueSuccessResult().value());
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_error) {
+    Result<Success> result = Error() << "failure" << 1;
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, result.error_errno());
+    EXPECT_EQ("failure1", result.error_string());
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_error_empty) {
+    Result<Success> result = Error();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, result.error_errno());
+    EXPECT_EQ("", result.error_string());
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_error_rvalue) {
+    // Error() and ErrnoError() aren't actually used to create a Result<T> object.
+    // Under the hood, they are an intermediate class that can be implicitly constructed into a
+    // Result<T>.  This is needed both to create the ostream and because Error() itself, by
+    // definition will not know what the type, T, of the underlying Result<T> object that it would
+    // create is.
+
+    auto MakeRvalueErrorResult = []() -> Result<Success> { return Error() << "failure" << 1; };
+    ASSERT_FALSE(MakeRvalueErrorResult());
+    ASSERT_FALSE(MakeRvalueErrorResult().has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, MakeRvalueErrorResult().error_errno());
+    EXPECT_EQ("failure1", MakeRvalueErrorResult().error_string());
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_errno_error) {
+    constexpr int test_errno = 6;
+    errno = test_errno;
+    Result<Success> result = ErrnoError() << "failure" << 1;
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(test_errno, result.error_errno());
+    EXPECT_EQ("failure1: "s + strerror(test_errno), result.error_string());
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_errno_error_no_text) {
+    constexpr int test_errno = 6;
+    errno = test_errno;
+    Result<Success> result = ErrnoError();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(test_errno, result.error_errno());
+    EXPECT_EQ(strerror(test_errno), result.error_string());
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_error_from_other_result) {
+    auto error_text = "test error"s;
+    Result<Success> result = Error() << error_text;
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
+
+    Result<std::string> result2 = result.error();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result2);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result2.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, result.error_errno());
+    EXPECT_EQ(error_text, result.error_string());
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_error_through_ostream) {
+    auto error_text = "test error"s;
+    Result<Success> result = Error() << error_text;
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
+
+    Result<std::string> result2 = Error() << result.error();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result2);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result2.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, result.error_errno());
+    EXPECT_EQ(error_text, result.error_string());
+}
+
+TEST(result, result_errno_error_through_ostream) {
+    auto error_text = "test error"s;
+    constexpr int test_errno = 6;
+    errno = 6;
+    Result<Success> result = ErrnoError() << error_text;
+
+    errno = 0;
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result.has_value());
+
+    Result<std::string> result2 = Error() << result.error();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result2);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result2.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(test_errno, result.error_errno());
+    EXPECT_EQ(error_text + ": " + strerror(test_errno), result.error_string());
+}
+
+TEST(result, constructor_forwarding) {
+    auto result = Result<std::string>(5, 'a');
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ("aaaaa", *result);
+}
+
+struct ConstructorTracker {
+    static size_t constructor_called;
+    static size_t copy_constructor_called;
+    static size_t move_constructor_called;
+    static size_t copy_assignment_called;
+    static size_t move_assignment_called;
+
+    template <typename T>
+    ConstructorTracker(T&& string) : string(string) {
+        ++constructor_called;
+    }
+
+    ConstructorTracker(const ConstructorTracker& ct) {
+        ++copy_constructor_called;
+        string = ct.string;
+    }
+    ConstructorTracker(ConstructorTracker&& ct) noexcept {
+        ++move_constructor_called;
+        string = std::move(ct.string);
+    }
+    ConstructorTracker& operator=(const ConstructorTracker& ct) {
+        ++copy_assignment_called;
+        string = ct.string;
+        return *this;
+    }
+    ConstructorTracker& operator=(ConstructorTracker&& ct) noexcept {
+        ++move_assignment_called;
+        string = std::move(ct.string);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    std::string string;
+};
+
+size_t ConstructorTracker::constructor_called = 0;
+size_t ConstructorTracker::copy_constructor_called = 0;
+size_t ConstructorTracker::move_constructor_called = 0;
+size_t ConstructorTracker::copy_assignment_called = 0;
+size_t ConstructorTracker::move_assignment_called = 0;
+
+Result<ConstructorTracker> ReturnConstructorTracker(const std::string& in) {
+    if (in.empty()) {
+        return "literal string";
+    }
+    if (in == "test2") {
+        return ConstructorTracker(in + in + "2");
+    }
+    ConstructorTracker result(in + " " + in);
+    return result;
+};
+
+TEST(result, no_copy_on_return) {
+    // If returning parameters that may be used to implicitly construct the type T of Result<T>,
+    // then those parameters are forwarded to the construction of Result<T>.
+
+    // If returning an prvalue or xvalue, it will be move constructed during the construction of
+    // Result<T>.
+
+    // This check ensures that that is the case, and particularly that no copy constructors
+    // are called.
+
+    auto result1 = ReturnConstructorTracker("");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result1);
+    EXPECT_EQ("literal string", result1->string);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1U, ConstructorTracker::constructor_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::copy_constructor_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::move_constructor_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::copy_assignment_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::move_assignment_called);
+
+    auto result2 = ReturnConstructorTracker("test2");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result2);
+    EXPECT_EQ("test2test22", result2->string);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2U, ConstructorTracker::constructor_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::copy_constructor_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1U, ConstructorTracker::move_constructor_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::copy_assignment_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::move_assignment_called);
+
+    auto result3 = ReturnConstructorTracker("test3");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result3);
+    EXPECT_EQ("test3 test3", result3->string);
+    EXPECT_EQ(3U, ConstructorTracker::constructor_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::copy_constructor_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(2U, ConstructorTracker::move_constructor_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::copy_assignment_called);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, ConstructorTracker::move_assignment_called);
+}
+
+TEST(result, die_on_access_failed_result) {
+    Result<std::string> result = Error();
+    ASSERT_DEATH(*result, "");
+}
+
+TEST(result, die_on_get_error_succesful_result) {
+    Result<std::string> result = "success";
+    ASSERT_DEATH(result.error_string(), "");
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/rlimit_parser.cpp b/init/rlimit_parser.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe1d6a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/rlimit_parser.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "rlimit_parser.h"
+
+#include <android-base/parseint.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+
+using android::base::EqualsIgnoreCase;
+using android::base::ParseInt;
+using android::base::ParseUint;
+using android::base::StartsWith;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+// Builtins and service definitions both have their arguments start at 1 and finish at 3.
+Result<std::pair<int, rlimit>> ParseRlimit(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    static const std::vector<std::pair<const char*, int>> text_to_resources = {
+        {"cpu", 0},       {"fsize", 1}, {"data", 2},    {"stack", 3},
+        {"core", 4},      {"rss", 5},   {"nproc", 6},   {"nofile", 7},
+        {"memlock", 8},   {"as", 9},    {"locks", 10},  {"sigpending", 11},
+        {"msgqueue", 12}, {"nice", 13}, {"rtprio", 14}, {"rttime", 15},
+    };
+
+    int resource;
+
+    if (ParseInt(args[1], &resource)) {
+        if (resource >= RLIM_NLIMITS) {
+            return Error() << "Resource '" << args[1] << "' over the maximum resource value '"
+                           << RLIM_NLIMITS << "'";
+        } else if (resource < 0) {
+            return Error() << "Resource '" << args[1] << "' below the minimum resource value '0'";
+        }
+    } else {
+        std::string resource_string;
+        if (StartsWith(args[1], "RLIM_")) {
+            resource_string = args[1].substr(5);
+        } else {
+            resource_string = args[1];
+        }
+
+        auto it = std::find_if(text_to_resources.begin(), text_to_resources.end(),
+                               [&resource_string](const auto& entry) {
+                                   return EqualsIgnoreCase(resource_string, entry.first);
+                               });
+        if (it == text_to_resources.end()) {
+            return Error() << "Could not parse resource '" << args[1] << "'";
+        }
+
+        resource = it->second;
+    }
+
+    rlimit limit;
+    if (!ParseUint(args[2], &limit.rlim_cur)) {
+        return Error() << "Could not parse soft limit '" << args[2] << "'";
+    }
+    if (!ParseUint(args[3], &limit.rlim_max)) {
+        return Error() << "Could not parse hard limit '" << args[3] << "'";
+    }
+    return {resource, limit};
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/signal_handler.h b/init/rlimit_parser.h
similarity index 61%
copy from init/signal_handler.h
copy to init/rlimit_parser.h
index 449b4af..0396463 100644
--- a/init/signal_handler.h
+++ b/init/rlimit_parser.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,9 +14,22 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _INIT_SIGNAL_HANDLER_H_
-#define _INIT_SIGNAL_HANDLER_H_
+#ifndef _INIT_RLIMIT_PARSER_H
+#define _INIT_RLIMIT_PARSER_H
 
-void signal_handler_init(void);
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "result.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+Result<std::pair<int, rlimit>> ParseRlimit(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif
diff --git a/init/rlimit_parser_test.cpp b/init/rlimit_parser_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3f9eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/rlimit_parser_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "rlimit_parser.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+void TestRlimitSuccess(std::vector<std::string> input,
+                       const std::pair<int, rlimit>& expected_result) {
+    input.emplace(input.begin(), "");
+    ASSERT_EQ(4U, input.size());
+    auto result = ParseRlimit(input);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result) << "input: " << input[1];
+    const auto& [resource, rlimit] = *result;
+    const auto& [expected_resource, expected_rlimit] = expected_result;
+    EXPECT_EQ(expected_resource, resource);
+    EXPECT_EQ(expected_rlimit.rlim_cur, rlimit.rlim_cur);
+    EXPECT_EQ(expected_rlimit.rlim_max, rlimit.rlim_max);
+}
+
+void TestRlimitFailure(std::vector<std::string> input, const std::string& expected_result) {
+    input.emplace(input.begin(), "");
+    ASSERT_EQ(4U, input.size());
+    auto result = ParseRlimit(input);
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(result) << "input: " << input[1];
+    EXPECT_EQ(expected_result, result.error_string());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0, result.error_errno());
+}
+
+TEST(rlimit, RlimitSuccess) {
+    const std::vector<std::pair<std::vector<std::string>, std::pair<int, rlimit>>>
+        inputs_and_results = {
+            {{"cpu", "10", "10"}, {0, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"fsize", "10", "10"}, {1, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"data", "10", "10"}, {2, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"stack", "10", "10"}, {3, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"core", "10", "10"}, {4, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"rss", "10", "10"}, {5, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"nproc", "10", "10"}, {6, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"nofile", "10", "10"}, {7, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"memlock", "10", "10"}, {8, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"as", "10", "10"}, {9, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"locks", "10", "10"}, {10, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"sigpending", "10", "10"}, {11, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"msgqueue", "10", "10"}, {12, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"nice", "10", "10"}, {13, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"rtprio", "10", "10"}, {14, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"rttime", "10", "10"}, {15, {10, 10}}},
+
+            {{"RLIM_CPU", "10", "10"}, {0, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_FSIZE", "10", "10"}, {1, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_DATA", "10", "10"}, {2, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_STACK", "10", "10"}, {3, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_CORE", "10", "10"}, {4, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_RSS", "10", "10"}, {5, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_NPROC", "10", "10"}, {6, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_NOFILE", "10", "10"}, {7, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_MEMLOCK", "10", "10"}, {8, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_AS", "10", "10"}, {9, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_LOCKS", "10", "10"}, {10, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_SIGPENDING", "10", "10"}, {11, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_MSGQUEUE", "10", "10"}, {12, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_NICE", "10", "10"}, {13, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_RTPRIO", "10", "10"}, {14, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"RLIM_RTTIME", "10", "10"}, {15, {10, 10}}},
+
+            {{"0", "10", "10"}, {0, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"1", "10", "10"}, {1, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"2", "10", "10"}, {2, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"3", "10", "10"}, {3, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"4", "10", "10"}, {4, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"5", "10", "10"}, {5, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"6", "10", "10"}, {6, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"7", "10", "10"}, {7, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"8", "10", "10"}, {8, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"9", "10", "10"}, {9, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"10", "10", "10"}, {10, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"11", "10", "10"}, {11, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"12", "10", "10"}, {12, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"13", "10", "10"}, {13, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"14", "10", "10"}, {14, {10, 10}}},
+            {{"15", "10", "10"}, {15, {10, 10}}},
+        };
+
+    for (const auto& [input, expected_result] : inputs_and_results) {
+        TestRlimitSuccess(input, expected_result);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(rlimit, RlimitFailure) {
+    const std::vector<std::pair<std::vector<std::string>, std::string>> inputs_and_results = {
+        {{"-4", "10", "10"}, "Resource '-4' below the minimum resource value '0'"},
+        {{"100", "10", "10"}, "Resource '100' over the maximum resource value '16'"},
+        {{"bad_string", "10", "10"}, "Could not parse resource 'bad_string'"},
+        {{"RLIM_", "10", "10"}, "Could not parse resource 'RLIM_'"},
+        {{"cpu", "abc", "10"}, "Could not parse soft limit 'abc'"},
+        {{"cpu", "10", "abc"}, "Could not parse hard limit 'abc'"},
+    };
+
+    for (const auto& [input, expected_result] : inputs_and_results) {
+        TestRlimitFailure(input, expected_result);
+    }
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/security.cpp b/init/security.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aac8f2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/security.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "security.h"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <fstream>
+
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+// Writes 512 bytes of output from Hardware RNG (/dev/hw_random, backed
+// by Linux kernel's hw_random framework) into Linux RNG's via /dev/urandom.
+// Does nothing if Hardware RNG is not present.
+//
+// Since we don't yet trust the quality of Hardware RNG, these bytes are not
+// mixed into the primary pool of Linux RNG and the entropy estimate is left
+// unmodified.
+//
+// If the HW RNG device /dev/hw_random is present, we require that at least
+// 512 bytes read from it are written into Linux RNG. QA is expected to catch
+// devices/configurations where these I/O operations are blocking for a long
+// time. We do not reboot or halt on failures, as this is a best-effort
+// attempt.
+Result<Success> MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    unique_fd hwrandom_fd(
+        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/hw_random", O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC)));
+    if (hwrandom_fd == -1) {
+        if (errno == ENOENT) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "/dev/hw_random not found";
+            // It's not an error to not have a Hardware RNG.
+            return Success();
+        }
+        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open /dev/hw_random";
+    }
+
+    unique_fd urandom_fd(
+        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/urandom", O_WRONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC)));
+    if (urandom_fd == -1) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to open /dev/urandom";
+    }
+
+    char buf[512];
+    size_t total_bytes_written = 0;
+    while (total_bytes_written < sizeof(buf)) {
+        ssize_t chunk_size =
+            TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(hwrandom_fd, buf, sizeof(buf) - total_bytes_written));
+        if (chunk_size == -1) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "Failed to read from /dev/hw_random";
+        } else if (chunk_size == 0) {
+            return Error() << "Failed to read from /dev/hw_random: EOF";
+        }
+
+        chunk_size = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(urandom_fd, buf, chunk_size));
+        if (chunk_size == -1) {
+            return ErrnoError() << "Failed to write to /dev/urandom";
+        }
+        total_bytes_written += chunk_size;
+    }
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Mixed " << total_bytes_written << " bytes from /dev/hw_random into /dev/urandom";
+    return Success();
+}
+
+static bool SetHighestAvailableOptionValue(std::string path, int min, int max) {
+    std::ifstream inf(path, std::fstream::in);
+    if (!inf) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot open for reading: " << path;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    int current = max;
+    while (current >= min) {
+        // try to write out new value
+        std::string str_val = std::to_string(current);
+        std::ofstream of(path, std::fstream::out);
+        if (!of) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Cannot open for writing: " << path;
+            return false;
+        }
+        of << str_val << std::endl;
+        of.close();
+
+        // check to make sure it was recorded
+        inf.seekg(0);
+        std::string str_rec;
+        inf >> str_rec;
+        if (str_val.compare(str_rec) == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+        current--;
+    }
+    inf.close();
+
+    if (current < min) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to set minimum option value " << min << " in " << path;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+#define MMAP_RND_PATH "/proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_bits"
+#define MMAP_RND_COMPAT_PATH "/proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_compat_bits"
+
+// __attribute__((unused)) due to lack of mips support: see mips block in SetMmapRndBitsAction
+static bool __attribute__((unused)) SetMmapRndBitsMin(int start, int min, bool compat) {
+    std::string path;
+    if (compat) {
+        path = MMAP_RND_COMPAT_PATH;
+    } else {
+        path = MMAP_RND_PATH;
+    }
+
+    return SetHighestAvailableOptionValue(path, min, start);
+}
+
+// Set /proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_bits and potentially
+// /proc/sys/vm/mmap_rnd_compat_bits to the maximum supported values.
+// Returns -1 if unable to set these to an acceptable value.
+//
+// To support this sysctl, the following upstream commits are needed:
+//
+// d07e22597d1d mm: mmap: add new /proc tunable for mmap_base ASLR
+// e0c25d958f78 arm: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
+// 8f0d3aa9de57 arm64: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
+// 9e08f57d684a x86: mm: support ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS
+// ec9ee4acd97c drivers: char: random: add get_random_long()
+// 5ef11c35ce86 mm: ASLR: use get_random_long()
+Result<Success> SetMmapRndBitsAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+// values are arch-dependent
+#if defined(USER_MODE_LINUX)
+    // uml does not support mmap_rnd_bits
+    return Success();
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+    // arm64 supports 18 - 33 bits depending on pagesize and VA_SIZE
+    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(33, 24, false) && SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, true)) {
+        return Success();
+    }
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+    // x86_64 supports 28 - 32 bits
+    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(32, 32, false) && SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, true)) {
+        return Success();
+    }
+#elif defined(__arm__) || defined(__i386__)
+    // check to see if we're running on 64-bit kernel
+    bool h64 = !access(MMAP_RND_COMPAT_PATH, F_OK);
+    // supported 32-bit architecture must have 16 bits set
+    if (SetMmapRndBitsMin(16, 16, h64)) {
+        return Success();
+    }
+#elif defined(__mips__) || defined(__mips64__)
+    // TODO: add mips support b/27788820
+    return Success();
+#else
+    LOG(ERROR) << "Unknown architecture";
+#endif
+
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Unable to set adequate mmap entropy value!";
+    return Error();
+}
+
+#define KPTR_RESTRICT_PATH "/proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict"
+#define KPTR_RESTRICT_MINVALUE 2
+#define KPTR_RESTRICT_MAXVALUE 4
+
+// Set kptr_restrict to the highest available level.
+//
+// Aborts if unable to set this to an acceptable value.
+Result<Success> SetKptrRestrictAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    std::string path = KPTR_RESTRICT_PATH;
+
+    if (!SetHighestAvailableOptionValue(path, KPTR_RESTRICT_MINVALUE, KPTR_RESTRICT_MAXVALUE)) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Unable to set adequate kptr_restrict value!";
+        return Error();
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/security.h b/init/security.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31e5790
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/security.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _INIT_SECURITY_H
+#define _INIT_SECURITY_H
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "result.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+Result<Success> MixHwrngIntoLinuxRngAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+Result<Success> SetMmapRndBitsAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+Result<Success> SetKptrRestrictAction(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/init/selinux.cpp b/init/selinux.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f7ad13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/selinux.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// This file contains the functions that initialize SELinux during boot as well as helper functions
+// for SELinux operation for init.
+
+// When the system boots, there is no SEPolicy present and init is running in the kernel domain.
+// Init loads the SEPolicy from the file system, restores the context of /init based on this
+// SEPolicy, and finally exec()'s itself to run in the proper domain.
+
+// The SEPolicy on Android comes in two variants: monolithic and split.
+
+// The monolithic policy variant is for legacy non-treble devices that contain a single SEPolicy
+// file located at /sepolicy and is directly loaded into the kernel SELinux subsystem.
+
+// The split policy is for supporting treble devices.  It splits the SEPolicy across files on
+// /system/etc/selinux (the 'plat' portion of the policy) and /vendor/etc/selinux (the 'nonplat'
+// portion of the policy).  This is necessary to allow the system image to be updated independently
+// of the vendor image, while maintaining contributions from both partitions in the SEPolicy.  This
+// is especially important for VTS testing, where the SEPolicy on the Google System Image may not be
+// identical to the system image shipped on a vendor's device.
+
+// The split SEPolicy is loaded as described below:
+// 1) There is a precompiled SEPolicy located at /vendor/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy.
+//    Stored along with this file is the sha256 hash of the parts of the SEPolicy on /system that
+//    were used to compile this precompiled policy.  The system partition contains a similar sha256
+//    of the parts of the SEPolicy that it currently contains.  If these two hashes match, then the
+//    system loads this precompiled_sepolicy directly.
+// 2) If these hashes do not match, then /system has been updated out of sync with /vendor and the
+//    init needs to compile the SEPolicy.  /system contains the SEPolicy compiler, secilc, and it
+//    is used by the LoadSplitPolicy() function below to compile the SEPolicy to a temp directory
+//    and load it.  That function contains even more documentation with the specific implementation
+//    details of how the SEPolicy is compiled if needed.
+
+#include "selinux.h"
+
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
+#include <selinux/android.h>
+
+#include "log.h"
+#include "util.h"
+
+using android::base::Timer;
+using android::base::unique_fd;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+namespace {
+
+selabel_handle* sehandle = nullptr;
+
+enum EnforcingStatus { SELINUX_PERMISSIVE, SELINUX_ENFORCING };
+
+EnforcingStatus StatusFromCmdline() {
+    EnforcingStatus status = SELINUX_ENFORCING;
+
+    import_kernel_cmdline(false,
+                          [&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value, bool in_qemu) {
+                              if (key == "androidboot.selinux" && value == "permissive") {
+                                  status = SELINUX_PERMISSIVE;
+                              }
+                          });
+
+    return status;
+}
+
+bool IsEnforcing() {
+    if (ALLOW_PERMISSIVE_SELINUX) {
+        return StatusFromCmdline() == SELINUX_ENFORCING;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+// Forks, executes the provided program in the child, and waits for the completion in the parent.
+// Child's stderr is captured and logged using LOG(ERROR).
+bool ForkExecveAndWaitForCompletion(const char* filename, char* const argv[]) {
+    // Create a pipe used for redirecting child process's output.
+    // * pipe_fds[0] is the FD the parent will use for reading.
+    // * pipe_fds[1] is the FD the child will use for writing.
+    int pipe_fds[2];
+    if (pipe(pipe_fds) == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create pipe";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    pid_t child_pid = fork();
+    if (child_pid == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to fork for " << filename;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (child_pid == 0) {
+        // fork succeeded -- this is executing in the child process
+
+        // Close the pipe FD not used by this process
+        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(pipe_fds[0]));
+
+        // Redirect stderr to the pipe FD provided by the parent
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(dup2(pipe_fds[1], STDERR_FILENO)) == -1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to redirect stderr of " << filename;
+            _exit(127);
+            return false;
+        }
+        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(pipe_fds[1]));
+
+        if (execv(filename, argv) == -1) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to execve " << filename;
+            return false;
+        }
+        // Unreachable because execve will have succeeded and replaced this code
+        // with child process's code.
+        _exit(127);
+        return false;
+    } else {
+        // fork succeeded -- this is executing in the original/parent process
+
+        // Close the pipe FD not used by this process
+        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(pipe_fds[1]));
+
+        // Log the redirected output of the child process.
+        // It's unfortunate that there's no standard way to obtain an istream for a file descriptor.
+        // As a result, we're buffering all output and logging it in one go at the end of the
+        // invocation, instead of logging it as it comes in.
+        const int child_out_fd = pipe_fds[0];
+        std::string child_output;
+        if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(child_out_fd, &child_output)) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to capture full output of " << filename;
+        }
+        TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(child_out_fd));
+        if (!child_output.empty()) {
+            // Log captured output, line by line, because LOG expects to be invoked for each line
+            std::istringstream in(child_output);
+            std::string line;
+            while (std::getline(in, line)) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << filename << ": " << line;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Wait for child to terminate
+        int status;
+        if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(child_pid, &status, 0)) != child_pid) {
+            PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to wait for " << filename;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
+            int status_code = WEXITSTATUS(status);
+            if (status_code == 0) {
+                return true;
+            } else {
+                LOG(ERROR) << filename << " exited with status " << status_code;
+            }
+        } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << filename << " killed by signal " << WTERMSIG(status);
+        } else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << filename << " stopped by signal " << WSTOPSIG(status);
+        } else {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "waitpid for " << filename << " returned unexpected status: " << status;
+        }
+
+        return false;
+    }
+}
+
+bool ReadFirstLine(const char* file, std::string* line) {
+    line->clear();
+
+    std::string contents;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFileToString(file, &contents, true /* follow symlinks */)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::istringstream in(contents);
+    std::getline(in, *line);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool FindPrecompiledSplitPolicy(std::string* file) {
+    file->clear();
+    // If there is an odm partition, precompiled_sepolicy will be in
+    // odm/etc/selinux. Otherwise it will be in vendor/etc/selinux.
+    static constexpr const char vendor_precompiled_sepolicy[] =
+        "/vendor/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy";
+    static constexpr const char odm_precompiled_sepolicy[] =
+        "/odm/etc/selinux/precompiled_sepolicy";
+    if (access(odm_precompiled_sepolicy, R_OK) == 0) {
+        *file = odm_precompiled_sepolicy;
+    } else if (access(vendor_precompiled_sepolicy, R_OK) == 0) {
+        *file = vendor_precompiled_sepolicy;
+    } else {
+        PLOG(INFO) << "No precompiled sepolicy";
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::string actual_plat_id;
+    if (!ReadFirstLine("/system/etc/selinux/plat_and_mapping_sepolicy.cil.sha256", &actual_plat_id)) {
+        PLOG(INFO) << "Failed to read "
+                      "/system/etc/selinux/plat_and_mapping_sepolicy.cil.sha256";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    std::string precompiled_plat_id;
+    std::string precompiled_sha256 = *file + ".plat_and_mapping.sha256";
+    if (!ReadFirstLine(precompiled_sha256.c_str(), &precompiled_plat_id)) {
+        PLOG(INFO) << "Failed to read " << precompiled_sha256;
+        file->clear();
+        return false;
+    }
+    if ((actual_plat_id.empty()) || (actual_plat_id != precompiled_plat_id)) {
+        file->clear();
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool GetVendorMappingVersion(std::string* plat_vers) {
+    if (!ReadFirstLine("/vendor/etc/selinux/plat_sepolicy_vers.txt", plat_vers)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to read /vendor/etc/selinux/plat_sepolicy_vers.txt";
+        return false;
+    }
+    if (plat_vers->empty()) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "No version present in plat_sepolicy_vers.txt";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+constexpr const char plat_policy_cil_file[] = "/system/etc/selinux/plat_sepolicy.cil";
+
+bool IsSplitPolicyDevice() {
+    return access(plat_policy_cil_file, R_OK) != -1;
+}
+
+bool LoadSplitPolicy() {
+    // IMPLEMENTATION NOTE: Split policy consists of three CIL files:
+    // * platform -- policy needed due to logic contained in the system image,
+    // * non-platform -- policy needed due to logic contained in the vendor image,
+    // * mapping -- mapping policy which helps preserve forward-compatibility of non-platform policy
+    //   with newer versions of platform policy.
+    //
+    // secilc is invoked to compile the above three policy files into a single monolithic policy
+    // file. This file is then loaded into the kernel.
+
+    // Load precompiled policy from vendor image, if a matching policy is found there. The policy
+    // must match the platform policy on the system image.
+    std::string precompiled_sepolicy_file;
+    if (FindPrecompiledSplitPolicy(&precompiled_sepolicy_file)) {
+        unique_fd fd(open(precompiled_sepolicy_file.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_BINARY));
+        if (fd != -1) {
+            if (selinux_android_load_policy_from_fd(fd, precompiled_sepolicy_file.c_str()) < 0) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load SELinux policy from " << precompiled_sepolicy_file;
+                return false;
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+    // No suitable precompiled policy could be loaded
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Compiling SELinux policy";
+
+    // Determine the highest policy language version supported by the kernel
+    set_selinuxmnt("/sys/fs/selinux");
+    int max_policy_version = security_policyvers();
+    if (max_policy_version == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to determine highest policy version supported by kernel";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // We store the output of the compilation on /dev because this is the most convenient tmpfs
+    // storage mount available this early in the boot sequence.
+    char compiled_sepolicy[] = "/dev/sepolicy.XXXXXX";
+    unique_fd compiled_sepolicy_fd(mkostemp(compiled_sepolicy, O_CLOEXEC));
+    if (compiled_sepolicy_fd < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create temporary file " << compiled_sepolicy;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // Determine which mapping file to include
+    std::string vend_plat_vers;
+    if (!GetVendorMappingVersion(&vend_plat_vers)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    std::string mapping_file("/system/etc/selinux/mapping/" + vend_plat_vers + ".cil");
+
+    // vendor_sepolicy.cil and nonplat_declaration.cil are the new design to replace
+    // nonplat_sepolicy.cil.
+    std::string nonplat_declaration_cil_file("/vendor/etc/selinux/nonplat_declaration.cil");
+    std::string vendor_policy_cil_file("/vendor/etc/selinux/vendor_sepolicy.cil");
+
+    if (access(vendor_policy_cil_file.c_str(), F_OK) == -1) {
+        // For backward compatibility.
+        // TODO: remove this after no device is using nonplat_sepolicy.cil.
+        vendor_policy_cil_file = "/vendor/etc/selinux/nonplat_sepolicy.cil";
+        nonplat_declaration_cil_file.clear();
+    } else if (access(nonplat_declaration_cil_file.c_str(), F_OK) == -1) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Missing " << nonplat_declaration_cil_file;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    // odm_sepolicy.cil is default but optional.
+    std::string odm_policy_cil_file("/odm/etc/selinux/odm_sepolicy.cil");
+    if (access(odm_policy_cil_file.c_str(), F_OK) == -1) {
+        odm_policy_cil_file.clear();
+    }
+    const std::string version_as_string = std::to_string(max_policy_version);
+
+    // clang-format off
+    std::vector<const char*> compile_args {
+        "/system/bin/secilc",
+        plat_policy_cil_file,
+        "-M", "true", "-G", "-N",
+        // Target the highest policy language version supported by the kernel
+        "-c", version_as_string.c_str(),
+        mapping_file.c_str(),
+        "-o", compiled_sepolicy,
+        // We don't care about file_contexts output by the compiler
+        "-f", "/sys/fs/selinux/null",  // /dev/null is not yet available
+    };
+    // clang-format on
+
+    if (!nonplat_declaration_cil_file.empty()) {
+        compile_args.push_back(nonplat_declaration_cil_file.c_str());
+    }
+    if (!vendor_policy_cil_file.empty()) {
+        compile_args.push_back(vendor_policy_cil_file.c_str());
+    }
+    if (!odm_policy_cil_file.empty()) {
+        compile_args.push_back(odm_policy_cil_file.c_str());
+    }
+    compile_args.push_back(nullptr);
+
+    if (!ForkExecveAndWaitForCompletion(compile_args[0], (char**)compile_args.data())) {
+        unlink(compiled_sepolicy);
+        return false;
+    }
+    unlink(compiled_sepolicy);
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Loading compiled SELinux policy";
+    if (selinux_android_load_policy_from_fd(compiled_sepolicy_fd, compiled_sepolicy) < 0) {
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load SELinux policy from " << compiled_sepolicy;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool LoadMonolithicPolicy() {
+    LOG(VERBOSE) << "Loading SELinux policy from monolithic file";
+    if (selinux_android_load_policy() < 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to load monolithic SELinux policy";
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool LoadPolicy() {
+    return IsSplitPolicyDevice() ? LoadSplitPolicy() : LoadMonolithicPolicy();
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void SelinuxInitialize() {
+    Timer t;
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "Loading SELinux policy";
+    if (!LoadPolicy()) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Unable to load SELinux policy";
+    }
+
+    bool kernel_enforcing = (security_getenforce() == 1);
+    bool is_enforcing = IsEnforcing();
+    if (kernel_enforcing != is_enforcing) {
+        if (security_setenforce(is_enforcing)) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "security_setenforce(%s) failed" << (is_enforcing ? "true" : "false");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (auto result = WriteFile("/sys/fs/selinux/checkreqprot", "0"); !result) {
+        LOG(FATAL) << "Unable to write to /sys/fs/selinux/checkreqprot: " << result.error();
+    }
+
+    // init's first stage can't set properties, so pass the time to the second stage.
+    setenv("INIT_SELINUX_TOOK", std::to_string(t.duration().count()).c_str(), 1);
+}
+
+// The files and directories that were created before initial sepolicy load or
+// files on ramdisk need to have their security context restored to the proper
+// value. This must happen before /dev is populated by ueventd.
+void SelinuxRestoreContext() {
+    LOG(INFO) << "Running restorecon...";
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/kmsg", 0);
+    if constexpr (WORLD_WRITABLE_KMSG) {
+        selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/kmsg_debug", 0);
+    }
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/socket", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/random", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/urandom", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/__properties__", 0);
+
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/file_contexts.bin", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_file_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_file_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_property_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_property_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_seapp_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_seapp_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_service_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_service_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/plat_hwservice_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/nonplat_hwservice_contexts", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/sepolicy", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/vndservice_contexts", 0);
+
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/block", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/dev/device-mapper", 0);
+
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/sbin/mke2fs_static", 0);
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/sbin/e2fsdroid_static", 0);
+}
+
+// This function sets up SELinux logging to be written to kmsg, to match init's logging.
+void SelinuxSetupKernelLogging() {
+    selinux_callback cb;
+    cb.func_log = selinux_klog_callback;
+    selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, cb);
+}
+
+// selinux_android_file_context_handle() takes on the order of 10+ms to run, so we want to cache
+// its value.  selinux_android_restorecon() also needs an sehandle for file context look up.  It
+// will create and store its own copy, but selinux_android_set_sehandle() can be used to provide
+// one, thus eliminating an extra call to selinux_android_file_context_handle().
+void SelabelInitialize() {
+    sehandle = selinux_android_file_context_handle();
+    selinux_android_set_sehandle(sehandle);
+}
+
+// A C++ wrapper around selabel_lookup() using the cached sehandle.
+// If sehandle is null, this returns success with an empty context.
+bool SelabelLookupFileContext(const std::string& key, int type, std::string* result) {
+    result->clear();
+
+    if (!sehandle) return true;
+
+    char* context;
+    if (selabel_lookup(sehandle, &context, key.c_str(), type) != 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    *result = context;
+    free(context);
+    return true;
+}
+
+// A C++ wrapper around selabel_lookup_best_match() using the cached sehandle.
+// If sehandle is null, this returns success with an empty context.
+bool SelabelLookupFileContextBestMatch(const std::string& key,
+                                       const std::vector<std::string>& aliases, int type,
+                                       std::string* result) {
+    result->clear();
+
+    if (!sehandle) return true;
+
+    std::vector<const char*> c_aliases;
+    for (const auto& alias : aliases) {
+        c_aliases.emplace_back(alias.c_str());
+    }
+    c_aliases.emplace_back(nullptr);
+
+    char* context;
+    if (selabel_lookup_best_match(sehandle, &context, key.c_str(), &c_aliases[0], type) != 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    *result = context;
+    free(context);
+    return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/selinux.h b/init/selinux.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b880ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/selinux.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _INIT_SELINUX_H
+#define _INIT_SELINUX_H
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+void SelinuxInitialize();
+void SelinuxRestoreContext();
+
+void SelinuxSetupKernelLogging();
+
+void SelabelInitialize();
+bool SelabelLookupFileContext(const std::string& key, int type, std::string* result);
+bool SelabelLookupFileContextBestMatch(const std::string& key,
+                                       const std::vector<std::string>& aliases, int type,
+                                       std::string* result);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif
diff --git a/init/service.cpp b/init/service.cpp
index 09ebc31..6f27a4b 100644
--- a/init/service.cpp
+++ b/init/service.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/parseint.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
@@ -42,29 +43,35 @@
 
 #include "init.h"
 #include "property_service.h"
+#include "rlimit_parser.h"
 #include "util.h"
 
 using android::base::boot_clock;
+using android::base::GetProperty;
+using android::base::Join;
+using android::base::make_scope_guard;
 using android::base::ParseInt;
+using android::base::StartsWith;
 using android::base::StringPrintf;
 using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 
-static std::string ComputeContextFromExecutable(std::string& service_name,
-                                                const std::string& service_path) {
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+static Result<std::string> ComputeContextFromExecutable(std::string& service_name,
+                                                        const std::string& service_path) {
     std::string computed_context;
 
     char* raw_con = nullptr;
     char* raw_filecon = nullptr;
 
     if (getcon(&raw_con) == -1) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "could not get context while starting '" << service_name << "'";
-        return "";
+        return Error() << "Could not get security context";
     }
     std::unique_ptr<char> mycon(raw_con);
 
     if (getfilecon(service_path.c_str(), &raw_filecon) == -1) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "could not get file context while starting '" << service_name << "'";
-        return "";
+        return Error() << "Could not get file context";
     }
     std::unique_ptr<char> filecon(raw_filecon);
 
@@ -76,12 +83,14 @@
         free(new_con);
     }
     if (rc == 0 && computed_context == mycon.get()) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "service " << service_name << " does not have a SELinux domain defined";
-        return "";
+        return Error() << "File " << service_path << "(labeled \"" << filecon.get()
+                       << "\") has incorrect label or no domain transition from " << mycon.get()
+                       << " to another SELinux domain defined. Have you configured your "
+                          "service correctly? https://source.android.com/security/selinux/"
+                          "device-policy#label_new_services_and_address_denials";
     }
     if (rc < 0) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "could not get context while starting '" << service_name << "'";
-        return "";
+        return Error() << "Could not get process context";
     }
     return computed_context;
 }
@@ -139,33 +148,11 @@
     strs->push_back(nullptr);
 }
 
-ServiceEnvironmentInfo::ServiceEnvironmentInfo() {
-}
-
-ServiceEnvironmentInfo::ServiceEnvironmentInfo(const std::string& name,
-                                               const std::string& value)
-    : name(name), value(value) {
-}
+unsigned long Service::next_start_order_ = 1;
+bool Service::is_exec_service_running_ = false;
 
 Service::Service(const std::string& name, const std::vector<std::string>& args)
-    : name_(name),
-      classnames_({"default"}),
-      flags_(0),
-      pid_(0),
-      crash_count_(0),
-      uid_(0),
-      gid_(0),
-      namespace_flags_(0),
-      seclabel_(""),
-      onrestart_(false, "<Service '" + name + "' onrestart>", 0),
-      keychord_id_(0),
-      ioprio_class_(IoSchedClass_NONE),
-      ioprio_pri_(0),
-      priority_(0),
-      oom_score_adjust_(-1000),
-      args_(args) {
-    onrestart_.InitSingleTrigger("onrestart");
-}
+    : Service(name, 0, 0, 0, {}, 0, 0, "", args) {}
 
 Service::Service(const std::string& name, unsigned flags, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
                  const std::vector<gid_t>& supp_gids, const CapSet& capabilities,
@@ -188,6 +175,10 @@
       ioprio_pri_(0),
       priority_(0),
       oom_score_adjust_(-1000),
+      swappiness_(-1),
+      soft_limit_in_bytes_(-1),
+      limit_in_bytes_(-1),
+      start_order_(0),
       args_(args) {
     onrestart_.InitSingleTrigger("onrestart");
 }
@@ -198,13 +189,15 @@
         return;
     }
 
-    std::string prop_name = StringPrintf("init.svc.%s", name_.c_str());
-    property_set(prop_name.c_str(), new_state.c_str());
+    std::string prop_name = "init.svc." + name_;
+    property_set(prop_name, new_state);
 
     if (new_state == "running") {
         uint64_t start_ns = time_started_.time_since_epoch().count();
-        property_set(StringPrintf("ro.boottime.%s", name_.c_str()).c_str(),
-                     StringPrintf("%" PRIu64, start_ns).c_str());
+        std::string boottime_property = "ro.boottime." + name_;
+        if (GetProperty(boottime_property, "").empty()) {
+            property_set(boottime_property, std::to_string(start_ns));
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -228,10 +221,23 @@
 }
 
 void Service::SetProcessAttributes() {
+    for (const auto& rlimit : rlimits_) {
+        if (setrlimit(rlimit.first, &rlimit.second) == -1) {
+            LOG(FATAL) << StringPrintf("setrlimit(%d, {rlim_cur=%ld, rlim_max=%ld}) failed",
+                                       rlimit.first, rlimit.second.rlim_cur, rlimit.second.rlim_max);
+        }
+    }
     // Keep capabilites on uid change.
     if (capabilities_.any() && uid_) {
-        if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS | SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED) != 0) {
-            PLOG(FATAL) << "prtcl(PR_SET_KEEPCAPS) failed for " << name_;
+        // If Android is running in a container, some securebits might already
+        // be locked, so don't change those.
+        unsigned long securebits = prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS);
+        if (securebits == -1UL) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "prctl(PR_GET_SECUREBITS) failed for " << name_;
+        }
+        securebits |= SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS | SECBIT_KEEP_CAPS_LOCKED;
+        if (prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS, securebits) != 0) {
+            PLOG(FATAL) << "prctl(PR_SET_SECUREBITS) failed for " << name_;
         }
     }
 
@@ -277,12 +283,13 @@
     std::for_each(descriptors_.begin(), descriptors_.end(),
                   std::bind(&DescriptorInfo::Clean, std::placeholders::_1));
 
-    if (flags_ & SVC_TEMPORARY) {
-        return;
-    }
+    if (flags_ & SVC_EXEC) UnSetExec();
+
+    if (flags_ & SVC_TEMPORARY) return;
 
     pid_ = 0;
     flags_ &= (~SVC_RUNNING);
+    start_order_ = 0;
 
     // Oneshot processes go into the disabled state on exit,
     // except when manually restarted.
@@ -301,8 +308,7 @@
     if ((flags_ & SVC_CRITICAL) && !(flags_ & SVC_RESTART)) {
         if (now < time_crashed_ + 4min) {
             if (++crash_count_ > 4) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "critical process '" << name_ << "' exited 4 times in 4 minutes";
-                panic();
+                LOG(FATAL) << "critical process '" << name_ << "' exited 4 times in 4 minutes";
             }
         } else {
             time_crashed_ = now;
@@ -322,18 +328,18 @@
 
 void Service::DumpState() const {
     LOG(INFO) << "service " << name_;
-    LOG(INFO) << "  class '" << android::base::Join(classnames_, " ") << "'";
-    LOG(INFO) << "  exec "<< android::base::Join(args_, " ");
+    LOG(INFO) << "  class '" << Join(classnames_, " ") << "'";
+    LOG(INFO) << "  exec " << Join(args_, " ");
     std::for_each(descriptors_.begin(), descriptors_.end(),
                   [] (const auto& info) { LOG(INFO) << *info; });
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseCapabilities(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseCapabilities(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     capabilities_ = 0;
 
     if (!CapAmbientSupported()) {
-        *err = "capabilities requested but the kernel does not support ambient capabilities";
-        return false;
+        return Error()
+               << "capabilities requested but the kernel does not support ambient capabilities";
     }
 
     unsigned int last_valid_cap = GetLastValidCap();
@@ -345,74 +351,71 @@
         const std::string& arg = args[i];
         int res = LookupCap(arg);
         if (res < 0) {
-            *err = StringPrintf("invalid capability '%s'", arg.c_str());
-            return false;
+            return Error() << StringPrintf("invalid capability '%s'", arg.c_str());
         }
         unsigned int cap = static_cast<unsigned int>(res);  // |res| is >= 0.
         if (cap > last_valid_cap) {
-            *err = StringPrintf("capability '%s' not supported by the kernel", arg.c_str());
-            return false;
+            return Error() << StringPrintf("capability '%s' not supported by the kernel",
+                                           arg.c_str());
         }
         capabilities_[cap] = true;
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseClass(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseClass(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     classnames_ = std::set<std::string>(args.begin() + 1, args.end());
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseConsole(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseConsole(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     flags_ |= SVC_CONSOLE;
     console_ = args.size() > 1 ? "/dev/" + args[1] : "";
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseCritical(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseCritical(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     flags_ |= SVC_CRITICAL;
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseDisabled(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseDisabled(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     flags_ |= SVC_DISABLED;
     flags_ |= SVC_RC_DISABLED;
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseGroup(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
-    std::string decode_uid_err;
-    if (!DecodeUid(args[1], &gid_, &decode_uid_err)) {
-        *err = "Unable to find GID for '" + args[1] + "': " + decode_uid_err;
-        return false;
+Result<Success> Service::ParseGroup(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto gid = DecodeUid(args[1]);
+    if (!gid) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[1] << "': " << gid.error();
     }
+    gid_ = *gid;
+
     for (std::size_t n = 2; n < args.size(); n++) {
-        gid_t gid;
-        if (!DecodeUid(args[n], &gid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-            *err = "Unable to find GID for '" + args[n] + "': " + decode_uid_err;
-            return false;
+        gid = DecodeUid(args[n]);
+        if (!gid) {
+            return Error() << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[n] << "': " << gid.error();
         }
-        supp_gids_.emplace_back(gid);
+        supp_gids_.emplace_back(*gid);
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParsePriority(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParsePriority(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     priority_ = 0;
     if (!ParseInt(args[1], &priority_,
                   static_cast<int>(ANDROID_PRIORITY_HIGHEST), // highest is negative
                   static_cast<int>(ANDROID_PRIORITY_LOWEST))) {
-        *err = StringPrintf("process priority value must be range %d - %d",
-                ANDROID_PRIORITY_HIGHEST, ANDROID_PRIORITY_LOWEST);
-        return false;
+        return Error() << StringPrintf("process priority value must be range %d - %d",
+                                       ANDROID_PRIORITY_HIGHEST, ANDROID_PRIORITY_LOWEST);
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseIoprio(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseIoprio(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     if (!ParseInt(args[2], &ioprio_pri_, 0, 7)) {
-        *err = "priority value must be range 0 - 7";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "priority value must be range 0 - 7";
     }
 
     if (args[1] == "rt") {
@@ -422,14 +425,13 @@
     } else if (args[1] == "idle") {
         ioprio_class_ = IoSchedClass_IDLE;
     } else {
-        *err = "ioprio option usage: ioprio <rt|be|idle> <0-7>";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "ioprio option usage: ioprio <rt|be|idle> <0-7>";
     }
 
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseKeycodes(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseKeycodes(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     for (std::size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); i++) {
         int code;
         if (ParseInt(args[i], &code)) {
@@ -438,22 +440,24 @@
             LOG(WARNING) << "ignoring invalid keycode: " << args[i];
         }
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseOneshot(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseOneshot(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     flags_ |= SVC_ONESHOT;
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseOnrestart(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseOnrestart(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     std::vector<std::string> str_args(args.begin() + 1, args.end());
     int line = onrestart_.NumCommands() + 1;
-    onrestart_.AddCommand(str_args, line, err);
-    return true;
+    if (auto result = onrestart_.AddCommand(str_args, line); !result) {
+        return Error() << "cannot add Onrestart command: " << result.error();
+    }
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseNamespace(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseNamespace(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     for (size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); i++) {
         if (args[i] == "pid") {
             namespace_flags_ |= CLONE_NEWPID;
@@ -462,112 +466,133 @@
         } else if (args[i] == "mnt") {
             namespace_flags_ |= CLONE_NEWNS;
         } else {
-            *err = "namespace must be 'pid' or 'mnt'";
-            return false;
+            return Error() << "namespace must be 'pid' or 'mnt'";
         }
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseOomScoreAdjust(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseOomScoreAdjust(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     if (!ParseInt(args[1], &oom_score_adjust_, -1000, 1000)) {
-        *err = "oom_score_adjust value must be in range -1000 - +1000";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "oom_score_adjust value must be in range -1000 - +1000";
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseSeclabel(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseMemcgSwappiness(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (!ParseInt(args[1], &swappiness_, 0)) {
+        return Error() << "swappiness value must be equal or greater than 0";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+Result<Success> Service::ParseMemcgLimitInBytes(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (!ParseInt(args[1], &limit_in_bytes_, 0)) {
+        return Error() << "limit_in_bytes value must be equal or greater than 0";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+Result<Success> Service::ParseMemcgSoftLimitInBytes(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (!ParseInt(args[1], &soft_limit_in_bytes_, 0)) {
+        return Error() << "soft_limit_in_bytes value must be equal or greater than 0";
+    }
+    return Success();
+}
+
+Result<Success> Service::ParseProcessRlimit(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto rlimit = ParseRlimit(args);
+    if (!rlimit) return rlimit.error();
+
+    rlimits_.emplace_back(*rlimit);
+    return Success();
+}
+
+Result<Success> Service::ParseSeclabel(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     seclabel_ = args[1];
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseSetenv(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
-    envvars_.emplace_back(args[1], args[2]);
-    return true;
+Result<Success> Service::ParseSetenv(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    environment_vars_.emplace_back(args[1], args[2]);
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseShutdown(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseShutdown(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     if (args[1] == "critical") {
         flags_ |= SVC_SHUTDOWN_CRITICAL;
-        return true;
+        return Success();
     }
-    return false;
+    return Error() << "Invalid shutdown option";
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-bool Service::AddDescriptor(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::AddDescriptor(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     int perm = args.size() > 3 ? std::strtoul(args[3].c_str(), 0, 8) : -1;
-    uid_t uid = 0;
-    gid_t gid = 0;
+    Result<uid_t> uid = 0;
+    Result<gid_t> gid = 0;
     std::string context = args.size() > 6 ? args[6] : "";
 
-    std::string decode_uid_err;
     if (args.size() > 4) {
-        if (!DecodeUid(args[4], &uid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-            *err = "Unable to find UID for '" + args[4] + "': " + decode_uid_err;
-            return false;
+        uid = DecodeUid(args[4]);
+        if (!uid) {
+            return Error() << "Unable to find UID for '" << args[4] << "': " << uid.error();
         }
     }
 
     if (args.size() > 5) {
-        if (!DecodeUid(args[5], &gid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-            *err = "Unable to find GID for '" + args[5] + "': " + decode_uid_err;
-            return false;
+        gid = DecodeUid(args[5]);
+        if (!gid) {
+            return Error() << "Unable to find GID for '" << args[5] << "': " << gid.error();
         }
     }
 
-    auto descriptor = std::make_unique<T>(args[1], args[2], uid, gid, perm, context);
+    auto descriptor = std::make_unique<T>(args[1], args[2], *uid, *gid, perm, context);
 
     auto old =
         std::find_if(descriptors_.begin(), descriptors_.end(),
                      [&descriptor] (const auto& other) { return descriptor.get() == other.get(); });
 
     if (old != descriptors_.end()) {
-        *err = "duplicate descriptor " + args[1] + " " + args[2];
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "duplicate descriptor " << args[1] << " " << args[2];
     }
 
     descriptors_.emplace_back(std::move(descriptor));
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
 // name type perm [ uid gid context ]
-bool Service::ParseSocket(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
-    if (!android::base::StartsWith(args[2], "dgram") &&
-        !android::base::StartsWith(args[2], "stream") &&
-        !android::base::StartsWith(args[2], "seqpacket")) {
-        *err = "socket type must be 'dgram', 'stream' or 'seqpacket'";
-        return false;
+Result<Success> Service::ParseSocket(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    if (!StartsWith(args[2], "dgram") && !StartsWith(args[2], "stream") &&
+        !StartsWith(args[2], "seqpacket")) {
+        return Error() << "socket type must be 'dgram', 'stream' or 'seqpacket'";
     }
-    return AddDescriptor<SocketInfo>(args, err);
+    return AddDescriptor<SocketInfo>(args);
 }
 
 // name type perm [ uid gid context ]
-bool Service::ParseFile(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseFile(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     if (args[2] != "r" && args[2] != "w" && args[2] != "rw") {
-        *err = "file type must be 'r', 'w' or 'rw'";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "file type must be 'r', 'w' or 'rw'";
     }
     if ((args[1][0] != '/') || (args[1].find("../") != std::string::npos)) {
-        *err = "file name must not be relative";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "file name must not be relative";
     }
-    return AddDescriptor<FileInfo>(args, err);
+    return AddDescriptor<FileInfo>(args);
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseUser(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
-    std::string decode_uid_err;
-    if (!DecodeUid(args[1], &uid_, &decode_uid_err)) {
-        *err = "Unable to find UID for '" + args[1] + "': " + decode_uid_err;
-        return false;
+Result<Success> Service::ParseUser(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+    auto uid = DecodeUid(args[1]);
+    if (!uid) {
+        return Error() << "Unable to find UID for '" << args[1] << "': " << uid.error();
     }
-    return true;
+    uid_ = *uid;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseWritepid(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseWritepid(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     writepid_files_.assign(args.begin() + 1, args.end());
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
 class Service::OptionParserMap : public KeywordMap<OptionParser> {
@@ -596,7 +621,14 @@
         {"onrestart",   {1,     kMax, &Service::ParseOnrestart}},
         {"oom_score_adjust",
                         {1,     1,    &Service::ParseOomScoreAdjust}},
+        {"memcg.swappiness",
+                        {1,     1,    &Service::ParseMemcgSwappiness}},
+        {"memcg.soft_limit_in_bytes",
+                        {1,     1,    &Service::ParseMemcgSoftLimitInBytes}},
+        {"memcg.limit_in_bytes",
+                        {1,     1,    &Service::ParseMemcgLimitInBytes}},
         {"namespace",   {1,     2,    &Service::ParseNamespace}},
+        {"rlimit",      {3,     3,    &Service::ParseProcessRlimit}},
         {"seclabel",    {1,     1,    &Service::ParseSeclabel}},
         {"setenv",      {2,     2,    &Service::ParseSetenv}},
         {"shutdown",    {1,     1,    &Service::ParseShutdown}},
@@ -609,30 +641,33 @@
     return option_parsers;
 }
 
-bool Service::ParseLine(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> Service::ParseLine(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     static const OptionParserMap parser_map;
-    auto parser = parser_map.FindFunction(args, err);
+    auto parser = parser_map.FindFunction(args);
 
-    if (!parser) {
-        return false;
-    }
+    if (!parser) return parser.error();
 
-    return (this->*parser)(args, err);
+    return std::invoke(*parser, this, args);
 }
 
-bool Service::ExecStart(std::unique_ptr<Timer>* exec_waiter) {
-    flags_ |= SVC_EXEC | SVC_ONESHOT;
+Result<Success> Service::ExecStart() {
+    flags_ |= SVC_ONESHOT;
 
-    exec_waiter->reset(new Timer);
-
-    if (!Start()) {
-        exec_waiter->reset();
-        return false;
+    if (auto result = Start(); !result) {
+        return result;
     }
-    return true;
+
+    flags_ |= SVC_EXEC;
+    is_exec_service_running_ = true;
+
+    LOG(INFO) << "SVC_EXEC pid " << pid_ << " (uid " << uid_ << " gid " << gid_ << "+"
+              << supp_gids_.size() << " context " << (!seclabel_.empty() ? seclabel_ : "default")
+              << ") started; waiting...";
+
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::Start() {
+Result<Success> Service::Start() {
     // Starting a service removes it from the disabled or reset state and
     // immediately takes it out of the restarting state if it was in there.
     flags_ &= (~(SVC_DISABLED|SVC_RESTARTING|SVC_RESET|SVC_RESTART|SVC_DISABLED_START));
@@ -641,7 +676,8 @@
     // process of exiting, we've ensured that they will immediately restart
     // on exit, unless they are ONESHOT.
     if (flags_ & SVC_RUNNING) {
-        return false;
+        // It is not an error to try to start a service that is already running.
+        return Success();
     }
 
     bool needs_console = (flags_ & SVC_CONSOLE);
@@ -654,28 +690,27 @@
         // properly registered for the device node
         int console_fd = open(console_.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CLOEXEC);
         if (console_fd < 0) {
-            PLOG(ERROR) << "service '" << name_ << "' couldn't open console '" << console_ << "'";
             flags_ |= SVC_DISABLED;
-            return false;
+            return ErrnoError() << "Couldn't open console '" << console_ << "'";
         }
         close(console_fd);
     }
 
     struct stat sb;
     if (stat(args_[0].c_str(), &sb) == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "cannot find '" << args_[0] << "', disabling '" << name_ << "'";
         flags_ |= SVC_DISABLED;
-        return false;
+        return ErrnoError() << "Cannot find '" << args_[0] << "'";
     }
 
     std::string scon;
     if (!seclabel_.empty()) {
         scon = seclabel_;
     } else {
-        scon = ComputeContextFromExecutable(name_, args_[0]);
-        if (scon == "") {
-            return false;
+        auto result = ComputeContextFromExecutable(name_, args_[0]);
+        if (!result) {
+            return result.error();
         }
+        scon = *result;
     }
 
     LOG(INFO) << "starting service '" << name_ << "'...";
@@ -696,8 +731,8 @@
             SetUpPidNamespace(name_);
         }
 
-        for (const auto& ei : envvars_) {
-            add_environment(ei.name.c_str(), ei.value.c_str());
+        for (const auto& [key, value] : environment_vars_) {
+            setenv(key.c_str(), value.c_str(), 1);
         }
 
         std::for_each(descriptors_.begin(), descriptors_.end(),
@@ -705,13 +740,13 @@
 
         // See if there were "writepid" instructions to write to files under /dev/cpuset/.
         auto cpuset_predicate = [](const std::string& path) {
-            return android::base::StartsWith(path, "/dev/cpuset/");
+            return StartsWith(path, "/dev/cpuset/");
         };
         auto iter = std::find_if(writepid_files_.begin(), writepid_files_.end(), cpuset_predicate);
         if (iter == writepid_files_.end()) {
             // There were no "writepid" instructions for cpusets, check if the system default
             // cpuset is specified to be used for the process.
-            std::string default_cpuset = android::base::GetProperty("ro.cpuset.default", "");
+            std::string default_cpuset = GetProperty("ro.cpuset.default", "");
             if (!default_cpuset.empty()) {
                 // Make sure the cpuset name starts and ends with '/'.
                 // A single '/' means the 'root' cpuset.
@@ -725,7 +760,7 @@
                     StringPrintf("/dev/cpuset%stasks", default_cpuset.c_str()));
             }
         }
-        std::string pid_str = StringPrintf("%d", getpid());
+        std::string pid_str = std::to_string(getpid());
         for (const auto& file : writepid_files_) {
             if (!WriteStringToFile(pid_str, file)) {
                 PLOG(ERROR) << "couldn't write " << pid_str << " to " << file;
@@ -752,7 +787,7 @@
 
         std::vector<char*> strs;
         ExpandArgs(args_, &strs);
-        if (execve(strs[0], (char**) &strs[0], (char**) ENV) < 0) {
+        if (execv(strs[0], (char**)&strs[0]) < 0) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "cannot execve('" << strs[0] << "')";
         }
 
@@ -760,13 +795,12 @@
     }
 
     if (pid < 0) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "failed to fork for '" << name_ << "'";
         pid_ = 0;
-        return false;
+        return ErrnoError() << "Failed to fork";
     }
 
     if (oom_score_adjust_ != -1000) {
-        std::string oom_str = StringPrintf("%d", oom_score_adjust_);
+        std::string oom_str = std::to_string(oom_score_adjust_);
         std::string oom_file = StringPrintf("/proc/%d/oom_score_adj", pid);
         if (!WriteStringToFile(oom_str, oom_file)) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "couldn't write oom_score_adj: " << strerror(errno);
@@ -776,39 +810,52 @@
     time_started_ = boot_clock::now();
     pid_ = pid;
     flags_ |= SVC_RUNNING;
+    start_order_ = next_start_order_++;
     process_cgroup_empty_ = false;
 
     errno = -createProcessGroup(uid_, pid_);
     if (errno != 0) {
         PLOG(ERROR) << "createProcessGroup(" << uid_ << ", " << pid_ << ") failed for service '"
                     << name_ << "'";
-    }
+    } else {
+        if (swappiness_ != -1) {
+            if (!setProcessGroupSwappiness(uid_, pid_, swappiness_)) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "setProcessGroupSwappiness failed";
+            }
+        }
 
-    if ((flags_ & SVC_EXEC) != 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << android::base::StringPrintf(
-            "SVC_EXEC pid %d (uid %d gid %d+%zu context %s) started; waiting...", pid_, uid_, gid_,
-            supp_gids_.size(), !seclabel_.empty() ? seclabel_.c_str() : "default");
+        if (soft_limit_in_bytes_ != -1) {
+            if (!setProcessGroupSoftLimit(uid_, pid_, soft_limit_in_bytes_)) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "setProcessGroupSoftLimit failed";
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (limit_in_bytes_ != -1) {
+            if (!setProcessGroupLimit(uid_, pid_, limit_in_bytes_)) {
+                PLOG(ERROR) << "setProcessGroupLimit failed";
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     NotifyStateChange("running");
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::StartIfNotDisabled() {
+Result<Success> Service::StartIfNotDisabled() {
     if (!(flags_ & SVC_DISABLED)) {
         return Start();
     } else {
         flags_ |= SVC_DISABLED_START;
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool Service::Enable() {
+Result<Success> Service::Enable() {
     flags_ &= ~(SVC_DISABLED | SVC_RC_DISABLED);
     if (flags_ & SVC_DISABLED_START) {
         return Start();
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
 void Service::Reset() {
@@ -834,26 +881,12 @@
         StopOrReset(SVC_RESTART);
     } else if (!(flags_ & SVC_RESTARTING)) {
         /* Just start the service since it's not running. */
-        Start();
+        if (auto result = Start(); !result) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Could not restart '" << name_ << "': " << result.error();
+        }
     } /* else: Service is restarting anyways. */
 }
 
-void Service::RestartIfNeeded(time_t* process_needs_restart_at) {
-    boot_clock::time_point now = boot_clock::now();
-    boot_clock::time_point next_start = time_started_ + 5s;
-    if (now > next_start) {
-        flags_ &= (~SVC_RESTARTING);
-        Start();
-        return;
-    }
-
-    time_t next_start_time_t = time(nullptr) +
-        time_t(std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(next_start - now).count());
-    if (next_start_time_t < *process_needs_restart_at || *process_needs_restart_at == 0) {
-        *process_needs_restart_at = next_start_time_t;
-    }
-}
-
 // The how field should be either SVC_DISABLED, SVC_RESET, or SVC_RESTART.
 void Service::StopOrReset(int how) {
     // The service is still SVC_RUNNING until its process exits, but if it has
@@ -899,50 +932,18 @@
     close(fd);
 }
 
-int ServiceManager::exec_count_ = 0;
+ServiceList::ServiceList() {}
 
-ServiceManager::ServiceManager() {
-}
-
-ServiceManager& ServiceManager::GetInstance() {
-    static ServiceManager instance;
+ServiceList& ServiceList::GetInstance() {
+    static ServiceList instance;
     return instance;
 }
 
-void ServiceManager::AddService(std::unique_ptr<Service> service) {
+void ServiceList::AddService(std::unique_ptr<Service> service) {
     services_.emplace_back(std::move(service));
 }
 
-bool ServiceManager::Exec(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
-    Service* svc = MakeExecOneshotService(args);
-    if (!svc) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not create exec service";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!svc->ExecStart(&exec_waiter_)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "Could not start exec service";
-        ServiceManager::GetInstance().RemoveService(*svc);
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool ServiceManager::ExecStart(const std::string& name) {
-    Service* svc = FindServiceByName(name);
-    if (!svc) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "ExecStart(" << name << "): Service not found";
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (!svc->ExecStart(&exec_waiter_)) {
-        LOG(ERROR) << "ExecStart(" << name << "): Could not start Service";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-bool ServiceManager::IsWaitingForExec() const { return exec_waiter_ != nullptr; }
-
-Service* ServiceManager::MakeExecOneshotService(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
+std::unique_ptr<Service> Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(const std::vector<std::string>& args) {
     // Parse the arguments: exec [SECLABEL [UID [GID]*] --] COMMAND ARGS...
     // SECLABEL can be a - to denote default
     std::size_t command_arg = 1;
@@ -963,11 +964,11 @@
     }
     std::vector<std::string> str_args(args.begin() + command_arg, args.end());
 
-    exec_count_++;
-    std::string name =
-        "exec " + std::to_string(exec_count_) + " (" + android::base::Join(str_args, " ") + ")";
+    static size_t exec_count = 0;
+    exec_count++;
+    std::string name = "exec " + std::to_string(exec_count) + " (" + Join(str_args, " ") + ")";
 
-    unsigned flags = SVC_EXEC | SVC_ONESHOT | SVC_TEMPORARY;
+    unsigned flags = SVC_ONESHOT | SVC_TEMPORARY;
     CapSet no_capabilities;
     unsigned namespace_flags = 0;
 
@@ -975,100 +976,50 @@
     if (command_arg > 2 && args[1] != "-") {
         seclabel = args[1];
     }
-    uid_t uid = 0;
+    Result<uid_t> uid = 0;
     if (command_arg > 3) {
-        std::string decode_uid_err;
-        if (!DecodeUid(args[2], &uid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to find UID for '" << args[2] << "': " << decode_uid_err;
+        uid = DecodeUid(args[2]);
+        if (!uid) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to decode UID for '" << args[2] << "': " << uid.error();
             return nullptr;
         }
     }
-    gid_t gid = 0;
+    Result<gid_t> gid = 0;
     std::vector<gid_t> supp_gids;
     if (command_arg > 4) {
-        std::string decode_uid_err;
-        if (!DecodeUid(args[3], &gid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to find GID for '" << args[3] << "': " << decode_uid_err;
+        gid = DecodeUid(args[3]);
+        if (!gid) {
+            LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[3] << "': " << gid.error();
             return nullptr;
         }
         std::size_t nr_supp_gids = command_arg - 1 /* -- */ - 4 /* exec SECLABEL UID GID */;
         for (size_t i = 0; i < nr_supp_gids; ++i) {
-            gid_t supp_gid;
-            if (!DecodeUid(args[4 + i], &supp_gid, &decode_uid_err)) {
-                LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to find UID for '" << args[4 + i] << "': " << decode_uid_err;
+            auto supp_gid = DecodeUid(args[4 + i]);
+            if (!supp_gid) {
+                LOG(ERROR) << "Unable to decode GID for '" << args[4 + i]
+                           << "': " << supp_gid.error();
                 return nullptr;
             }
-            supp_gids.push_back(supp_gid);
+            supp_gids.push_back(*supp_gid);
         }
     }
 
-    auto svc_p = std::make_unique<Service>(name, flags, uid, gid, supp_gids, no_capabilities,
-                                           namespace_flags, seclabel, str_args);
-    Service* svc = svc_p.get();
-    services_.emplace_back(std::move(svc_p));
-
-    return svc;
+    return std::make_unique<Service>(name, flags, *uid, *gid, supp_gids, no_capabilities,
+                                     namespace_flags, seclabel, str_args);
 }
 
-Service* ServiceManager::FindServiceByName(const std::string& name) const {
-    auto svc = std::find_if(services_.begin(), services_.end(),
-                            [&name] (const std::unique_ptr<Service>& s) {
-                                return name == s->name();
-                            });
-    if (svc != services_.end()) {
-        return svc->get();
+// Shutdown services in the opposite order that they were started.
+const std::vector<Service*> ServiceList::services_in_shutdown_order() const {
+    std::vector<Service*> shutdown_services;
+    for (const auto& service : services_) {
+        if (service->start_order() > 0) shutdown_services.emplace_back(service.get());
     }
-    return nullptr;
+    std::sort(shutdown_services.begin(), shutdown_services.end(),
+              [](const auto& a, const auto& b) { return a->start_order() > b->start_order(); });
+    return shutdown_services;
 }
 
-Service* ServiceManager::FindServiceByPid(pid_t pid) const {
-    auto svc = std::find_if(services_.begin(), services_.end(),
-                            [&pid] (const std::unique_ptr<Service>& s) {
-                                return s->pid() == pid;
-                            });
-    if (svc != services_.end()) {
-        return svc->get();
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-Service* ServiceManager::FindServiceByKeychord(int keychord_id) const {
-    auto svc = std::find_if(services_.begin(), services_.end(),
-                            [&keychord_id] (const std::unique_ptr<Service>& s) {
-                                return s->keychord_id() == keychord_id;
-                            });
-
-    if (svc != services_.end()) {
-        return svc->get();
-    }
-    return nullptr;
-}
-
-void ServiceManager::ForEachService(const std::function<void(Service*)>& callback) const {
-    for (const auto& s : services_) {
-        callback(s.get());
-    }
-}
-
-void ServiceManager::ForEachServiceInClass(const std::string& classname,
-                                           void (*func)(Service* svc)) const {
-    for (const auto& s : services_) {
-        if (s->classnames().find(classname) != s->classnames().end()) {
-            func(s.get());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void ServiceManager::ForEachServiceWithFlags(unsigned matchflags,
-                                             void (*func)(Service* svc)) const {
-    for (const auto& s : services_) {
-        if (s->flags() & matchflags) {
-            func(s.get());
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-void ServiceManager::RemoveService(const Service& svc) {
+void ServiceList::RemoveService(const Service& svc) {
     auto svc_it = std::find_if(services_.begin(), services_.end(),
                                [&svc] (const std::unique_ptr<Service>& s) {
                                    return svc.name() == s->name();
@@ -1080,108 +1031,40 @@
     services_.erase(svc_it);
 }
 
-void ServiceManager::DumpState() const {
+void ServiceList::DumpState() const {
     for (const auto& s : services_) {
         s->DumpState();
     }
 }
 
-bool ServiceManager::ReapOneProcess() {
-    int status;
-    pid_t pid = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(-1, &status, WNOHANG));
-    if (pid == 0) {
-        return false;
-    } else if (pid == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "waitpid failed";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    Service* svc = FindServiceByPid(pid);
-
-    std::string name;
-    std::string wait_string;
-    if (svc) {
-        name = android::base::StringPrintf("Service '%s' (pid %d)",
-                                           svc->name().c_str(), pid);
-        if (svc->flags() & SVC_EXEC) {
-            wait_string =
-                android::base::StringPrintf(" waiting took %f seconds", exec_waiter_->duration_s());
-        }
-    } else {
-        name = android::base::StringPrintf("Untracked pid %d", pid);
-    }
-
-    if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
-        LOG(INFO) << name << " exited with status " << WEXITSTATUS(status) << wait_string;
-    } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
-        LOG(INFO) << name << " killed by signal " << WTERMSIG(status) << wait_string;
-    } else if (WIFSTOPPED(status)) {
-        LOG(INFO) << name << " stopped by signal " << WSTOPSIG(status) << wait_string;
-    } else {
-        LOG(INFO) << name << " state changed" << wait_string;
-    }
-
-    if (!svc) {
-        return true;
-    }
-
-    svc->Reap();
-
-    if (svc->flags() & SVC_EXEC) {
-        exec_waiter_.reset();
-    }
-    if (svc->flags() & SVC_TEMPORARY) {
-        RemoveService(*svc);
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-void ServiceManager::ReapAnyOutstandingChildren() {
-    while (ReapOneProcess()) {
-    }
-}
-
-void ServiceManager::ClearExecWait() {
-    // Clear EXEC flag if there is one pending
-    // And clear the wait flag
-    for (const auto& s : services_) {
-        s->UnSetExec();
-    }
-    exec_waiter_.reset();
-}
-
-bool ServiceParser::ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
-                                 int line, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> ServiceParser::ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args,
+                                            const std::string& filename, int line) {
     if (args.size() < 3) {
-        *err = "services must have a name and a program";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "services must have a name and a program";
     }
 
     const std::string& name = args[1];
     if (!IsValidName(name)) {
-        *err = StringPrintf("invalid service name '%s'", name.c_str());
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "invalid service name '" << name << "'";
     }
 
-    Service* old_service = service_manager_->FindServiceByName(name);
+    Service* old_service = service_list_->FindService(name);
     if (old_service) {
-        *err = "ignored duplicate definition of service '" + name + "'";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "ignored duplicate definition of service '" << name << "'";
     }
 
     std::vector<std::string> str_args(args.begin() + 2, args.end());
     service_ = std::make_unique<Service>(name, str_args);
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool ServiceParser::ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line, std::string* err) {
-    return service_ ? service_->ParseLine(std::move(args), err) : false;
+Result<Success> ServiceParser::ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) {
+    return service_ ? service_->ParseLine(std::move(args)) : Success();
 }
 
 void ServiceParser::EndSection() {
     if (service_) {
-        service_manager_->AddService(std::move(service_));
+        service_list_->AddService(std::move(service_));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1192,3 +1075,6 @@
     // the service name to the "ctl.start" and "ctl.stop" properties.)
     return is_legal_property_name("init.svc." + name) && name.size() <= PROP_VALUE_MAX;
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/service.h b/init/service.h
index 25d1975..67542ca 100644
--- a/init/service.h
+++ b/init/service.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef _INIT_SERVICE_H
 #define _INIT_SERVICE_H
 
+#include <sys/resource.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include <memory>
@@ -30,9 +31,8 @@
 #include "action.h"
 #include "capabilities.h"
 #include "descriptors.h"
-#include "init_parser.h"
 #include "keyword_map.h"
-#include "util.h"
+#include "parser.h"
 
 #define SVC_DISABLED 0x001        // do not autostart with class
 #define SVC_ONESHOT 0x002         // do not restart on exit
@@ -55,15 +55,8 @@
 
 #define NR_SVC_SUPP_GIDS 12    // twelve supplementary groups
 
-class Action;
-class ServiceManager;
-
-struct ServiceEnvironmentInfo {
-    ServiceEnvironmentInfo();
-    ServiceEnvironmentInfo(const std::string& name, const std::string& value);
-    std::string name;
-    std::string value;
-};
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 class Service {
   public:
@@ -74,27 +67,34 @@
             unsigned namespace_flags, const std::string& seclabel,
             const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
+    static std::unique_ptr<Service> MakeTemporaryOneshotService(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+
     bool IsRunning() { return (flags_ & SVC_RUNNING) != 0; }
-    bool ParseLine(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ExecStart(std::unique_ptr<Timer>* exec_waiter);
-    bool Start();
-    bool StartIfNotDisabled();
-    bool Enable();
+    Result<Success> ParseLine(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ExecStart();
+    Result<Success> Start();
+    Result<Success> StartIfNotDisabled();
+    Result<Success> Enable();
     void Reset();
     void Stop();
     void Terminate();
     void Restart();
-    void RestartIfNeeded(time_t* process_needs_restart_at);
     void Reap();
     void DumpState() const;
     void SetShutdownCritical() { flags_ |= SVC_SHUTDOWN_CRITICAL; }
     bool IsShutdownCritical() const { return (flags_ & SVC_SHUTDOWN_CRITICAL) != 0; }
-    void UnSetExec() { flags_ &= ~SVC_EXEC; }
+    void UnSetExec() {
+        is_exec_service_running_ = false;
+        flags_ &= ~SVC_EXEC;
+    }
+
+    static bool is_exec_service_running() { return is_exec_service_running_; }
 
     const std::string& name() const { return name_; }
     const std::set<std::string>& classnames() const { return classnames_; }
     unsigned flags() const { return flags_; }
     pid_t pid() const { return pid_; }
+    android::base::boot_clock::time_point time_started() const { return time_started_; }
     int crash_count() const { return crash_count_; }
     uid_t uid() const { return uid_; }
     gid_t gid() const { return gid_; }
@@ -109,11 +109,11 @@
     int priority() const { return priority_; }
     int oom_score_adjust() const { return oom_score_adjust_; }
     bool process_cgroup_empty() const { return process_cgroup_empty_; }
+    unsigned long start_order() const { return start_order_; }
     const std::vector<std::string>& args() const { return args_; }
 
   private:
-    using OptionParser = bool (Service::*) (const std::vector<std::string>& args,
-                                            std::string* err);
+    using OptionParser = Result<Success> (Service::*)(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
     class OptionParserMap;
 
     void NotifyStateChange(const std::string& new_state) const;
@@ -123,29 +123,36 @@
     void KillProcessGroup(int signal);
     void SetProcessAttributes();
 
-    bool ParseCapabilities(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string *err);
-    bool ParseClass(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseConsole(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseCritical(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseDisabled(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseGroup(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParsePriority(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseIoprio(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseKeycodes(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseOneshot(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseOnrestart(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseOomScoreAdjust(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseNamespace(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseSeclabel(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseSetenv(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseShutdown(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseSocket(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseFile(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseUser(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseWritepid(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
+    Result<Success> ParseCapabilities(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseClass(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseConsole(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseCritical(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseDisabled(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseGroup(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParsePriority(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseIoprio(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseKeycodes(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseOneshot(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseOnrestart(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseOomScoreAdjust(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseMemcgLimitInBytes(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseMemcgSoftLimitInBytes(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseMemcgSwappiness(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseNamespace(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseProcessRlimit(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseSeclabel(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseSetenv(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseShutdown(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseSocket(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseFile(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseUser(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseWritepid(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
 
     template <typename T>
-    bool AddDescriptor(const std::vector<std::string>& args, std::string* err);
+    Result<Success> AddDescriptor(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
+
+    static unsigned long next_start_order_;
+    static bool is_exec_service_running_;
 
     std::string name_;
     std::set<std::string> classnames_;
@@ -166,7 +173,7 @@
     std::string seclabel_;
 
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DescriptorInfo>> descriptors_;
-    std::vector<ServiceEnvironmentInfo> envvars_;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> environment_vars_;
 
     Action onrestart_;  // Commands to execute on restart.
 
@@ -182,61 +189,68 @@
 
     int oom_score_adjust_;
 
+    int swappiness_;
+    int soft_limit_in_bytes_;
+    int limit_in_bytes_;
+
     bool process_cgroup_empty_ = false;
 
+    unsigned long start_order_;
+
+    std::vector<std::pair<int, rlimit>> rlimits_;
+
     std::vector<std::string> args_;
 };
 
-class ServiceManager {
+class ServiceList {
   public:
-    static ServiceManager& GetInstance();
+    static ServiceList& GetInstance();
 
     // Exposed for testing
-    ServiceManager();
+    ServiceList();
 
     void AddService(std::unique_ptr<Service> service);
-    Service* MakeExecOneshotService(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
-    bool Exec(const std::vector<std::string>& args);
-    bool ExecStart(const std::string& name);
-    bool IsWaitingForExec() const;
-    Service* FindServiceByName(const std::string& name) const;
-    Service* FindServiceByPid(pid_t pid) const;
-    Service* FindServiceByKeychord(int keychord_id) const;
-    void ForEachService(const std::function<void(Service*)>& callback) const;
-    void ForEachServiceInClass(const std::string& classname,
-                               void (*func)(Service* svc)) const;
-    void ForEachServiceWithFlags(unsigned matchflags,
-                             void (*func)(Service* svc)) const;
-    void ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
     void RemoveService(const Service& svc);
+
+    template <typename T, typename F = decltype(&Service::name)>
+    Service* FindService(T value, F function = &Service::name) const {
+        auto svc = std::find_if(services_.begin(), services_.end(),
+                                [&function, &value](const std::unique_ptr<Service>& s) {
+                                    return std::invoke(function, s) == value;
+                                });
+        if (svc != services_.end()) {
+            return svc->get();
+        }
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
     void DumpState() const;
-    void ClearExecWait();
+
+    auto begin() const { return services_.begin(); }
+    auto end() const { return services_.end(); }
+    const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Service>>& services() const { return services_; }
+    const std::vector<Service*> services_in_shutdown_order() const;
 
   private:
-    // Cleans up a child process that exited.
-    // Returns true iff a children was cleaned up.
-    bool ReapOneProcess();
-
-    static int exec_count_; // Every service needs a unique name.
-    std::unique_ptr<Timer> exec_waiter_;
-
     std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Service>> services_;
 };
 
 class ServiceParser : public SectionParser {
   public:
-    ServiceParser(ServiceManager* service_manager)
-        : service_manager_(service_manager), service_(nullptr) {}
-    bool ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename, int line,
-                      std::string* err) override;
-    bool ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line, std::string* err) override;
+    ServiceParser(ServiceList* service_list) : service_list_(service_list), service_(nullptr) {}
+    Result<Success> ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
+                                 int line) override;
+    Result<Success> ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) override;
     void EndSection() override;
 
   private:
     bool IsValidName(const std::string& name) const;
 
-    ServiceManager* service_manager_;
+    ServiceList* service_list_;
     std::unique_ptr<Service> service_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/service_test.cpp b/init/service_test.cpp
index b9c4627..98d876f 100644
--- a/init/service_test.cpp
+++ b/init/service_test.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include "util.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 TEST(service, pod_initialized) {
     constexpr auto memory_size = sizeof(Service);
     alignas(alignof(Service)) char old_memory[memory_size];
@@ -67,3 +72,121 @@
     EXPECT_EQ(-1000, service_in_old_memory2->oom_score_adjust());
     EXPECT_FALSE(service_in_old_memory->process_cgroup_empty());
 }
+
+TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_invalid_syntax) {
+    std::vector<std::string> args;
+    // Nothing.
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
+
+    // No arguments to 'exec'.
+    args.push_back("exec");
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
+
+    // No command in "exec --".
+    args.push_back("--");
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
+}
+
+TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_too_many_supplementary_gids) {
+    std::vector<std::string> args;
+    args.push_back("exec");
+    args.push_back("seclabel");
+    args.push_back("root");  // uid.
+    args.push_back("root");  // gid.
+    for (int i = 0; i < NR_SVC_SUPP_GIDS; ++i) {
+        args.push_back("root");  // Supplementary gid.
+    }
+    args.push_back("--");
+    args.push_back("/system/bin/id");
+    ASSERT_EQ(nullptr, Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args));
+}
+
+static void Test_make_temporary_oneshot_service(bool dash_dash, bool seclabel, bool uid, bool gid,
+                                                bool supplementary_gids) {
+    std::vector<std::string> args;
+    args.push_back("exec");
+    if (seclabel) {
+        args.push_back("u:r:su:s0");  // seclabel
+        if (uid) {
+            args.push_back("log");  // uid
+            if (gid) {
+                args.push_back("shell");  // gid
+                if (supplementary_gids) {
+                    args.push_back("system");  // supplementary gid 0
+                    args.push_back("adb");     // supplementary gid 1
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (dash_dash) {
+        args.push_back("--");
+    }
+    args.push_back("/system/bin/toybox");
+    args.push_back("id");
+    auto svc = Service::MakeTemporaryOneshotService(args);
+    ASSERT_NE(nullptr, svc);
+
+    if (seclabel) {
+        ASSERT_EQ("u:r:su:s0", svc->seclabel());
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_EQ("", svc->seclabel());
+    }
+    if (uid) {
+        auto decoded_uid = DecodeUid("log");
+        ASSERT_TRUE(decoded_uid);
+        ASSERT_EQ(*decoded_uid, svc->uid());
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_EQ(0U, svc->uid());
+    }
+    if (gid) {
+        auto decoded_uid = DecodeUid("shell");
+        ASSERT_TRUE(decoded_uid);
+        ASSERT_EQ(*decoded_uid, svc->gid());
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_EQ(0U, svc->gid());
+    }
+    if (supplementary_gids) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(2U, svc->supp_gids().size());
+
+        auto decoded_uid = DecodeUid("system");
+        ASSERT_TRUE(decoded_uid);
+        ASSERT_EQ(*decoded_uid, svc->supp_gids()[0]);
+
+        decoded_uid = DecodeUid("adb");
+        ASSERT_TRUE(decoded_uid);
+        ASSERT_EQ(*decoded_uid, svc->supp_gids()[1]);
+    } else {
+        ASSERT_EQ(0U, svc->supp_gids().size());
+    }
+
+    ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<std::size_t>(2), svc->args().size());
+    ASSERT_EQ("/system/bin/toybox", svc->args()[0]);
+    ASSERT_EQ("id", svc->args()[1]);
+}
+
+TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_with_everything) {
+    Test_make_temporary_oneshot_service(true, true, true, true, true);
+}
+
+TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_with_seclabel_uid_gid) {
+    Test_make_temporary_oneshot_service(true, true, true, true, false);
+}
+
+TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_with_seclabel_uid) {
+    Test_make_temporary_oneshot_service(true, true, true, false, false);
+}
+
+TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_with_seclabel) {
+    Test_make_temporary_oneshot_service(true, true, false, false, false);
+}
+
+TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_with_just_command) {
+    Test_make_temporary_oneshot_service(true, false, false, false, false);
+}
+
+TEST(service, make_temporary_oneshot_service_with_just_command_no_dash) {
+    Test_make_temporary_oneshot_service(false, false, false, false, false);
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/sigchld_handler.cpp b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fc9956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/sigchld_handler.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "sigchld_handler.h"
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/socket.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/logging.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+
+#include "init.h"
+#include "property_service.h"
+#include "service.h"
+
+using android::base::StringPrintf;
+using android::base::boot_clock;
+using android::base::make_scope_guard;
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+static int signal_write_fd = -1;
+static int signal_read_fd = -1;
+
+static bool ReapOneProcess() {
+    siginfo_t siginfo = {};
+    // This returns a zombie pid or informs us that there are no zombies left to be reaped.
+    // It does NOT reap the pid; that is done below.
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitid(P_ALL, 0, &siginfo, WEXITED | WNOHANG | WNOWAIT)) != 0) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "waitid failed";
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    auto pid = siginfo.si_pid;
+    if (pid == 0) return false;
+
+    // At this point we know we have a zombie pid, so we use this scopeguard to reap the pid
+    // whenever the function returns from this point forward.
+    // We do NOT want to reap the zombie earlier as in Service::Reap(), we kill(-pid, ...) and we
+    // want the pid to remain valid throughout that (and potentially future) usages.
+    auto reaper = make_scope_guard([pid] { TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(pid, nullptr, WNOHANG)); });
+
+    if (PropertyChildReap(pid)) return true;
+
+    Service* service = ServiceList::GetInstance().FindService(pid, &Service::pid);
+
+    std::string name;
+    std::string wait_string;
+    if (service) {
+        name = StringPrintf("Service '%s' (pid %d)", service->name().c_str(), pid);
+        if (service->flags() & SVC_EXEC) {
+            auto exec_duration = boot_clock::now() - service->time_started();
+            auto exec_duration_ms =
+                std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(exec_duration).count();
+            wait_string = StringPrintf(" waiting took %f seconds", exec_duration_ms / 1000.0f);
+        }
+    } else {
+        name = StringPrintf("Untracked pid %d", pid);
+    }
+
+    auto status = siginfo.si_status;
+    if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
+        LOG(INFO) << name << " exited with status " << WEXITSTATUS(status) << wait_string;
+    } else if (WIFSIGNALED(status)) {
+        LOG(INFO) << name << " killed by signal " << WTERMSIG(status) << wait_string;
+    }
+
+    if (!service) return true;
+
+    service->Reap();
+
+    if (service->flags() & SVC_TEMPORARY) {
+        ServiceList::GetInstance().RemoveService(*service);
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+static void handle_signal() {
+    // Clear outstanding requests.
+    char buf[32];
+    read(signal_read_fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
+
+    ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
+}
+
+static void SIGCHLD_handler(int) {
+    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(signal_write_fd, "1", 1)) == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "write(signal_write_fd) failed";
+    }
+}
+
+void ReapAnyOutstandingChildren() {
+    while (ReapOneProcess()) {
+    }
+}
+
+void sigchld_handler_init() {
+    // Create a signalling mechanism for SIGCHLD.
+    int s[2];
+    if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_NONBLOCK | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, s) == -1) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "socketpair failed";
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    signal_write_fd = s[0];
+    signal_read_fd = s[1];
+
+    // Write to signal_write_fd if we catch SIGCHLD.
+    struct sigaction act;
+    memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
+    act.sa_handler = SIGCHLD_handler;
+    act.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP;
+    sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, 0);
+
+    ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
+
+    register_epoll_handler(signal_read_fd, handle_signal);
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/signal_handler.h b/init/sigchld_handler.h
similarity index 74%
rename from init/signal_handler.h
rename to init/sigchld_handler.h
index 449b4af..c86dc8d 100644
--- a/init/signal_handler.h
+++ b/init/sigchld_handler.h
@@ -14,9 +14,17 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _INIT_SIGNAL_HANDLER_H_
-#define _INIT_SIGNAL_HANDLER_H_
+#ifndef _INIT_SIGCHLD_HANDLER_H_
+#define _INIT_SIGCHLD_HANDLER_H_
 
-void signal_handler_init(void);
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+void ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
+
+void sigchld_handler_init(void);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif
diff --git a/init/signal_handler.cpp b/init/signal_handler.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d56d84..0000000
--- a/init/signal_handler.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2010 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/socket.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <android-base/logging.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
-
-#include "init.h"
-#include "service.h"
-
-static int signal_write_fd = -1;
-static int signal_read_fd = -1;
-
-static void handle_signal() {
-    // Clear outstanding requests.
-    char buf[32];
-    read(signal_read_fd, buf, sizeof(buf));
-
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
-}
-
-static void SIGCHLD_handler(int) {
-    if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(signal_write_fd, "1", 1)) == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "write(signal_write_fd) failed";
-    }
-}
-
-void signal_handler_init() {
-    // Create a signalling mechanism for SIGCHLD.
-    int s[2];
-    if (socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_NONBLOCK | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, s) == -1) {
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "socketpair failed";
-        exit(1);
-    }
-
-    signal_write_fd = s[0];
-    signal_read_fd = s[1];
-
-    // Write to signal_write_fd if we catch SIGCHLD.
-    struct sigaction act;
-    memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
-    act.sa_handler = SIGCHLD_handler;
-    act.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP;
-    sigaction(SIGCHLD, &act, 0);
-
-    ServiceManager::GetInstance().ReapAnyOutstandingChildren();
-
-    register_epoll_handler(signal_read_fd, handle_signal);
-}
diff --git a/init/tokenizer.cpp b/init/tokenizer.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8d9b6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/tokenizer.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+#include "tokenizer.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+int next_token(struct parse_state *state)
+{
+    char *x = state->ptr;
+    char *s;
+
+    if (state->nexttoken) {
+        int t = state->nexttoken;
+        state->nexttoken = 0;
+        return t;
+    }
+
+    for (;;) {
+        switch (*x) {
+        case 0:
+            state->ptr = x;
+            return T_EOF;
+        case '\n':
+            x++;
+            state->ptr = x;
+            return T_NEWLINE;
+        case ' ':
+        case '\t':
+        case '\r':
+            x++;
+            continue;
+        case '#':
+            while (*x && (*x != '\n')) x++;
+            if (*x == '\n') {
+                state->ptr = x+1;
+                return T_NEWLINE;
+            } else {
+                state->ptr = x;
+                return T_EOF;
+            }
+        default:
+            goto text;
+        }
+    }
+
+textdone:
+    state->ptr = x;
+    *s = 0;
+    return T_TEXT;
+text:
+    state->text = s = x;
+textresume:
+    for (;;) {
+        switch (*x) {
+        case 0:
+            goto textdone;
+        case ' ':
+        case '\t':
+        case '\r':
+            x++;
+            goto textdone;
+        case '\n':
+            state->nexttoken = T_NEWLINE;
+            x++;
+            goto textdone;
+        case '"':
+            x++;
+            for (;;) {
+                switch (*x) {
+                case 0:
+                        /* unterminated quoted thing */
+                    state->ptr = x;
+                    return T_EOF;
+                case '"':
+                    x++;
+                    goto textresume;
+                default:
+                    *s++ = *x++;
+                }
+            }
+            break;
+        case '\\':
+            x++;
+            switch (*x) {
+            case 0:
+                goto textdone;
+            case 'n':
+                *s++ = '\n';
+                break;
+            case 'r':
+                *s++ = '\r';
+                break;
+            case 't':
+                *s++ = '\t';
+                break;
+            case '\\':
+                *s++ = '\\';
+                break;
+            case '\r':
+                    /* \ <cr> <lf> -> line continuation */
+                if (x[1] != '\n') {
+                    x++;
+                    continue;
+                }
+            case '\n':
+                    /* \ <lf> -> line continuation */
+                state->line++;
+                x++;
+                    /* eat any extra whitespace */
+                while((*x == ' ') || (*x == '\t')) x++;
+                continue;
+            default:
+                    /* unknown escape -- just copy */
+                *s++ = *x++;
+            }
+            continue;
+        default:
+            *s++ = *x++;
+        }
+    }
+    return T_EOF;
+}
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/signal_handler.h b/init/tokenizer.h
similarity index 65%
copy from init/signal_handler.h
copy to init/tokenizer.h
index 449b4af..72c08ef 100644
--- a/init/signal_handler.h
+++ b/init/tokenizer.h
@@ -14,9 +14,27 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _INIT_SIGNAL_HANDLER_H_
-#define _INIT_SIGNAL_HANDLER_H_
+#ifndef _INIT_TOKENIZER_H_
+#define _INIT_TOKENIZER_H_
 
-void signal_handler_init(void);
+#define T_EOF 0
+#define T_TEXT 1
+#define T_NEWLINE 2
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+struct parse_state
+{
+    char *ptr;
+    char *text;
+    int line;
+    int nexttoken;
+};
+
+int next_token(struct parse_state *state);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif
diff --git a/init/uevent.h b/init/uevent.h
index 1095665..c4fd945 100644
--- a/init/uevent.h
+++ b/init/uevent.h
@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 struct Uevent {
     std::string action;
     std::string path;
@@ -31,4 +34,7 @@
     int minor;
 };
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/uevent_listener.cpp b/init/uevent_listener.cpp
index 923fa8e..ac1d7c7 100644
--- a/init/uevent_listener.cpp
+++ b/init/uevent_listener.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <cutils/uevent.h>
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 static void ParseEvent(const char* msg, Uevent* uevent) {
     uevent->partition_num = -1;
     uevent->major = -1;
@@ -165,7 +168,7 @@
     return RegenerateUeventsForDir(d.get(), callback);
 }
 
-const char* kRegenerationPaths[] = {"/sys/class", "/sys/block", "/sys/devices"};
+static const char* kRegenerationPaths[] = {"/sys/class", "/sys/block", "/sys/devices"};
 
 void UeventListener::RegenerateUevents(const ListenerCallback& callback) const {
     for (const auto path : kRegenerationPaths) {
@@ -212,3 +215,6 @@
         }
     }
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/uevent_listener.h b/init/uevent_listener.h
index 1964688..5b453fe 100644
--- a/init/uevent_listener.h
+++ b/init/uevent_listener.h
@@ -29,6 +29,9 @@
 
 #define UEVENT_MSG_LEN 2048
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 enum class ListenerAction {
     kStop = 0,  // Stop regenerating uevents as we've handled the one(s) we're interested in.
     kContinue,  // Continue regenerating uevents as we haven't seen the one(s) we're interested in.
@@ -36,8 +39,6 @@
 
 using ListenerCallback = std::function<ListenerAction(const Uevent&)>;
 
-extern const char* kRegenerationPaths[3];
-
 class UeventListener {
   public:
     UeventListener();
@@ -55,4 +56,7 @@
     android::base::unique_fd device_fd_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/ueventd.cpp b/init/ueventd.cpp
index ff64e8e..1435d82 100644
--- a/init/ueventd.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd.cpp
@@ -27,15 +27,16 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <thread>
 
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/properties.h>
-#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 #include <selinux/selinux.h>
 
 #include "devices.h"
 #include "firmware_handler.h"
 #include "log.h"
+#include "selinux.h"
 #include "uevent_listener.h"
 #include "ueventd_parser.h"
 #include "util.h"
@@ -100,6 +101,9 @@
 // the uevent listener resumes in polling mode and will handle the uevents that occurred during
 // coldboot.
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 class ColdBoot {
   public:
     ColdBoot(UeventListener& uevent_listener, DeviceHandler& device_handler)
@@ -158,9 +162,7 @@
 }
 
 void ColdBoot::DoRestoreCon() {
-    for (const char* path : kRegenerationPaths) {
-        selinux_android_restorecon(path, SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE);
-    }
+    selinux_android_restorecon("/sys", SELINUX_ANDROID_RESTORECON_RECURSE);
     device_handler_.set_skip_restorecon(false);
 }
 
@@ -198,7 +200,7 @@
 }
 
 void ColdBoot::Run() {
-    Timer cold_boot_timer;
+    android::base::Timer cold_boot_timer;
 
     RegenerateUevents();
 
@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@
     WaitForSubProcesses();
 
     close(open(COLDBOOT_DONE, O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_CLOEXEC, 0000));
-    LOG(INFO) << "Coldboot took " << cold_boot_timer;
+    LOG(INFO) << "Coldboot took " << cold_boot_timer.duration().count() / 1000.0f << " seconds";
 }
 
 DeviceHandler CreateDeviceHandler() {
@@ -221,10 +223,10 @@
     using namespace std::placeholders;
     std::vector<SysfsPermissions> sysfs_permissions;
     std::vector<Permissions> dev_permissions;
-    parser.AddSingleLineParser(
-        "/sys/", std::bind(ParsePermissionsLine, _1, _2, &sysfs_permissions, nullptr));
+    parser.AddSingleLineParser("/sys/",
+                               std::bind(ParsePermissionsLine, _1, &sysfs_permissions, nullptr));
     parser.AddSingleLineParser("/dev/",
-                               std::bind(ParsePermissionsLine, _1, _2, nullptr, &dev_permissions));
+                               std::bind(ParsePermissionsLine, _1, nullptr, &dev_permissions));
 
     parser.ParseConfig("/ueventd.rc");
     parser.ParseConfig("/vendor/ueventd.rc");
@@ -256,9 +258,8 @@
 
     LOG(INFO) << "ueventd started!";
 
-    selinux_callback cb;
-    cb.func_log = selinux_klog_callback;
-    selinux_set_callback(SELINUX_CB_LOG, cb);
+    SelinuxSetupKernelLogging();
+    SelabelInitialize();
 
     DeviceHandler device_handler = CreateDeviceHandler();
     UeventListener uevent_listener;
@@ -268,6 +269,13 @@
         cold_boot.Run();
     }
 
+    // We use waitpid() in ColdBoot, so we can't ignore SIGCHLD until now.
+    signal(SIGCHLD, SIG_IGN);
+    // Reap and pending children that exited between the last call to waitpid() and setting SIG_IGN
+    // for SIGCHLD above.
+    while (waitpid(-1, nullptr, WNOHANG) > 0) {
+    }
+
     uevent_listener.Poll([&device_handler](const Uevent& uevent) {
         HandleFirmwareEvent(uevent);
         device_handler.HandleDeviceEvent(uevent);
@@ -276,3 +284,6 @@
 
     return 0;
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/ueventd.h b/init/ueventd.h
index 1f424d3..51775ec 100644
--- a/init/ueventd.h
+++ b/init/ueventd.h
@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@
 #ifndef _INIT_UEVENTD_H_
 #define _INIT_UEVENTD_H_
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 int ueventd_main(int argc, char** argv);
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/ueventd_parser.cpp b/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
index 7156e76..cd7adb4 100644
--- a/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
+++ b/init/ueventd_parser.cpp
@@ -21,18 +21,19 @@
 
 #include "keyword_map.h"
 
-bool ParsePermissionsLine(std::vector<std::string>&& args, std::string* err,
-                          std::vector<SysfsPermissions>* out_sysfs_permissions,
-                          std::vector<Permissions>* out_dev_permissions) {
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
+Result<Success> ParsePermissionsLine(std::vector<std::string>&& args,
+                                     std::vector<SysfsPermissions>* out_sysfs_permissions,
+                                     std::vector<Permissions>* out_dev_permissions) {
     bool is_sysfs = out_sysfs_permissions != nullptr;
     if (is_sysfs && args.size() != 5) {
-        *err = "/sys/ lines must have 5 entries";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "/sys/ lines must have 5 entries";
     }
 
     if (!is_sysfs && args.size() != 4) {
-        *err = "/dev/ lines must have 4 entries";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "/dev/ lines must have 4 entries";
     }
 
     auto it = args.begin();
@@ -46,23 +47,20 @@
     char* end_pointer = 0;
     mode_t perm = strtol(perm_string.c_str(), &end_pointer, 8);
     if (end_pointer == nullptr || *end_pointer != '\0') {
-        *err = "invalid mode '" + perm_string + "'";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "invalid mode '" << perm_string << "'";
     }
 
     std::string& uid_string = *it++;
     passwd* pwd = getpwnam(uid_string.c_str());
     if (!pwd) {
-        *err = "invalid uid '" + uid_string + "'";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "invalid uid '" << uid_string << "'";
     }
     uid_t uid = pwd->pw_uid;
 
     std::string& gid_string = *it++;
     struct group* grp = getgrnam(gid_string.c_str());
     if (!grp) {
-        *err = "invalid gid '" + gid_string + "'";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "invalid gid '" << gid_string << "'";
     }
     gid_t gid = grp->gr_gid;
 
@@ -71,53 +69,49 @@
     } else {
         out_dev_permissions->emplace_back(name, perm, uid, gid);
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool SubsystemParser::ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
-                                   int line, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> SubsystemParser::ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args,
+                                              const std::string& filename, int line) {
     if (args.size() != 2) {
-        *err = "subsystems must have exactly one name";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "subsystems must have exactly one name";
     }
 
     if (std::find(subsystems_->begin(), subsystems_->end(), args[1]) != subsystems_->end()) {
-        *err = "ignoring duplicate subsystem entry";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "ignoring duplicate subsystem entry";
     }
 
-    subsystem_.name_ = args[1];
+    subsystem_ = Subsystem(std::move(args[1]));
 
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool SubsystemParser::ParseDevName(std::vector<std::string>&& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> SubsystemParser::ParseDevName(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
     if (args[1] == "uevent_devname") {
         subsystem_.devname_source_ = Subsystem::DevnameSource::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVNAME;
-        return true;
+        return Success();
     }
     if (args[1] == "uevent_devpath") {
         subsystem_.devname_source_ = Subsystem::DevnameSource::DEVNAME_UEVENT_DEVPATH;
-        return true;
+        return Success();
     }
 
-    *err = "invalid devname '" + args[1] + "'";
-    return false;
+    return Error() << "invalid devname '" << args[1] << "'";
 }
 
-bool SubsystemParser::ParseDirName(std::vector<std::string>&& args, std::string* err) {
+Result<Success> SubsystemParser::ParseDirName(std::vector<std::string>&& args) {
     if (args[1].front() != '/') {
-        *err = "dirname '" + args[1] + " ' does not start with '/'";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "dirname '" << args[1] << " ' does not start with '/'";
     }
 
     subsystem_.dir_name_ = args[1];
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-bool SubsystemParser::ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line, std::string* err) {
-    using OptionParser =
-        bool (SubsystemParser::*)(std::vector<std::string> && args, std::string * err);
+Result<Success> SubsystemParser::ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) {
+    using OptionParser = Result<Success> (SubsystemParser::*)(std::vector<std::string> && args);
+
     static class OptionParserMap : public KeywordMap<OptionParser> {
       private:
         const Map& map() const override {
@@ -131,15 +125,16 @@
         }
     } parser_map;
 
-    auto parser = parser_map.FindFunction(args, err);
+    auto parser = parser_map.FindFunction(args);
 
-    if (!parser) {
-        return false;
-    }
+    if (!parser) return Error() << parser.error();
 
-    return (this->*parser)(std::move(args), err);
+    return std::invoke(*parser, this, std::move(args));
 }
 
 void SubsystemParser::EndSection() {
     subsystems_->emplace_back(std::move(subsystem_));
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/ueventd_parser.h b/init/ueventd_parser.h
index c1ce976..18d1027 100644
--- a/init/ueventd_parser.h
+++ b/init/ueventd_parser.h
@@ -21,26 +21,32 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "devices.h"
-#include "init_parser.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
 class SubsystemParser : public SectionParser {
   public:
     SubsystemParser(std::vector<Subsystem>* subsystems) : subsystems_(subsystems) {}
-    bool ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename, int line,
-                      std::string* err) override;
-    bool ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line, std::string* err) override;
+    Result<Success> ParseSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, const std::string& filename,
+                                 int line) override;
+    Result<Success> ParseLineSection(std::vector<std::string>&& args, int line) override;
     void EndSection() override;
 
   private:
-    bool ParseDevName(std::vector<std::string>&& args, std::string* err);
-    bool ParseDirName(std::vector<std::string>&& args, std::string* err);
+    Result<Success> ParseDevName(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
+    Result<Success> ParseDirName(std::vector<std::string>&& args);
 
     Subsystem subsystem_;
     std::vector<Subsystem>* subsystems_;
 };
 
-bool ParsePermissionsLine(std::vector<std::string>&& args, std::string* err,
-                          std::vector<SysfsPermissions>* out_sysfs_permissions,
-                          std::vector<Permissions>* out_dev_permissions);
+Result<Success> ParsePermissionsLine(std::vector<std::string>&& args,
+                                     std::vector<SysfsPermissions>* out_sysfs_permissions,
+                                     std::vector<Permissions>* out_dev_permissions);
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
 
 #endif
diff --git a/init/ueventd_test.cpp b/init/ueventd_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7290051
--- /dev/null
+++ b/init/ueventd_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <linux/futex.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <chrono>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/scopeguard.h>
+#include <android-base/test_utils.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <selinux/android.h>
+#include <selinux/label.h>
+#include <selinux/selinux.h>
+
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+using namespace std::string_literals;
+
+template <typename T, typename F>
+void WriteFromMultipleThreads(std::vector<std::pair<std::string, T>>& files_and_parameters,
+                              F function) {
+    auto num_threads = files_and_parameters.size();
+    pthread_barrier_t barrier;
+    pthread_barrier_init(&barrier, nullptr, num_threads);
+    auto barrier_destroy =
+        android::base::make_scope_guard([&barrier]() { pthread_barrier_destroy(&barrier); });
+
+    auto make_thread_function = [&function, &barrier](const auto& file, const auto& parameter) {
+        return [&]() {
+            function(parameter);
+            pthread_barrier_wait(&barrier);
+            android::base::WriteStringToFile("<empty>", file);
+        };
+    };
+
+    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+    // TODO(b/63712782): Structured bindings + templated containers are broken in clang :(
+    // for (const auto& [file, parameter] : files_and_parameters) {
+    for (const auto& pair : files_and_parameters) {
+        const auto& file = pair.first;
+        const auto& parameter = pair.second;
+        threads.emplace_back(std::thread(make_thread_function(file, parameter)));
+    }
+
+    for (auto& thread : threads) {
+        thread.join();
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(ueventd, setegid_IsPerThread) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "Skipping test, must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    TemporaryDir dir;
+
+    gid_t gid = 0;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, gid_t>> files_and_gids;
+    std::generate_n(std::back_inserter(files_and_gids), 100, [&gid, &dir]() {
+        gid++;
+        return std::pair(dir.path + "/gid_"s + std::to_string(gid), gid);
+    });
+
+    WriteFromMultipleThreads(files_and_gids, [](gid_t gid) { EXPECT_EQ(0, setegid(gid)); });
+
+    for (const auto& [file, expected_gid] : files_and_gids) {
+        struct stat info;
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, stat(file.c_str(), &info));
+        EXPECT_EQ(expected_gid, info.st_gid);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(ueventd, setfscreatecon_IsPerThread) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "Skipping test, must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+    if (!is_selinux_enabled() || security_getenforce() == 1) {
+        GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "Skipping test, SELinux must be enabled and in permissive mode.";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    const char* const contexts[] = {
+        "u:object_r:audio_device:s0",
+        "u:object_r:sensors_device:s0",
+        "u:object_r:video_device:s0"
+        "u:object_r:zero_device:s0",
+    };
+
+    TemporaryDir dir;
+    std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> files_and_contexts;
+    for (const char* context : contexts) {
+        files_and_contexts.emplace_back(dir.path + "/context_"s + context, context);
+    }
+
+    WriteFromMultipleThreads(files_and_contexts, [](const std::string& context) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(0, setfscreatecon(context.c_str()));
+    });
+
+    for (const auto& [file, expected_context] : files_and_contexts) {
+        char* file_context;
+        ASSERT_GT(getfilecon(file.c_str(), &file_context), 0);
+        EXPECT_EQ(expected_context, file_context);
+        freecon(file_context);
+    }
+}
+
+TEST(ueventd, selabel_lookup_MultiThreaded) {
+    if (getuid() != 0) {
+        GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "Skipping test, must be run as root.";
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Test parameters
+    constexpr auto num_threads = 10;
+    constexpr auto run_time = 200ms;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<selabel_handle, decltype(&selabel_close)> sehandle(
+        selinux_android_file_context_handle(), &selabel_close);
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(sehandle);
+
+    struct {
+        const char* file;
+        int mode;
+        std::string expected_context;
+    } files_and_modes[] = {
+        {"/dev/zero", 020666, ""},
+        {"/dev/null", 020666, ""},
+        {"/dev/random", 020666, ""},
+        {"/dev/urandom", 020666, ""},
+    };
+
+    // Precondition, ensure that we can lookup all of these from a single thread, and store the
+    // expected context for each.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(files_and_modes); ++i) {
+        char* secontext;
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, selabel_lookup(sehandle.get(), &secontext, files_and_modes[i].file,
+                                    files_and_modes[i].mode));
+        files_and_modes[i].expected_context = secontext;
+        freecon(secontext);
+    }
+
+    // Now that we know we can access them, and what their context should be, run in parallel.
+    std::atomic_bool stopped = false;
+    std::atomic_uint num_api_failures = 0;
+    std::atomic_uint num_context_check_failures = 0;
+    std::atomic_uint num_successes = 0;
+
+    auto thread_function = [&]() {
+        while (!stopped) {
+            for (size_t i = 0; i < arraysize(files_and_modes); ++i) {
+                char* secontext;
+                int result = selabel_lookup(sehandle.get(), &secontext, files_and_modes[i].file,
+                                            files_and_modes[i].mode);
+                if (result != 0) {
+                    num_api_failures++;
+                } else {
+                    if (files_and_modes[i].expected_context != secontext) {
+                        num_context_check_failures++;
+                    } else {
+                        num_successes++;
+                    }
+                    freecon(secontext);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
+    std::generate_n(back_inserter(threads), num_threads,
+                    [&]() { return std::thread(thread_function); });
+
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(run_time);
+    stopped = true;
+    for (auto& thread : threads) {
+        thread.join();
+    }
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, num_api_failures);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, num_context_check_failures);
+    EXPECT_GT(num_successes, 0U);
+}
diff --git a/init/util.cpp b/init/util.cpp
index dfdfeb4..a19a6f3 100644
--- a/init/util.cpp
+++ b/init/util.cpp
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
 #include <selinux/android.h>
 
 #include "reboot.h"
+#include "selinux.h"
 
 #ifdef _INIT_INIT_H
 #error "Do not include init.h in files used by ueventd or watchdogd; it will expose init's globals"
@@ -50,31 +51,26 @@
 using android::base::boot_clock;
 using namespace std::literals::string_literals;
 
-// DecodeUid() - decodes and returns the given string, which can be either the
-// numeric or name representation, into the integer uid or gid. Returns
-// UINT_MAX on error.
-bool DecodeUid(const std::string& name, uid_t* uid, std::string* err) {
-    *uid = UINT_MAX;
-    *err = "";
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
 
+const std::string kDefaultAndroidDtDir("/proc/device-tree/firmware/android/");
+
+// DecodeUid() - decodes and returns the given string, which can be either the
+// numeric or name representation, into the integer uid or gid.
+Result<uid_t> DecodeUid(const std::string& name) {
     if (isalpha(name[0])) {
         passwd* pwd = getpwnam(name.c_str());
-        if (!pwd) {
-            *err = "getpwnam failed: "s + strerror(errno);
-            return false;
-        }
-        *uid = pwd->pw_uid;
-        return true;
+        if (!pwd) return ErrnoError() << "getpwnam failed";
+
+        return pwd->pw_uid;
     }
 
     errno = 0;
     uid_t result = static_cast<uid_t>(strtoul(name.c_str(), 0, 0));
-    if (errno) {
-        *err = "strtoul failed: "s + strerror(errno);
-        return false;
-    }
-    *uid = result;
-    return true;
+    if (errno) return ErrnoError() << "strtoul failed";
+
+    return result;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -84,7 +80,7 @@
  * variable ANDROID_SOCKET_ENV_PREFIX<name> ("ANDROID_SOCKET_foo").
  */
 int CreateSocket(const char* name, int type, bool passcred, mode_t perm, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
-                 const char* socketcon, selabel_handle* sehandle) {
+                 const char* socketcon) {
     if (socketcon) {
         if (setsockcreatecon(socketcon) == -1) {
             PLOG(ERROR) << "setsockcreatecon(\"" << socketcon << "\") failed";
@@ -111,11 +107,9 @@
         return -1;
     }
 
-    char *filecon = NULL;
-    if (sehandle) {
-        if (selabel_lookup(sehandle, &filecon, addr.sun_path, S_IFSOCK) == 0) {
-            setfscreatecon(filecon);
-        }
+    std::string secontext;
+    if (SelabelLookupFileContext(addr.sun_path, S_IFSOCK, &secontext) && !secontext.empty()) {
+        setfscreatecon(secontext.c_str());
     }
 
     if (passcred) {
@@ -129,8 +123,9 @@
     int ret = bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *) &addr, sizeof (addr));
     int savederrno = errno;
 
-    setfscreatecon(NULL);
-    freecon(filecon);
+    if (!secontext.empty()) {
+        setfscreatecon(nullptr);
+    }
 
     if (ret) {
         errno = savederrno;
@@ -159,75 +154,68 @@
     return -1;
 }
 
-bool ReadFile(const std::string& path, std::string* content, std::string* err) {
-    content->clear();
-    *err = "";
-
+Result<std::string> ReadFile(const std::string& path) {
     android::base::unique_fd fd(
         TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC)));
     if (fd == -1) {
-        *err = "Unable to open '" + path + "': " + strerror(errno);
-        return false;
+        return ErrnoError() << "open() failed";
     }
 
     // For security reasons, disallow world-writable
     // or group-writable files.
     struct stat sb;
     if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1) {
-        *err = "fstat failed for '" + path + "': " + strerror(errno);
-        return false;
+        return ErrnoError() << "fstat failed()";
     }
     if ((sb.st_mode & (S_IWGRP | S_IWOTH)) != 0) {
-        *err = "Skipping insecure file '" + path + "'";
-        return false;
+        return Error() << "Skipping insecure file";
     }
 
-    if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(fd, content)) {
-        *err = "Unable to read '" + path + "': " + strerror(errno);
-        return false;
+    std::string content;
+    if (!android::base::ReadFdToString(fd, &content)) {
+        return ErrnoError() << "Unable to read file contents";
     }
-    return true;
+    return content;
 }
 
-bool WriteFile(const std::string& path, const std::string& content, std::string* err) {
-    *err = "";
-
+Result<Success> WriteFile(const std::string& path, const std::string& content) {
     android::base::unique_fd fd(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(
         open(path.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_NOFOLLOW | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0600)));
     if (fd == -1) {
-        *err = "Unable to open '" + path + "': " + strerror(errno);
-        return false;
+        return ErrnoError() << "open() failed";
     }
     if (!android::base::WriteStringToFd(content, fd)) {
-        *err = "Unable to write to '" + path + "': " + strerror(errno);
-        return false;
+        return ErrnoError() << "Unable to write file contents";
     }
-    return true;
+    return Success();
 }
 
-int mkdir_recursive(const std::string& path, mode_t mode, selabel_handle* sehandle) {
+bool mkdir_recursive(const std::string& path, mode_t mode) {
     std::string::size_type slash = 0;
     while ((slash = path.find('/', slash + 1)) != std::string::npos) {
         auto directory = path.substr(0, slash);
         struct stat info;
         if (stat(directory.c_str(), &info) != 0) {
-            auto ret = make_dir(directory.c_str(), mode, sehandle);
-            if (ret && errno != EEXIST) return ret;
+            auto ret = make_dir(directory, mode);
+            if (!ret && errno != EEXIST) return false;
         }
     }
-    auto ret = make_dir(path.c_str(), mode, sehandle);
-    if (ret && errno != EEXIST) return ret;
-    return 0;
+    auto ret = make_dir(path, mode);
+    if (!ret && errno != EEXIST) return false;
+    return true;
 }
 
 int wait_for_file(const char* filename, std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout) {
-    boot_clock::time_point timeout_time = boot_clock::now() + timeout;
-    while (boot_clock::now() < timeout_time) {
+    android::base::Timer t;
+    while (t.duration() < timeout) {
         struct stat sb;
-        if (stat(filename, &sb) != -1) return 0;
-
+        if (stat(filename, &sb) != -1) {
+            LOG(INFO) << "wait for '" << filename << "' took " << t;
+            return 0;
+        }
         std::this_thread::sleep_for(10ms);
     }
+    LOG(WARNING) << "wait for '" << filename << "' timed out and took " << t;
     return -1;
 }
 
@@ -244,26 +232,21 @@
     }
 }
 
-int make_dir(const char* path, mode_t mode, selabel_handle* sehandle) {
-    int rc;
-
-    char *secontext = NULL;
-
-    if (sehandle) {
-        selabel_lookup(sehandle, &secontext, path, mode);
-        setfscreatecon(secontext);
+bool make_dir(const std::string& path, mode_t mode) {
+    std::string secontext;
+    if (SelabelLookupFileContext(path, mode, &secontext) && !secontext.empty()) {
+        setfscreatecon(secontext.c_str());
     }
 
-    rc = mkdir(path, mode);
+    int rc = mkdir(path.c_str(), mode);
 
-    if (secontext) {
+    if (!secontext.empty()) {
         int save_errno = errno;
-        freecon(secontext);
-        setfscreatecon(NULL);
+        setfscreatecon(nullptr);
         errno = save_errno;
     }
 
-    return rc;
+    return rc == 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -365,21 +348,31 @@
     return true;
 }
 
-void panic() {
-    LOG(ERROR) << "panic: rebooting to bootloader";
-    // Do not queue "shutdown" trigger since we want to shutdown immediately
-    DoReboot(ANDROID_RB_RESTART2, "reboot", "bootloader", false);
+static std::string init_android_dt_dir() {
+    // Use the standard procfs-based path by default
+    std::string android_dt_dir = kDefaultAndroidDtDir;
+    // The platform may specify a custom Android DT path in kernel cmdline
+    import_kernel_cmdline(false,
+                          [&](const std::string& key, const std::string& value, bool in_qemu) {
+                              if (key == "androidboot.android_dt_dir") {
+                                  android_dt_dir = value;
+                              }
+                          });
+    LOG(INFO) << "Using Android DT directory " << android_dt_dir;
+    return android_dt_dir;
 }
 
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Timer& t) {
-    os << t.duration_s() << " seconds";
-    return os;
+// FIXME: The same logic is duplicated in system/core/fs_mgr/
+const std::string& get_android_dt_dir() {
+    // Set once and saves time for subsequent calls to this function
+    static const std::string kAndroidDtDir = init_android_dt_dir();
+    return kAndroidDtDir;
 }
 
-// Reads the content of device tree file under kAndroidDtDir directory.
+// Reads the content of device tree file under the platform's Android DT directory.
 // Returns true if the read is success, false otherwise.
 bool read_android_dt_file(const std::string& sub_path, std::string* dt_content) {
-    const std::string file_name = kAndroidDtDir + sub_path;
+    const std::string file_name = get_android_dt_dir() + sub_path;
     if (android::base::ReadFileToString(file_name, dt_content)) {
         if (!dt_content->empty()) {
             dt_content->pop_back();  // Trims the trailing '\0' out.
@@ -398,3 +391,6 @@
     }
     return false;
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/util.h b/init/util.h
index 1ad6b77..2cfcf6c 100644
--- a/init/util.h
+++ b/init/util.h
@@ -28,54 +28,41 @@
 #include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
 #include <selinux/label.h>
 
-#define COLDBOOT_DONE "/dev/.coldboot_done"
+#include "result.h"
 
-const std::string kAndroidDtDir("/proc/device-tree/firmware/android/");
+#define COLDBOOT_DONE "/dev/.coldboot_done"
 
 using android::base::boot_clock;
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 int CreateSocket(const char* name, int type, bool passcred, mode_t perm, uid_t uid, gid_t gid,
-                 const char* socketcon, selabel_handle* sehandle);
+                 const char* socketcon);
 
-bool ReadFile(const std::string& path, std::string* content, std::string* err);
-bool WriteFile(const std::string& path, const std::string& content, std::string* err);
+Result<std::string> ReadFile(const std::string& path);
+Result<Success> WriteFile(const std::string& path, const std::string& content);
 
-class Timer {
-  public:
-    Timer() : start_(boot_clock::now()) {}
+Result<uid_t> DecodeUid(const std::string& name);
 
-    double duration_s() const {
-        typedef std::chrono::duration<double> double_duration;
-        return std::chrono::duration_cast<double_duration>(boot_clock::now() - start_).count();
-    }
-
-    int64_t duration_ms() const {
-        return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(boot_clock::now() - start_)
-            .count();
-    }
-
-  private:
-    android::base::boot_clock::time_point start_;
-};
-
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Timer& t);
-
-bool DecodeUid(const std::string& name, uid_t* uid, std::string* err);
-
-int mkdir_recursive(const std::string& pathname, mode_t mode, selabel_handle* sehandle);
+bool mkdir_recursive(const std::string& pathname, mode_t mode);
 int wait_for_file(const char *filename, std::chrono::nanoseconds timeout);
 void import_kernel_cmdline(bool in_qemu,
                            const std::function<void(const std::string&, const std::string&, bool)>&);
-int make_dir(const char* path, mode_t mode, selabel_handle* sehandle);
+bool make_dir(const std::string& path, mode_t mode);
 std::string bytes_to_hex(const uint8_t *bytes, size_t bytes_len);
 bool is_dir(const char* pathname);
 bool expand_props(const std::string& src, std::string* dst);
 
-void panic() __attribute__((__noreturn__));
-
-// Reads or compares the content of device tree file under kAndroidDtDir directory.
+// Returns the platform's Android DT directory as specified in the kernel cmdline.
+// If the platform does not configure a custom DT path, returns the standard one (based in procfs).
+const std::string& get_android_dt_dir();
+// Reads or compares the content of device tree file under the platform's Android DT directory.
 bool read_android_dt_file(const std::string& sub_path, std::string* dt_content);
 bool is_android_dt_value_expected(const std::string& sub_path, const std::string& expected_content);
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/init/util_test.cpp b/init/util_test.cpp
index 4bb8a83..3ae53a4 100644
--- a/init/util_test.cpp
+++ b/init/util_test.cpp
@@ -26,62 +26,55 @@
 
 using namespace std::literals::string_literals;
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 TEST(util, ReadFile_ENOENT) {
-    std::string s("hello");
-    std::string err;
     errno = 0;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(ReadFile("/proc/does-not-exist", &s, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("Unable to open '/proc/does-not-exist': No such file or directory", err);
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile("/proc/does-not-exist");
     EXPECT_EQ(ENOENT, errno);
-    EXPECT_EQ("", s);  // s was cleared.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(file_contents);
+    EXPECT_EQ("open() failed: No such file or directory", file_contents.error_string());
 }
 
 TEST(util, ReadFileGroupWriteable) {
     std::string s("hello");
     TemporaryFile tf;
-    std::string err;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, s, &err)) << strerror(errno);
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, s)) << strerror(errno);
     EXPECT_NE(-1, fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, tf.path, 0620, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)) << strerror(errno);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(ReadFile(tf.path, &s, &err)) << strerror(errno);
-    EXPECT_EQ("Skipping insecure file '"s + tf.path + "'", err);
-    EXPECT_EQ("", s);  // s was cleared.
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile(tf.path);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(file_contents) << strerror(errno);
+    EXPECT_EQ("Skipping insecure file", file_contents.error_string());
 }
 
 TEST(util, ReadFileWorldWiteable) {
     std::string s("hello");
     TemporaryFile tf;
-    std::string err;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, s, &err)) << strerror(errno);
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, s)) << strerror(errno);
     EXPECT_NE(-1, fchmodat(AT_FDCWD, tf.path, 0602, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)) << strerror(errno);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(ReadFile(tf.path, &s, &err)) << strerror(errno);
-    EXPECT_EQ("Skipping insecure file '"s + tf.path + "'", err);
-    EXPECT_EQ("", s);  // s was cleared.
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile(tf.path);
+    ASSERT_FALSE(file_contents) << strerror(errno);
+    EXPECT_EQ("Skipping insecure file", file_contents.error_string());
 }
 
 TEST(util, ReadFileSymbolicLink) {
-    std::string s("hello");
     errno = 0;
     // lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 1970-01-01 00:00 charger -> /sbin/healthd
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_FALSE(ReadFile("/charger", &s, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("Unable to open '/charger': Too many symbolic links encountered", err);
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile("/charger");
     EXPECT_EQ(ELOOP, errno);
-    EXPECT_EQ("", s);  // s was cleared.
+    ASSERT_FALSE(file_contents);
+    EXPECT_EQ("open() failed: Too many symbolic links encountered", file_contents.error_string());
 }
 
 TEST(util, ReadFileSuccess) {
-    std::string s("hello");
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFile("/proc/version", &s, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_GT(s.length(), 6U);
-    EXPECT_EQ('\n', s[s.length() - 1]);
-    s[5] = 0;
-    EXPECT_STREQ("Linux", s.c_str());
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile("/proc/version");
+    ASSERT_TRUE(file_contents);
+    EXPECT_GT(file_contents->length(), 6U);
+    EXPECT_EQ('\n', file_contents->at(file_contents->length() - 1));
+    (*file_contents)[5] = 0;
+    EXPECT_STREQ("Linux", file_contents->c_str());
 }
 
 TEST(util, WriteFileBinary) {
@@ -92,29 +85,23 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(10u, contents.size());
 
     TemporaryFile tf;
-    std::string err;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, contents, &err)) << strerror(errno);
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, contents)) << strerror(errno);
 
-    std::string read_back_contents;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFile(tf.path, &read_back_contents, &err)) << strerror(errno);
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(contents, read_back_contents);
-    EXPECT_EQ(10u, read_back_contents.size());
+    auto read_back_contents = ReadFile(tf.path);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(read_back_contents) << strerror(errno);
+    EXPECT_EQ(contents, *read_back_contents);
+    EXPECT_EQ(10u, read_back_contents->size());
 }
 
 TEST(util, WriteFileNotExist) {
     std::string s("hello");
-    std::string s2("hello");
     TemporaryDir test_dir;
     std::string path = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/does-not-exist", test_dir.path);
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(path, s, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFile(path, &s2, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(s, s2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(path, s));
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile(path);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(file_contents);
+    EXPECT_EQ(s, *file_contents);
     struct stat sb;
     int fd = open(path.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_NOFOLLOW | O_CLOEXEC);
     EXPECT_NE(-1, fd);
@@ -124,37 +111,30 @@
 }
 
 TEST(util, WriteFileExist) {
-    std::string s2("");
     TemporaryFile tf;
     ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
-    std::string err;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, "1hello1", &err)) << strerror(errno);
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFile(tf.path, &s2, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_STREQ("1hello1", s2.c_str());
-    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, "2ll2", &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(ReadFile(tf.path, &s2, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_STREQ("2ll2", s2.c_str());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, "1hello1")) << strerror(errno);
+    auto file_contents = ReadFile(tf.path);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(file_contents);
+    EXPECT_EQ("1hello1", *file_contents);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(WriteFile(tf.path, "2ll2"));
+    file_contents = ReadFile(tf.path);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(file_contents);
+    EXPECT_EQ("2ll2", *file_contents);
 }
 
 TEST(util, DecodeUid) {
-    uid_t decoded_uid;
-    std::string err;
+    auto decoded_uid = DecodeUid("root");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(decoded_uid);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, *decoded_uid);
 
-    EXPECT_TRUE(DecodeUid("root", &decoded_uid, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0U, decoded_uid);
+    decoded_uid = DecodeUid("toot");
+    EXPECT_FALSE(decoded_uid);
+    EXPECT_EQ("getpwnam failed: No such file or directory", decoded_uid.error_string());
 
-    EXPECT_FALSE(DecodeUid("toot", &decoded_uid, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("getpwnam failed: No such file or directory", err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(UINT_MAX, decoded_uid);
-
-    EXPECT_TRUE(DecodeUid("123", &decoded_uid, &err));
-    EXPECT_EQ("", err);
-    EXPECT_EQ(123U, decoded_uid);
+    decoded_uid = DecodeUid("123");
+    EXPECT_TRUE(decoded_uid);
+    EXPECT_EQ(123U, *decoded_uid);
 }
 
 TEST(util, is_dir) {
@@ -167,7 +147,7 @@
 TEST(util, mkdir_recursive) {
     TemporaryDir test_dir;
     std::string path = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/three/directories/deep", test_dir.path);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, mkdir_recursive(path, 0755, nullptr));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mkdir_recursive(path, 0755));
     std::string path1 = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/three", test_dir.path);
     EXPECT_TRUE(is_dir(path1.c_str()));
     std::string path2 = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/three/directories", test_dir.path);
@@ -179,7 +159,7 @@
 TEST(util, mkdir_recursive_extra_slashes) {
     TemporaryDir test_dir;
     std::string path = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/three////directories/deep//", test_dir.path);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, mkdir_recursive(path, 0755, nullptr));
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mkdir_recursive(path, 0755));
     std::string path1 = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/three", test_dir.path);
     EXPECT_TRUE(is_dir(path1.c_str()));
     std::string path2 = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/three/directories", test_dir.path);
@@ -187,3 +167,6 @@
     std::string path3 = android::base::StringPrintf("%s/three/directories/deep", test_dir.path);
     EXPECT_TRUE(is_dir(path1.c_str()));
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/watchdogd.cpp b/init/watchdogd.cpp
index 7baa487..e0164b4 100644
--- a/init/watchdogd.cpp
+++ b/init/watchdogd.cpp
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@
 
 #define DEV_NAME "/dev/watchdog"
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 int watchdogd_main(int argc, char **argv) {
     InitKernelLogging(argv);
 
@@ -73,3 +76,6 @@
         sleep(interval);
     }
 }
+
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/init/watchdogd.h b/init/watchdogd.h
index 8b48ab8..73f77d5 100644
--- a/init/watchdogd.h
+++ b/init/watchdogd.h
@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@
 #ifndef _INIT_WATCHDOGD_H_
 #define _INIT_WATCHDOGD_H_
 
+namespace android {
+namespace init {
+
 int watchdogd_main(int argc, char **argv);
 
+}  // namespace init
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/libappfuse/Android.bp b/libappfuse/Android.bp
index b0ac5c4..29ffe32 100644
--- a/libappfuse/Android.bp
+++ b/libappfuse/Android.bp
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
     ],
-    clang: true
 }
 
 cc_library_shared {
diff --git a/libasyncio/Android.bp b/libasyncio/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a637ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libasyncio/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+libasyncio_cppflags = [
+    "-Wall",
+    "-Wextra",
+    "-Werror",
+]
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "libasyncio",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    host_supported: true,
+    srcs: [
+        "AsyncIO.cpp",
+    ],
+    cppflags: libasyncio_cppflags,
+
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+    target: {
+        darwin: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+        linux_bionic: {
+            enabled: true,
+        },
+        windows: {
+            enabled: false,
+        },
+    },
+}
diff --git a/libasyncio/AsyncIO.cpp b/libasyncio/AsyncIO.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7430bc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libasyncio/AsyncIO.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <asyncio/AsyncIO.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+int io_setup(unsigned nr, aio_context_t* ctxp) {
+    memset(ctxp, 0, sizeof(*ctxp));
+    return syscall(__NR_io_setup, nr, ctxp);
+}
+
+int io_destroy(aio_context_t ctx) {
+    return syscall(__NR_io_destroy, ctx);
+}
+
+int io_submit(aio_context_t ctx, long nr, iocb** iocbpp) {
+    return syscall(__NR_io_submit, ctx, nr, iocbpp);
+}
+
+int io_getevents(aio_context_t ctx, long min_nr, long max_nr, io_event* events, timespec* timeout) {
+    return syscall(__NR_io_getevents, ctx, min_nr, max_nr, events, timeout);
+}
+
+int io_cancel(aio_context_t ctx, iocb* iocbp, io_event* result) {
+    return syscall(__NR_io_cancel, ctx, iocbp, result);
+}
+
+void io_prep(iocb* iocb, int fd, const void* buf, uint64_t count, int64_t offset, bool read) {
+    memset(iocb, 0, sizeof(*iocb));
+    iocb->aio_fildes = fd;
+    iocb->aio_lio_opcode = read ? IOCB_CMD_PREAD : IOCB_CMD_PWRITE;
+    iocb->aio_reqprio = 0;
+    iocb->aio_buf = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(buf);
+    iocb->aio_nbytes = count;
+    iocb->aio_offset = offset;
+}
diff --git a/libasyncio/include/asyncio/AsyncIO.h b/libasyncio/include/asyncio/AsyncIO.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3fb93a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libasyncio/include/asyncio/AsyncIO.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _ASYNCIO_H
+#define _ASYNCIO_H
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <linux/aio_abi.h>
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * Provides kernel aio operations.
+ */
+
+int io_setup(unsigned nr, aio_context_t* ctxp);
+int io_destroy(aio_context_t ctx);
+int io_submit(aio_context_t ctx, long nr, iocb** iocbpp);
+int io_getevents(aio_context_t ctx, long min_nr, long max_nr, io_event* events, timespec* timeout);
+int io_cancel(aio_context_t ctx, iocb*, io_event* result);
+void io_prep(iocb* iocb, int fd, const void* buf, uint64_t count, int64_t offset, bool read);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+};
+#endif
+
+#endif  // ASYNCIO_H
diff --git a/libbacktrace/Android.bp b/libbacktrace/Android.bp
index a643a29..e889bdd 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/Android.bp
+++ b/libbacktrace/Android.bp
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@
     "UnwindCurrent.cpp",
     "UnwindMap.cpp",
     "UnwindPtrace.cpp",
+    "UnwindStack.cpp",
+    "UnwindStackMap.cpp",
 ]
 
 cc_library_headers {
@@ -64,6 +66,10 @@
 cc_library {
     name: "libbacktrace",
     vendor_available: true,
+    vndk: {
+        enabled: true,
+        support_system_process: true,
+    },
     defaults: ["libbacktrace_common"],
     host_supported: true,
 
@@ -84,6 +90,7 @@
                 "libbase",
                 "liblog",
                 "libunwind",
+                "libunwindstack",
             ],
 
             static_libs: ["libcutils"],
@@ -97,6 +104,7 @@
                 "libbase",
                 "liblog",
                 "libunwind",
+                "libunwindstack",
             ],
 
             static_libs: ["libcutils"],
@@ -108,6 +116,7 @@
                 "libbase",
                 "liblog",
                 "libunwind",
+                "libunwindstack",
             ],
 
             static_libs: ["libasync_safe", "libcutils"],
@@ -130,11 +139,13 @@
         linux: {
             shared_libs: [
                 "libunwind",
+                "libunwindstack",
             ],
         },
         android: {
             shared_libs: [
                 "libunwind",
+                "libunwindstack",
             ],
         },
     }
@@ -161,6 +172,8 @@
     shared_libs = [
         "libbase",
         "libunwind",
+        "libunwindstack",
+        "libziparchive",
     ],
 }
 
@@ -191,6 +204,7 @@
         "libcutils",
         "liblog",
         "libunwind",
+        "libunwindstack",
     ],
 
     group_static_libs: true,
@@ -229,4 +243,25 @@
             static_libs: ["libutils"],
         },
     },
+
+    data: [
+        "testdata/arm/*",
+        "testdata/arm64/*",
+        "testdata/x86/*",
+        "testdata/x86_64/*",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_benchmark {
+    name: "backtrace_benchmarks",
+    defaults: ["libbacktrace_common"],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "backtrace_benchmarks.cpp",
+    ],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbacktrace",
+        "libbase",
+    ],
 }
diff --git a/libbacktrace/Backtrace.cpp b/libbacktrace/Backtrace.cpp
index e46d353..81f5e32 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/Backtrace.cpp
+++ b/libbacktrace/Backtrace.cpp
@@ -84,10 +84,8 @@
 }
 
 std::string Backtrace::FormatFrameData(const backtrace_frame_data_t* frame) {
-  uintptr_t relative_pc;
   std::string map_name;
   if (BacktraceMap::IsValid(frame->map)) {
-    relative_pc = BacktraceMap::GetRelativePc(frame->map, frame->pc);
     if (!frame->map.name.empty()) {
       map_name = frame->map.name.c_str();
       if (map_name[0] == '[' && map_name[map_name.size() - 1] == ']') {
@@ -99,10 +97,9 @@
     }
   } else {
     map_name = "<unknown>";
-    relative_pc = frame->pc;
   }
 
-  std::string line(StringPrintf("#%02zu pc %" PRIPTR "  ", frame->num, relative_pc));
+  std::string line(StringPrintf("#%02zu pc %" PRIPTR "  ", frame->num, frame->rel_pc));
   line += map_name;
   // Special handling for non-zero offset maps, we need to print that
   // information.
diff --git a/libbacktrace/UnwindCurrent.cpp b/libbacktrace/UnwindCurrent.cpp
index 3c509e6..2c87fa8 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/UnwindCurrent.cpp
+++ b/libbacktrace/UnwindCurrent.cpp
@@ -133,6 +133,11 @@
           backtrace_frame_data_t* prev = &frames_.at(num_frames-1);
           prev->stack_size = frame->sp - prev->sp;
         }
+        if (BacktraceMap::IsValid(frame->map)) {
+          frame->rel_pc = frame->pc - frame->map.start + frame->map.load_bias;
+        } else {
+          frame->rel_pc = frame->pc;
+        }
         num_frames++;
       } else {
         num_ignore_frames--;
diff --git a/libbacktrace/UnwindMap.cpp b/libbacktrace/UnwindMap.cpp
index af79562..0b8232b 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/UnwindMap.cpp
+++ b/libbacktrace/UnwindMap.cpp
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
     map.start = unw_map.start;
     map.end = unw_map.end;
     map.offset = unw_map.offset;
-    map.load_base = unw_map.load_base;
+    map.load_bias = unw_map.load_base;
     map.flags = unw_map.flags;
     map.name = unw_map.path;
 
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
       map.start = unw_map.start;
       map.end = unw_map.end;
       map.offset = unw_map.offset;
-      map.load_base = unw_map.load_base;
+      map.load_bias = unw_map.load_base;
       map.flags = unw_map.flags;
       map.name = unw_map.path;
 
diff --git a/libbacktrace/UnwindPtrace.cpp b/libbacktrace/UnwindPtrace.cpp
index 42ac1bc..87282ef 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/UnwindPtrace.cpp
+++ b/libbacktrace/UnwindPtrace.cpp
@@ -135,6 +135,11 @@
       }
 
       FillInMap(frame->pc, &frame->map);
+      if (BacktraceMap::IsValid(frame->map)) {
+        frame->rel_pc = frame->pc - frame->map.start + frame->map.load_bias;
+      } else {
+        frame->rel_pc = frame->pc;
+      }
 
       frame->func_name = GetFunctionName(frame->pc, &frame->func_offset, &frame->map);
 
diff --git a/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.cpp b/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61812ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ucontext.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+#if !defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <cutils/threads.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
+#include <demangle.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/RegsGetLocal.h>
+
+#include "BacktraceLog.h"
+#include "UnwindStack.h"
+#include "UnwindStackMap.h"
+
+static std::string GetFunctionName(BacktraceMap* back_map, uintptr_t pc, uintptr_t* offset) {
+  *offset = 0;
+  unwindstack::Maps* maps = reinterpret_cast<UnwindStackMap*>(back_map)->stack_maps();
+
+  // Get the map for this
+  unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(pc);
+  if (map_info == nullptr || map_info->flags & PROT_DEVICE_MAP) {
+    return "";
+  }
+
+  UnwindStackMap* stack_map = reinterpret_cast<UnwindStackMap*>(back_map);
+  unwindstack::Elf* elf = map_info->GetElf(stack_map->process_memory(), true);
+
+  std::string name;
+  uint64_t func_offset;
+  if (!elf->GetFunctionName(elf->GetRelPc(pc, map_info), &name, &func_offset)) {
+    return "";
+  }
+  *offset = func_offset;
+  return name;
+}
+
+static bool IsUnwindLibrary(const std::string& map_name) {
+  const std::string library(basename(map_name.c_str()));
+  return library == "libunwindstack.so" || library == "libbacktrace.so";
+}
+
+static bool Unwind(unwindstack::Regs* regs, BacktraceMap* back_map,
+                   std::vector<backtrace_frame_data_t>* frames, size_t num_ignore_frames) {
+  UnwindStackMap* stack_map = reinterpret_cast<UnwindStackMap*>(back_map);
+  unwindstack::Maps* maps = stack_map->stack_maps();
+  bool adjust_rel_pc = false;
+  size_t num_frames = 0;
+  frames->clear();
+  while (num_frames < MAX_BACKTRACE_FRAMES) {
+    if (regs->pc() == 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+    unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(regs->pc());
+    if (map_info == nullptr) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    unwindstack::Elf* elf = map_info->GetElf(stack_map->process_memory(), true);
+    uint64_t rel_pc = elf->GetRelPc(regs->pc(), map_info);
+
+    bool skip_frame = num_frames == 0 && IsUnwindLibrary(map_info->name);
+    if (num_ignore_frames == 0 && !skip_frame) {
+      uint64_t adjusted_rel_pc = rel_pc;
+      if (adjust_rel_pc) {
+        adjusted_rel_pc = regs->GetAdjustedPc(rel_pc, elf);
+      }
+      frames->resize(num_frames + 1);
+      backtrace_frame_data_t* frame = &frames->at(num_frames);
+      frame->num = num_frames;
+      // This will point to the adjusted absolute pc. regs->pc() is
+      // unaltered.
+      frame->pc = map_info->start + adjusted_rel_pc;
+      frame->sp = regs->sp();
+      frame->rel_pc = adjusted_rel_pc;
+      frame->stack_size = 0;
+
+      frame->map.start = map_info->start;
+      frame->map.end = map_info->end;
+      frame->map.offset = map_info->offset;
+      frame->map.load_bias = elf->GetLoadBias();
+      frame->map.flags = map_info->flags;
+      frame->map.name = map_info->name;
+
+      uint64_t func_offset = 0;
+      if (elf->GetFunctionName(adjusted_rel_pc, &frame->func_name, &func_offset)) {
+        frame->func_name = demangle(frame->func_name.c_str());
+      } else {
+        frame->func_name = "";
+      }
+      frame->func_offset = func_offset;
+      if (num_frames > 0) {
+        // Set the stack size for the previous frame.
+        backtrace_frame_data_t* prev = &frames->at(num_frames - 1);
+        prev->stack_size = frame->sp - prev->sp;
+      }
+      num_frames++;
+    } else if (!skip_frame && num_ignore_frames > 0) {
+      num_ignore_frames--;
+    }
+    adjust_rel_pc = true;
+
+    // Do not unwind through a device map.
+    if (map_info->flags & PROT_DEVICE_MAP) {
+      break;
+    }
+    unwindstack::MapInfo* sp_info = maps->Find(regs->sp());
+    if (sp_info->flags & PROT_DEVICE_MAP) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (!elf->Step(rel_pc + map_info->elf_offset, regs, stack_map->process_memory().get())) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+UnwindStackCurrent::UnwindStackCurrent(pid_t pid, pid_t tid, BacktraceMap* map)
+    : BacktraceCurrent(pid, tid, map) {}
+
+std::string UnwindStackCurrent::GetFunctionNameRaw(uintptr_t pc, uintptr_t* offset) {
+  return ::GetFunctionName(GetMap(), pc, offset);
+}
+
+bool UnwindStackCurrent::UnwindFromContext(size_t num_ignore_frames, ucontext_t* ucontext) {
+  std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs> regs;
+  if (ucontext == nullptr) {
+    regs.reset(unwindstack::Regs::CreateFromLocal());
+    // Fill in the registers from this function. Do it here to avoid
+    // one extra function call appearing in the unwind.
+    unwindstack::RegsGetLocal(regs.get());
+  } else {
+    regs.reset(
+        unwindstack::Regs::CreateFromUcontext(unwindstack::Regs::CurrentMachineType(), ucontext));
+  }
+
+  error_ = BACKTRACE_UNWIND_NO_ERROR;
+  return ::Unwind(regs.get(), GetMap(), &frames_, num_ignore_frames);
+}
+
+UnwindStackPtrace::UnwindStackPtrace(pid_t pid, pid_t tid, BacktraceMap* map)
+    : BacktracePtrace(pid, tid, map) {}
+
+std::string UnwindStackPtrace::GetFunctionNameRaw(uintptr_t pc, uintptr_t* offset) {
+  return ::GetFunctionName(GetMap(), pc, offset);
+}
+
+bool UnwindStackPtrace::Unwind(size_t num_ignore_frames, ucontext_t* context) {
+  std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Regs> regs;
+  if (context == nullptr) {
+    regs.reset(unwindstack::Regs::RemoteGet(Tid()));
+  } else {
+    regs.reset(
+        unwindstack::Regs::CreateFromUcontext(unwindstack::Regs::CurrentMachineType(), context));
+  }
+
+  error_ = BACKTRACE_UNWIND_NO_ERROR;
+  return ::Unwind(regs.get(), GetMap(), &frames_, num_ignore_frames);
+}
+
+Backtrace* Backtrace::CreateNew(pid_t pid, pid_t tid, BacktraceMap* map) {
+  if (pid == BACKTRACE_CURRENT_PROCESS) {
+    pid = getpid();
+    if (tid == BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD) {
+      tid = gettid();
+    }
+  } else if (tid == BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD) {
+    tid = pid;
+  }
+
+  if (map == nullptr) {
+// This would cause the wrong type of map object to be created, so disallow.
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+    __assert2(__FILE__, __LINE__, __PRETTY_FUNCTION__,
+              "Backtrace::CreateNew() must be called with a real map pointer.");
+#else
+    BACK_LOGE("Backtrace::CreateNew() must be called with a real map pointer.");
+    abort();
+#endif
+  }
+
+  if (pid == getpid()) {
+    return new UnwindStackCurrent(pid, tid, map);
+  } else {
+    return new UnwindStackPtrace(pid, tid, map);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.h b/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be9ef63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libbacktrace/UnwindStack.h
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBBACKTRACE_UNWIND_STACK_H
+#define _LIBBACKTRACE_UNWIND_STACK_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <backtrace/BacktraceMap.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+#include "BacktraceCurrent.h"
+#include "BacktracePtrace.h"
+
+class UnwindStackCurrent : public BacktraceCurrent {
+ public:
+  UnwindStackCurrent(pid_t pid, pid_t tid, BacktraceMap* map);
+  virtual ~UnwindStackCurrent() = default;
+
+  std::string GetFunctionNameRaw(uintptr_t pc, uintptr_t* offset) override;
+
+  bool UnwindFromContext(size_t num_ignore_frames, ucontext_t* ucontext) override;
+};
+
+class UnwindStackPtrace : public BacktracePtrace {
+ public:
+  UnwindStackPtrace(pid_t pid, pid_t tid, BacktraceMap* map);
+  virtual ~UnwindStackPtrace() = default;
+
+  bool Unwind(size_t num_ignore_frames, ucontext_t* context) override;
+
+  std::string GetFunctionNameRaw(uintptr_t pc, uintptr_t* offset);
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBBACKTRACE_UNWIND_STACK_H
diff --git a/libbacktrace/UnwindStackMap.cpp b/libbacktrace/UnwindStackMap.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4a2444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libbacktrace/UnwindStackMap.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <backtrace/BacktraceMap.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+
+#include "UnwindStackMap.h"
+
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+UnwindStackMap::UnwindStackMap(pid_t pid) : BacktraceMap(pid) {}
+
+bool UnwindStackMap::Build() {
+  if (pid_ == 0) {
+    pid_ = getpid();
+    stack_maps_.reset(new unwindstack::LocalMaps);
+  } else {
+    stack_maps_.reset(new unwindstack::RemoteMaps(pid_));
+  }
+
+  // Create the process memory object.
+  process_memory_ = unwindstack::Memory::CreateProcessMemory(pid_);
+
+  if (!stack_maps_->Parse()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Iterate through the maps and fill in the backtrace_map_t structure.
+  for (auto& map_info : *stack_maps_) {
+    backtrace_map_t map;
+    map.start = map_info.start;
+    map.end = map_info.end;
+    map.offset = map_info.offset;
+    // Set to -1 so that it is demand loaded.
+    map.load_bias = static_cast<uintptr_t>(-1);
+    map.flags = map_info.flags;
+    map.name = map_info.name;
+
+    maps_.push_back(map);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+void UnwindStackMap::FillIn(uintptr_t addr, backtrace_map_t* map) {
+  BacktraceMap::FillIn(addr, map);
+  if (map->load_bias != static_cast<uintptr_t>(-1)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Fill in the load_bias.
+  unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = stack_maps_->Find(addr);
+  if (map_info == nullptr) {
+    return;
+  }
+  unwindstack::Elf* elf = map_info->GetElf(process_memory_, true);
+  map->load_bias = elf->GetLoadBias();
+}
+
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// BacktraceMap create function.
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+BacktraceMap* BacktraceMap::CreateNew(pid_t pid, bool uncached) {
+  BacktraceMap* map;
+
+  if (uncached) {
+    // Force use of the base class to parse the maps when this call is made.
+    map = new BacktraceMap(pid);
+  } else if (pid == getpid()) {
+    map = new UnwindStackMap(0);
+  } else {
+    map = new UnwindStackMap(pid);
+  }
+  if (!map->Build()) {
+    delete map;
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return map;
+}
diff --git a/libbacktrace/UnwindStackMap.h b/libbacktrace/UnwindStackMap.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b93b340
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libbacktrace/UnwindStackMap.h
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBBACKTRACE_UNWINDSTACK_MAP_H
+#define _LIBBACKTRACE_UNWINDSTACK_MAP_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include <backtrace/BacktraceMap.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+
+class UnwindStackMap : public BacktraceMap {
+ public:
+  explicit UnwindStackMap(pid_t pid);
+  ~UnwindStackMap() = default;
+
+  bool Build() override;
+
+  void FillIn(uintptr_t addr, backtrace_map_t* map) override;
+
+  unwindstack::Maps* stack_maps() { return stack_maps_.get(); }
+
+  const std::shared_ptr<unwindstack::Memory>& process_memory() { return process_memory_; }
+
+ protected:
+  std::unique_ptr<unwindstack::Maps> stack_maps_;
+  std::shared_ptr<unwindstack::Memory> process_memory_;
+};
+
+#endif  // _LIBBACKTRACE_UNWINDSTACK_MAP_H
diff --git a/libbacktrace/backtrace_benchmarks.cpp b/libbacktrace/backtrace_benchmarks.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30c2a55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libbacktrace/backtrace_benchmarks.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+
+#include <benchmark/benchmark.h>
+
+#include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
+#include <backtrace/BacktraceMap.h>
+
+// Definitions of prctl arguments to set a vma name in Android kernels.
+#define ANDROID_PR_SET_VMA 0x53564d41
+#define ANDROID_PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME 0
+
+constexpr size_t kNumMaps = 2000;
+constexpr size_t kNumIterations = 1000;
+
+static bool CountMaps(pid_t pid, size_t* num_maps) {
+  // Minimize the calls that might allocate memory. If too much memory
+  // gets allocated, then this routine will add extra maps and the next
+  // call will fail to get the same number of maps as before.
+  int fd =
+      open((std::string("/proc/") + std::to_string(pid) + "/maps").c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+  if (fd == -1) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open map file for pid %d: %s\n", pid, strerror(errno));
+    return false;
+  }
+  *num_maps = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    char buffer[2048];
+    ssize_t bytes = read(fd, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+    if (bytes <= 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+    // Count the '\n'.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(bytes); i++) {
+      if (buffer[i] == '\n') {
+        ++*num_maps;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  close(fd);
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void CreateMap(benchmark::State& state, BacktraceMap* (*map_func)(pid_t, bool)) {
+  state.PauseTiming();
+  // Create a remote process so that the map data is exactly the same.
+  // Also, so that we can create a set number of maps.
+  pid_t pid;
+  if ((pid = fork()) == 0) {
+    size_t num_maps;
+    if (!CountMaps(getpid(), &num_maps)) {
+      exit(1);
+    }
+    // Create uniquely named maps.
+    std::vector<void*> maps;
+    for (size_t i = num_maps; i < kNumMaps; i++) {
+      int flags = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
+      // Alternate page type to make sure a map entry is added for each call.
+      if ((i % 2) == 0) {
+        flags |= PROT_EXEC;
+      }
+      void* memory = mmap(nullptr, PAGE_SIZE, flags, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+      if (memory == MAP_FAILED) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create map: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+        exit(1);
+      }
+      memset(memory, 0x1, PAGE_SIZE);
+      if (prctl(ANDROID_PR_SET_VMA, ANDROID_PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, memory, PAGE_SIZE, "test_map") ==
+          -1) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+      }
+      maps.push_back(memory);
+    }
+
+    if (!CountMaps(getpid(), &num_maps)) {
+      exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (num_maps != kNumMaps) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Maps set incorrectly: %zu found, %zu expected.\n", num_maps, kNumMaps);
+      std::string str;
+      android::base::ReadFileToString("/proc/self/maps", &str);
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", str.c_str());
+      exit(1);
+    }
+
+    // Wait for an hour at most.
+    sleep(3600);
+    exit(1);
+  } else if (pid < 0) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Fork failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+    return;
+  }
+
+  size_t num_maps = 0;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
+    if (CountMaps(pid, &num_maps) && num_maps == kNumMaps) {
+      break;
+    }
+    usleep(1000);
+  }
+  if (num_maps != kNumMaps) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Timed out waiting for the number of maps available: %zu\n", num_maps);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  state.ResumeTiming();
+  while (state.KeepRunning()) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(state.range(0)); i++) {
+      BacktraceMap* map = map_func(pid, false);
+      if (map == nullptr) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to create map\n");
+        return;
+      }
+      delete map;
+    }
+  }
+  state.PauseTiming();
+
+  kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+  waitpid(pid, nullptr, 0);
+}
+
+static void BM_create_map(benchmark::State& state) {
+  CreateMap(state, BacktraceMap::Create);
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_create_map)->Arg(kNumIterations);
+
+static void BM_create_map_new(benchmark::State& state) {
+  CreateMap(state, BacktraceMap::CreateNew);
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_create_map_new)->Arg(kNumIterations);
+
+BENCHMARK_MAIN();
diff --git a/libbacktrace/backtrace_offline_test.cpp b/libbacktrace/backtrace_offline_test.cpp
index 465b3f9..0a1f33d 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/backtrace_offline_test.cpp
+++ b/libbacktrace/backtrace_offline_test.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/strings.h>
 #include <backtrace/Backtrace.h>
@@ -129,6 +130,10 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
+std::string GetTestPath(std::string path) {
+  return android::base::GetExecutableDirectory() + "/testdata/" + ABI_STRING + '/' + path;
+}
+
 // This test is disable because it is for generating test data.
 TEST(libbacktrace, DISABLED_generate_offline_testdata) {
   // Create a thread to generate the needed stack and registers information.
@@ -167,9 +172,9 @@
   // 2. Dump maps
   for (auto it = map->begin(); it != map->end(); ++it) {
     testdata += android::base::StringPrintf(
-        "map: start: %" PRIxPTR " end: %" PRIxPTR " offset: %" PRIxPTR
-        " load_base: %" PRIxPTR " flags: %d name: %s\n",
-        it->start, it->end, it->offset, it->load_base, it->flags, it->name.c_str());
+        "map: start: %" PRIxPTR " end: %" PRIxPTR " offset: %" PRIxPTR " load_bias: %" PRIxPTR
+        " flags: %d name: %s\n",
+        it->start, it->end, it->offset, it->load_bias, it->flags, it->name.c_str());
   }
   // 3. Dump registers
   testdata += android::base::StringPrintf("registers: %zu ", sizeof(arg.unw_context));
@@ -206,20 +211,6 @@
   return "";
 }
 
-static std::string GetArch() {
-#if defined(__arm__)
-  return "arm";
-#elif defined(__aarch64__)
-  return "aarch64";
-#elif defined(__i386__)
-  return "x86";
-#elif defined(__x86_64__)
-  return "x86_64";
-#else
-  return "";
-#endif
-}
-
 struct OfflineTestData {
   int pid;
   int tid;
@@ -246,9 +237,9 @@
       backtrace_map_t& map = testdata->maps.back();
       int pos;
       sscanf(line.c_str(),
-             "map: start: %" SCNxPTR " end: %" SCNxPTR " offset: %" SCNxPTR
-             " load_base: %" SCNxPTR " flags: %d name: %n",
-             &map.start, &map.end, &map.offset, &map.load_base, &map.flags, &pos);
+             "map: start: %" SCNxPTR " end: %" SCNxPTR " offset: %" SCNxPTR " load_bias: %" SCNxPTR
+             " flags: %d name: %n",
+             &map.start, &map.end, &map.offset, &map.load_bias, &map.flags, &pos);
       map.name = android::base::Trim(line.substr(pos));
     } else if (android::base::StartsWith(line, "registers:")) {
       size_t size;
@@ -280,20 +271,15 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-static void BacktraceOfflineTest(const std::string& testlib_name) {
-  const std::string arch = GetArch();
-  if (arch.empty()) {
-    GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "This test does nothing on current arch.";
-    return;
-  }
-  const std::string testlib_path = "testdata/" + arch + "/" + testlib_name;
-  struct stat st;
-  if (stat(testlib_path.c_str(), &st) == -1) {
-    GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "This test is skipped as " << testlib_path << " doesn't exist.";
+static void BacktraceOfflineTest(const char* arch, const std::string& testlib_name) {
+  // TODO: For now, we can only run this on the same arch as the library arch.
+  if (std::string(ABI_STRING) != arch) {
+    GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "Ignoring arch " << arch << " for lib " << testlib_name;
     return;
   }
 
-  const std::string offline_testdata_path = "testdata/" + arch + "/offline_testdata";
+  const std::string testlib_path(GetTestPath(testlib_name));
+  const std::string offline_testdata_path(GetTestPath("offline_testdata"));
   OfflineTestData testdata;
   ASSERT_TRUE(ReadOfflineTestData(offline_testdata_path, &testdata));
 
@@ -339,35 +325,40 @@
                                                       testdata.symbols));
 }
 
+// For now, these tests can only run on the given architectures.
 TEST(libbacktrace, offline_eh_frame) {
-  BacktraceOfflineTest("libbacktrace_test_eh_frame.so");
+  BacktraceOfflineTest("arm64", "libbacktrace_test_eh_frame.so");
+  BacktraceOfflineTest("x86_64", "libbacktrace_test_eh_frame.so");
 }
 
 TEST(libbacktrace, offline_debug_frame) {
-  BacktraceOfflineTest("libbacktrace_test_debug_frame.so");
+  BacktraceOfflineTest("arm", "libbacktrace_test_debug_frame.so");
+  BacktraceOfflineTest("x86", "libbacktrace_test_debug_frame.so");
 }
 
 TEST(libbacktrace, offline_gnu_debugdata) {
-  BacktraceOfflineTest("libbacktrace_test_gnu_debugdata.so");
+  BacktraceOfflineTest("arm", "libbacktrace_test_gnu_debugdata.so");
+  BacktraceOfflineTest("x86", "libbacktrace_test_gnu_debugdata.so");
 }
 
 TEST(libbacktrace, offline_arm_exidx) {
-  BacktraceOfflineTest("libbacktrace_test_arm_exidx.so");
+  BacktraceOfflineTest("arm", "libbacktrace_test_arm_exidx.so");
 }
 
 // This test tests the situation that ranges of functions covered by .eh_frame and .ARM.exidx
 // overlap with each other, which appears in /system/lib/libart.so.
 TEST(libbacktrace, offline_unwind_mix_eh_frame_and_arm_exidx) {
-  const std::string arch = GetArch();
-  if (arch.empty() || arch != "arm") {
-    GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "This test does nothing on current arch.";
+  // TODO: For now, only run on the given arch.
+  if (std::string(ABI_STRING) != "arm") {
+    GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "Skipping test since offline for arm on " << ABI_STRING
+                     << " isn't supported.";
     return;
   }
-  const std::string testlib_path = "testdata/" + arch + "/libart.so";
+  const std::string testlib_path(GetTestPath("libart.so"));
   struct stat st;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, stat(testlib_path.c_str(), &st)) << "can't find testlib " << testlib_path;
 
-  const std::string offline_testdata_path = "testdata/" + arch + "/offline_testdata_for_libart";
+  const std::string offline_testdata_path(GetTestPath("offline_testdata_for_libart"));
   OfflineTestData testdata;
   ASSERT_TRUE(ReadOfflineTestData(offline_testdata_path, &testdata));
 
@@ -392,8 +383,8 @@
   // The last frame is outside of libart.so
   ASSERT_EQ(testdata.symbols.size() + 1, backtrace->NumFrames());
   for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < backtrace->NumFrames(); ++i) {
-    uintptr_t vaddr_in_file = backtrace->GetFrame(i)->pc - testdata.maps[0].start +
-        testdata.maps[0].load_base;
+    uintptr_t vaddr_in_file =
+        backtrace->GetFrame(i)->pc - testdata.maps[0].start + testdata.maps[0].load_bias;
     std::string name = FunctionNameForAddress(vaddr_in_file, testdata.symbols);
     ASSERT_EQ(name, testdata.symbols[i].name);
   }
diff --git a/libbacktrace/backtrace_test.cpp b/libbacktrace/backtrace_test.cpp
index fb463b0..9fe2d1c 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/backtrace_test.cpp
+++ b/libbacktrace/backtrace_test.cpp
@@ -304,8 +304,10 @@
   ASSERT_NE(test_recursive_call(MAX_BACKTRACE_FRAMES+10, VerifyMaxBacktrace, nullptr), 0);
 }
 
-static void VerifyProcTest(pid_t pid, pid_t tid, bool share_map, bool (*ReadyFunc)(Backtrace*),
-                           void (*VerifyFunc)(Backtrace*)) {
+static void VerifyProcTest(pid_t pid, pid_t tid, bool (*ReadyFunc)(Backtrace*),
+                           void (*VerifyFunc)(Backtrace*),
+                           Backtrace* (*back_func)(pid_t, pid_t, BacktraceMap*),
+                           BacktraceMap* (*map_func)(pid_t, bool)) {
   pid_t ptrace_tid;
   if (tid < 0) {
     ptrace_tid = pid;
@@ -322,10 +324,8 @@
       WaitForStop(ptrace_tid);
 
       std::unique_ptr<BacktraceMap> map;
-      if (share_map) {
-        map.reset(BacktraceMap::Create(pid));
-      }
-      std::unique_ptr<Backtrace> backtrace(Backtrace::Create(pid, tid, map.get()));
+      map.reset(map_func(pid, false));
+      std::unique_ptr<Backtrace> backtrace(back_func(pid, tid, map.get()));
       ASSERT_TRUE(backtrace.get() != nullptr);
       ASSERT_TRUE(backtrace->Unwind(0));
       ASSERT_EQ(BACKTRACE_UNWIND_NO_ERROR, backtrace->GetError());
@@ -349,21 +349,22 @@
     ASSERT_NE(test_level_one(1, 2, 3, 4, nullptr, nullptr), 0);
     _exit(1);
   }
-  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, false, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyLevelDump);
+  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyLevelDump,
+                 Backtrace::Create, BacktraceMap::Create);
 
   kill(pid, SIGKILL);
   int status;
   ASSERT_EQ(waitpid(pid, &status, 0), pid);
 }
 
-TEST(libbacktrace, ptrace_trace_shared_map) {
+TEST(libbacktrace, ptrace_trace_new) {
   pid_t pid;
   if ((pid = fork()) == 0) {
     ASSERT_NE(test_level_one(1, 2, 3, 4, nullptr, nullptr), 0);
     _exit(1);
   }
-
-  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, true, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyLevelDump);
+  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyLevelDump,
+                 Backtrace::CreateNew, BacktraceMap::CreateNew);
 
   kill(pid, SIGKILL);
   int status;
@@ -376,7 +377,22 @@
     ASSERT_NE(test_recursive_call(MAX_BACKTRACE_FRAMES+10, nullptr, nullptr), 0);
     _exit(1);
   }
-  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, false, ReadyMaxBacktrace, VerifyMaxDump);
+  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, ReadyMaxBacktrace, VerifyMaxDump, Backtrace::Create,
+                 BacktraceMap::Create);
+
+  kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+  int status;
+  ASSERT_EQ(waitpid(pid, &status, 0), pid);
+}
+
+TEST(libbacktrace, ptrace_max_trace_new) {
+  pid_t pid;
+  if ((pid = fork()) == 0) {
+    ASSERT_NE(test_recursive_call(MAX_BACKTRACE_FRAMES + 10, nullptr, nullptr), 0);
+    _exit(1);
+  }
+  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, ReadyMaxBacktrace, VerifyMaxDump,
+                 Backtrace::CreateNew, BacktraceMap::CreateNew);
 
   kill(pid, SIGKILL);
   int status;
@@ -403,7 +419,22 @@
     ASSERT_NE(test_level_one(1, 2, 3, 4, nullptr, nullptr), 0);
     _exit(1);
   }
-  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, false, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyProcessIgnoreFrames);
+  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyProcessIgnoreFrames,
+                 Backtrace::Create, BacktraceMap::Create);
+
+  kill(pid, SIGKILL);
+  int status;
+  ASSERT_EQ(waitpid(pid, &status, 0), pid);
+}
+
+TEST(libbacktrace, ptrace_ignore_frames_new) {
+  pid_t pid;
+  if ((pid = fork()) == 0) {
+    ASSERT_NE(test_level_one(1, 2, 3, 4, nullptr, nullptr), 0);
+    _exit(1);
+  }
+  VerifyProcTest(pid, BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyProcessIgnoreFrames,
+                 Backtrace::CreateNew, BacktraceMap::CreateNew);
 
   kill(pid, SIGKILL);
   int status;
@@ -466,7 +497,47 @@
     if (pid == *it) {
       continue;
     }
-    VerifyProcTest(pid, *it, false, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyLevelDump);
+    VerifyProcTest(pid, *it, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyLevelDump, Backtrace::Create,
+                   BacktraceMap::Create);
+  }
+
+  FinishRemoteProcess(pid);
+}
+
+TEST(libbacktrace, ptrace_threads_new) {
+  pid_t pid;
+  if ((pid = fork()) == 0) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < NUM_PTRACE_THREADS; i++) {
+      pthread_attr_t attr;
+      pthread_attr_init(&attr);
+      pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED);
+
+      pthread_t thread;
+      ASSERT_TRUE(pthread_create(&thread, &attr, PtraceThreadLevelRun, nullptr) == 0);
+    }
+    ASSERT_NE(test_level_one(1, 2, 3, 4, nullptr, nullptr), 0);
+    _exit(1);
+  }
+
+  // Check to see that all of the threads are running before unwinding.
+  std::vector<pid_t> threads;
+  uint64_t start = NanoTime();
+  do {
+    usleep(US_PER_MSEC);
+    threads.clear();
+    GetThreads(pid, &threads);
+  } while ((threads.size() != NUM_PTRACE_THREADS + 1) && ((NanoTime() - start) <= 5 * NS_PER_SEC));
+  ASSERT_EQ(threads.size(), static_cast<size_t>(NUM_PTRACE_THREADS + 1));
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0, 0) == 0);
+  WaitForStop(pid);
+  for (std::vector<int>::const_iterator it = threads.begin(); it != threads.end(); ++it) {
+    // Skip the current forked process, we only care about the threads.
+    if (pid == *it) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    VerifyProcTest(pid, *it, ReadyLevelBacktrace, VerifyLevelDump, Backtrace::CreateNew,
+                   BacktraceMap::CreateNew);
   }
 
   FinishRemoteProcess(pid);
@@ -784,6 +855,7 @@
   backtrace_frame_data_t frame;
   frame.num = 1;
   frame.pc = 2;
+  frame.rel_pc = 2;
   frame.sp = 0;
   frame.stack_size = 0;
   frame.func_offset = 0;
@@ -799,9 +871,10 @@
 
   // Check map name empty, but exists.
   frame.pc = 0xb0020;
+  frame.rel_pc = 0x20;
   frame.map.start = 0xb0000;
   frame.map.end = 0xbffff;
-  frame.map.load_base = 0;
+  frame.map.load_bias = 0;
 #if defined(__LP64__)
   EXPECT_EQ("#01 pc 0000000000000020  <anonymous:00000000000b0000>",
 #else
@@ -813,7 +886,7 @@
   frame.pc = 0xc0020;
   frame.map.start = 0xc0000;
   frame.map.end = 0xcffff;
-  frame.map.load_base = 0;
+  frame.map.load_bias = 0;
   frame.map.name = "[anon:thread signal stack]";
 #if defined(__LP64__)
   EXPECT_EQ("#01 pc 0000000000000020  [anon:thread signal stack:00000000000c0000]",
@@ -824,6 +897,7 @@
 
   // Check relative pc is set and map name is set.
   frame.pc = 0x12345679;
+  frame.rel_pc = 0x12345678;
   frame.map.name = "MapFake";
   frame.map.start =  1;
   frame.map.end =  1;
@@ -852,9 +926,10 @@
 #endif
             backtrace->FormatFrameData(&frame));
 
-  // Check func_name is set, func offset is non-zero, and load_base is non-zero.
+  // Check func_name is set, func offset is non-zero, and load_bias is non-zero.
+  frame.rel_pc = 0x123456dc;
   frame.func_offset = 645;
-  frame.map.load_base = 100;
+  frame.map.load_bias = 100;
 #if defined(__LP64__)
   EXPECT_EQ("#01 pc 00000000123456dc  MapFake (ProcFake+645)",
 #else
@@ -1575,7 +1650,7 @@
   munmap(device_map, DEVICE_MAP_SIZE);
 }
 
-TEST(libbacktrace, unwind_disallow_device_map_remote) {
+TEST(libbacktrace, unwind_disallow_device_map_remote_new) {
   void* device_map;
   SetupDeviceMap(&device_map);
 
@@ -1584,13 +1659,11 @@
   CreateRemoteProcess(&pid);
 
   // Now create an unwind object.
-  std::unique_ptr<Backtrace> backtrace(Backtrace::Create(pid, pid));
+  std::unique_ptr<BacktraceMap> map(BacktraceMap::CreateNew(pid));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(map.get() != nullptr);
+  std::unique_ptr<Backtrace> backtrace(Backtrace::CreateNew(pid, pid, map.get()));
 
-  // TODO: Currently unwind from context doesn't work on remote
-  // unwind. Keep this test because the new unwinder should support
-  // this eventually, or we can delete this test.
-  // properly with unwind from context.
-  // UnwindFromDevice(backtrace.get(), device_map);
+  UnwindFromDevice(backtrace.get(), device_map);
 
   FinishRemoteProcess(pid);
 
@@ -1629,7 +1702,9 @@
     ;
 }
 
-static void UnwindThroughSignal(bool use_action) {
+static void UnwindThroughSignal(bool use_action,
+                                Backtrace* (*back_func)(pid_t, pid_t, BacktraceMap*),
+                                BacktraceMap* (*map_func)(pid_t, bool)) {
   volatile int value = 0;
   pid_t pid;
   if ((pid = fork()) == 0) {
@@ -1655,7 +1730,8 @@
 
     WaitForStop(pid);
 
-    std::unique_ptr<Backtrace> backtrace(Backtrace::Create(pid, pid));
+    std::unique_ptr<BacktraceMap> map(map_func(pid, false));
+    std::unique_ptr<Backtrace> backtrace(back_func(pid, pid, map.get()));
 
     size_t bytes_read = backtrace->Read(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(const_cast<int*>(&value)),
                                         reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(&read_value), sizeof(read_value));
@@ -1673,6 +1749,7 @@
   // Wait for the process to get to the signal handler loop.
   Backtrace::const_iterator frame_iter;
   start = NanoTime();
+  std::unique_ptr<BacktraceMap> map;
   std::unique_ptr<Backtrace> backtrace;
   while (true) {
     usleep(1000);
@@ -1681,7 +1758,9 @@
 
     WaitForStop(pid);
 
-    backtrace.reset(Backtrace::Create(pid, pid));
+    map.reset(map_func(pid, false));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(map.get() != nullptr);
+    backtrace.reset(back_func(pid, pid, map.get()));
     ASSERT_TRUE(backtrace->Unwind(0));
     bool found = false;
     for (frame_iter = backtrace->begin(); frame_iter != backtrace->end(); ++frame_iter) {
@@ -1737,9 +1816,21 @@
   FinishRemoteProcess(pid);
 }
 
-TEST(libbacktrace, unwind_remote_through_signal_using_handler) { UnwindThroughSignal(false); }
+TEST(libbacktrace, unwind_remote_through_signal_using_handler) {
+  UnwindThroughSignal(false, Backtrace::Create, BacktraceMap::Create);
+}
 
-TEST(libbacktrace, unwind_remote_through_signal_using_action) { UnwindThroughSignal(true); }
+TEST(libbacktrace, unwind_remote_through_signal_using_handler_new) {
+  UnwindThroughSignal(false, Backtrace::CreateNew, BacktraceMap::CreateNew);
+}
+
+TEST(libbacktrace, unwind_remote_through_signal_using_action) {
+  UnwindThroughSignal(true, Backtrace::Create, BacktraceMap::Create);
+}
+
+TEST(libbacktrace, unwind_remote_through_signal_using_action_new) {
+  UnwindThroughSignal(true, Backtrace::CreateNew, BacktraceMap::CreateNew);
+}
 
 #if defined(ENABLE_PSS_TESTS)
 #include "GetPss.h"
diff --git a/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/Backtrace.h b/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/Backtrace.h
index 4f73a65..d67ea50 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/Backtrace.h
+++ b/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/Backtrace.h
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@
 struct backtrace_frame_data_t {
   size_t num;             // The current fame number.
   uintptr_t pc;           // The absolute pc.
+  uintptr_t rel_pc;       // The relative pc.
   uintptr_t sp;           // The top of the stack.
   size_t stack_size;      // The size of the stack, zero indicate an unknown stack size.
   backtrace_map_t map;    // The map associated with the given pc.
@@ -89,6 +90,8 @@
   // If map is NULL, then create the map and manage it internally.
   // If map is not NULL, the map is still owned by the caller.
   static Backtrace* Create(pid_t pid, pid_t tid, BacktraceMap* map = NULL);
+  // Same as above, but uses a different underlying unwinder.
+  static Backtrace* CreateNew(pid_t pid, pid_t tid, BacktraceMap* map = NULL);
 
   // Create an offline Backtrace object that can be used to do an unwind without a process
   // that is still running. If cache_file is set to true, then elf information will be cached
diff --git a/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/BacktraceMap.h b/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/BacktraceMap.h
index 8ab0dfa..963c34b 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/BacktraceMap.h
+++ b/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/BacktraceMap.h
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
   uintptr_t start = 0;
   uintptr_t end = 0;
   uintptr_t offset = 0;
-  uintptr_t load_base = 0;
+  uintptr_t load_bias = 0;
   int flags = 0;
   std::string name;
 };
@@ -52,6 +52,8 @@
   // Passing a map created with uncached set to true to Backtrace::Create()
   // is unsupported.
   static BacktraceMap* Create(pid_t pid, bool uncached = false);
+  // Same as above, but is compatible with the new unwinder.
+  static BacktraceMap* CreateNew(pid_t pid, bool uncached = false);
 
   static BacktraceMap* Create(pid_t pid, const std::vector<backtrace_map_t>& maps);
 
@@ -95,14 +97,6 @@
     return map.end > 0;
   }
 
-  static uintptr_t GetRelativePc(const backtrace_map_t& map, uintptr_t pc) {
-    if (IsValid(map)) {
-      return pc - map.start + map.load_base;
-    } else {
-      return pc;
-    }
-  }
-
 protected:
   BacktraceMap(pid_t pid);
 
diff --git a/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/backtrace_constants.h b/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/backtrace_constants.h
index f8c1575..373a1e5 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/backtrace_constants.h
+++ b/libbacktrace/include/backtrace/backtrace_constants.h
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@
 // When the pid to be traced is set to this value, then trace the current
 // process. If the tid value is not BACKTRACE_NO_TID, then the specified
 // thread from the current process will be traced.
-#define BACKTRACE_CURRENT_PROCESS -1
+#define BACKTRACE_CURRENT_PROCESS (-1)
 // When the tid to be traced is set to this value, then trace the specified
 // current thread of the specified pid.
-#define BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD -1
+#define BACKTRACE_CURRENT_THREAD (-1)
 
 #define MAX_BACKTRACE_FRAMES 64
 
diff --git a/libbacktrace/testdata/arm/offline_testdata b/libbacktrace/testdata/arm/offline_testdata
index 43d305a..6acea29 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/testdata/arm/offline_testdata
+++ b/libbacktrace/testdata/arm/offline_testdata
@@ -1,98 +1,98 @@
 pid: 32232 tid: 32233
-map: start: aad19000 end: aad6c000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 5 name: /data/backtrace_test32
-map: start: aad6c000 end: aad6e000 offset: 52000 load_base: 0 flags: 1 name: /data/backtrace_test32
-map: start: aad6e000 end: aad6f000 offset: 54000 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: /data/backtrace_test32
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 function: start: 0 end: e76eb835 name: unknown_start
diff --git a/libbacktrace/testdata/arm/offline_testdata_for_libart b/libbacktrace/testdata/arm/offline_testdata_for_libart
index 63f6a07..03e1df5 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/testdata/arm/offline_testdata_for_libart
+++ b/libbacktrace/testdata/arm/offline_testdata_for_libart
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 pid: 32232 tid: 32233
 registers: 64 000000000000000000000000000000006473602451b3e2e700000000d82fd1ff5600000000908eec00000000d42dd1ff00000000c02dd1ff617171e9617171e9
-map: start: e9380000 end: e9766000 offset: 0 load_base: b000 flags: 5 name: /system/lib/libart.so
+map: start: e9380000 end: e9766000 offset: 0 load_bias: b000 flags: 5 name: /system/lib/libart.so
 stack: start: ffd12dc0 end: ffd16000 size: 12864 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 function: start: 3a2121 end: 3a217a name: art_quick_invoke_stub_internal
 function: start: 3a66a5 end: 3a6787 name: art_quick_invoke_static_stub
 function: start: a7129 end: a72f1 name: art::ArtMethod::Invoke(art::Thread*, unsigned int*, unsigned int, art::JValue*, char const*)
 function: start: 2fbd35 end: 2fc789 name: art::InvokeWithArgArray(art::ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable const&, art::ArtMethod*, art::ArgArray*, art::JValue*, char const*)
 function: start: 2fcf75 end: 2fd88d name: art::InvokeMethod(art::ScopedObjectAccessAlreadyRunnable const&, _jobject*, _jobject*, _jobject*, unsigned int)
-function: start: 2a089d end: 2a08bb name: art::Method_invoke(_JNIEnv*, _jobject*, _jobject*, _jobject*)
\ No newline at end of file
+function: start: 2a089d end: 2a08bb name: art::Method_invoke(_JNIEnv*, _jobject*, _jobject*, _jobject*)
diff --git a/libbacktrace/testdata/aarch64/libbacktrace_test_eh_frame.so b/libbacktrace/testdata/arm64/libbacktrace_test_eh_frame.so
similarity index 100%
rename from libbacktrace/testdata/aarch64/libbacktrace_test_eh_frame.so
rename to libbacktrace/testdata/arm64/libbacktrace_test_eh_frame.so
Binary files differ
diff --git a/libbacktrace/testdata/aarch64/offline_testdata b/libbacktrace/testdata/arm64/offline_testdata
similarity index 88%
rename from libbacktrace/testdata/aarch64/offline_testdata
rename to libbacktrace/testdata/arm64/offline_testdata
index ba44e09..75a2f12 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/testdata/aarch64/offline_testdata
+++ b/libbacktrace/testdata/arm64/offline_testdata
@@ -1,100 +1,100 @@
 pid: 32438 tid: 32439
-map: start: 557066e000 end: 55706ee000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 5 name: /data/backtrace_test64
-map: start: 55706ef000 end: 55706f2000 offset: 80000 load_base: 0 flags: 1 name: /data/backtrace_test64
-map: start: 55706f2000 end: 55706f3000 offset: 83000 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: /data/backtrace_test64
-map: start: 7014200000 end: 7014600000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: [anon:libc_malloc]
-map: start: 701464c000 end: 701465c000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 5 name: /system/lib64/libcutils.so
-map: start: 701465c000 end: 701465d000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 0 name: 
-map: start: 701465d000 end: 701465e000 offset: 10000 load_base: 0 flags: 1 name: /system/lib64/libcutils.so
-map: start: 701465e000 end: 701465f000 offset: 11000 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: /system/lib64/libcutils.so
-map: start: 7014691000 end: 70146b5000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 5 name: /system/lib64/liblzma.so
-map: start: 70146b5000 end: 70146b6000 offset: 23000 load_base: 0 flags: 1 name: /system/lib64/liblzma.so
-map: start: 70146b6000 end: 70146b7000 offset: 24000 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: /system/lib64/liblzma.so
-map: start: 70146b7000 end: 70146bc000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: [anon:.bss]
-map: start: 70146c9000 end: 70158b5000 offset: 0 load_base: af000 flags: 5 name: /system/lib64/libLLVM.so
-map: start: 70158b5000 end: 701596b000 offset: 11eb000 load_base: 0 flags: 1 name: /system/lib64/libLLVM.so
-map: start: 701596b000 end: 701596c000 offset: 12a1000 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: /system/lib64/libLLVM.so
-map: start: 701596c000 end: 701599f000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: [anon:.bss]
-map: start: 70159c2000 end: 70159f9000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 5 name: /system/lib64/libm.so
-map: start: 70159f9000 end: 70159fa000 offset: 36000 load_base: 0 flags: 1 name: /system/lib64/libm.so
-map: start: 70159fa000 end: 70159fb000 offset: 37000 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: /system/lib64/libm.so
-map: start: 7015a1e000 end: 7015a2e000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 5 name: /system/lib64/libbacktrace.so
-map: start: 7015a2e000 end: 7015a2f000 offset: f000 load_base: 0 flags: 1 name: /system/lib64/libbacktrace.so
-map: start: 7015a2f000 end: 7015a30000 offset: 10000 load_base: 0 flags: 3 name: /system/lib64/libbacktrace.so
-map: start: 7015a5e000 end: 7015a7d000 offset: 0 load_base: 1000 flags: 5 name: /system/lib64/libutils.so
-map: start: 7015a7d000 end: 7015a7e000 offset: 0 load_base: 0 flags: 0 name: 
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 function: start: 0 end: 7015cf5760 name: unknown_start
diff --git a/libbacktrace/testdata/x86/offline_testdata b/libbacktrace/testdata/x86/offline_testdata
index 3e4e06c..e8b7a99 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/testdata/x86/offline_testdata
+++ b/libbacktrace/testdata/x86/offline_testdata
@@ -1,75 +1,75 @@
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 function: start: 0 end: f748c740 name: unknown_start
diff --git a/libbacktrace/testdata/x86_64/offline_testdata b/libbacktrace/testdata/x86_64/offline_testdata
index baf6450..f8d0dc0 100644
--- a/libbacktrace/testdata/x86_64/offline_testdata
+++ b/libbacktrace/testdata/x86_64/offline_testdata
@@ -1,86 +1,86 @@
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 function: start: 0 end: 7fd5abcf7930 name: unknown_start
diff --git a/libcutils/Android.bp b/libcutils/Android.bp
index 245deb1..cfe8d29 100644
--- a/libcutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libcutils/Android.bp
@@ -50,6 +50,10 @@
 cc_library {
     name: "libcutils",
     vendor_available: true,
+    vndk: {
+        enabled: true,
+        support_system_process: true,
+    },
     host_supported: true,
     srcs: [
         "config_utils.c",
@@ -150,14 +154,13 @@
         "libutils_headers",
     ],
     export_header_lib_headers: ["libcutils_headers"],
+    local_include_dirs: ["include"],
 
     cflags: [
         "-Werror",
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
     ],
-
-    clang: true,
 }
 
 subdirs = ["tests"]
diff --git a/libcutils/android_reboot.c b/libcutils/android_reboot.c
index a33e45f..996d89d 100644
--- a/libcutils/android_reboot.c
+++ b/libcutils/android_reboot.c
@@ -35,11 +35,11 @@
             restart_cmd = "shutdown";
             break;
         case ANDROID_RB_THERMOFF:
-            restart_cmd = "thermal-shutdown";
+            restart_cmd = "shutdown,thermal";
             break;
     }
     if (!restart_cmd) return -1;
-    if (arg) {
+    if (arg && arg[0]) {
         ret = asprintf(&prop_value, "%s,%s", restart_cmd, arg);
     } else {
         ret = asprintf(&prop_value, "%s", restart_cmd);
diff --git a/libcutils/canned_fs_config.c b/libcutils/canned_fs_config.c
index 96ca566..819a846 100644
--- a/libcutils/canned_fs_config.c
+++ b/libcutils/canned_fs_config.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
+#include <private/fs_config.h>
 #include <private/canned_fs_config.h>
 
 typedef struct {
diff --git a/libcutils/fs_config.cpp b/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
index c39071c..cc96ff8 100644
--- a/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/fs_config.cpp
@@ -267,14 +267,27 @@
     return false;
 }
 
+static inline bool prefix_cmp(bool partial, const char* prefix, size_t len, const char* path,
+                              size_t plen) {
+    return ((partial && plen >= len) || (plen == len)) && !strncmp(prefix, path, len);
+}
+
 // alias prefixes of "<partition>/<stuff>" to "system/<partition>/<stuff>" or
 // "system/<partition>/<stuff>" to "<partition>/<stuff>"
-static bool prefix_cmp(const char* prefix, const char* path, size_t len) {
-    if (!strncmp(prefix, path, len)) return true;
+static bool fs_config_cmp(bool partial, const char* prefix, size_t len, const char* path,
+                          size_t plen) {
+    // If name ends in * then allow partial matches.
+    if (!partial && prefix[len - 1] == '*') {
+        len--;
+        partial = true;
+    }
+
+    if (prefix_cmp(partial, prefix, len, path, plen)) return true;
 
     static const char system[] = "system/";
     if (!strncmp(path, system, strlen(system))) {
         path += strlen(system);
+        plen -= strlen(system);
     } else if (len <= strlen(system)) {
         return false;
     } else if (strncmp(prefix, system, strlen(system))) {
@@ -283,25 +296,11 @@
         prefix += strlen(system);
         len -= strlen(system);
     }
-    return is_partition(prefix, len) && !strncmp(prefix, path, len);
+    return is_partition(prefix, len) && prefix_cmp(partial, prefix, len, path, plen);
 }
-
-static bool fs_config_cmp(bool dir, const char* prefix, size_t len, const char* path, size_t plen) {
-    if (dir) {
-        if (plen < len) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else {
-        // If name ends in * then allow partial matches.
-        if (prefix[len - 1] == '*') {
-            return prefix_cmp(prefix, path, len - 1);
-        }
-        if (plen != len) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return prefix_cmp(prefix, path, len);
-}
+#ifndef __ANDROID_VNDK__
+auto __for_testing_only__fs_config_cmp = fs_config_cmp;
+#endif
 
 void fs_config(const char* path, int dir, const char* target_out_path, unsigned* uid, unsigned* gid,
                unsigned* mode, uint64_t* capabilities) {
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/android_filesystem_config.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/android_filesystem_config.h
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..d2a92fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/android_filesystem_config.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../private/android_filesystem_config.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/android_reboot.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/android_reboot.h
index 716567a..a903adb 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/android_reboot.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/android_reboot.h
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@
 /* Properties */
 #define ANDROID_RB_PROPERTY "sys.powerctl"
 
-/* Android reboot reason stored in this file */
-#define LAST_REBOOT_REASON_FILE "/data/misc/reboot/last_reboot_reason"
+/* Android reboot reason stored in this property */
+#define LAST_REBOOT_REASON_PROPERTY "persist.sys.boot.reason"
 
 /* Reboot or shutdown the system.
  * This call uses ANDROID_RB_PROPERTY to request reboot to init process.
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/list.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/list.h
index 4ba2cfd..dfdc53b 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/list.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/list.h
@@ -34,20 +34,20 @@
 
 #define list_declare(name) \
     struct listnode name = { \
-        .next = &name, \
-        .prev = &name, \
+        .next = &(name), \
+        .prev = &(name), \
     }
 
 #define list_for_each(node, list) \
-    for (node = (list)->next; node != (list); node = node->next)
+    for ((node) = (list)->next; (node) != (list); (node) = (node)->next)
 
 #define list_for_each_reverse(node, list) \
-    for (node = (list)->prev; node != (list); node = node->prev)
+    for ((node) = (list)->prev; (node) != (list); (node) = (node)->prev)
 
 #define list_for_each_safe(node, n, list) \
-    for (node = (list)->next, n = node->next; \
-         node != (list); \
-         node = n, n = node->next)
+    for ((node) = (list)->next, (n) = (node)->next; \
+         (node) != (list); \
+         (node) = (n), (n) = (node)->next)
 
 static inline void list_init(struct listnode *node)
 {
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
index abe6dd6..10f5bc0 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/native_handle.h
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
 
 /* Declare a char array for use with native_handle_init */
 #define NATIVE_HANDLE_DECLARE_STORAGE(name, maxFds, maxInts) \
-    alignas(native_handle_t) char name[                            \
-      sizeof(native_handle_t) + sizeof(int) * (maxFds + maxInts)]
+    alignas(native_handle_t) char (name)[                            \
+      sizeof(native_handle_t) + sizeof(int) * ((maxFds) + (maxInts))]
 
 typedef struct native_handle
 {
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h
index b45f58f..d2e0871 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/properties.h
@@ -43,12 +43,7 @@
 ** If the property read fails or returns an empty value, the default
 ** value is used (if nonnull).
 */
-int property_get(const char *key, char *value, const char *default_value)
-/* Sometimes we use not-Bionic with this, so we need this check. */
-#if defined(__BIONIC_FORTIFY)
-        __overloadable __RENAME_CLANG(property_get)
-#endif
-        ;
+int property_get(const char* key, char* value, const char* default_value);
 
 /* property_get_bool: returns the value of key coerced into a
 ** boolean. If the property is not set, then the default value is returned.
@@ -119,27 +114,15 @@
 
 #if defined(__clang__)
 
-/* Some projects use -Weverything; enable_if is clang-specific.
-** FIXME: This is marked used because we'll otherwise get complaints about an
-** unused static function. This is more robust than marking it unused, since
-** -Wused-but-marked-unused is a thing that will complain if this function is
-** actually used, thus making FORTIFY noisier when an error happens. It's going
-** to go away anyway during our FORTIFY cleanup.
-**/
+/* Some projects use -Weverything; diagnose_if is clang-specific. */
 #pragma clang diagnostic push
 #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wgcc-compat"
-__BIONIC_ERROR_FUNCTION_VISIBILITY
-int property_get(const char *key, char *value, const char *default_value)
-        __overloadable
-        __enable_if(__bos(value) != __BIONIC_FORTIFY_UNKNOWN_SIZE &&
-                    __bos(value) < PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX, __property_get_err_str)
-        __errorattr(__property_get_err_str)
-        __attribute__((used));
+int property_get(const char* key, char* value, const char* default_value)
+    __clang_error_if(__bos(value) != __BIONIC_FORTIFY_UNKNOWN_SIZE &&
+                         __bos(value) < PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX,
+                     __property_get_err_str);
 #pragma clang diagnostic pop
 
-/* No object size? No FORTIFY.
-*/
-
 #else /* defined(__clang__) */
 
 extern int __property_get_real(const char *, char *, const char *)
diff --git a/libcutils/include/cutils/sched_policy.h b/libcutils/include/cutils/sched_policy.h
index 9683f91..4c1113b 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/cutils/sched_policy.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/cutils/sched_policy.h
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
  * Check if Linux kernel enables SCHEDTUNE feature (only available in Android
  * common kernel or Linaro LSK, not in mainline Linux as of v4.9)
  *
- * Return value: 1 if Linux kernel CONFIG_SCHEDTUNE=y; 0 otherwise.
+ * Return value: 1 if Linux kernel CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHEDTUNE=y; 0 otherwise.
  */
 extern bool schedboost_enabled();
 
diff --git a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h b/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
index 02141d6..55ece54 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
@@ -14,11 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-/* This file is used to define the properties of the filesystem
-** images generated by build tools (mkbootfs and mkyaffs2image) and
-** by the device side of adb.
-*/
-
 /*
  * This file is consumed by build/tools/fs_config and is used
  * for generating various files. Anything #define AID_<name>
@@ -49,18 +44,12 @@
 #ifndef _ANDROID_FILESYSTEM_CONFIG_H_
 #define _ANDROID_FILESYSTEM_CONFIG_H_
 
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
-#if defined(__BIONIC__)
-#include <linux/capability.h>
-#else
-#include "android_filesystem_capability.h"
+#if !defined(__ANDROID_VNDK__) && !defined(EXCLUDE_FS_CONFIG_STRUCTURES)
+#include <private/fs_config.h>
 #endif
 
-#define CAP_MASK_LONG(cap_name) (1ULL << (cap_name))
-
 /* This is the master Users and Groups config for the platform.
  * DO NOT EVER RENUMBER
  */
@@ -131,6 +120,8 @@
 #define AID_ESE 1060             /* embedded secure element (eSE) subsystem */
 #define AID_OTA_UPDATE 1061      /* resource tracking UID for OTA updates */
 #define AID_AUTOMOTIVE_EVS 1062  /* Automotive rear and surround view system */
+#define AID_LOWPAN 1063          /* LoWPAN subsystem */
+#define AID_HSM 1064             /* hardware security module subsystem */
 /* Changes to this file must be made in AOSP, *not* in internal branches. */
 
 #define AID_SHELL 2000 /* adb and debug shell user */
@@ -193,36 +184,4 @@
  * Also see build/tools/fs_config for more details.
  */
 
-#if !defined(EXCLUDE_FS_CONFIG_STRUCTURES)
-
-struct fs_path_config {
-    unsigned mode;
-    unsigned uid;
-    unsigned gid;
-    uint64_t capabilities;
-    const char* prefix;
-};
-
-/* Rules for directories and files has moved to system/code/libcutils/fs_config.c */
-
-__BEGIN_DECLS
-
-/*
- * Used in:
- *  build/tools/fs_config/fs_config.c
- *  build/tools/fs_get_stats/fs_get_stats.c
- *  system/extras/ext4_utils/make_ext4fs_main.c
- *  external/squashfs-tools/squashfs-tools/android.c
- *  system/core/cpio/mkbootfs.c
- *  system/core/adb/file_sync_service.cpp
- *  system/extras/ext4_utils/canned_fs_config.c
- */
-void fs_config(const char* path, int dir, const char* target_out_path, unsigned* uid, unsigned* gid,
-               unsigned* mode, uint64_t* capabilities);
-
-ssize_t fs_config_generate(char* buffer, size_t length, const struct fs_path_config* pc);
-
-__END_DECLS
-
-#endif
 #endif
diff --git a/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h b/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h
index 7dad668..aab5042 100644
--- a/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h
+++ b/libcutils/include/private/fs_config.h
@@ -14,10 +14,24 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+/* This file is used to define the properties of the filesystem
+** images generated by build tools (mkbootfs and mkyaffs2image) and
+** by the device side of adb.
+*/
+
 #ifndef _LIBS_CUTILS_PRIVATE_FS_CONFIG_H
 #define _LIBS_CUTILS_PRIVATE_FS_CONFIG_H
 
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+
+#if defined(__BIONIC__)
+#include <linux/capability.h>
+#else  // defined(__BIONIC__)
+#include "android_filesystem_capability.h"
+#endif  // defined(__BIONIC__)
+
+#define CAP_MASK_LONG(cap_name) (1ULL << (cap_name))
 
 /*
  * binary format for the runtime <partition>/etc/fs_config_(dirs|files)
@@ -34,4 +48,33 @@
     char prefix[];
 } __attribute__((__aligned__(sizeof(uint64_t))));
 
+struct fs_path_config {
+    unsigned mode;
+    unsigned uid;
+    unsigned gid;
+    uint64_t capabilities;
+    const char* prefix;
+};
+
+/* Rules for directories and files has moved to system/code/libcutils/fs_config.c */
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+/*
+ * Used in:
+ *  build/tools/fs_config/fs_config.c
+ *  build/tools/fs_get_stats/fs_get_stats.c
+ *  system/extras/ext4_utils/make_ext4fs_main.c
+ *  external/squashfs-tools/squashfs-tools/android.c
+ *  system/core/cpio/mkbootfs.c
+ *  system/core/adb/file_sync_service.cpp
+ *  system/extras/ext4_utils/canned_fs_config.c
+ */
+void fs_config(const char* path, int dir, const char* target_out_path, unsigned* uid, unsigned* gid,
+               unsigned* mode, uint64_t* capabilities);
+
+ssize_t fs_config_generate(char* buffer, size_t length, const struct fs_path_config* pc);
+
+__END_DECLS
+
 #endif /* _LIBS_CUTILS_PRIVATE_FS_CONFIG_H */
diff --git a/libcutils/include_vndk/cutils/android_filesystem_config.h b/libcutils/include_vndk/cutils/android_filesystem_config.h
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..13a5a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcutils/include_vndk/cutils/android_filesystem_config.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../include/private/android_filesystem_config.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libcutils/include_vndk/private b/libcutils/include_vndk/private
deleted file mode 120000
index 2245a85..0000000
--- a/libcutils/include_vndk/private
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-../include/private
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libcutils/sched_policy.cpp b/libcutils/sched_policy.cpp
index 7170b48..b00fa85 100644
--- a/libcutils/sched_policy.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/sched_policy.cpp
@@ -28,13 +28,6 @@
 
 #define UNUSED __attribute__((__unused__))
 
-#ifndef SLOGE
-#define SLOGE ALOGE
-#endif
-#ifndef SLOGW
-#define SLOGW ALOGW
-#endif
-
 /* Re-map SP_DEFAULT to the system default policy, and leave other values unchanged.
  * Call this any place a SchedPolicy is used as an input parameter.
  * Returns the possibly re-mapped policy.
@@ -124,11 +117,8 @@
     on where init.rc mounts cpuset. That's why we'd better require this
     configuration be set if CONFIG_CPUSETS is set.
 
-    With runtime check using the following function, build time
-    variables like ENABLE_CPUSETS (used in Android.mk) or cpusets (used
-    in Android.bp) are not needed.
+    In older releases, this was controlled by build-time configuration.
  */
-
 bool cpusets_enabled() {
     static bool enabled = (access("/dev/cpuset/tasks", F_OK) == 0);
 
@@ -137,15 +127,11 @@
 
 /*
     Similar to CONFIG_CPUSETS above, but with a different configuration
-    CONFIG_SCHEDTUNE that's in Android common Linux kernel and Linaro
+    CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHEDTUNE that's in Android common Linux kernel and Linaro
     Stable Kernel (LSK), but not in mainline Linux as of v4.9.
 
-    With runtime check using the following function, build time
-    variables like ENABLE_SCHEDBOOST (used in Android.mk) or schedboost
-    (used in Android.bp) are not needed.
-
+    In older releases, this was controlled by build-time configuration.
  */
-
 bool schedboost_enabled() {
     static bool enabled = (access("/dev/stune/tasks", F_OK) == 0);
 
@@ -343,7 +329,7 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void set_timerslack_ns(int tid, unsigned long long slack) {
+static void set_timerslack_ns(int tid, unsigned long slack) {
     // v4.6+ kernels support the /proc/<tid>/timerslack_ns interface.
     // TODO: once we've backported this, log if the open(2) fails.
     if (__sys_supports_timerslack) {
@@ -351,7 +337,7 @@
         snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "/proc/%d/timerslack_ns", tid);
         int fd = open(buf, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
         if (fd != -1) {
-            int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%llu", slack);
+            int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lu", slack);
             if (write(fd, buf, len) != len) {
                 SLOGE("set_timerslack_ns write failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
             }
diff --git a/libcutils/socket_network_client_unix.c b/libcutils/socket_network_client_unix.c
index 37851b1..1b87c49 100644
--- a/libcutils/socket_network_client_unix.c
+++ b/libcutils/socket_network_client_unix.c
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
     for (struct addrinfo* addr = addrs; addr != NULL; addr = addr->ai_next) {
         // The Mac doesn't have SOCK_NONBLOCK.
         int s = socket(addr->ai_family, type, addr->ai_protocol);
-        if (s == -1 || toggle_O_NONBLOCK(s) == -1) return -1;
+        if (s == -1 || toggle_O_NONBLOCK(s) == -1) break;
 
         int rc = connect(s, addr->ai_addr, addr->ai_addrlen);
         if (rc == 0) {
diff --git a/libcutils/tests/fs_config.cpp b/libcutils/tests/fs_config.cpp
index a62cd51..391adb6 100644
--- a/libcutils/tests/fs_config.cpp
+++ b/libcutils/tests/fs_config.cpp
@@ -29,12 +29,39 @@
 
 extern const fs_path_config* __for_testing_only__android_dirs;
 extern const fs_path_config* __for_testing_only__android_files;
+extern bool (*__for_testing_only__fs_config_cmp)(bool, const char*, size_t, const char*, size_t);
 
 // Maximum entries in system/core/libcutils/fs_config.cpp:android_* before we
 // hit a nullptr termination, before we declare the list is just too big or
 // could be missing the nullptr.
 static constexpr size_t max_idx = 4096;
 
+static const struct fs_config_cmp_test {
+    bool dir;
+    const char* prefix;
+    const char* path;
+    bool match;
+} fs_config_cmp_tests[] = {
+    // clang-format off
+    { true,  "system/lib",             "system/lib/hw",           true  },
+    { true,  "vendor/lib",             "system/vendor/lib/hw",    true  },
+    { true,  "system/vendor/lib",      "vendor/lib/hw",           true  },
+    { true,  "system/vendor/lib",      "system/vendor/lib/hw",    true  },
+    { false, "vendor/bin/wifi",        "system/vendor/bin/w",     false },
+    { false, "vendor/bin/wifi",        "system/vendor/bin/wifi",  true  },
+    { false, "vendor/bin/wifi",        "system/vendor/bin/wifi2", false },
+    { false, "system/vendor/bin/wifi", "system/vendor/bin/wifi",  true, },
+    { false, "odm/bin/wifi",           "system/odm/bin/wifi",     true  },
+    { false, "oem/bin/wifi",           "system/oem/bin/wifi",     true  },
+    { false, "data/bin/wifi",          "system/data/bin/wifi",    false },
+    { false, "system/bin/*",           "system/bin/wifi",         true  },
+    { false, "vendor/bin/*",           "system/vendor/bin/wifi",  true  },
+    { false, "system/bin/*",           "system/bin",              false },
+    { false, "system/vendor/bin/*",    "vendor/bin/wifi",         true  },
+    { false, NULL,                     NULL,                      false },
+    // clang-format on
+};
+
 static bool check_unique(std::vector<const char*>& paths, const std::string& config_name,
                          const std::string& prefix) {
     bool retval = false;
@@ -106,6 +133,22 @@
     return check_unique(paths_tmp, config, prefix) || retval;
 }
 
+static bool check_fs_config_cmp(const fs_config_cmp_test* tests) {
+    bool match, retval = false;
+    for (size_t idx = 0; tests[idx].prefix; ++idx) {
+        match = __for_testing_only__fs_config_cmp(tests[idx].dir, tests[idx].prefix,
+                                                  strlen(tests[idx].prefix), tests[idx].path,
+                                                  strlen(tests[idx].path));
+        if (match != tests[idx].match) {
+            GTEST_LOG_(ERROR) << tests[idx].path << (match ? " matched " : " didn't match ")
+                              << tests[idx].prefix;
+            retval = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return retval;
+}
+
 #define endof(pointer, field) (offsetof(typeof(*(pointer)), field) + sizeof((pointer)->field))
 
 static bool check_unique(const std::string& config, const std::string& prefix) {
@@ -199,3 +242,7 @@
 TEST(fs_config, odm_files_alias) {
     check_two(__for_testing_only__android_files, "files", "odm/");
 }
+
+TEST(fs_config, system_alias) {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(check_fs_config_cmp(fs_config_cmp_tests));
+}
diff --git a/libcutils/trace-container.c b/libcutils/trace-container.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03e91b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcutils/trace-container.c
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "trace-dev.inc"
+
+#include <cutils/sockets.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+/**
+ * For tracing in container, tags are written into a socket
+ * instead of ftrace. Additional data is appended so we need extra space.
+ */
+#define CONTAINER_ATRACE_MESSAGE_LENGTH (ATRACE_MESSAGE_LENGTH + 512)
+
+static pthread_once_t atrace_once_control = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
+
+// Variables used for tracing in container with socket.
+// Note that we need to manually close and reopen socket when Zygote is forking. This requires
+// writing and closing sockets on multiple threads. A rwlock is used for avoiding concurrent
+// operation on the file descriptor.
+static bool             atrace_use_container_sock    = false;
+static int              atrace_container_sock_fd     = -1;
+static pthread_mutex_t  atrace_enabling_mutex        = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+static pthread_rwlock_t atrace_container_sock_rwlock = PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER;
+
+static bool atrace_init_container_sock()
+{
+    pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&atrace_container_sock_rwlock);
+    atrace_container_sock_fd =
+        socket_local_client("trace", ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_RESERVED, SOCK_SEQPACKET);
+    if (atrace_container_sock_fd < 0) {
+        ALOGE("Error opening container trace socket: %s (%d)", strerror(errno), errno);
+    }
+    pthread_rwlock_unlock(&atrace_container_sock_rwlock);
+    return atrace_container_sock_fd != -1;
+}
+
+static void atrace_close_container_sock()
+{
+    pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&atrace_container_sock_rwlock);
+    if (atrace_container_sock_fd != -1) close(atrace_container_sock_fd);
+    atrace_container_sock_fd = -1;
+    pthread_rwlock_unlock(&atrace_container_sock_rwlock);
+}
+
+// Set whether tracing is enabled in this process.  This is used to prevent
+// the Zygote process from tracing.  We need to close the socket in the container when tracing is
+// disabled, and reopen it again after Zygote forking.
+void atrace_set_tracing_enabled(bool enabled)
+{
+    pthread_mutex_lock(&atrace_enabling_mutex);
+    if (atrace_use_container_sock) {
+        bool already_enabled = atomic_load_explicit(&atrace_is_enabled, memory_order_acquire);
+        if (enabled && !already_enabled) {
+            // Trace was disabled previously. Re-initialize container socket.
+            atrace_init_container_sock();
+        } else if (!enabled && already_enabled) {
+            // Trace was enabled previously. Close container socket.
+            atrace_close_container_sock();
+        }
+    }
+    atomic_store_explicit(&atrace_is_enabled, enabled, memory_order_release);
+    pthread_mutex_unlock(&atrace_enabling_mutex);
+    atrace_update_tags();
+}
+
+static void atrace_init_once()
+{
+    atrace_marker_fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_marker", O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+    if (atrace_marker_fd < 0) {
+        // We're in container, ftrace may be disabled. In such case, we use the
+        // socket to write trace event.
+
+        // Protect the initialization of container socket from
+        // atrace_set_tracing_enabled.
+        pthread_mutex_lock(&atrace_enabling_mutex);
+        atrace_use_container_sock = true;
+        bool success = false;
+        if (atomic_load_explicit(&atrace_is_enabled, memory_order_acquire)) {
+            success = atrace_init_container_sock();
+        }
+        pthread_mutex_unlock(&atrace_enabling_mutex);
+
+        if (!success) {
+            atrace_enabled_tags = 0;
+            goto done;
+        }
+    }
+    atrace_enabled_tags = atrace_get_property();
+
+done:
+    atomic_store_explicit(&atrace_is_ready, true, memory_order_release);
+}
+
+void atrace_setup()
+{
+    pthread_once(&atrace_once_control, atrace_init_once);
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t gettime(clockid_t clk_id)
+{
+    struct timespec ts;
+    clock_gettime(clk_id, &ts);
+    return ts.tv_sec * 1000000 + ts.tv_nsec / 1000;
+}
+
+// Write trace events to container trace file. Note that we need to amend tid and time information
+// here comparing to normal ftrace, where those informations are added by kernel.
+#define WRITE_MSG_IN_CONTAINER_LOCKED(ph, sep_before_name, value_format, name, value) { \
+    char buf[CONTAINER_ATRACE_MESSAGE_LENGTH]; \
+    int pid = getpid(); \
+    int tid = gettid(); \
+    uint64_t ts = gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC); \
+    uint64_t tts = gettime(CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID); \
+    int len = snprintf( \
+            buf, sizeof(buf), \
+            ph "|%d|%d|%" PRIu64 "|%" PRIu64 sep_before_name "%s" value_format, \
+            pid, tid, ts, tts, name, value); \
+    if (len >= (int) sizeof(buf)) { \
+        int name_len = strlen(name) - (len - sizeof(buf)) - 1; \
+        /* Truncate the name to make the message fit. */ \
+        if (name_len > 0) { \
+            ALOGW("Truncated name in %s: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, name); \
+            len = snprintf( \
+                    buf, sizeof(buf), \
+                    ph "|%d|%d|%" PRIu64 "|%" PRIu64 sep_before_name "%.*s" value_format, \
+                    pid, tid, ts, tts, name_len, name, value); \
+        } else { \
+            /* Data is still too long. Drop it. */ \
+            ALOGW("Data is too long in %s: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, name); \
+            len = 0; \
+        } \
+    } \
+    if (len > 0) { \
+        write(atrace_container_sock_fd, buf, len); \
+    } \
+}
+
+#define WRITE_MSG_IN_CONTAINER(ph, sep_before_name, value_format, name, value) { \
+    pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&atrace_container_sock_rwlock); \
+    if (atrace_container_sock_fd != -1) { \
+       WRITE_MSG_IN_CONTAINER_LOCKED(ph, sep_before_name, value_format, name, value); \
+    } \
+    pthread_rwlock_unlock(&atrace_container_sock_rwlock); \
+}
+
+void atrace_begin_body(const char* name)
+{
+    if (CC_LIKELY(atrace_use_container_sock)) {
+        WRITE_MSG_IN_CONTAINER("B", "|", "%s", name, "");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (atrace_marker_fd < 0) return;
+
+    WRITE_MSG("B|%d|", "%s", name, "");
+}
+
+void atrace_end_body()
+{
+    if (CC_LIKELY(atrace_use_container_sock)) {
+        WRITE_MSG_IN_CONTAINER("E", "", "%s", "", "");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (atrace_marker_fd < 0) return;
+
+    WRITE_MSG("E|%d", "%s", "", "");
+}
+
+void atrace_async_begin_body(const char* name, int32_t cookie)
+{
+    if (CC_LIKELY(atrace_use_container_sock)) {
+        WRITE_MSG_IN_CONTAINER("S", "|", "|%d", name, cookie);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (atrace_marker_fd < 0) return;
+
+    WRITE_MSG("S|%d|", "|%" PRId32, name, cookie);
+}
+
+void atrace_async_end_body(const char* name, int32_t cookie)
+{
+    if (CC_LIKELY(atrace_use_container_sock)) {
+        WRITE_MSG_IN_CONTAINER("F", "|", "|%d", name, cookie);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (atrace_marker_fd < 0) return;
+
+    WRITE_MSG("F|%d|", "|%" PRId32, name, cookie);
+}
+
+void atrace_int_body(const char* name, int32_t value)
+{
+    if (CC_LIKELY(atrace_use_container_sock)) {
+        WRITE_MSG_IN_CONTAINER("C", "|", "|%" PRId32, name, value);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (atrace_marker_fd < 0) return;
+
+    WRITE_MSG("C|%d|", "|%" PRId32, name, value);
+}
+
+void atrace_int64_body(const char* name, int64_t value)
+{
+    if (CC_LIKELY(atrace_use_container_sock)) {
+        WRITE_MSG_IN_CONTAINER("C", "|", "|%" PRId64, name, value);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (atrace_marker_fd < 0) return;
+
+    WRITE_MSG("C|%d|", "|%" PRId64, name, value);
+}
diff --git a/libcutils/trace-dev.c b/libcutils/trace-dev.c
index d45e5a9..4468e83 100644
--- a/libcutils/trace-dev.c
+++ b/libcutils/trace-dev.c
@@ -14,47 +14,9 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#define LOG_TAG "cutils-trace"
+#include "trace-dev.inc"
 
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <limits.h>
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <stdatomic.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
-#include <cutils/compiler.h>
-#include <cutils/properties.h>
-#include <cutils/trace.h>
-#include <log/log.h>
-#include <log/log_properties.h>
-
-/**
- * Maximum size of a message that can be logged to the trace buffer.
- * Note this message includes a tag, the pid, and the string given as the name.
- * Names should be kept short to get the most use of the trace buffer.
- */
-#define ATRACE_MESSAGE_LENGTH 1024
-
-atomic_bool             atrace_is_ready      = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(false);
-int                     atrace_marker_fd     = -1;
-uint64_t                atrace_enabled_tags  = ATRACE_TAG_NOT_READY;
-static bool             atrace_is_debuggable = false;
-static atomic_bool      atrace_is_enabled    = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(true);
-static pthread_once_t   atrace_once_control  = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
-static pthread_mutex_t  atrace_tags_mutex    = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
-
-// Set whether this process is debuggable, which determines whether
-// application-level tracing is allowed when the ro.debuggable system property
-// is not set to '1'.
-void atrace_set_debuggable(bool debuggable)
-{
-    atrace_is_debuggable = debuggable;
-    atrace_update_tags();
-}
+static pthread_once_t atrace_once_control = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
 
 // Set whether tracing is enabled in this process.  This is used to prevent
 // the Zygote process from tracing.
@@ -64,101 +26,6 @@
     atrace_update_tags();
 }
 
-// Check whether the given command line matches one of the comma-separated
-// values listed in the app_cmdlines property.
-static bool atrace_is_cmdline_match(const char* cmdline)
-{
-    int count = property_get_int32("debug.atrace.app_number", 0);
-
-    char buf[PROPERTY_KEY_MAX];
-    char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "debug.atrace.app_%d", i);
-        property_get(buf, value, "");
-        if (strcmp(value, cmdline) == 0) {
-            return true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return false;
-}
-
-// Determine whether application-level tracing is enabled for this process.
-static bool atrace_is_app_tracing_enabled()
-{
-    bool sys_debuggable = __android_log_is_debuggable();
-    bool result = false;
-
-    if (sys_debuggable || atrace_is_debuggable) {
-        // Check whether tracing is enabled for this process.
-        FILE * file = fopen("/proc/self/cmdline", "re");
-        if (file) {
-            char cmdline[4096];
-            if (fgets(cmdline, sizeof(cmdline), file)) {
-                result = atrace_is_cmdline_match(cmdline);
-            } else {
-                ALOGE("Error reading cmdline: %s (%d)", strerror(errno), errno);
-            }
-            fclose(file);
-        } else {
-            ALOGE("Error opening /proc/self/cmdline: %s (%d)", strerror(errno),
-                    errno);
-        }
-    }
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-// Read the sysprop and return the value tags should be set to
-static uint64_t atrace_get_property()
-{
-    char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
-    char *endptr;
-    uint64_t tags;
-
-    property_get("debug.atrace.tags.enableflags", value, "0");
-    errno = 0;
-    tags = strtoull(value, &endptr, 0);
-    if (value[0] == '\0' || *endptr != '\0') {
-        ALOGE("Error parsing trace property: Not a number: %s", value);
-        return 0;
-    } else if (errno == ERANGE || tags == ULLONG_MAX) {
-        ALOGE("Error parsing trace property: Number too large: %s", value);
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    // Only set the "app" tag if this process was selected for app-level debug
-    // tracing.
-    if (atrace_is_app_tracing_enabled()) {
-        tags |= ATRACE_TAG_APP;
-    } else {
-        tags &= ~ATRACE_TAG_APP;
-    }
-
-    return (tags | ATRACE_TAG_ALWAYS) & ATRACE_TAG_VALID_MASK;
-}
-
-// Update tags if tracing is ready. Useful as a sysprop change callback.
-void atrace_update_tags()
-{
-    uint64_t tags;
-    if (CC_UNLIKELY(atomic_load_explicit(&atrace_is_ready, memory_order_acquire))) {
-        if (atomic_load_explicit(&atrace_is_enabled, memory_order_acquire)) {
-            tags = atrace_get_property();
-            pthread_mutex_lock(&atrace_tags_mutex);
-            atrace_enabled_tags = tags;
-            pthread_mutex_unlock(&atrace_tags_mutex);
-        } else {
-            // Tracing is disabled for this process, so we simply don't
-            // initialize the tags.
-            pthread_mutex_lock(&atrace_tags_mutex);
-            atrace_enabled_tags = ATRACE_TAG_NOT_READY;
-            pthread_mutex_unlock(&atrace_tags_mutex);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 static void atrace_init_once()
 {
     atrace_marker_fd = open("/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_marker", O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
@@ -181,54 +48,30 @@
 
 void atrace_begin_body(const char* name)
 {
-    char buf[ATRACE_MESSAGE_LENGTH];
-
-    int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "B|%d|%s", getpid(), name);
-    if (len >= (int) sizeof(buf)) {
-        ALOGW("Truncated name in %s: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, name);
-        len = sizeof(buf) - 1;
-    }
-    write(atrace_marker_fd, buf, len);
+    WRITE_MSG("B|%d|", "%s", name, "");
 }
 
 void atrace_end_body()
 {
-    char c = 'E';
-    write(atrace_marker_fd, &c, 1);
-}
-
-#define WRITE_MSG(format_begin, format_end, pid, name, value) { \
-    char buf[ATRACE_MESSAGE_LENGTH]; \
-    int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), format_begin "%s" format_end, pid, \
-        name, value); \
-    if (len >= (int) sizeof(buf)) { \
-        /* Given the sizeof(buf), and all of the current format buffers, \
-         * it is impossible for name_len to be < 0 if len >= sizeof(buf). */ \
-        int name_len = strlen(name) - (len - sizeof(buf)) - 1; \
-        /* Truncate the name to make the message fit. */ \
-        ALOGW("Truncated name in %s: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, name); \
-        len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), format_begin "%.*s" format_end, pid, \
-            name_len, name, value); \
-    } \
-    write(atrace_marker_fd, buf, len); \
+    WRITE_MSG("E|%d", "%s", "", "");
 }
 
 void atrace_async_begin_body(const char* name, int32_t cookie)
 {
-    WRITE_MSG("S|%d|", "|%" PRId32, getpid(), name, cookie);
+    WRITE_MSG("S|%d|", "|%" PRId32, name, cookie);
 }
 
 void atrace_async_end_body(const char* name, int32_t cookie)
 {
-    WRITE_MSG("F|%d|", "|%" PRId32, getpid(), name, cookie);
+    WRITE_MSG("F|%d|", "|%" PRId32, name, cookie);
 }
 
 void atrace_int_body(const char* name, int32_t value)
 {
-    WRITE_MSG("C|%d|", "|%" PRId32, getpid(), name, value);
+    WRITE_MSG("C|%d|", "|%" PRId32, name, value);
 }
 
 void atrace_int64_body(const char* name, int64_t value)
 {
-    WRITE_MSG("C|%d|", "|%" PRId64, getpid(), name, value);
+    WRITE_MSG("C|%d|", "|%" PRId64, name, value);
 }
diff --git a/libcutils/trace-dev.inc b/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f32330a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libcutils/trace-dev.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef __TRACE_DEV_INC
+#define __TRACE_DEV_INC
+
+#define LOG_TAG "cutils-trace"
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <stdatomic.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <cutils/compiler.h>
+#include <cutils/properties.h>
+#include <cutils/trace.h>
+#include <log/log.h>
+#include <log/log_properties.h>
+
+/**
+ * Maximum size of a message that can be logged to the trace buffer.
+ * Note this message includes a tag, the pid, and the string given as the name.
+ * Names should be kept short to get the most use of the trace buffer.
+ */
+#define ATRACE_MESSAGE_LENGTH 1024
+
+atomic_bool             atrace_is_ready      = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(false);
+int                     atrace_marker_fd     = -1;
+uint64_t                atrace_enabled_tags  = ATRACE_TAG_NOT_READY;
+static bool             atrace_is_debuggable = false;
+static atomic_bool      atrace_is_enabled    = ATOMIC_VAR_INIT(true);
+static pthread_mutex_t  atrace_tags_mutex    = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+
+// Set whether this process is debuggable, which determines whether
+// application-level tracing is allowed when the ro.debuggable system property
+// is not set to '1'.
+void atrace_set_debuggable(bool debuggable)
+{
+    atrace_is_debuggable = debuggable;
+    atrace_update_tags();
+}
+
+// Check whether the given command line matches one of the comma-separated
+// values listed in the app_cmdlines property.
+static bool atrace_is_cmdline_match(const char* cmdline)
+{
+    int count = property_get_int32("debug.atrace.app_number", 0);
+
+    char buf[PROPERTY_KEY_MAX];
+    char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "debug.atrace.app_%d", i);
+        property_get(buf, value, "");
+        if (strcmp(value, cmdline) == 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+// Determine whether application-level tracing is enabled for this process.
+static bool atrace_is_app_tracing_enabled()
+{
+    bool sys_debuggable = __android_log_is_debuggable();
+    bool result = false;
+
+    if (sys_debuggable || atrace_is_debuggable) {
+        // Check whether tracing is enabled for this process.
+        FILE * file = fopen("/proc/self/cmdline", "re");
+        if (file) {
+            char cmdline[4096];
+            if (fgets(cmdline, sizeof(cmdline), file)) {
+                result = atrace_is_cmdline_match(cmdline);
+            } else {
+                ALOGE("Error reading cmdline: %s (%d)", strerror(errno), errno);
+            }
+            fclose(file);
+        } else {
+            ALOGE("Error opening /proc/self/cmdline: %s (%d)", strerror(errno),
+                    errno);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+// Read the sysprop and return the value tags should be set to
+static uint64_t atrace_get_property()
+{
+    char value[PROPERTY_VALUE_MAX];
+    char *endptr;
+    uint64_t tags;
+
+    property_get("debug.atrace.tags.enableflags", value, "0");
+    errno = 0;
+    tags = strtoull(value, &endptr, 0);
+    if (value[0] == '\0' || *endptr != '\0') {
+        ALOGE("Error parsing trace property: Not a number: %s", value);
+        return 0;
+    } else if (errno == ERANGE || tags == ULLONG_MAX) {
+        ALOGE("Error parsing trace property: Number too large: %s", value);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    // Only set the "app" tag if this process was selected for app-level debug
+    // tracing.
+    if (atrace_is_app_tracing_enabled()) {
+        tags |= ATRACE_TAG_APP;
+    } else {
+        tags &= ~ATRACE_TAG_APP;
+    }
+
+    return (tags | ATRACE_TAG_ALWAYS) & ATRACE_TAG_VALID_MASK;
+}
+
+// Update tags if tracing is ready. Useful as a sysprop change callback.
+void atrace_update_tags()
+{
+    uint64_t tags;
+    if (CC_UNLIKELY(atomic_load_explicit(&atrace_is_ready, memory_order_acquire))) {
+        if (atomic_load_explicit(&atrace_is_enabled, memory_order_acquire)) {
+            tags = atrace_get_property();
+            pthread_mutex_lock(&atrace_tags_mutex);
+            atrace_enabled_tags = tags;
+            pthread_mutex_unlock(&atrace_tags_mutex);
+        } else {
+            // Tracing is disabled for this process, so we simply don't
+            // initialize the tags.
+            pthread_mutex_lock(&atrace_tags_mutex);
+            atrace_enabled_tags = ATRACE_TAG_NOT_READY;
+            pthread_mutex_unlock(&atrace_tags_mutex);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#define WRITE_MSG(format_begin, format_end, name, value) { \
+    char buf[ATRACE_MESSAGE_LENGTH]; \
+    int pid = getpid(); \
+    int len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), format_begin "%s" format_end, pid, \
+        name, value); \
+    if (len >= (int) sizeof(buf)) { \
+        /* Given the sizeof(buf), and all of the current format buffers, \
+         * it is impossible for name_len to be < 0 if len >= sizeof(buf). */ \
+        int name_len = strlen(name) - (len - sizeof(buf)) - 1; \
+        /* Truncate the name to make the message fit. */ \
+        ALOGW("Truncated name in %s: %s\n", __FUNCTION__, name); \
+        len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), format_begin "%.*s" format_end, pid, \
+            name_len, name, value); \
+    } \
+    write(atrace_marker_fd, buf, len); \
+}
+
+#endif  // __TRACE_DEV_INC
diff --git a/libion/Android.bp b/libion/Android.bp
index 6f267e4..6d9fae0 100644
--- a/libion/Android.bp
+++ b/libion/Android.bp
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 
 cc_library {
     name: "libion",
-		vendor_available: true,
+    vendor_available: true,
+    vndk: {
+        enabled: true,
+        support_system_process: true,
+    },
     srcs: ["ion.c"],
     shared_libs: ["liblog"],
     local_include_dirs: [
diff --git a/libion/tests/Android.bp b/libion/tests/Android.bp
index 4428848..b3fcb3b 100644
--- a/libion/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libion/tests/Android.bp
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 cc_test {
     name: "ion-unit-tests",
-    clang: true,
     cflags: [
         "-g",
         "-Wall",
diff --git a/liblog/include/log/log.h b/liblog/include/log/log.h
index 3a215e9..d01708d 100644
--- a/liblog/include/log/log.h
+++ b/liblog/include/log/log.h
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #if __ANDROID_USE_LIBLOG_CLOCK_INTERFACE
-clockid_t android_log_clockid();
+clockid_t android_log_clockid(void);
 #endif
 
 #endif /* __linux__ */
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
  * May be used to clean up File descriptors after a Fork, the resources are
  * all O_CLOEXEC so wil self clean on exec().
  */
-void __android_log_close();
+void __android_log_close(void);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef __ANDROID_USE_LIBLOG_RATELIMIT_INTERFACE
diff --git a/liblog/include/log/log_main.h b/liblog/include/log/log_main.h
index da16158..5a3f04c 100644
--- a/liblog/include/log/log_main.h
+++ b/liblog/include/log/log_main.h
@@ -355,11 +355,11 @@
 
 #if LOG_NDEBUG /* Production */
 #define android_testLog(prio, tag)                                           \
-  (__android_log_is_loggable_len(prio, tag, (tag && *tag) ? strlen(tag) : 0, \
+  (__android_log_is_loggable_len(prio, tag, ((tag) && *(tag)) ? strlen(tag) : 0, \
                                  ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG) != 0)
 #else
 #define android_testLog(prio, tag)                                           \
-  (__android_log_is_loggable_len(prio, tag, (tag && *tag) ? strlen(tag) : 0, \
+  (__android_log_is_loggable_len(prio, tag, ((tag) && *(tag)) ? strlen(tag) : 0, \
                                  ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE) != 0)
 #endif
 
diff --git a/liblog/include_vndk/log/log.h b/liblog/include_vndk/log/log.h
index 01623df..a79beec 100644
--- a/liblog/include_vndk/log/log.h
+++ b/liblog/include_vndk/log/log.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <log/log_radio.h>
 #include <log/log_read.h>
 #include <log/log_safetynet.h>
+#include <log/log_system.h>
 #include <log/log_time.h>
 
 /*
diff --git a/liblog/include_vndk/log/log_system.h b/liblog/include_vndk/log/log_system.h
new file mode 120000
index 0000000..d0d3904
--- /dev/null
+++ b/liblog/include_vndk/log/log_system.h
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+../../include/log/log_system.h
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/liblog/local_logger.c b/liblog/local_logger.c
index 522867d..563cb3f 100644
--- a/liblog/local_logger.c
+++ b/liblog/local_logger.c
@@ -222,6 +222,7 @@
       log->last[logId] = node->prev;
     }
     list_remove(node);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(node == log->last[logId], "corrupted list");
     free(e);
   }
   /* add entry to list */
diff --git a/liblog/logd_reader.c b/liblog/logd_reader.c
index 600f4bb..603ba24 100644
--- a/liblog/logd_reader.c
+++ b/liblog/logd_reader.c
@@ -590,20 +590,30 @@
 
   memset(log_msg, 0, sizeof(*log_msg));
 
+  unsigned int new_alarm = 0;
   if (logger_list->mode & ANDROID_LOG_NONBLOCK) {
+    if ((logger_list->mode & ANDROID_LOG_WRAP) &&
+        (logger_list->start.tv_sec || logger_list->start.tv_nsec)) {
+      /* b/64143705 */
+      new_alarm = (ANDROID_LOG_WRAP_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT * 11) / 10 + 10;
+      logger_list->mode &= ~ANDROID_LOG_WRAP;
+    } else {
+      new_alarm = 30;
+    }
+
     memset(&ignore, 0, sizeof(ignore));
     ignore.sa_handler = caught_signal;
     sigemptyset(&ignore.sa_mask);
     /* particularily useful if tombstone is reporting for logd */
     sigaction(SIGALRM, &ignore, &old_sigaction);
-    old_alarm = alarm(30);
+    old_alarm = alarm(new_alarm);
   }
 
   /* NOTE: SOCK_SEQPACKET guarantees we read exactly one full entry */
   ret = recv(ret, log_msg, LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_LEN, 0);
   e = errno;
 
-  if (logger_list->mode & ANDROID_LOG_NONBLOCK) {
+  if (new_alarm) {
     if ((ret == 0) || (e == EINTR)) {
       e = EAGAIN;
       ret = -1;
diff --git a/liblog/logprint.c b/liblog/logprint.c
index b62f8b4..a2839bf 100644
--- a/liblog/logprint.c
+++ b/liblog/logprint.c
@@ -250,6 +250,7 @@
   while (!list_empty(&convertHead)) {
     struct listnode* node = list_head(&convertHead);
     list_remove(node);
+    LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(node == list_head(&convertHead), "corrupted list");
     free(node);
   }
 }
diff --git a/liblog/tests/Android.mk b/liblog/tests/Android.mk
index ab96429..275a2d6 100644
--- a/liblog/tests/Android.mk
+++ b/liblog/tests/Android.mk
@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@
     log_radio_test.cpp \
     log_read_test.cpp \
     log_system_test.cpp \
-    log_time_test.cpp
+    log_time_test.cpp \
+    log_wrap_test.cpp
 
 # Build tests for the device (with .so). Run with:
 #   adb shell /data/nativetest/liblog-unit-tests/liblog-unit-tests
diff --git a/liblog/tests/liblog_test.cpp b/liblog/tests/liblog_test.cpp
index 46ec5ef..e2d5aeb 100644
--- a/liblog/tests/liblog_test.cpp
+++ b/liblog/tests/liblog_test.cpp
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
 }
 
 #if (defined(__ANDROID__) && defined(USING_LOGGER_DEFAULT))
-static std::string popenToString(std::string command) {
+static std::string popenToString(const std::string& command) {
   std::string ret;
 
   FILE* fp = popen(command.c_str(), "r");
@@ -129,17 +129,17 @@
 static bool isLogdwActive() {
   std::string logdwSignature =
       popenToString("grep /dev/socket/logdw /proc/net/unix");
-  size_t beginning = logdwSignature.find(" ");
+  size_t beginning = logdwSignature.find(' ');
   if (beginning == std::string::npos) return true;
-  beginning = logdwSignature.find(" ", beginning + 1);
+  beginning = logdwSignature.find(' ', beginning + 1);
   if (beginning == std::string::npos) return true;
-  size_t end = logdwSignature.find(" ", beginning + 1);
+  size_t end = logdwSignature.find(' ', beginning + 1);
   if (end == std::string::npos) return true;
-  end = logdwSignature.find(" ", end + 1);
+  end = logdwSignature.find(' ', end + 1);
   if (end == std::string::npos) return true;
-  end = logdwSignature.find(" ", end + 1);
+  end = logdwSignature.find(' ', end + 1);
   if (end == std::string::npos) return true;
-  end = logdwSignature.find(" ", end + 1);
+  end = logdwSignature.find(' ', end + 1);
   if (end == std::string::npos) return true;
   std::string allLogdwEndpoints = popenToString(
       "grep ' 00000002" + logdwSignature.substr(beginning, end - beginning) +
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
 
   // NB: fgrep with multiple strings is broken in Android
   for (beginning = 0;
-       (end = allLogdwEndpoints.find("\n", beginning)) != std::string::npos;
+       (end = allLogdwEndpoints.find('\n', beginning)) != std::string::npos;
        beginning = end + 1) {
     if (myPidFds.find(allLogdwEndpoints.substr(beginning, end - beginning)) !=
         std::string::npos)
@@ -3170,7 +3170,7 @@
   return (offset != std::string::npos) &&
          ((offset = content.find_first_not_of(" \t", offset + strlen(needle))) !=
           std::string::npos) &&
-         (content.find_first_not_of("0", offset) != offset);
+         (content.find_first_not_of('0', offset) != offset);
 }
 
 // must not be: '<needle:> 0 kB'
@@ -3239,7 +3239,7 @@
   filename = android::base::StringPrintf("/proc/%d/comm", pid);
   android::base::ReadFileToString(filename, &content);
   content = android::base::StringPrintf(
-      "%d:%s", pid, content.substr(0, content.find("\n")).c_str());
+      "%d:%s", pid, content.substr(0, content.find('\n')).c_str());
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(IsOk(shared_ok, content));
   EXPECT_TRUE(IsOk(private_ok, content));
diff --git a/liblog/tests/log_id_test.cpp b/liblog/tests/log_id_test.cpp
index c56fa8b..9fb5a2c 100644
--- a/liblog/tests/log_id_test.cpp
+++ b/liblog/tests/log_id_test.cpp
@@ -89,12 +89,12 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(0, pthread_create(&t[i], NULL, ConcurrentPrintFn,
                                 reinterpret_cast<void*>(i)));
   }
-  int ret = 0;
+  int ret = 1;
   for (i = 0; i < NUM_CONCURRENT; i++) {
     void* result;
     ASSERT_EQ(0, pthread_join(t[i], &result));
     int this_result = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(result);
-    if ((0 == ret) && (0 != this_result)) {
+    if ((0 < ret) && (ret != this_result)) {
       ret = this_result;
     }
   }
diff --git a/liblog/tests/log_wrap_test.cpp b/liblog/tests/log_wrap_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebf0b15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/liblog/tests/log_wrap_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013-2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/chrono_utils.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
+#include <android/log.h>  // minimal logging API
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <log/log_properties.h>
+#include <log/log_read.h>
+#include <log/log_time.h>
+#include <log/log_transport.h>
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+static void read_with_wrap() {
+  android_set_log_transport(LOGGER_LOGD);
+
+  // Read the last line in the log to get a starting timestamp. We're assuming
+  // the log is not empty.
+  const int mode = ANDROID_LOG_RDONLY | ANDROID_LOG_NONBLOCK;
+  struct logger_list* logger_list =
+      android_logger_list_open(LOG_ID_MAIN, mode, 1000, 0);
+
+  ASSERT_NE(logger_list, nullptr);
+
+  log_msg log_msg;
+  int ret = android_logger_list_read(logger_list, &log_msg);
+  android_logger_list_close(logger_list);
+  ASSERT_GT(ret, 0);
+
+  log_time start(log_msg.entry.sec, log_msg.entry.nsec);
+  ASSERT_NE(start, log_time());
+
+  logger_list =
+      android_logger_list_alloc_time(mode | ANDROID_LOG_WRAP, start, 0);
+  ASSERT_NE(logger_list, nullptr);
+
+  struct logger* logger = android_logger_open(logger_list, LOG_ID_MAIN);
+  EXPECT_NE(logger, nullptr);
+  if (logger) {
+    android_logger_list_read(logger_list, &log_msg);
+  }
+
+  android_logger_list_close(logger_list);
+}
+
+static void caught_signal(int /* signum */) {
+}
+#endif
+
+// b/64143705 confirm fixed
+TEST(liblog, wrap_mode_blocks) {
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+
+  android::base::Timer timer;
+
+  // The read call is expected to take up to 2 hours in the happy case.
+  // We only want to make sure it waits for longer than 30s, but we can't
+  // use an alarm as the implementation uses it. So we run the test in
+  // a separate process.
+  pid_t pid = fork();
+
+  if (pid == 0) {
+    // child
+    read_with_wrap();
+    _exit(0);
+  }
+
+  struct sigaction ignore, old_sigaction;
+  memset(&ignore, 0, sizeof(ignore));
+  ignore.sa_handler = caught_signal;
+  sigemptyset(&ignore.sa_mask);
+  sigaction(SIGALRM, &ignore, &old_sigaction);
+  alarm(45);
+
+  bool killed = false;
+  for (;;) {
+    siginfo_t info = {};
+    // This wait will succeed if the child exits, or fail with EINTR if the
+    // alarm goes off first - a loose approximation to a timed wait.
+    int ret = waitid(P_PID, pid, &info, WEXITED);
+    if (ret >= 0 || errno != EINTR) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(ret, 0);
+      if (!killed) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(info.si_status, 0);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    unsigned int alarm_left = alarm(0);
+    if (alarm_left > 0) {
+      alarm(alarm_left);
+    } else {
+      kill(pid, SIGTERM);
+      killed = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  alarm(0);
+  EXPECT_GT(timer.duration(), std::chrono::seconds(40));
+#else
+  GTEST_LOG_(INFO) << "This test does nothing.\n";
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/Allocator.cpp b/libmemunreachable/Allocator.cpp
index 6fe67a4..213be17 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/Allocator.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/Allocator.cpp
@@ -33,9 +33,11 @@
 
 #include "android-base/macros.h"
 
-#include "anon_vma_naming.h"
 #include "Allocator.h"
 #include "LinkedList.h"
+#include "anon_vma_naming.h"
+
+namespace android {
 
 // runtime interfaces used:
 // abort
@@ -57,10 +59,9 @@
 static constexpr size_t kUsableChunkSize = kChunkSize - kPageSize;
 static constexpr size_t kMaxBucketAllocationSize = kChunkSize / 4;
 static constexpr size_t kMinBucketAllocationSize = 8;
-static constexpr unsigned int kNumBuckets = const_log2(kMaxBucketAllocationSize)
-    - const_log2(kMinBucketAllocationSize) + 1;
-static constexpr unsigned int kUsablePagesPerChunk = kUsableChunkSize
-    / kPageSize;
+static constexpr unsigned int kNumBuckets =
+    const_log2(kMaxBucketAllocationSize) - const_log2(kMinBucketAllocationSize) + 1;
+static constexpr unsigned int kUsablePagesPerChunk = kUsableChunkSize / kPageSize;
 
 std::atomic<int> heap_count;
 
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@
   void FreeLocked(void* ptr);
 
   struct MapAllocation {
-    void *ptr;
+    void* ptr;
     size_t size;
     MapAllocation* next;
   };
@@ -107,8 +108,7 @@
 }
 
 static inline unsigned int size_to_bucket(size_t size) {
-  if (size < kMinBucketAllocationSize)
-    return kMinBucketAllocationSize;
+  if (size < kMinBucketAllocationSize) return kMinBucketAllocationSize;
   return log2(size - 1) + 1 - const_log2(kMinBucketAllocationSize);
 }
 
@@ -140,8 +140,7 @@
 
   // Trim beginning
   if (aligned_ptr != ptr) {
-    ptrdiff_t extra = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(aligned_ptr)
-        - reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr);
+    ptrdiff_t extra = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(aligned_ptr) - reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr);
     munmap(ptr, extra);
     map_size -= extra;
     ptr = aligned_ptr;
@@ -151,14 +150,13 @@
   if (map_size != size) {
     assert(map_size > size);
     assert(ptr != NULL);
-    munmap(reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) + size),
-        map_size - size);
+    munmap(reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) + size), map_size - size);
   }
 
-#define PR_SET_VMA   0x53564d41
-#define PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME    0
-  prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME,
-      reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr), size, "leak_detector_malloc");
+#define PR_SET_VMA 0x53564d41
+#define PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME 0
+  prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr), size,
+        "leak_detector_malloc");
 
   return ptr;
 }
@@ -170,36 +168,31 @@
   Chunk(HeapImpl* heap, int bucket);
   ~Chunk() {}
 
-  void *Alloc();
+  void* Alloc();
   void Free(void* ptr);
   void Purge();
   bool Empty();
 
   static Chunk* ptr_to_chunk(void* ptr) {
-    return reinterpret_cast<Chunk*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr)
-        & ~(kChunkSize - 1));
+    return reinterpret_cast<Chunk*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) & ~(kChunkSize - 1));
   }
   static bool is_chunk(void* ptr) {
     return (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) & (kChunkSize - 1)) != 0;
   }
 
-  unsigned int free_count() {
-    return free_count_;
-  }
-  HeapImpl* heap() {
-    return heap_;
-  }
-  LinkedList<Chunk*> node_; // linked list sorted by minimum free count
+  unsigned int free_count() { return free_count_; }
+  HeapImpl* heap() { return heap_; }
+  LinkedList<Chunk*> node_;  // linked list sorted by minimum free count
 
  private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Chunk);
   HeapImpl* heap_;
   unsigned int bucket_;
-  unsigned int allocation_size_; // size of allocations in chunk, min 8 bytes
-  unsigned int max_allocations_; // maximum number of allocations in the chunk
-  unsigned int first_free_bitmap_; // index into bitmap for first non-full entry
-  unsigned int free_count_; // number of available allocations
-  unsigned int frees_since_purge_; // number of calls to Free since last Purge
+  unsigned int allocation_size_;    // size of allocations in chunk, min 8 bytes
+  unsigned int max_allocations_;    // maximum number of allocations in the chunk
+  unsigned int first_free_bitmap_;  // index into bitmap for first non-full entry
+  unsigned int free_count_;         // number of available allocations
+  unsigned int frees_since_purge_;  // number of calls to Free since last Purge
 
   // bitmap of pages that have been dirtied
   uint32_t dirty_pages_[div_round_up(kUsablePagesPerChunk, 32)];
@@ -210,13 +203,10 @@
   char data_[0];
 
   unsigned int ptr_to_n(void* ptr) {
-    ptrdiff_t offset = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr)
-        - reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(data_);
+    ptrdiff_t offset = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) - reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(data_);
     return offset / allocation_size_;
   }
-  void* n_to_ptr(unsigned int n) {
-    return data_ + n * allocation_size_;
-  }
+  void* n_to_ptr(unsigned int n) { return data_ + n * allocation_size_; }
 };
 static_assert(sizeof(Chunk) <= kPageSize, "header must fit in page");
 
@@ -225,23 +215,27 @@
   assert(count == sizeof(Chunk));
   void* mem = MapAligned(kChunkSize, kChunkSize);
   if (!mem) {
-    abort(); //throw std::bad_alloc;
+    abort();  // throw std::bad_alloc;
   }
 
   return mem;
 }
 
 // Override new operator on chunk to use mmap to allocate kChunkSize
-void Chunk::operator delete(void *ptr) {
+void Chunk::operator delete(void* ptr) {
   assert(reinterpret_cast<Chunk*>(ptr) == ptr_to_chunk(ptr));
   munmap(ptr, kChunkSize);
 }
 
-Chunk::Chunk(HeapImpl* heap, int bucket) :
-    node_(this), heap_(heap), bucket_(bucket), allocation_size_(
-        bucket_to_size(bucket)), max_allocations_(
-        kUsableChunkSize / allocation_size_), first_free_bitmap_(0), free_count_(
-        max_allocations_), frees_since_purge_(0) {
+Chunk::Chunk(HeapImpl* heap, int bucket)
+    : node_(this),
+      heap_(heap),
+      bucket_(bucket),
+      allocation_size_(bucket_to_size(bucket)),
+      max_allocations_(kUsableChunkSize / allocation_size_),
+      first_free_bitmap_(0),
+      free_count_(max_allocations_),
+      frees_since_purge_(0) {
   memset(dirty_pages_, 0, sizeof(dirty_pages_));
   memset(free_bitmap_, 0xff, sizeof(free_bitmap_));
 }
@@ -254,8 +248,7 @@
   assert(free_count_ > 0);
 
   unsigned int i = first_free_bitmap_;
-  while (free_bitmap_[i] == 0)
-    i++;
+  while (free_bitmap_[i] == 0) i++;
   assert(i < arraysize(free_bitmap_));
   unsigned int bit = __builtin_ffs(free_bitmap_[i]) - 1;
   assert(free_bitmap_[i] & (1U << bit));
@@ -306,38 +299,35 @@
 void Chunk::Purge() {
   frees_since_purge_ = 0;
 
-  //unsigned int allocsPerPage = kPageSize / allocation_size_;
+  // unsigned int allocsPerPage = kPageSize / allocation_size_;
 }
 
 // Override new operator on HeapImpl to use mmap to allocate a page
-void* HeapImpl::operator new(std::size_t count __attribute__((unused)))
-    noexcept {
+void* HeapImpl::operator new(std::size_t count __attribute__((unused))) noexcept {
   assert(count == sizeof(HeapImpl));
   void* mem = MapAligned(kPageSize, kPageSize);
   if (!mem) {
-    abort(); //throw std::bad_alloc;
+    abort();  // throw std::bad_alloc;
   }
 
   heap_count++;
   return mem;
 }
 
-void HeapImpl::operator delete(void *ptr) {
+void HeapImpl::operator delete(void* ptr) {
   munmap(ptr, kPageSize);
 }
 
-HeapImpl::HeapImpl() :
-    free_chunks_(), full_chunks_(), map_allocation_list_(NULL) {
-}
+HeapImpl::HeapImpl() : free_chunks_(), full_chunks_(), map_allocation_list_(NULL) {}
 
 bool HeapImpl::Empty() {
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < kNumBuckets; i++) {
-    for (LinkedList<Chunk*> *it = free_chunks_[i].next(); it->data() != NULL; it = it->next()) {
+    for (LinkedList<Chunk*>* it = free_chunks_[i].next(); it->data() != NULL; it = it->next()) {
       if (!it->data()->Empty()) {
         return false;
       }
     }
-    for (LinkedList<Chunk*> *it = full_chunks_[i].next(); it->data() != NULL; it = it->next()) {
+    for (LinkedList<Chunk*>* it = full_chunks_[i].next(); it->data() != NULL; it = it->next()) {
       if (!it->data()->Empty()) {
         return false;
       }
@@ -350,12 +340,12 @@
 HeapImpl::~HeapImpl() {
   for (unsigned int i = 0; i < kNumBuckets; i++) {
     while (!free_chunks_[i].empty()) {
-      Chunk *chunk = free_chunks_[i].next()->data();
+      Chunk* chunk = free_chunks_[i].next()->data();
       chunk->node_.remove();
       delete chunk;
     }
     while (!full_chunks_[i].empty()) {
-      Chunk *chunk = full_chunks_[i].next()->data();
+      Chunk* chunk = full_chunks_[i].next()->data();
       chunk->node_.remove();
       delete chunk;
     }
@@ -373,18 +363,18 @@
   }
   int bucket = size_to_bucket(size);
   if (free_chunks_[bucket].empty()) {
-    Chunk *chunk = new Chunk(this, bucket);
+    Chunk* chunk = new Chunk(this, bucket);
     free_chunks_[bucket].insert(chunk->node_);
   }
   return free_chunks_[bucket].next()->data()->Alloc();
 }
 
-void HeapImpl::Free(void *ptr) {
+void HeapImpl::Free(void* ptr) {
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(m_);
   FreeLocked(ptr);
 }
 
-void HeapImpl::FreeLocked(void *ptr) {
+void HeapImpl::FreeLocked(void* ptr) {
   if (!Chunk::is_chunk(ptr)) {
     HeapImpl::MapFree(ptr);
   } else {
@@ -397,12 +387,11 @@
 void* HeapImpl::MapAlloc(size_t size) {
   size = (size + kPageSize - 1) & ~(kPageSize - 1);
 
-  MapAllocation* allocation = reinterpret_cast<MapAllocation*>(AllocLocked(
-      sizeof(MapAllocation)));
+  MapAllocation* allocation = reinterpret_cast<MapAllocation*>(AllocLocked(sizeof(MapAllocation)));
   void* ptr = MapAligned(size, kChunkSize);
   if (!ptr) {
     FreeLocked(allocation);
-    abort(); //throw std::bad_alloc;
+    abort();  // throw std::bad_alloc;
   }
   allocation->ptr = ptr;
   allocation->size = size;
@@ -412,10 +401,9 @@
   return ptr;
 }
 
-void HeapImpl::MapFree(void *ptr) {
-  MapAllocation **allocation = &map_allocation_list_;
-  while (*allocation && (*allocation)->ptr != ptr)
-    allocation = &(*allocation)->next;
+void HeapImpl::MapFree(void* ptr) {
+  MapAllocation** allocation = &map_allocation_list_;
+  while (*allocation && (*allocation)->ptr != ptr) allocation = &(*allocation)->next;
 
   assert(*allocation != nullptr);
 
@@ -425,22 +413,22 @@
   *allocation = (*allocation)->next;
 }
 
-void HeapImpl::MoveToFreeList(Chunk *chunk, int bucket) {
+void HeapImpl::MoveToFreeList(Chunk* chunk, int bucket) {
   MoveToList(chunk, &free_chunks_[bucket]);
 }
 
-void HeapImpl::MoveToFullList(Chunk *chunk, int bucket) {
+void HeapImpl::MoveToFullList(Chunk* chunk, int bucket) {
   MoveToList(chunk, &full_chunks_[bucket]);
 }
 
-void HeapImpl::MoveToList(Chunk *chunk, LinkedList<Chunk*>* head) {
+void HeapImpl::MoveToList(Chunk* chunk, LinkedList<Chunk*>* head) {
   // Remove from old list
   chunk->node_.remove();
 
-  LinkedList<Chunk*> *node = head;
+  LinkedList<Chunk*>* node = head;
   // Insert into new list, sorted by lowest free count
-  while (node->next() != head && node->data() != nullptr
-      && node->data()->free_count() < chunk->free_count())
+  while (node->next() != head && node->data() != nullptr &&
+         node->data()->free_count() < chunk->free_count())
     node = node->next();
 
   node->insert(chunk->node_);
@@ -469,10 +457,12 @@
   impl_->Free(ptr);
 }
 
-void Heap::deallocate(HeapImpl*impl, void* ptr) {
+void Heap::deallocate(HeapImpl* impl, void* ptr) {
   impl->Free(ptr);
 }
 
 bool Heap::empty() {
   return impl_->Empty();
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/Allocator.h b/libmemunreachable/Allocator.h
index 5390739..837a12b 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/Allocator.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/Allocator.h
@@ -27,18 +27,20 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
 #include <vector>
+
+namespace android {
+
 extern std::atomic<int> heap_count;
 
 class HeapImpl;
 
-template<typename T>
+template <typename T>
 class Allocator;
 
-
 // Non-templated class that implements wraps HeapImpl to keep
 // implementation out of the header file
 class Heap {
-public:
+ public:
   Heap();
   ~Heap();
 
@@ -59,110 +61,99 @@
   static void deallocate(HeapImpl* impl, void* ptr);
 
   // Allocate a class of type T
-  template<class T>
+  template <class T>
   T* allocate() {
     return reinterpret_cast<T*>(allocate(sizeof(T)));
   }
 
   // Comparators, copied objects will be equal
-  bool operator ==(const Heap& other) const {
-    return impl_ == other.impl_;
-  }
-  bool operator !=(const Heap& other) const {
-    return !(*this == other);
-  }
+  bool operator==(const Heap& other) const { return impl_ == other.impl_; }
+  bool operator!=(const Heap& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
 
   // std::unique_ptr wrapper that allocates using allocate and deletes using
   // deallocate
-  template<class T>
+  template <class T>
   using unique_ptr = std::unique_ptr<T, std::function<void(void*)>>;
 
-  template<class T, class... Args>
+  template <class T, class... Args>
   unique_ptr<T> make_unique(Args&&... args) {
     HeapImpl* impl = impl_;
-    return unique_ptr<T>(new (allocate<T>()) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...),
-        [impl](void* ptr) {
-          reinterpret_cast<T*>(ptr)->~T();
-          deallocate(impl, ptr);
-        });
+    return unique_ptr<T>(new (allocate<T>()) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...), [impl](void* ptr) {
+      reinterpret_cast<T*>(ptr)->~T();
+      deallocate(impl, ptr);
+    });
   }
 
   // std::unique_ptr wrapper that allocates using allocate and deletes using
   // deallocate
-  template<class T>
+  template <class T>
   using shared_ptr = std::shared_ptr<T>;
 
-  template<class T, class... Args>
+  template <class T, class... Args>
   shared_ptr<T> make_shared(Args&&... args);
 
-protected:
+ protected:
   HeapImpl* impl_;
   bool owns_impl_;
 };
 
 // STLAllocator implements the std allocator interface on top of a Heap
-template<typename T>
+template <typename T>
 class STLAllocator {
-public:
+ public:
   using value_type = T;
-  ~STLAllocator() {
-  }
+  ~STLAllocator() {}
 
   // Construct an STLAllocator on top of a Heap
-  STLAllocator(const Heap& heap) :  // NOLINT, implicit
-      heap_(heap) {
-  }
+  STLAllocator(const Heap& heap)
+      :  // NOLINT, implicit
+        heap_(heap) {}
 
   // Rebind an STLAllocator from an another STLAllocator
-  template<typename U>
-  STLAllocator(const STLAllocator<U>& other) :  // NOLINT, implicit
-      heap_(other.heap_) {
-  }
+  template <typename U>
+  STLAllocator(const STLAllocator<U>& other)
+      :  // NOLINT, implicit
+        heap_(other.heap_) {}
 
   STLAllocator(const STLAllocator&) = default;
   STLAllocator<T>& operator=(const STLAllocator<T>&) = default;
 
-  T* allocate(std::size_t n) {
-    return reinterpret_cast<T*>(heap_.allocate(n * sizeof(T)));
-  }
+  T* allocate(std::size_t n) { return reinterpret_cast<T*>(heap_.allocate(n * sizeof(T))); }
 
-  void deallocate(T* ptr, std::size_t) {
-    heap_.deallocate(ptr);
-  }
+  void deallocate(T* ptr, std::size_t) { heap_.deallocate(ptr); }
 
-  template<typename U>
-  bool operator ==(const STLAllocator<U>& other) const {
+  template <typename U>
+  bool operator==(const STLAllocator<U>& other) const {
     return heap_ == other.heap_;
   }
-  template<typename U>
-  inline bool operator !=(const STLAllocator<U>& other) const {
+  template <typename U>
+  inline bool operator!=(const STLAllocator<U>& other) const {
     return !(this == other);
   }
 
-  template<typename U>
+  template <typename U>
   friend class STLAllocator;
 
-protected:
+ protected:
   Heap heap_;
 };
 
-
 // Allocator extends STLAllocator with some convenience methods for allocating
 // a single object and for constructing unique_ptr and shared_ptr objects with
 // appropriate deleters.
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 class Allocator : public STLAllocator<T> {
  public:
   ~Allocator() {}
 
-  Allocator(const Heap& other) : // NOLINT, implicit
-      STLAllocator<T>(other) {
-  }
+  Allocator(const Heap& other)
+      :  // NOLINT, implicit
+        STLAllocator<T>(other) {}
 
-  template<typename U>
-  Allocator(const STLAllocator<U>& other) :  // NOLINT, implicit
-      STLAllocator<T>(other) {
-  }
+  template <typename U>
+  Allocator(const STLAllocator<U>& other)
+      :  // NOLINT, implicit
+        STLAllocator<T>(other) {}
 
   Allocator(const Allocator&) = default;
   Allocator<T>& operator=(const Allocator<T>&) = default;
@@ -171,24 +162,20 @@
   using STLAllocator<T>::deallocate;
   using STLAllocator<T>::heap_;
 
-  T* allocate() {
-    return STLAllocator<T>::allocate(1);
-  }
-  void deallocate(void* ptr) {
-    heap_.deallocate(ptr);
-  }
+  T* allocate() { return STLAllocator<T>::allocate(1); }
+  void deallocate(void* ptr) { heap_.deallocate(ptr); }
 
   using shared_ptr = Heap::shared_ptr<T>;
 
-  template<class... Args>
-  shared_ptr make_shared(Args&& ...args) {
+  template <class... Args>
+  shared_ptr make_shared(Args&&... args) {
     return heap_.template make_shared<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
 
   using unique_ptr = Heap::unique_ptr<T>;
 
-  template<class... Args>
-  unique_ptr make_unique(Args&& ...args) {
+  template <class... Args>
+  unique_ptr make_unique(Args&&... args) {
     return heap_.template make_unique<T>(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
 };
@@ -196,33 +183,36 @@
 // std::unique_ptr wrapper that allocates using allocate and deletes using
 // deallocate.  Implemented outside class definition in order to pass
 // Allocator<T> to shared_ptr.
-template<class T, class... Args>
+template <class T, class... Args>
 inline Heap::shared_ptr<T> Heap::make_shared(Args&&... args) {
   return std::allocate_shared<T, Allocator<T>, Args...>(Allocator<T>(*this),
-      std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+                                                        std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 }
 
 namespace allocator {
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 using vector = std::vector<T, Allocator<T>>;
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 using list = std::list<T, Allocator<T>>;
 
-template<class Key, class T, class Compare = std::less<Key>>
+template <class Key, class T, class Compare = std::less<Key>>
 using map = std::map<Key, T, Compare, Allocator<std::pair<const Key, T>>>;
 
-template<class Key, class T, class Hash = std::hash<Key>, class KeyEqual = std::equal_to<Key>>
-using unordered_map = std::unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator<std::pair<const Key, T>>>;
+template <class Key, class T, class Hash = std::hash<Key>, class KeyEqual = std::equal_to<Key>>
+using unordered_map =
+    std::unordered_map<Key, T, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator<std::pair<const Key, T>>>;
 
-template<class Key, class Hash = std::hash<Key>, class KeyEqual = std::equal_to<Key>>
+template <class Key, class Hash = std::hash<Key>, class KeyEqual = std::equal_to<Key>>
 using unordered_set = std::unordered_set<Key, Hash, KeyEqual, Allocator<Key>>;
 
-template<class Key, class Compare = std::less<Key>>
+template <class Key, class Compare = std::less<Key>>
 using set = std::set<Key, Compare, Allocator<Key>>;
 
 using string = std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, Allocator<char>>;
 }
 
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/Android.bp b/libmemunreachable/Android.bp
index cdac76b..8b76a65 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/Android.bp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/Android.bp
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
         "-Wextra",
         "-Werror",
     ],
-    clang: true,
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
     ],
@@ -26,6 +25,7 @@
     defaults: ["libmemunreachable_defaults"],
     srcs: [
         "Allocator.cpp",
+        "Binder.cpp",
         "HeapWalker.cpp",
         "LeakFolding.cpp",
         "LeakPipe.cpp",
@@ -84,3 +84,18 @@
         },
     },
 }
+
+cc_test {
+    name: "memunreachable_binder_test",
+    defaults: ["libmemunreachable_defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "tests/Binder_test.cpp",
+        "tests/MemUnreachable_test.cpp",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbinder",
+        "libhwbinder",
+        "libmemunreachable",
+        "libutils",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/Binder.cpp b/libmemunreachable/Binder.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60512a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmemunreachable/Binder.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+#include "Binder.h"
+#include "log.h"
+
+__BEGIN_DECLS
+
+// Weak undefined references to the symbols in libbinder and libhwbinder
+// so that libmemunreachable can call them in processes that have them
+// loaded without requiring libmemunreachable to have dependencies on them.
+ssize_t __attribute__((weak)) getBinderKernelReferences(size_t, uintptr_t*);
+ssize_t __attribute__((weak)) getHWBinderKernelReferences(size_t, uintptr_t*);
+
+__END_DECLS
+
+namespace android {
+
+static bool BinderReferencesToVector(allocator::vector<uintptr_t>& refs,
+                                     std::function<ssize_t(size_t, uintptr_t*)> fn) {
+  if (fn == nullptr) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  size_t size = refs.size();
+
+  do {
+    refs.resize(size);
+
+    ssize_t ret = fn(refs.size(), refs.data());
+    if (ret < 0) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    size = ret;
+  } while (size > refs.size());
+
+  refs.resize(size);
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool BinderReferences(allocator::vector<uintptr_t>& refs) {
+  refs.clear();
+
+  allocator::vector<uintptr_t> binder_refs{refs.get_allocator()};
+  if (BinderReferencesToVector(refs, getBinderKernelReferences)) {
+    refs.insert(refs.end(), binder_refs.begin(), binder_refs.end());
+  } else {
+    MEM_ALOGE("getBinderKernelReferences failed");
+  }
+
+  allocator::vector<uintptr_t> hwbinder_refs{refs.get_allocator()};
+  if (BinderReferencesToVector(hwbinder_refs, getHWBinderKernelReferences)) {
+    refs.insert(refs.end(), hwbinder_refs.begin(), hwbinder_refs.end());
+  } else {
+    MEM_ALOGE("getHWBinderKernelReferences failed");
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Log.h b/libmemunreachable/Binder.h
similarity index 65%
copy from libunwindstack/Log.h
copy to libmemunreachable/Binder.h
index 2d01aa8..bf4fd3e 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Log.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/Binder.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,12 +14,15 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_LOG_H
-#define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_LOG_H
+#ifndef LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_BINDER_H_
+#define LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_BINDER_H_
 
-#include <stdint.h>
+#include "Allocator.h"
 
-void log_to_stdout(bool enable);
-void log(uint8_t indent, const char* format, ...);
+namespace android {
 
-#endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_LOG_H
+bool BinderReferences(allocator::vector<uintptr_t>& refs);
+
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_BINDER_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/HeapWalker.cpp b/libmemunreachable/HeapWalker.cpp
index c365ae5..2403ad0 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/HeapWalker.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/HeapWalker.cpp
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 #include "ScopedSignalHandler.h"
 #include "log.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 bool HeapWalker::Allocation(uintptr_t begin, uintptr_t end) {
   if (end == begin) {
     end = begin + 1;
@@ -114,8 +116,8 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool HeapWalker::Leaked(allocator::vector<Range>& leaked, size_t limit,
-    size_t* num_leaks_out, size_t* leak_bytes_out) {
+bool HeapWalker::Leaked(allocator::vector<Range>& leaked, size_t limit, size_t* num_leaks_out,
+                        size_t* leak_bytes_out) {
   leaked.clear();
 
   size_t num_leaks = 0;
@@ -148,9 +150,9 @@
 
 static bool MapOverPage(void* addr) {
   const size_t page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
-  void *page = reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(addr) & ~(page_size-1));
+  void* page = reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(addr) & ~(page_size - 1));
 
-  void* ret = mmap(page, page_size, PROT_READ, MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_FIXED, -1, 0);
+  void* ret = mmap(page, page_size, PROT_READ, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_FIXED, -1, 0);
   if (ret == MAP_FAILED) {
     MEM_ALOGE("failed to map page at %p: %s", page, strerror(errno));
     return false;
@@ -159,7 +161,8 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-void HeapWalker::HandleSegFault(ScopedSignalHandler& handler, int signal, siginfo_t* si, void* /*uctx*/) {
+void HeapWalker::HandleSegFault(ScopedSignalHandler& handler, int signal, siginfo_t* si,
+                                void* /*uctx*/) {
   uintptr_t addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(si->si_addr);
   if (addr != walking_ptr_) {
     handler.reset();
@@ -172,3 +175,5 @@
 }
 
 ScopedSignalHandler::SignalFn ScopedSignalHandler::handler_;
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/HeapWalker.h b/libmemunreachable/HeapWalker.h
index b25696f..5c7ec13 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/HeapWalker.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/HeapWalker.h
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 #include "ScopedSignalHandler.h"
 #include "Tarjan.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 // A range [begin, end)
 struct Range {
   uintptr_t begin;
@@ -34,31 +36,31 @@
   bool operator==(const Range& other) const {
     return this->begin == other.begin && this->end == other.end;
   }
-  bool operator!=(const Range& other) const {
-    return !(*this == other);
-  }
+  bool operator!=(const Range& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
 };
 
 // Comparator for Ranges that returns equivalence for overlapping ranges
 struct compare_range {
-  bool operator()(const Range& a, const Range& b) const {
-    return a.end <= b.begin;
-  }
+  bool operator()(const Range& a, const Range& b) const { return a.end <= b.begin; }
 };
 
 class HeapWalker {
  public:
-  explicit HeapWalker(Allocator<HeapWalker> allocator) : allocator_(allocator),
-    allocations_(allocator), allocation_bytes_(0),
-	roots_(allocator), root_vals_(allocator),
-	segv_handler_(allocator), walking_ptr_(0) {
+  explicit HeapWalker(Allocator<HeapWalker> allocator)
+      : allocator_(allocator),
+        allocations_(allocator),
+        allocation_bytes_(0),
+        roots_(allocator),
+        root_vals_(allocator),
+        segv_handler_(allocator),
+        walking_ptr_(0) {
     valid_allocations_range_.end = 0;
     valid_allocations_range_.begin = ~valid_allocations_range_.end;
 
-    segv_handler_.install(SIGSEGV,
-        [=](ScopedSignalHandler& handler, int signal, siginfo_t* siginfo, void* uctx) {
+    segv_handler_.install(
+        SIGSEGV, [=](ScopedSignalHandler& handler, int signal, siginfo_t* siginfo, void* uctx) {
           this->HandleSegFault(handler, signal, siginfo, uctx);
-      });
+        });
   }
 
   ~HeapWalker() {}
@@ -68,15 +70,14 @@
 
   bool DetectLeaks();
 
-  bool Leaked(allocator::vector<Range>&, size_t limit, size_t* num_leaks,
-      size_t* leak_bytes);
+  bool Leaked(allocator::vector<Range>&, size_t limit, size_t* num_leaks, size_t* leak_bytes);
   size_t Allocations();
   size_t AllocationBytes();
 
-  template<class F>
+  template <class F>
   void ForEachPtrInRange(const Range& range, F&& f);
 
-  template<class F>
+  template <class F>
   void ForEachAllocation(F&& f);
 
   struct AllocationInfo {
@@ -84,7 +85,6 @@
   };
 
  private:
-
   void RecurseRoot(const Range& root);
   bool WordContainsAllocationPtr(uintptr_t ptr, Range* range, AllocationInfo** info);
   void HandleSegFault(ScopedSignalHandler&, int, siginfo_t*, void*);
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@
   uintptr_t walking_ptr_;
 };
 
-template<class F>
+template <class F>
 inline void HeapWalker::ForEachPtrInRange(const Range& range, F&& f) {
   uintptr_t begin = (range.begin + (sizeof(uintptr_t) - 1)) & ~(sizeof(uintptr_t) - 1);
   // TODO(ccross): we might need to consider a pointer to the end of a buffer
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
   }
 }
 
-template<class F>
+template <class F>
 inline void HeapWalker::ForEachAllocation(F&& f) {
   for (auto& it : allocations_) {
     const Range& range = it.first;
@@ -127,4 +127,6 @@
   }
 }
 
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/Leak.h b/libmemunreachable/Leak.h
index eaeeea7..de64b64 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/Leak.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/Leak.h
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 // as a key in std::unordered_map.
 namespace std {
 
-template<>
-struct hash<Leak::Backtrace> {
-  std::size_t operator()(const Leak::Backtrace& key) const {
+template <>
+struct hash<android::Leak::Backtrace> {
+  std::size_t operator()(const android::Leak::Backtrace& key) const {
     std::size_t seed = 0;
 
     hash_combine(seed, key.num_frames);
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
   }
 
  private:
-  template<typename T>
+  template <typename T>
   inline void hash_combine(std::size_t& seed, const T& v) const {
     std::hash<T> hasher;
     seed ^= hasher(v) + 0x9e3779b9 + (seed << 6) + (seed >> 2);
@@ -49,9 +49,12 @@
 
 }  // namespace std
 
+namespace android {
+
 static bool operator==(const Leak::Backtrace& lhs, const Leak::Backtrace& rhs) {
   return (lhs.num_frames == rhs.num_frames) &&
-      memcmp(lhs.frames, rhs.frames, lhs.num_frames * sizeof(lhs.frames[0])) == 0;
+         memcmp(lhs.frames, rhs.frames, lhs.num_frames * sizeof(lhs.frames[0])) == 0;
+}
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/LeakFolding.cpp b/libmemunreachable/LeakFolding.cpp
index be4d20c..69f320c 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/LeakFolding.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/LeakFolding.cpp
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #include "Tarjan.h"
 #include "log.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 // Converts possibly cyclic graph of leaks to a DAG by combining
 // strongly-connected components into a object, stored in the scc pointer
 // of each node in the component.
@@ -31,11 +33,11 @@
 
   Allocator<SCCInfo> scc_allocator = allocator_;
 
-  for (auto& scc_nodes: scc_list) {
+  for (auto& scc_nodes : scc_list) {
     Allocator<SCCInfo>::unique_ptr leak_scc;
     leak_scc = scc_allocator.make_unique(scc_allocator);
 
-    for (auto& node: scc_nodes) {
+    for (auto& node : scc_nodes) {
       node->ptr->scc = leak_scc.get();
       leak_scc->count++;
       leak_scc->size += node->ptr->range.size();
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@
 
   for (auto& it : leak_map_) {
     LeakInfo& leak = it.second;
-    for (auto& ref: leak.node.references_out) {
+    for (auto& ref : leak.node.references_out) {
       if (leak.scc != ref->ptr->scc) {
         leak.scc->node.Edge(&ref->ptr->scc->node);
       }
@@ -55,17 +57,14 @@
 }
 
 void LeakFolding::AccumulateLeaks(SCCInfo* dominator) {
-  std::function<void(SCCInfo*)> walk(std::allocator_arg, allocator_,
-      [&](SCCInfo* scc) {
-        if (scc->accumulator != dominator) {
-          scc->accumulator = dominator;
-          dominator->cuumulative_size += scc->size;
-          dominator->cuumulative_count += scc->count;
-          scc->node.Foreach([&](SCCInfo* ref) {
-            walk(ref);
-          });
-        }
-      });
+  std::function<void(SCCInfo*)> walk(std::allocator_arg, allocator_, [&](SCCInfo* scc) {
+    if (scc->accumulator != dominator) {
+      scc->accumulator = dominator;
+      dominator->cuumulative_size += scc->size;
+      dominator->cuumulative_count += scc->count;
+      scc->node.Foreach([&](SCCInfo* ref) { walk(ref); });
+    }
+  });
   walk(dominator);
 }
 
@@ -73,27 +72,25 @@
   Allocator<LeakInfo> leak_allocator = allocator_;
 
   // Find all leaked allocations insert them into leak_map_ and leak_graph_
-  heap_walker_.ForEachAllocation(
-      [&](const Range& range, HeapWalker::AllocationInfo& allocation) {
-        if (!allocation.referenced_from_root) {
-          auto it = leak_map_.emplace(std::piecewise_construct,
-              std::forward_as_tuple(range),
-              std::forward_as_tuple(range, allocator_));
-          LeakInfo& leak = it.first->second;
-          leak_graph_.push_back(&leak.node);
-        }
-      });
+  heap_walker_.ForEachAllocation([&](const Range& range, HeapWalker::AllocationInfo& allocation) {
+    if (!allocation.referenced_from_root) {
+      auto it = leak_map_.emplace(std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(range),
+                                  std::forward_as_tuple(range, allocator_));
+      LeakInfo& leak = it.first->second;
+      leak_graph_.push_back(&leak.node);
+    }
+  });
 
   // Find references between leaked allocations and connect them in leak_graph_
   for (auto& it : leak_map_) {
     LeakInfo& leak = it.second;
     heap_walker_.ForEachPtrInRange(leak.range,
-        [&](Range& ptr_range, HeapWalker::AllocationInfo* ptr_info) {
-          if (!ptr_info->referenced_from_root) {
-            LeakInfo* ptr_leak = &leak_map_.at(ptr_range);
-            leak.node.Edge(&ptr_leak->node);
-          }
-        });
+                                   [&](Range& ptr_range, HeapWalker::AllocationInfo* ptr_info) {
+                                     if (!ptr_info->referenced_from_root) {
+                                       LeakInfo* ptr_leak = &leak_map_.at(ptr_range);
+                                       leak.node.Edge(&ptr_leak->node);
+                                     }
+                                   });
   }
 
   // Convert the cyclic graph to a DAG by grouping strongly connected components
@@ -110,8 +107,8 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool LeakFolding::Leaked(allocator::vector<LeakFolding::Leak>& leaked,
-    size_t* num_leaks_out, size_t* leak_bytes_out) {
+bool LeakFolding::Leaked(allocator::vector<LeakFolding::Leak>& leaked, size_t* num_leaks_out,
+                         size_t* leak_bytes_out) {
   size_t num_leaks = 0;
   size_t leak_bytes = 0;
   for (auto& it : leak_map_) {
@@ -123,9 +120,8 @@
   for (auto& it : leak_map_) {
     const LeakInfo& leak = it.second;
     if (leak.scc->dominator) {
-      leaked.emplace_back(Leak{leak.range,
-        leak.scc->cuumulative_count - 1,
-        leak.scc->cuumulative_size - leak.range.size()});
+      leaked.emplace_back(Leak{leak.range, leak.scc->cuumulative_count - 1,
+                               leak.scc->cuumulative_size - leak.range.size()});
     }
   }
 
@@ -138,3 +134,5 @@
 
   return true;
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/LeakFolding.h b/libmemunreachable/LeakFolding.h
index 9c6a525..09affac 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/LeakFolding.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/LeakFolding.h
@@ -19,11 +19,16 @@
 
 #include "HeapWalker.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 class LeakFolding {
  public:
   LeakFolding(Allocator<void> allocator, HeapWalker& heap_walker)
-   : allocator_(allocator), heap_walker_(heap_walker),
-     leak_map_(allocator), leak_graph_(allocator), leak_scc_(allocator) {}
+      : allocator_(allocator),
+        heap_walker_(heap_walker),
+        leak_map_(allocator),
+        leak_graph_(allocator),
+        leak_scc_(allocator) {}
 
   bool FoldLeaks();
 
@@ -33,8 +38,7 @@
     size_t referenced_size;
   };
 
-  bool Leaked(allocator::vector<Leak>& leaked,
-      size_t* num_leaks_out, size_t* leak_bytes_out);
+  bool Leaked(allocator::vector<Leak>& leaked, size_t* num_leaks_out, size_t* leak_bytes_out);
 
  private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LeakFolding);
@@ -54,9 +58,15 @@
     bool dominator;
     SCCInfo* accumulator;
 
-    explicit SCCInfo(Allocator<SCCInfo> allocator) : node(this, allocator),
-        count(0), size(0), cuumulative_count(0), cuumulative_size(0),
-        dominator(false), accumulator(nullptr) {}
+    explicit SCCInfo(Allocator<SCCInfo> allocator)
+        : node(this, allocator),
+          count(0),
+          size(0),
+          cuumulative_count(0),
+          cuumulative_size(0),
+          dominator(false),
+          accumulator(nullptr) {}
+
    private:
     SCCInfo(SCCInfo&&) = delete;
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(SCCInfo);
@@ -71,8 +81,7 @@
     SCCInfo* scc;
 
     LeakInfo(const Range& range, Allocator<LeakInfo> allocator)
-        : node(this, allocator), range(range),
-          scc(nullptr) {}
+        : node(this, allocator), range(range), scc(nullptr) {}
 
    private:
     DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LeakInfo);
@@ -86,4 +95,6 @@
   allocator::vector<Allocator<SCCInfo>::unique_ptr> leak_scc_;
 };
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LEAK_FOLDING_H_
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LEAK_FOLDING_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/LeakPipe.cpp b/libmemunreachable/LeakPipe.cpp
index 78117e2..8ea9ad6 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/LeakPipe.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/LeakPipe.cpp
@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@
 
 #include "log.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 bool LeakPipe::SendFd(int sock, int fd) {
-  struct msghdr hdr{};
-  struct iovec iov{};
+  struct msghdr hdr {};
+  struct iovec iov {};
   unsigned int data = 0xfdfdfdfd;
   alignas(struct cmsghdr) char cmsgbuf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
 
@@ -56,8 +58,8 @@
 }
 
 int LeakPipe::ReceiveFd(int sock) {
-  struct msghdr hdr{};
-  struct iovec iov{};
+  struct msghdr hdr {};
+  struct iovec iov {};
   unsigned int data;
   alignas(struct cmsghdr) char cmsgbuf[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(int))];
 
@@ -87,3 +89,5 @@
 
   return *(int*)CMSG_DATA(cmsg);
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/LeakPipe.h b/libmemunreachable/LeakPipe.h
index 3ea2d8f..94d4aa4 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/LeakPipe.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/LeakPipe.h
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 #include "ScopedPipe.h"
 #include "log.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 // LeakPipe implements a pipe that can transfer vectors of simple objects
 // between processes.  The pipe is created in the sending process and
 // transferred over a socketpair that was created before forking.  This ensures
@@ -34,15 +36,13 @@
 class LeakPipe {
  public:
   LeakPipe() {
-    int ret = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM|SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, sv_);
+    int ret = socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_CLOEXEC, 0, sv_);
     if (ret < 0) {
       MEM_LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("failed to create socketpair: %s", strerror(errno));
     }
   }
 
-  ~LeakPipe() {
-    Close();
-  }
+  ~LeakPipe() { Close(); }
 
   void Close() {
     close(sv_[0]);
@@ -77,13 +77,9 @@
    public:
     LeakPipeBase() : fd_(-1) {}
 
-    ~LeakPipeBase() {
-      Close();
-    }
+    ~LeakPipeBase() { Close(); }
 
-    void SetFd(int fd) {
-      fd_ = fd;
-    }
+    void SetFd(int fd) { fd_ = fd; }
 
     void Close() {
       close(fd_);
@@ -101,7 +97,7 @@
    public:
     using LeakPipeBase::LeakPipeBase;
 
-    template<typename T>
+    template <typename T>
     bool Send(const T& value) {
       ssize_t ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd_, &value, sizeof(T)));
       if (ret < 0) {
@@ -115,7 +111,7 @@
       return true;
     }
 
-    template<class T, class Alloc = std::allocator<T>>
+    template <class T, class Alloc = std::allocator<T>>
     bool SendVector(const std::vector<T, Alloc>& vector) {
       size_t size = vector.size() * sizeof(T);
       if (!Send(size)) {
@@ -139,7 +135,7 @@
    public:
     using LeakPipeBase::LeakPipeBase;
 
-    template<typename T>
+    template <typename T>
     bool Receive(T* value) {
       ssize_t ret = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd_, reinterpret_cast<void*>(value), sizeof(T)));
       if (ret < 0) {
@@ -153,7 +149,7 @@
       return true;
     }
 
-    template<class T, class Alloc = std::allocator<T>>
+    template <class T, class Alloc = std::allocator<T>>
     bool ReceiveVector(std::vector<T, Alloc>& vector) {
       size_t size = 0;
       if (!Receive(&size)) {
@@ -178,16 +174,11 @@
 
       return true;
     }
-
   };
 
-  LeakPipeReceiver& Receiver() {
-    return receiver_;
-  }
+  LeakPipeReceiver& Receiver() { return receiver_; }
 
-  LeakPipeSender& Sender() {
-    return sender_;
-  }
+  LeakPipeSender& Sender() { return sender_; }
 
  private:
   LeakPipeReceiver receiver_;
@@ -198,4 +189,6 @@
   int sv_[2];
 };
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LEAK_PIPE_H_
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LEAK_PIPE_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/LineBuffer.cpp b/libmemunreachable/LineBuffer.cpp
index d3580c0..4ea0542 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/LineBuffer.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/LineBuffer.cpp
@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@
 
 #include "LineBuffer.h"
 
-LineBuffer::LineBuffer(int fd, char* buffer, size_t buffer_len) : fd_(fd), buffer_(buffer), buffer_len_(buffer_len) {
-}
+namespace android {
+
+LineBuffer::LineBuffer(int fd, char* buffer, size_t buffer_len)
+    : fd_(fd), buffer_(buffer), buffer_len_(buffer_len) {}
 
 bool LineBuffer::GetLine(char** line, size_t* line_len) {
   while (true) {
@@ -60,3 +62,5 @@
     bytes_ += bytes;
   }
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/LineBuffer.h b/libmemunreachable/LineBuffer.h
index a015c46..cc6cd0c 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/LineBuffer.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/LineBuffer.h
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+namespace android {
+
 class LineBuffer {
  public:
   LineBuffer(int fd, char* buffer, size_t buffer_len);
@@ -33,4 +35,6 @@
   size_t bytes_ = 0;
 };
 
-#endif // _LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LINE_BUFFER_H
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // _LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LINE_BUFFER_H
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/LinkedList.h b/libmemunreachable/LinkedList.h
index 132842d..36fe9fd 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/LinkedList.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/LinkedList.h
@@ -17,44 +17,47 @@
 #ifndef LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LINKED_LIST_H_
 #define LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LINKED_LIST_H_
 
-template<class T>
+namespace android {
+
+template <class T>
 class LinkedList {
-public:
-    LinkedList() : next_(this), prev_(this), data_() {}
-    explicit LinkedList(T data) : LinkedList() {
-        data_ = data;
-    }
-    ~LinkedList() {}
-    void insert(LinkedList<T>& node) {
-        assert(node.empty());
-        node.next_ = this->next_;
-        node.next_->prev_ = &node;
-        this->next_ = &node;
-        node.prev_ = this;
-    }
-    void remove() {
-        this->next_->prev_ = this->prev_;
-        this->prev_->next_ = this->next_;
-        this->next_ = this;
-        this->prev_ = this;
-    }
-    T data() { return data_; }
-    bool empty() { return next_ == this && prev_ == this; }
-    LinkedList<T> *next() { return next_; }
-private:
-    LinkedList<T> *next_;
-    LinkedList<T> *prev_;
-    T data_;
+ public:
+  LinkedList() : next_(this), prev_(this), data_() {}
+  explicit LinkedList(T data) : LinkedList() { data_ = data; }
+  ~LinkedList() {}
+  void insert(LinkedList<T>& node) {
+    assert(node.empty());
+    node.next_ = this->next_;
+    node.next_->prev_ = &node;
+    this->next_ = &node;
+    node.prev_ = this;
+  }
+  void remove() {
+    this->next_->prev_ = this->prev_;
+    this->prev_->next_ = this->next_;
+    this->next_ = this;
+    this->prev_ = this;
+  }
+  T data() { return data_; }
+  bool empty() { return next_ == this && prev_ == this; }
+  LinkedList<T>* next() { return next_; }
+
+ private:
+  LinkedList<T>* next_;
+  LinkedList<T>* prev_;
+  T data_;
 };
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 class LinkedListHead {
-public:
-    LinkedListHead() : node_() {}
-    ~LinkedListHead() {}
+ public:
+  LinkedListHead() : node_() {}
+  ~LinkedListHead() {}
 
-private:
-    LinkedList<T> node_;
+ private:
+  LinkedList<T> node_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/MemUnreachable.cpp b/libmemunreachable/MemUnreachable.cpp
index 1c84744..24fdc7f 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/MemUnreachable.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/MemUnreachable.cpp
@@ -15,18 +15,20 @@
  */
 
 #include <inttypes.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
 #include <functional>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <mutex>
-#include <string>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <string>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
-#include <backtrace.h>
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <backtrace.h>
 
 #include "Allocator.h"
+#include "Binder.h"
 #include "HeapWalker.h"
 #include "Leak.h"
 #include "LeakFolding.h"
@@ -37,30 +39,34 @@
 #include "Semaphore.h"
 #include "ThreadCapture.h"
 
-#include "memunreachable/memunreachable.h"
 #include "bionic.h"
 #include "log.h"
-
-const size_t Leak::contents_length;
+#include "memunreachable/memunreachable.h"
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
+namespace android {
+
+const size_t Leak::contents_length;
+
 class MemUnreachable {
  public:
-  MemUnreachable(pid_t pid, Allocator<void> allocator) : pid_(pid), allocator_(allocator),
-      heap_walker_(allocator_) {}
+  MemUnreachable(pid_t pid, Allocator<void> allocator)
+      : pid_(pid), allocator_(allocator), heap_walker_(allocator_) {}
   bool CollectAllocations(const allocator::vector<ThreadInfo>& threads,
-      const allocator::vector<Mapping>& mappings);
-  bool GetUnreachableMemory(allocator::vector<Leak>& leaks, size_t limit,
-      size_t* num_leaks, size_t* leak_bytes);
+                          const allocator::vector<Mapping>& mappings,
+                          const allocator::vector<uintptr_t>& refs);
+  bool GetUnreachableMemory(allocator::vector<Leak>& leaks, size_t limit, size_t* num_leaks,
+                            size_t* leak_bytes);
   size_t Allocations() { return heap_walker_.Allocations(); }
   size_t AllocationBytes() { return heap_walker_.AllocationBytes(); }
+
  private:
   bool ClassifyMappings(const allocator::vector<Mapping>& mappings,
-      allocator::vector<Mapping>& heap_mappings,
-      allocator::vector<Mapping>& anon_mappings,
-      allocator::vector<Mapping>& globals_mappings,
-      allocator::vector<Mapping>& stack_mappings);
+                        allocator::vector<Mapping>& heap_mappings,
+                        allocator::vector<Mapping>& anon_mappings,
+                        allocator::vector<Mapping>& globals_mappings,
+                        allocator::vector<Mapping>& stack_mappings);
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(MemUnreachable);
   pid_t pid_;
   Allocator<void> allocator_;
@@ -68,16 +74,18 @@
 };
 
 static void HeapIterate(const Mapping& heap_mapping,
-    const std::function<void(uintptr_t, size_t)>& func) {
+                        const std::function<void(uintptr_t, size_t)>& func) {
   malloc_iterate(heap_mapping.begin, heap_mapping.end - heap_mapping.begin,
-      [](uintptr_t base, size_t size, void* arg) {
-    auto f = reinterpret_cast<const std::function<void(uintptr_t, size_t)>*>(arg);
-    (*f)(base, size);
-  }, const_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&func)));
+                 [](uintptr_t base, size_t size, void* arg) {
+                   auto f = reinterpret_cast<const std::function<void(uintptr_t, size_t)>*>(arg);
+                   (*f)(base, size);
+                 },
+                 const_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&func)));
 }
 
 bool MemUnreachable::CollectAllocations(const allocator::vector<ThreadInfo>& threads,
-    const allocator::vector<Mapping>& mappings) {
+                                        const allocator::vector<Mapping>& mappings,
+                                        const allocator::vector<uintptr_t>& refs) {
   MEM_ALOGI("searching process %d for allocations", pid_);
   allocator::vector<Mapping> heap_mappings{mappings};
   allocator::vector<Mapping> anon_mappings{mappings};
@@ -113,13 +121,15 @@
     heap_walker_.Root(thread_it->regs);
   }
 
+  heap_walker_.Root(refs);
+
   MEM_ALOGI("searching done");
 
   return true;
 }
 
-bool MemUnreachable::GetUnreachableMemory(allocator::vector<Leak>& leaks,
-    size_t limit, size_t* num_leaks, size_t* leak_bytes) {
+bool MemUnreachable::GetUnreachableMemory(allocator::vector<Leak>& leaks, size_t limit,
+                                          size_t* num_leaks, size_t* leak_bytes) {
   MEM_ALOGI("sweeping process %d for unreachable memory", pid_);
   leaks.clear();
 
@@ -127,7 +137,6 @@
     return false;
   }
 
-
   allocator::vector<Range> leaked1{allocator_};
   heap_walker_.Leaked(leaked1, 0, num_leaks, leak_bytes);
 
@@ -152,12 +161,12 @@
   // in backtrace_map.
   leaks.reserve(leaked.size());
 
-  for (auto& it: leaked) {
+  for (auto& it : leaked) {
     leaks.emplace_back();
     Leak* leak = &leaks.back();
 
-    ssize_t num_backtrace_frames = malloc_backtrace(reinterpret_cast<void*>(it.range.begin),
-        leak->backtrace.frames, leak->backtrace.max_frames);
+    ssize_t num_backtrace_frames = malloc_backtrace(
+        reinterpret_cast<void*>(it.range.begin), leak->backtrace.frames, leak->backtrace.max_frames);
     if (num_backtrace_frames > 0) {
       leak->backtrace.num_frames = num_backtrace_frames;
 
@@ -183,14 +192,13 @@
     leak->referenced_size = it.referenced_size;
     leak->total_size = leak->size + leak->referenced_size;
     memcpy(leak->contents, reinterpret_cast<void*>(it.range.begin),
-        std::min(leak->size, Leak::contents_length));
+           std::min(leak->size, Leak::contents_length));
   }
 
   MEM_ALOGI("folding done");
 
-  std::sort(leaks.begin(), leaks.end(), [](const Leak& a, const Leak& b) {
-    return a.total_size > b.total_size;
-  });
+  std::sort(leaks.begin(), leaks.end(),
+            [](const Leak& a, const Leak& b) { return a.total_size > b.total_size; });
 
   if (leaks.size() > limit) {
     leaks.resize(limit);
@@ -205,11 +213,10 @@
 }
 
 bool MemUnreachable::ClassifyMappings(const allocator::vector<Mapping>& mappings,
-    allocator::vector<Mapping>& heap_mappings,
-    allocator::vector<Mapping>& anon_mappings,
-    allocator::vector<Mapping>& globals_mappings,
-    allocator::vector<Mapping>& stack_mappings)
-{
+                                      allocator::vector<Mapping>& heap_mappings,
+                                      allocator::vector<Mapping>& anon_mappings,
+                                      allocator::vector<Mapping>& globals_mappings,
+                                      allocator::vector<Mapping>& stack_mappings) {
   heap_mappings.clear();
   anon_mappings.clear();
   globals_mappings.clear();
@@ -245,7 +252,8 @@
       stack_mappings.emplace_back(*it);
     } else if (mapping_name.size() == 0) {
       globals_mappings.emplace_back(*it);
-    } else if (has_prefix(mapping_name, "[anon:") && mapping_name != "[anon:leak_detector_malloc]") {
+    } else if (has_prefix(mapping_name, "[anon:") &&
+               mapping_name != "[anon:leak_detector_malloc]") {
       // TODO(ccross): it would be nice to treat named anonymous mappings as
       // possible leaks, but naming something in a .bss or .data section makes
       // it impossible to distinguish them from mmaped and then named mappings.
@@ -256,7 +264,7 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-template<typename T>
+template <typename T>
 static inline const char* plural(T val) {
   return (val == 1) ? "" : "s";
 }
@@ -279,6 +287,7 @@
     ThreadCapture thread_capture(parent_pid, heap);
     allocator::vector<ThreadInfo> thread_info(heap);
     allocator::vector<Mapping> mappings(heap);
+    allocator::vector<uintptr_t> refs(heap);
 
     // ptrace all the threads
     if (!thread_capture.CaptureThreads()) {
@@ -298,6 +307,11 @@
       return 1;
     }
 
+    if (!BinderReferences(refs)) {
+      continue_parent_sem.Post();
+      return 1;
+    }
+
     // malloc must be enabled to call fork, at_fork handlers take the same
     // locks as ScopedDisableMalloc.  All threads are paused in ptrace, so
     // memory state is still consistent.  Unfreeze the original thread so it
@@ -323,7 +337,7 @@
 
       MemUnreachable unreachable{parent_pid, heap};
 
-      if (!unreachable.CollectAllocations(thread_info, mappings)) {
+      if (!unreachable.CollectAllocations(thread_info, mappings, refs)) {
         _exit(2);
       }
       size_t num_allocations = unreachable.Allocations();
@@ -403,7 +417,6 @@
 }
 
 std::string Leak::ToString(bool log_contents) const {
-
   std::ostringstream oss;
 
   oss << "  " << std::dec << size;
@@ -466,23 +479,6 @@
   return oss.str();
 }
 
-// Figure out the abi based on defined macros.
-#if defined(__arm__)
-#define ABI_STRING "arm"
-#elif defined(__aarch64__)
-#define ABI_STRING "arm64"
-#elif defined(__mips__) && !defined(__LP64__)
-#define ABI_STRING "mips"
-#elif defined(__mips__) && defined(__LP64__)
-#define ABI_STRING "mips64"
-#elif defined(__i386__)
-#define ABI_STRING "x86"
-#elif defined(__x86_64__)
-#define ABI_STRING "x86_64"
-#else
-#error "Unsupported ABI"
-#endif
-
 std::string UnreachableMemoryInfo::ToString(bool log_contents) const {
   std::ostringstream oss;
   oss << "  " << leak_bytes << " bytes in ";
@@ -492,8 +488,8 @@
   oss << std::endl;
 
   for (auto it = leaks.begin(); it != leaks.end(); it++) {
-      oss << it->ToString(log_contents);
-      oss << std::endl;
+    oss << it->ToString(log_contents);
+    oss << std::endl;
   }
 
   return oss.str();
@@ -511,9 +507,11 @@
   return info.ToString(log_contents);
 }
 
+}  // namespace android
+
 bool LogUnreachableMemory(bool log_contents, size_t limit) {
-  UnreachableMemoryInfo info;
-  if (!GetUnreachableMemory(info, limit)) {
+  android::UnreachableMemoryInfo info;
+  if (!android::GetUnreachableMemory(info, limit)) {
     return false;
   }
 
@@ -523,10 +521,9 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-
 bool NoLeaks() {
-  UnreachableMemoryInfo info;
-  if (!GetUnreachableMemory(info, 0)) {
+  android::UnreachableMemoryInfo info;
+  if (!android::GetUnreachableMemory(info, 0)) {
     return false;
   }
 
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/ProcessMappings.cpp b/libmemunreachable/ProcessMappings.cpp
index 57b2321..9a06870 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/ProcessMappings.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/ProcessMappings.cpp
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 #include "ProcessMappings.h"
 #include "log.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 // This function is not re-entrant since it uses a static buffer for
 // the line data.
 bool ProcessMappings(pid_t pid, allocator::vector<Mapping>& mappings) {
@@ -42,8 +44,8 @@
     int name_pos;
     char perms[5];
     Mapping mapping{};
-    if (sscanf(line, "%" SCNxPTR "-%" SCNxPTR " %4s %*x %*x:%*x %*d %n",
-        &mapping.begin, &mapping.end, perms, &name_pos) == 3) {
+    if (sscanf(line, "%" SCNxPTR "-%" SCNxPTR " %4s %*x %*x:%*x %*d %n", &mapping.begin,
+               &mapping.end, perms, &name_pos) == 3) {
       if (perms[0] == 'r') {
         mapping.read = true;
       }
@@ -64,3 +66,5 @@
   }
   return true;
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/ProcessMappings.h b/libmemunreachable/ProcessMappings.h
index d3b7496..a0e97e9 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/ProcessMappings.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/ProcessMappings.h
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include "Allocator.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 struct Mapping {
   uintptr_t begin;
   uintptr_t end;
@@ -33,4 +35,6 @@
 // the line data.
 bool ProcessMappings(pid_t pid, allocator::vector<Mapping>& mappings);
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_PROCESS_MAPPING_H_
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_PROCESS_MAPPING_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/PtracerThread.cpp b/libmemunreachable/PtracerThread.cpp
index 73b0493..aca2a82 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/PtracerThread.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/PtracerThread.cpp
@@ -23,17 +23,19 @@
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include "android-base/macros.h"
 
+#include "PtracerThread.h"
 #include "anon_vma_naming.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "PtracerThread.h"
+
+namespace android {
 
 class Stack {
  public:
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@
     int prot = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE;
     int flags = MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS;
     page_size_ = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
-    size_ += page_size_*2; // guard pages
+    size_ += page_size_ * 2;  // guard pages
     base_ = mmap(NULL, size_, prot, flags, -1, 0);
     if (base_ == MAP_FAILED) {
       base_ = NULL;
@@ -52,22 +54,20 @@
     mprotect(base_, page_size_, PROT_NONE);
     mprotect(top(), page_size_, PROT_NONE);
   };
-  ~Stack() {
-    munmap(base_, size_);
-  };
+  ~Stack() { munmap(base_, size_); };
   void* top() {
     return reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(base_) + size_ - page_size_);
   };
+
  private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Stack);
 
-  void *base_;
+  void* base_;
   size_t size_;
   size_t page_size_;
 };
 
-PtracerThread::PtracerThread(const std::function<int()>& func) :
-    child_pid_(0) {
+PtracerThread::PtracerThread(const std::function<int()>& func) : child_pid_(0) {
   stack_ = std::make_unique<Stack>(PTHREAD_STACK_MIN);
   if (stack_->top() == nullptr) {
     MEM_LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("failed to mmap child stack: %s", strerror(errno));
@@ -93,14 +93,13 @@
   std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(m_);
 
   // Convert from void(*)(void*) to lambda with captures
-  auto proxy = [](void *arg) -> int {
+  auto proxy = [](void* arg) -> int {
     prctl(PR_SET_NAME, "libmemunreachable ptrace thread");
     return (*reinterpret_cast<std::function<int()>*>(arg))();
   };
 
-  child_pid_ = clone(proxy, stack_->top(),
-       CLONE_VM|CLONE_FS|CLONE_FILES/*|CLONE_UNTRACED*/,
-       reinterpret_cast<void*>(&func_));
+  child_pid_ = clone(proxy, stack_->top(), CLONE_VM | CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES /*|CLONE_UNTRACED*/,
+                     reinterpret_cast<void*>(&func_));
   if (child_pid_ < 0) {
     MEM_ALOGE("failed to clone child: %s", strerror(errno));
     return false;
@@ -151,3 +150,5 @@
 void PtracerThread::ClearTracer() {
   prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, 0);
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/PtracerThread.h b/libmemunreachable/PtracerThread.h
index f88b599..4f9c420 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/PtracerThread.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/PtracerThread.h
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@
 
 #include "Allocator.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 class Stack;
 
 // PtracerThread is similar to std::thread, except that it creates a "thread"
@@ -36,6 +38,7 @@
   ~PtracerThread();
   bool Start();
   int Join();
+
  private:
   void SetTracer(pid_t);
   void ClearTracer();
@@ -47,4 +50,6 @@
   pid_t child_pid_;
 };
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_PTRACER_THREAD_H_
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_PTRACER_THREAD_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/ScopedAlarm.h b/libmemunreachable/ScopedAlarm.h
index 287f479..bb50b9e 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/ScopedAlarm.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/ScopedAlarm.h
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <functional>
 
+namespace android {
+
 class ScopedAlarm {
  public:
   ScopedAlarm(std::chrono::microseconds us, std::function<void()> func) {
     func_ = func;
-    struct sigaction oldact{};
-    struct sigaction act{};
-    act.sa_handler = [](int) {
-      ScopedAlarm::func_();
-    };
+    struct sigaction oldact {};
+    struct sigaction act {};
+    act.sa_handler = [](int) { ScopedAlarm::func_(); };
     sigaction(SIGALRM, &act, &oldact);
 
     std::chrono::seconds s = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::seconds>(us);
@@ -43,11 +43,15 @@
   ~ScopedAlarm() {
     itimerval t = itimerval{};
     setitimer(ITIMER_REAL, &t, NULL);
-    struct sigaction act{};
+    struct sigaction act {};
     act.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
     sigaction(SIGALRM, &act, NULL);
   }
+
  private:
   static std::function<void()> func_;
 };
+
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/ScopedDisableMalloc.h b/libmemunreachable/ScopedDisableMalloc.h
index 758d317..655e826 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/ScopedDisableMalloc.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/ScopedDisableMalloc.h
@@ -21,16 +21,16 @@
 
 #include "android-base/macros.h"
 
+#include "ScopedAlarm.h"
 #include "bionic.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "ScopedAlarm.h"
 
-class DisableMallocGuard{
+namespace android {
+
+class DisableMallocGuard {
  public:
-  DisableMallocGuard() : disabled_(false){}
-  ~DisableMallocGuard() {
-    Enable();
-  }
+  DisableMallocGuard() : disabled_(false) {}
+  ~DisableMallocGuard() { Enable(); }
 
   void Disable() {
     if (!disabled_) {
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
       disabled_ = false;
     }
   }
+
  private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(DisableMallocGuard);
   bool disabled_;
@@ -59,13 +60,9 @@
 // here.
 class ScopedDisableMalloc {
  public:
-  ScopedDisableMalloc() {
-    disable_malloc_.Disable();
-  }
+  ScopedDisableMalloc() { disable_malloc_.Disable(); }
 
-  ~ScopedDisableMalloc() {
-    disable_malloc_.Enable();
-  }
+  ~ScopedDisableMalloc() { disable_malloc_.Enable(); }
 
  private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ScopedDisableMalloc);
@@ -74,18 +71,15 @@
 
 class ScopedDisableMallocTimeout {
  public:
-  explicit ScopedDisableMallocTimeout(std::chrono::milliseconds timeout = std::chrono::milliseconds(2000)) :
-    timeout_(timeout), timed_out_(false), disable_malloc_() {
+  explicit ScopedDisableMallocTimeout(
+      std::chrono::milliseconds timeout = std::chrono::milliseconds(2000))
+      : timeout_(timeout), timed_out_(false), disable_malloc_() {
     Disable();
   }
 
-  ~ScopedDisableMallocTimeout() {
-    Enable();
-  }
+  ~ScopedDisableMallocTimeout() { Enable(); }
 
-  bool timed_out() {
-    return timed_out_;
-  }
+  bool timed_out() { return timed_out_; }
 
   void Enable() {
     disable_malloc_.Enable();
@@ -110,4 +104,6 @@
   DisableMallocGuard disable_malloc_;
 };
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_SCOPED_DISABLE_MALLOC_H_
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_SCOPED_DISABLE_MALLOC_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/ScopedPipe.h b/libmemunreachable/ScopedPipe.h
index 7f44953..adabfd8 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/ScopedPipe.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/ScopedPipe.h
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "log.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 class ScopedPipe {
  public:
   ScopedPipe() : pipefd_{-1, -1} {
@@ -29,28 +31,22 @@
       MEM_LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("failed to open pipe");
     }
   }
-  ~ScopedPipe() {
-    Close();
-  }
+  ~ScopedPipe() { Close(); }
 
   ScopedPipe(ScopedPipe&& other) {
     SetReceiver(other.ReleaseReceiver());
     SetSender(other.ReleaseSender());
   }
 
-  ScopedPipe& operator = (ScopedPipe&& other) {
+  ScopedPipe& operator=(ScopedPipe&& other) {
     SetReceiver(other.ReleaseReceiver());
     SetSender(other.ReleaseSender());
     return *this;
   }
 
-  void CloseReceiver() {
-    close(ReleaseReceiver());
-  }
+  void CloseReceiver() { close(ReleaseReceiver()); }
 
-  void CloseSender() {
-    close(ReleaseSender());
-  }
+  void CloseSender() { close(ReleaseSender()); }
 
   void Close() {
     CloseReceiver();
@@ -78,4 +74,7 @@
 
   int pipefd_[2];
 };
+
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/ScopedSignalHandler.h b/libmemunreachable/ScopedSignalHandler.h
index ada2ae4..ff53fad 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/ScopedSignalHandler.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/ScopedSignalHandler.h
@@ -26,18 +26,18 @@
 
 #include "log.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 class ScopedSignalHandler {
  public:
   using Fn = std::function<void(ScopedSignalHandler&, int, siginfo_t*, void*)>;
 
   explicit ScopedSignalHandler(Allocator<Fn> allocator) : allocator_(allocator), signal_(-1) {}
-  ~ScopedSignalHandler() {
-    reset();
-  }
+  ~ScopedSignalHandler() { reset(); }
 
   template <class F>
   void install(int signal, F&& f) {
-    MEM_LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(signal_ != -1, "ScopedSignalHandler already installed");
+    if (signal_ != -1) MEM_LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL("ScopedSignalHandler already installed");
 
     handler_ = SignalFn(std::allocator_arg, allocator_,
                         [=](int signal, siginfo_t* si, void* uctx) { f(*this, signal, si, uctx); });
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@
     }
   }
 
-
  private:
   using SignalFn = std::function<void(int, siginfo_t*, void*)>;
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ScopedSignalHandler);
@@ -77,4 +76,6 @@
   static SignalFn handler_;
 };
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_SCOPED_SIGNAL_HANDLER_H_
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_SCOPED_SIGNAL_HANDLER_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/Semaphore.h b/libmemunreachable/Semaphore.h
index 6bcf4ea..cd73972 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/Semaphore.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/Semaphore.h
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 
 #include "android-base/macros.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 class Semaphore {
  public:
   explicit Semaphore(int count = 0) : count_(count) {}
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@
 
   void Wait(std::chrono::milliseconds ms) {
     std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(m_);
-    cv_.wait_for(lk, ms, [&]{
+    cv_.wait_for(lk, ms, [&] {
       if (count_ > 0) {
         count_--;
         return true;
@@ -44,6 +46,7 @@
     }
     cv_.notify_one();
   }
+
  private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Semaphore);
 
@@ -52,5 +55,6 @@
   std::condition_variable cv_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace android
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_SEMAPHORE_H_
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_SEMAPHORE_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/Tarjan.h b/libmemunreachable/Tarjan.h
index 2546341..355679f 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/Tarjan.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/Tarjan.h
@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@
 
 #include "Allocator.h"
 
-template<class T>
+namespace android {
+
+template <class T>
 class Node {
  public:
   allocator::set<Node<T>*> references_in;
@@ -34,39 +36,41 @@
 
   T* ptr;
 
-  Node(T* ptr, Allocator<Node> allocator) : references_in(allocator), references_out(allocator),
-      ptr(ptr) {};
+  Node(T* ptr, Allocator<Node> allocator)
+      : references_in(allocator), references_out(allocator), ptr(ptr){};
   Node(Node&& rhs) = default;
   void Edge(Node<T>* ref) {
     references_out.emplace(ref);
     ref->references_in.emplace(this);
   }
-  template<class F>
+  template <class F>
   void Foreach(F&& f) {
-    for (auto& node: references_out) {
+    for (auto& node : references_out) {
       f(node->ptr);
     }
   }
+
  private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Node<T>);
 };
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 using Graph = allocator::vector<Node<T>*>;
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 using SCC = allocator::vector<Node<T>*>;
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 using SCCList = allocator::vector<SCC<T>>;
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 class TarjanAlgorithm {
  public:
-  explicit TarjanAlgorithm(Allocator<void> allocator) : index_(0),
-    stack_(allocator), components_(allocator) {}
+  explicit TarjanAlgorithm(Allocator<void> allocator)
+      : index_(0), stack_(allocator), components_(allocator) {}
 
   void Execute(Graph<T>& graph, SCCList<T>& out);
+
  private:
   static constexpr size_t UNDEFINED_INDEX = static_cast<size_t>(-1);
   void Tarjan(Node<T>* vertex, Graph<T>& graph);
@@ -76,17 +80,17 @@
   SCCList<T> components_;
 };
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 void TarjanAlgorithm<T>::Execute(Graph<T>& graph, SCCList<T>& out) {
   stack_.clear();
   components_.clear();
   index_ = 0;
-  for (auto& it: graph) {
+  for (auto& it : graph) {
     it->index = UNDEFINED_INDEX;
     it->lowlink = UNDEFINED_INDEX;
   }
 
-  for (auto& it: graph) {
+  for (auto& it : graph) {
     if (it->index == UNDEFINED_INDEX) {
       Tarjan(it, graph);
     }
@@ -94,14 +98,14 @@
   out.swap(components_);
 }
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 void TarjanAlgorithm<T>::Tarjan(Node<T>* vertex, Graph<T>& graph) {
   assert(vertex->index == UNDEFINED_INDEX);
   vertex->index = index_;
   vertex->lowlink = index_;
   index_++;
   stack_.push_back(vertex);
-  for (auto& it: vertex->references_out) {
+  for (auto& it : vertex->references_out) {
     Node<T>* vertex_next = it;
     if (vertex_next->index == UNDEFINED_INDEX) {
       Tarjan(vertex_next, graph);
@@ -123,10 +127,12 @@
   }
 }
 
-template<class T>
+template <class T>
 void Tarjan(Graph<T>& graph, SCCList<T>& out) {
   TarjanAlgorithm<T> tarjan{graph.get_allocator()};
   tarjan.Execute(graph, out);
 }
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_TARJAN_H_
+}  // namespace android
+
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_TARJAN_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/ThreadCapture.cpp b/libmemunreachable/ThreadCapture.cpp
index 3891f2d..45eb55d 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/ThreadCapture.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/ThreadCapture.cpp
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/ptrace.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
 #include "Allocator.h"
 #include "log.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 // bionic interfaces used:
 // atoi
 // strlcat
@@ -50,12 +52,12 @@
 // Convert a pid > 0 to a string.  sprintf might allocate, so we can't use it.
 // Returns a pointer somewhere in buf to a null terminated string, or NULL
 // on error.
-static char *pid_to_str(char *buf, size_t len, pid_t pid) {
+static char* pid_to_str(char* buf, size_t len, pid_t pid) {
   if (pid <= 0) {
     return nullptr;
   }
 
-  char *ptr = buf + len - 1;
+  char* ptr = buf + len - 1;
   *ptr = 0;
   while (pid > 0) {
     ptr--;
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@
   bool ReleaseThread(pid_t tid);
   bool CapturedThreadInfo(ThreadInfoList& threads);
   void InjectTestFunc(std::function<void(pid_t)>&& f) { inject_test_func_ = f; }
+
  private:
   int CaptureThread(pid_t tid);
   bool ReleaseThread(pid_t tid, unsigned int signal);
@@ -92,9 +95,8 @@
   std::function<void(pid_t)> inject_test_func_;
 };
 
-ThreadCaptureImpl::ThreadCaptureImpl(pid_t pid, Allocator<ThreadCaptureImpl>& allocator) :
-    captured_threads_(allocator), allocator_(allocator), pid_(pid) {
-}
+ThreadCaptureImpl::ThreadCaptureImpl(pid_t pid, Allocator<ThreadCaptureImpl>& allocator)
+    : captured_threads_(allocator), allocator_(allocator), pid_(pid) {}
 
 bool ThreadCaptureImpl::ListThreads(TidList& tids) {
   tids.clear();
@@ -115,11 +117,11 @@
   }
 
   struct linux_dirent64 {
-    uint64_t  d_ino;
-    int64_t   d_off;
-    uint16_t  d_reclen;
-    char      d_type;
-    char      d_name[];
+    uint64_t d_ino;
+    int64_t d_off;
+    uint16_t d_reclen;
+    char d_type;
+    char d_name[];
   } __attribute((packed));
   char dirent_buf[4096];
   ssize_t nread;
@@ -209,7 +211,7 @@
 bool ThreadCaptureImpl::PtraceThreadInfo(pid_t tid, ThreadInfo& thread_info) {
   thread_info.tid = tid;
 
-  const unsigned int max_num_regs = 128; // larger than number of registers on any device
+  const unsigned int max_num_regs = 128;  // larger than number of registers on any device
   uintptr_t regs[max_num_regs];
   struct iovec iovec;
   iovec.iov_base = &regs;
@@ -243,7 +245,7 @@
 
   thread_info.stack = std::pair<uintptr_t, uintptr_t>(regs[sp], 0);
 
-   return true;
+  return true;
 }
 
 int ThreadCaptureImpl::CaptureThread(pid_t tid) {
@@ -266,7 +268,7 @@
 
   unsigned int resume_signal = 0;
 
-  unsigned int signal =  WSTOPSIG(status);
+  unsigned int signal = WSTOPSIG(status);
   if ((status >> 16) == PTRACE_EVENT_STOP) {
     switch (signal) {
       case SIGSTOP:
@@ -307,7 +309,7 @@
 
 bool ThreadCaptureImpl::ReleaseThreads() {
   bool ret = true;
-  for (auto it = captured_threads_.begin(); it != captured_threads_.end(); ) {
+  for (auto it = captured_threads_.begin(); it != captured_threads_.end();) {
     if (ReleaseThread(it->first, it->second)) {
       it = captured_threads_.erase(it);
     } else {
@@ -361,3 +363,5 @@
 void ThreadCapture::InjectTestFunc(std::function<void(pid_t)>&& f) {
   impl_->InjectTestFunc(std::forward<std::function<void(pid_t)>>(f));
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/ThreadCapture.h b/libmemunreachable/ThreadCapture.h
index 1022cad..961cb60 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/ThreadCapture.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/ThreadCapture.h
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "Allocator.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 struct ThreadInfo {
   pid_t tid;
   allocator::vector<uintptr_t> regs;
@@ -33,7 +35,7 @@
 class ThreadCaptureImpl;
 
 class ThreadCapture {
-public:
+ public:
   ThreadCapture(pid_t pid, Allocator<ThreadCapture> allocator);
   ~ThreadCapture();
 
@@ -44,11 +46,13 @@
   bool CapturedThreadInfo(ThreadInfoList& threads);
   void InjectTestFunc(std::function<void(pid_t)>&& f);
 
-private:
+ private:
   ThreadCapture(const ThreadCapture&) = delete;
   void operator=(const ThreadCapture&) = delete;
 
   Allocator<ThreadCaptureImpl>::unique_ptr impl_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/anon_vma_naming.h b/libmemunreachable/anon_vma_naming.h
index 1e4ade1..fb31e41 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/anon_vma_naming.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/anon_vma_naming.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
 
-#define PR_SET_VMA            0x53564d41
-#define  PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME 0
+#define PR_SET_VMA 0x53564d41
+#define PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME 0
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_ANON_VMA_NAMING_H_
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_ANON_VMA_NAMING_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/bionic.h b/libmemunreachable/bionic.h
index 83d07a8..dd1ec79 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/bionic.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/bionic.h
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@
 #ifndef LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_BIONIC_H_
 #define LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_BIONIC_H_
 
-#include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
 
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
 extern void malloc_disable();
 extern void malloc_enable();
 extern int malloc_iterate(uintptr_t base, size_t size,
-    void (*callback)(uintptr_t base, size_t size, void* arg), void* arg);
+                          void (*callback)(uintptr_t base, size_t size, void* arg), void* arg);
 extern ssize_t malloc_backtrace(void* pointer, uintptr_t* frames, size_t frame_count);
 
 __END_DECLS
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_BIONIC_H_
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_BIONIC_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/include/memunreachable/memunreachable.h b/libmemunreachable/include/memunreachable/memunreachable.h
index 9b227fd..438fcaf 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/include/memunreachable/memunreachable.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/include/memunreachable/memunreachable.h
@@ -17,12 +17,15 @@
 #ifndef LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_MEMUNREACHABLE_H_
 #define LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_MEMUNREACHABLE_H_
 
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/cdefs.h>
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 
-#include <vector>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace android {
 
 struct Leak {
   uintptr_t begin;
@@ -73,6 +76,8 @@
 
 std::string GetUnreachableMemoryString(bool log_contents = false, size_t limit = 100);
 
+}  // namespace android
+
 #endif
 
 __BEGIN_DECLS
@@ -83,4 +88,4 @@
 
 __END_DECLS
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_MEMUNREACHABLE_H_
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_MEMUNREACHABLE_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/log.h b/libmemunreachable/log.h
index 1725c53..44c5f85 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/log.h
+++ b/libmemunreachable/log.h
@@ -26,13 +26,21 @@
 #define MEM_ALOGE(...) async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, LOG_TAG, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define MEM_ALOGW(...) async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, LOG_TAG, ##__VA_ARGS__)
 #define MEM_ALOGI(...) async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, LOG_TAG, ##__VA_ARGS__)
-#define MEM_ALOGV(...) async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE, LOG_TAG, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+#define MEM_ALOGV_IMPL(...) async_safe_format_log(ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE, LOG_TAG, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#define MEM_ALOGV(...)             \
+  do {                             \
+    if (0) {                       \
+      MEM_ALOGV_IMPL(__VA_ARGS__); \
+    }                              \
+  } while (0)
+#else
+#define MEM_ALOGV(...) MEM_ALOGV_IMPL(__VA_ARGS__)
+#endif
 
 #define MEM_LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL(...) async_safe_fatal(__VA_ARGS__)
 
-#define MEM_LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF(cond, ...) \
-  ((__predict_false(cond)) ? async_safe_fatal(__VA_ARGS__) : (void)0)
-
 #else
 
 #include <log/log.h>
@@ -43,8 +51,7 @@
 #define MEM_ALOGI ALOGI
 
 #define MEM_LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL
-#define MEM_LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF LOG_ALWAYS_FATAL_IF
 
 #endif
 
-#endif // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LOG_H_
+#endif  // LIBMEMUNREACHABLE_LOG_H_
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/tests/Allocator_test.cpp b/libmemunreachable/tests/Allocator_test.cpp
index 21c8218..8991a7b 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/tests/Allocator_test.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/tests/Allocator_test.cpp
@@ -16,44 +16,44 @@
 
 #include <Allocator.h>
 
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <ScopedDisableMalloc.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+namespace android {
 
 std::function<void()> ScopedAlarm::func_;
 
 class AllocatorTest : public testing::Test {
  protected:
   AllocatorTest() : heap(), disable_malloc_() {}
-  virtual void SetUp() {
-    heap_count = 0;
-  }
+  virtual void SetUp() { heap_count = 0; }
   virtual void TearDown() {
     ASSERT_EQ(heap_count, 0);
     ASSERT_TRUE(heap.empty());
     ASSERT_FALSE(disable_malloc_.timed_out());
   }
   Heap heap;
+
  private:
   ScopedDisableMallocTimeout disable_malloc_;
 };
 
 TEST_F(AllocatorTest, simple) {
   Allocator<char[100]> allocator(heap);
-  void *ptr = allocator.allocate();
+  void* ptr = allocator.allocate();
   ASSERT_TRUE(ptr != NULL);
   allocator.deallocate(ptr);
 }
 
 TEST_F(AllocatorTest, multiple) {
   Allocator<char[100]> allocator(heap);
-  void *ptr1 = allocator.allocate();
+  void* ptr1 = allocator.allocate();
   ASSERT_TRUE(ptr1 != NULL);
-  void *ptr2 = allocator.allocate();
+  void* ptr2 = allocator.allocate();
   ASSERT_TRUE(ptr2 != NULL);
   ASSERT_NE(ptr1, ptr2);
   allocator.deallocate(ptr1);
-  void *ptr3 = allocator.allocate();
+  void* ptr3 = allocator.allocate();
   ASSERT_EQ(ptr1, ptr3);
   allocator.deallocate(ptr3);
   allocator.deallocate(ptr2);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@
   const int num = 4096;
   const int size = 128;
   Allocator<char[size]> allocator(heap);
-  void *ptr[num];
+  void* ptr[num];
   for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
     ptr[i] = allocator.allocate();
     memset(ptr[i], 0xaa, size);
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 TEST_F(AllocatorTest, large) {
   const size_t size = 1024 * 1024;
   Allocator<char[size]> allocator(heap);
-  void *ptr = allocator.allocate();
+  void* ptr = allocator.allocate();
   memset(ptr, 0xaa, size);
   allocator.deallocate(ptr);
 }
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
   const int num = 128;
   const int size = 1024 * 1024;
   Allocator<char[size]> allocator(heap);
-  void *ptr[num];
+  void* ptr[num];
   for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
     ptr[i] = allocator.allocate();
     memset(ptr[i], 0xaa, size);
@@ -172,3 +172,5 @@
 
   ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/tests/AndroidTest.xml b/libmemunreachable/tests/AndroidTest.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..604c0ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmemunreachable/tests/AndroidTest.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+
+     Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+     you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+     You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+          http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+     Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+     distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+     WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+     See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+     limitations under the License.
+-->
+<configuration description="Config for memunreachable_test">
+    <target_preparer class="com.android.tradefed.targetprep.PushFilePreparer">
+        <option name="cleanup" value="true" />
+        <option name="push" value="memunreachable_test->/data/local/tmp/memunreachable_test" />
+    </target_preparer>
+    <option name="test-suite-tag" value="apct" />
+    <test class="com.android.tradefed.testtype.GTest" >
+        <option name="native-test-device-path" value="/data/local/tmp" />
+        <option name="module-name" value="memunreachable_test" />
+    </test>
+</configuration>
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/tests/Binder_test.cpp b/libmemunreachable/tests/Binder_test.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e85d5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libmemunreachable/tests/Binder_test.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <binder/Binder.h>
+#include <binder/IBinder.h>
+#include <binder/IServiceManager.h>
+#include <binder/Parcel.h>
+#include <binder/ProcessState.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "Allocator.h"
+#include "Binder.h"
+
+namespace android {
+
+static const String16 service_name("test.libmemunreachable_binder");
+
+class BinderService : public BBinder {
+ public:
+  BinderService() = default;
+  virtual ~BinderService() = default;
+
+  virtual status_t onTransact(uint32_t /*code*/, const Parcel& data, Parcel* reply,
+                              uint32_t /*flags*/ = 0) {
+    reply->writeStrongBinder(ref);
+    ref = data.readStrongBinder();
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  sp<IBinder> ref;
+};
+
+class BinderObject : public BBinder {
+ public:
+  BinderObject() = default;
+  ~BinderObject() = default;
+};
+
+class ServiceProcess {
+ public:
+  ServiceProcess() : child_(0) {}
+  ~ServiceProcess() { Stop(); }
+
+  bool Run() {
+    pid_t ret = fork();
+    if (ret < 0) {
+      return false;
+    } else if (ret == 0) {
+      // child
+      _exit(Service());
+    } else {
+      // parent
+      child_ = ret;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool Stop() {
+    if (child_ > 0) {
+      if (kill(child_, SIGTERM)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      int status = 0;
+      if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(waitpid(child_, &status, 0)) != child_) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      child_ = 0;
+      return WIFEXITED(status) && WEXITSTATUS(status) == 0;
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  int Service() {
+    sp<ProcessState> proc{ProcessState::self()};
+    sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
+    if (sm == nullptr) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Failed to get service manager\n");
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if (sm->addService(service_name, new BinderService()) != OK) {
+      fprintf(stderr, "Failed to add test service\n");
+      return 1;
+    }
+    proc->startThreadPool();
+    pause();
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  pid_t child_;
+};
+
+class BinderTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  ServiceProcess service_process_;
+};
+
+TEST_F(BinderTest, binder) {
+  ServiceProcess service_process;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(service_process.Run());
+
+  sp<IServiceManager> sm = defaultServiceManager();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(sm != nullptr);
+
+  // A small sleep allows the service to start, which
+  // prevents a longer sleep in getService.
+  usleep(100000);
+
+  sp<IBinder> service = sm->getService(service_name);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(service != nullptr);
+
+  sp<IBinder> binder{new BinderObject()};
+
+  Parcel send;
+  Parcel reply;
+
+  send.writeStrongBinder(binder);
+  status_t rv = service->transact(0, send, &reply);
+  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<status_t>(OK), rv);
+
+  Heap heap;
+  allocator::vector<uintptr_t> refs{heap};
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(BinderReferences(refs));
+
+  bool found_ref = false;
+  for (auto ref : refs) {
+    if (ref == reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(binder.get())) {
+      found_ref = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(found_ref);
+}
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/tests/DisableMalloc_test.cpp b/libmemunreachable/tests/DisableMalloc_test.cpp
index 4e6155b..c630049 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/tests/DisableMalloc_test.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/tests/DisableMalloc_test.cpp
@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <functional>
 
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <ScopedDisableMalloc.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
+namespace android {
+
 class DisableMallocTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
   void alarm(std::chrono::microseconds us) {
@@ -36,75 +38,83 @@
 };
 
 TEST_F(DisableMallocTest, reenable) {
-  ASSERT_EXIT({
-    alarm(100ms);
-    void *ptr1 = malloc(128);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr1, nullptr);
-    free(ptr1);
-    {
-      ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
-    }
-    void *ptr2 = malloc(128);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr2, nullptr);
-    free(ptr2);
-    _exit(1);
-  }, ::testing::ExitedWithCode(1), "");
+  ASSERT_EXIT(
+      {
+        alarm(100ms);
+        void* ptr1 = malloc(128);
+        ASSERT_NE(ptr1, nullptr);
+        free(ptr1);
+        { ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc; }
+        void* ptr2 = malloc(128);
+        ASSERT_NE(ptr2, nullptr);
+        free(ptr2);
+        _exit(1);
+      },
+      ::testing::ExitedWithCode(1), "");
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisableMallocTest, deadlock_allocate) {
-  ASSERT_DEATH({
-    void *ptr = malloc(128);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-    free(ptr);
-    {
-      alarm(100ms);
-      ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
-      void* ptr = malloc(128);
-      ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-      free(ptr);
-    }
-  }, "");
+  ASSERT_DEATH(
+      {
+        void* ptr = malloc(128);
+        ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
+        free(ptr);
+        {
+          alarm(100ms);
+          ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
+          void* ptr = malloc(128);
+          ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
+          free(ptr);
+        }
+      },
+      "");
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisableMallocTest, deadlock_new) {
-  ASSERT_DEATH({
-    char* ptr = new(char);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-    delete(ptr);
-    {
-      alarm(100ms);
-      ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
-      char* ptr = new (std::nothrow)(char);
-      ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-      delete(ptr);
-    }
-  }, "");
+  ASSERT_DEATH(
+      {
+        char* ptr = new (char);
+        ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
+        delete (ptr);
+        {
+          alarm(100ms);
+          ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
+          char* ptr = new (std::nothrow)(char);
+          ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
+          delete (ptr);
+        }
+      },
+      "");
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisableMallocTest, deadlock_delete) {
-  ASSERT_DEATH({
-    char* ptr = new(char);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-    {
-      alarm(250ms);
-      ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
-      delete(ptr);
-      // Force ptr usage or this code gets optimized away by the arm64 compiler.
-      ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-    }
-  }, "");
+  ASSERT_DEATH(
+      {
+        char* ptr = new (char);
+        ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
+        {
+          alarm(250ms);
+          ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
+          delete (ptr);
+          // Force ptr usage or this code gets optimized away by the arm64 compiler.
+          ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
+        }
+      },
+      "");
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisableMallocTest, deadlock_free) {
-  ASSERT_DEATH({
-    void *ptr = malloc(128);
-    ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
-    {
-      alarm(100ms);
-      ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
-      free(ptr);
-    }
-  }, "");
+  ASSERT_DEATH(
+      {
+        void* ptr = malloc(128);
+        ASSERT_NE(ptr, nullptr);
+        {
+          alarm(100ms);
+          ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
+          free(ptr);
+        }
+      },
+      "");
 }
 
 TEST_F(DisableMallocTest, deadlock_fork) {
@@ -113,6 +123,8 @@
       alarm(100ms);
       ScopedDisableMalloc disable_malloc;
       fork();
-    }
-  }, "");
 }
+}, "");
+}
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/tests/HeapWalker_test.cpp b/libmemunreachable/tests/HeapWalker_test.cpp
index 98e4aa1..84a0ec6 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/tests/HeapWalker_test.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/tests/HeapWalker_test.cpp
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@
 
 #include "HeapWalker.h"
 
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <ScopedDisableMalloc.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include "Allocator.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 class HeapWalkerTest : public ::testing::Test {
  public:
   HeapWalkerTest() : disable_malloc_(), heap_() {}
@@ -172,20 +174,20 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(true, heap_walker.Leaked(leaked, 100, &num_leaks, &leaked_bytes));
 
   EXPECT_EQ(2U, num_leaks);
-  EXPECT_EQ(2*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
   ASSERT_EQ(2U, leaked.size());
 }
 
 TEST_F(HeapWalkerTest, segv) {
   const size_t page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
-  void* buffer1 = mmap(NULL, page_size, PROT_NONE, MAP_ANONYMOUS|MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
+  void* buffer1 = mmap(NULL, page_size, PROT_NONE, MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
   ASSERT_NE(buffer1, nullptr);
   void* buffer2;
 
   buffer2 = &buffer1;
 
   HeapWalker heap_walker(heap_);
-  heap_walker.Allocation(buffer_begin(buffer1), buffer_begin(buffer1)+page_size);
+  heap_walker.Allocation(buffer_begin(buffer1), buffer_begin(buffer1) + page_size);
   heap_walker.Root(buffer_begin(buffer2), buffer_end(buffer2));
 
   ASSERT_EQ(true, heap_walker.DetectLeaks());
@@ -199,3 +201,5 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(0U, leaked_bytes);
   ASSERT_EQ(0U, leaked.size());
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/tests/HostMallocStub.cpp b/libmemunreachable/tests/HostMallocStub.cpp
index a7e3f07..0ef0487 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/tests/HostMallocStub.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/tests/HostMallocStub.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,6 @@
 
 #include "bionic.h"
 
-void malloc_disable() {
-}
+void malloc_disable() {}
 
-void malloc_enable() {
-}
+void malloc_enable() {}
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/tests/LeakFolding_test.cpp b/libmemunreachable/tests/LeakFolding_test.cpp
index e85df5f..f5b3631 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/tests/LeakFolding_test.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/tests/LeakFolding_test.cpp
@@ -14,13 +14,15 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "HeapWalker.h"
 #include "LeakFolding.h"
+#include "HeapWalker.h"
 
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include <ScopedDisableMalloc.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 #include "Allocator.h"
 
+namespace android {
+
 class LeakFoldingTest : public ::testing::Test {
  public:
   LeakFoldingTest() : disable_malloc_(), heap_() {}
@@ -84,7 +86,7 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(true, folding.Leaked(leaked, &num_leaks, &leaked_bytes));
 
   EXPECT_EQ(2U, num_leaks);
-  EXPECT_EQ(2*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
   ASSERT_EQ(2U, leaked.size());
   EXPECT_EQ(0U, leaked[0].referenced_count);
   EXPECT_EQ(0U, leaked[0].referenced_size);
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(true, folding.Leaked(leaked, &num_leaks, &leaked_bytes));
 
   EXPECT_EQ(2U, num_leaks);
-  EXPECT_EQ(2*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
   ASSERT_EQ(1U, leaked.size());
   EXPECT_EQ(1U, leaked[0].referenced_count);
   EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[0].referenced_size);
@@ -144,10 +146,10 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(true, folding.Leaked(leaked, &num_leaks, &leaked_bytes));
 
   EXPECT_EQ(3U, num_leaks);
-  EXPECT_EQ(3*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
+  EXPECT_EQ(3 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
   ASSERT_EQ(1U, leaked.size());
   EXPECT_EQ(2U, leaked[0].referenced_count);
-  EXPECT_EQ(2*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[0].referenced_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[0].referenced_size);
 }
 
 TEST_F(LeakFoldingTest, dominator_cycle) {
@@ -175,13 +177,13 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(true, folding.Leaked(leaked, &num_leaks, &leaked_bytes));
 
   EXPECT_EQ(3U, num_leaks);
-  EXPECT_EQ(5*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
+  EXPECT_EQ(5 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
   ASSERT_EQ(2U, leaked.size());
 
   EXPECT_EQ(2U, leaked[0].referenced_count);
-  EXPECT_EQ(3*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[0].referenced_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(3 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[0].referenced_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(2U, leaked[1].referenced_count);
-  EXPECT_EQ(3*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[1].referenced_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(3 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[1].referenced_size);
 }
 
 TEST_F(LeakFoldingTest, two_cycles) {
@@ -218,12 +220,12 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(true, folding.Leaked(leaked, &num_leaks, &leaked_bytes));
 
   EXPECT_EQ(6U, num_leaks);
-  EXPECT_EQ(6*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
+  EXPECT_EQ(6 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
   ASSERT_EQ(2U, leaked.size());
   EXPECT_EQ(2U, leaked[0].referenced_count);
-  EXPECT_EQ(2*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[0].referenced_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[0].referenced_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(2U, leaked[1].referenced_count);
-  EXPECT_EQ(2*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[1].referenced_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[1].referenced_size);
 }
 
 TEST_F(LeakFoldingTest, two_dominator_cycles) {
@@ -254,7 +256,7 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(true, folding.Leaked(leaked, &num_leaks, &leaked_bytes));
 
   EXPECT_EQ(4U, num_leaks);
-  EXPECT_EQ(4*sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
+  EXPECT_EQ(4 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked_bytes);
   ASSERT_EQ(4U, leaked.size());
   EXPECT_EQ(1U, leaked[0].referenced_count);
   EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[0].referenced_size);
@@ -272,13 +274,13 @@
 
   HeapWalker heap_walker(heap_);
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(heap_walker.Allocation(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&buffer[i]),
-        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&buffer[i+1])));
+                                       reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&buffer[i + 1])));
   }
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
-    buffer[i] = &buffer[i+1];
+    buffer[i] = &buffer[i + 1];
   }
   buffer[n - 1] = &buffer[0];
 
@@ -306,15 +308,15 @@
   HeapWalker heap_walker(heap_);
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < n - 1; i++) {
-    buffer[i] = &buffer[i+1];
+    buffer[i] = &buffer[i + 1];
   }
   buffer[n - 1] = &buffer[0];
 
   buffer1[0] = &buffer[0];
 
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i ++) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(heap_walker.Allocation(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&buffer[i]),
-        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&buffer[i+1])));
+                                       reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&buffer[i + 1])));
   }
 
   ALLOCATION(heap_walker, buffer1);
@@ -425,3 +427,5 @@
   EXPECT_EQ(3U, leaked[3].referenced_count);
   EXPECT_EQ(6 * sizeof(uintptr_t), leaked[3].referenced_size);
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/tests/MemUnreachable_test.cpp b/libmemunreachable/tests/MemUnreachable_test.cpp
index 71da365..ec89388 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/tests/MemUnreachable_test.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/tests/MemUnreachable_test.cpp
@@ -16,36 +16,32 @@
 
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
 #include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
 #include <memunreachable/memunreachable.h>
 
+namespace android {
+
 class HiddenPointer {
  public:
-  explicit HiddenPointer(size_t size = 256) {
-    Set(malloc(size));
-  }
-  ~HiddenPointer() {
-    Free();
-  }
-  void* Get() {
-    return reinterpret_cast<void*>(~ptr_);
-  }
+  explicit HiddenPointer(size_t size = 256) { Set(malloc(size)); }
+  ~HiddenPointer() { Free(); }
+  void* Get() { return reinterpret_cast<void*>(~ptr_); }
   void Free() {
     free(Get());
     Set(nullptr);
   }
+
  private:
-  void Set(void* ptr) {
-    ptr_ = ~reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr);
-  }
+  void Set(void* ptr) { ptr_ = ~reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr); }
   volatile uintptr_t ptr_;
 };
 
-static void Ref(void* ptr) {
+// Trick the compiler into thinking a value on the stack is still referenced.
+static void Ref(void** ptr) {
   write(0, ptr, 0);
 }
 
@@ -63,14 +59,14 @@
 
   {
     void* ptr = hidden_ptr.Get();
-    Ref(ptr);
+    Ref(&ptr);
 
     UnreachableMemoryInfo info;
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(GetUnreachableMemory(info));
     ASSERT_EQ(0U, info.leaks.size());
 
-    Ref(ptr);
+    ptr = nullptr;
   }
 
   {
@@ -216,3 +212,5 @@
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(LogUnreachableMemory(true, 100));
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmemunreachable/tests/ThreadCapture_test.cpp b/libmemunreachable/tests/ThreadCapture_test.cpp
index 44aabd7..4fbf729 100644
--- a/libmemunreachable/tests/ThreadCapture_test.cpp
+++ b/libmemunreachable/tests/ThreadCapture_test.cpp
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@
 
 using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
+namespace android {
+
 class ThreadListTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<int> {
  public:
   ThreadListTest() : stop_(false) {}
@@ -45,12 +47,10 @@
     WaitForThreads();
   }
 
-  virtual void TearDown() {
-    ASSERT_TRUE(heap.empty());
-  }
+  virtual void TearDown() { ASSERT_TRUE(heap.empty()); }
 
  protected:
-  template<class Function>
+  template <class Function>
   void StartThreads(unsigned int threads, Function&& func) {
     threads_.reserve(threads);
     tids_.reserve(threads);
@@ -68,14 +68,14 @@
 
         {
           std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(m_);
-          cv_stop_.wait(lk, [&] {return stop_;});
+          cv_stop_.wait(lk, [&] { return stop_; });
         }
       });
     }
 
     {
       std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk(m_);
-      cv_start_.wait(lk, [&]{ return tids_.size() == threads; });
+      cv_start_.wait(lk, [&] { return tids_.size() == threads; });
     }
   }
 
@@ -93,9 +93,7 @@
     tids_.clear();
   }
 
-  std::vector<pid_t>& tids() {
-    return tids_;
-  }
+  std::vector<pid_t>& tids() { return tids_; }
 
   Heap heap;
 
@@ -143,7 +141,7 @@
 TEST_P(ThreadListTest, list_some) {
   const unsigned int threads = GetParam() - 1;
 
-  StartThreads(threads, [](){});
+  StartThreads(threads, []() {});
   std::vector<pid_t> expected_tids = tids();
   expected_tids.push_back(getpid());
 
@@ -176,10 +174,8 @@
  public:
   ThreadCaptureTest() {}
   ~ThreadCaptureTest() {}
-  void Fork(std::function<void()>&& child_init,
-      std::function<void()>&& child_cleanup,
-      std::function<void(pid_t)>&& parent) {
-
+  void Fork(std::function<void()>&& child_init, std::function<void()>&& child_cleanup,
+            std::function<void(pid_t)>&& parent) {
     ScopedPipe start_pipe;
     ScopedPipe stop_pipe;
 
@@ -211,39 +207,40 @@
 TEST_P(ThreadCaptureTest, capture_some) {
   const unsigned int threads = GetParam();
 
-  Fork([&](){
-    // child init
-    StartThreads(threads - 1, [](){});
-  },
-  [&](){
-    // child cleanup
-    StopThreads();
-  },
-  [&](pid_t child){
-    // parent
-    ASSERT_GT(child, 0);
+  Fork(
+      [&]() {
+        // child init
+        StartThreads(threads - 1, []() {});
+      },
+      [&]() {
+        // child cleanup
+        StopThreads();
+      },
+      [&](pid_t child) {
+        // parent
+        ASSERT_GT(child, 0);
 
-    {
-      ScopedDisableMallocTimeout disable_malloc;
+        {
+          ScopedDisableMallocTimeout disable_malloc;
 
-      ThreadCapture thread_capture(child, heap);
-      auto list_tids = allocator::vector<pid_t>(heap);
+          ThreadCapture thread_capture(child, heap);
+          auto list_tids = allocator::vector<pid_t>(heap);
 
-      ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.ListThreads(list_tids));
-      ASSERT_EQ(threads, list_tids.size());
+          ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.ListThreads(list_tids));
+          ASSERT_EQ(threads, list_tids.size());
 
-      ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.CaptureThreads());
+          ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.CaptureThreads());
 
-      auto thread_info = allocator::vector<ThreadInfo>(heap);
-      ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.CapturedThreadInfo(thread_info));
-      ASSERT_EQ(threads, thread_info.size());
-      ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.ReleaseThreads());
+          auto thread_info = allocator::vector<ThreadInfo>(heap);
+          ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.CapturedThreadInfo(thread_info));
+          ASSERT_EQ(threads, thread_info.size());
+          ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.ReleaseThreads());
 
-      if (!HasFailure()) {
-        ASSERT_FALSE(disable_malloc.timed_out());
-      }
-}
-  });
+          if (!HasFailure()) {
+            ASSERT_FALSE(disable_malloc.timed_out());
+          }
+        }
+      });
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(ThreadCaptureTest, ThreadCaptureTest, ::testing::Values(1, 2, 10, 1024));
@@ -262,7 +259,7 @@
       ScopedDisableMallocTimeout disable_malloc;
 
       ThreadCapture thread_capture(ret, heap);
-      thread_capture.InjectTestFunc([&](pid_t tid){
+      thread_capture.InjectTestFunc([&](pid_t tid) {
         syscall(SYS_tgkill, ret, tid, SIGKILL);
         usleep(10000);
       });
@@ -288,62 +285,65 @@
   // For signal handler
   static ScopedPipe* g_pipe;
 
-  Fork([&](){
-    // child init
-    pipe.CloseReceiver();
+  Fork(
+      [&]() {
+        // child init
+        pipe.CloseReceiver();
 
-    g_pipe = &pipe;
+        g_pipe = &pipe;
 
-    struct sigaction act{};
-    act.sa_handler = [](int){
-      char buf = '+';
-      write(g_pipe->Sender(), &buf, 1);
-      g_pipe->CloseSender();
-    };
-    sigaction(sig, &act, NULL);
-    sigset_t set;
-    sigemptyset(&set);
-    sigaddset(&set, sig);
-    pthread_sigmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, NULL);
-  },
-  [&](){
-    // child cleanup
-    g_pipe = nullptr;
-    pipe.Close();
-  },
-  [&](pid_t child){
-    // parent
-    ASSERT_GT(child, 0);
-    pipe.CloseSender();
+        struct sigaction act {};
+        act.sa_handler = [](int) {
+          char buf = '+';
+          write(g_pipe->Sender(), &buf, 1);
+          g_pipe->CloseSender();
+        };
+        sigaction(sig, &act, NULL);
+        sigset_t set;
+        sigemptyset(&set);
+        sigaddset(&set, sig);
+        pthread_sigmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, &set, NULL);
+      },
+      [&]() {
+        // child cleanup
+        g_pipe = nullptr;
+        pipe.Close();
+      },
+      [&](pid_t child) {
+        // parent
+        ASSERT_GT(child, 0);
+        pipe.CloseSender();
 
-    {
-      ScopedDisableMallocTimeout disable_malloc;
+        {
+          ScopedDisableMallocTimeout disable_malloc;
 
-      ThreadCapture thread_capture(child, heap);
-      thread_capture.InjectTestFunc([&](pid_t tid){
-        syscall(SYS_tgkill, child, tid, sig);
-        usleep(10000);
+          ThreadCapture thread_capture(child, heap);
+          thread_capture.InjectTestFunc([&](pid_t tid) {
+            syscall(SYS_tgkill, child, tid, sig);
+            usleep(10000);
+          });
+          auto list_tids = allocator::vector<pid_t>(heap);
+
+          ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.ListThreads(list_tids));
+          ASSERT_EQ(1U, list_tids.size());
+
+          ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.CaptureThreads());
+
+          auto thread_info = allocator::vector<ThreadInfo>(heap);
+          ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.CapturedThreadInfo(thread_info));
+          ASSERT_EQ(1U, thread_info.size());
+          ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.ReleaseThreads());
+
+          usleep(100000);
+          char buf;
+          ASSERT_EQ(1, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(pipe.Receiver(), &buf, 1)));
+          ASSERT_EQ(buf, '+');
+
+          if (!HasFailure()) {
+            ASSERT_FALSE(disable_malloc.timed_out());
+          }
+        }
       });
-      auto list_tids = allocator::vector<pid_t>(heap);
-
-      ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.ListThreads(list_tids));
-      ASSERT_EQ(1U, list_tids.size());
-
-      ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.CaptureThreads());
-
-      auto thread_info = allocator::vector<ThreadInfo>(heap);
-      ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.CapturedThreadInfo(thread_info));
-      ASSERT_EQ(1U, thread_info.size());
-      ASSERT_TRUE(thread_capture.ReleaseThreads());
-
-      usleep(100000);
-      char buf;
-      ASSERT_EQ(1, TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(pipe.Receiver(), &buf, 1)));
-      ASSERT_EQ(buf, '+');
-
-      if (!HasFailure()) {
-        ASSERT_FALSE(disable_malloc.timed_out());
-      }
-    }
-  });
 }
+
+}  // namespace android
diff --git a/libmetricslogger/Android.bp b/libmetricslogger/Android.bp
index 38859d1..c692d1f 100644
--- a/libmetricslogger/Android.bp
+++ b/libmetricslogger/Android.bp
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 cc_defaults {
     name: "metricslogger_defaults",
 
-    clang: true,
     host_supported: true,
 
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 cc_library_shared {
     name: "libmetricslogger",
-    vendor_available: true,
     srcs: metricslogger_lib_src_files,
     defaults: ["metricslogger_defaults"],
 }
diff --git a/libnativebridge/Android.bp b/libnativebridge/Android.bp
index 377b7dd..b3c42f0 100644
--- a/libnativebridge/Android.bp
+++ b/libnativebridge/Android.bp
@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
 
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "libnativebridge-dummy-headers",
+
+    host_supported: true,
+    export_include_dirs=["include"],
+}
+
 cc_library {
     name: "libnativebridge",
 
     host_supported: true,
     srcs: ["native_bridge.cc"],
-    shared_libs: ["liblog"],
-    clang: true,
+    shared_libs: ["liblog", "libbase"],
+
+    export_include_dirs=["include"],
 
     cflags: [
         "-Werror",
@@ -23,4 +31,4 @@
     },
 }
 
-subdirs = ["tests"]
\ No newline at end of file
+subdirs = ["tests"]
diff --git a/include/nativebridge/native_bridge.h b/libnativebridge/include/nativebridge/native_bridge.h
similarity index 100%
rename from include/nativebridge/native_bridge.h
rename to libnativebridge/include/nativebridge/native_bridge.h
diff --git a/libnativebridge/native_bridge.cc b/libnativebridge/native_bridge.cc
index 02b4fe7..e24307a 100644
--- a/libnativebridge/native_bridge.cc
+++ b/libnativebridge/native_bridge.cc
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 
 #include <cstring>
 
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
 #include <log/log.h>
 
 namespace android {
@@ -243,29 +244,12 @@
   }
 }
 
-#if defined(__arm__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "arm";
-#elif defined(__aarch64__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "arm64";
-#elif defined(__mips__) && !defined(__LP64__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "mips";
-#elif defined(__mips__) && defined(__LP64__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "mips64";
-#elif defined(__i386__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "x86";
-#elif defined(__x86_64__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "x86_64";
-#else
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "unknown";
-#endif
-
-
 bool NeedsNativeBridge(const char* instruction_set) {
   if (instruction_set == nullptr) {
     ALOGE("Null instruction set in NeedsNativeBridge.");
     return false;
   }
-  return strncmp(instruction_set, kRuntimeISA, strlen(kRuntimeISA) + 1) != 0;
+  return strncmp(instruction_set, ABI_STRING, strlen(ABI_STRING) + 1) != 0;
 }
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
diff --git a/libnativebridge/tests/Android.bp b/libnativebridge/tests/Android.bp
index efd3978..e31dae0 100644
--- a/libnativebridge/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libnativebridge/tests/Android.bp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
         "-Wextra",
         "-Werror",
     ],
+    header_libs: ["libnativebridge-dummy-headers"],
     cppflags: ["-fvisibility=protected"],
     target: {
         android: {
diff --git a/libnativebridge/tests/Android.mk b/libnativebridge/tests/Android.mk
index 70b3fcc..b3861e0 100644
--- a/libnativebridge/tests/Android.mk
+++ b/libnativebridge/tests/Android.mk
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@
 
 shared_libraries := \
     liblog \
+    libbase \
     libnativebridge \
     libnativebridge-dummy
 
 $(foreach file,$(test_src_files), \
     $(eval include $(CLEAR_VARS)) \
-    $(eval LOCAL_CLANG := true) \
     $(eval LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(shared_libraries)) \
     $(eval LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(file)) \
     $(eval LOCAL_MODULE := $(notdir $(file:%.cpp=%))) \
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@
 
 $(foreach file,$(test_src_files), \
     $(eval include $(CLEAR_VARS)) \
-    $(eval LOCAL_CLANG := true) \
     $(eval LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(shared_libraries)) \
     $(eval LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(file)) \
     $(eval LOCAL_MODULE := $(notdir $(file:%.cpp=%))) \
diff --git a/libnativebridge/tests/NeedsNativeBridge_test.cpp b/libnativebridge/tests/NeedsNativeBridge_test.cpp
index 2067ed2..c8ff743 100644
--- a/libnativebridge/tests/NeedsNativeBridge_test.cpp
+++ b/libnativebridge/tests/NeedsNativeBridge_test.cpp
@@ -16,34 +16,20 @@
 
 #include "NativeBridgeTest.h"
 
+#include <android-base/macros.h>
+
 namespace android {
 
 static const char* kISAs[] = { "arm", "arm64", "mips", "mips64", "x86", "x86_64", "random", "64arm",
                                "64_x86", "64_x86_64", "", "reallylongstringabcd", nullptr };
 
-#if defined(__arm__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "arm";
-#elif defined(__aarch64__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "arm64";
-#elif defined(__mips__) && !defined(__LP64__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "mips";
-#elif defined(__mips__) && defined(__LP64__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "mips64";
-#elif defined(__i386__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "x86";
-#elif defined(__x86_64__)
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "x86_64";
-#else
-static const char* kRuntimeISA = "unknown";
-#endif
-
 TEST_F(NativeBridgeTest, NeedsNativeBridge) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(false, NeedsNativeBridge(kRuntimeISA));
+  EXPECT_EQ(false, NeedsNativeBridge(ABI_STRING));
 
-    const size_t kISACount = sizeof(kISAs)/sizeof(kISAs[0]);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < kISACount; i++) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(kISAs[i] == nullptr ? false : strcmp(kISAs[i], kRuntimeISA) != 0,
-                  NeedsNativeBridge(kISAs[i]));
+  const size_t kISACount = sizeof(kISAs) / sizeof(kISAs[0]);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kISACount; i++) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(kISAs[i] == nullptr ? false : strcmp(kISAs[i], ABI_STRING) != 0,
+              NeedsNativeBridge(kISAs[i]));
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/libnativeloader/Android.bp b/libnativeloader/Android.bp
index c1133fb..13f9744 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/Android.bp
+++ b/libnativeloader/Android.bp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
             host_ldlibs: ["-ldl"],
         },
     },
-    clang: true,
     cflags: [
         "-Werror",
         "-Wall",
diff --git a/libnativeloader/native_loader.cpp b/libnativeloader/native_loader.cpp
index 36a2e44..7ccd7db 100644
--- a/libnativeloader/native_loader.cpp
+++ b/libnativeloader/native_loader.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "nativeloader/native_loader.h"
-#include "ScopedUtfChars.h"
+#include <nativehelper/ScopedUtfChars.h>
 
 #include <dlfcn.h>
 #ifdef __ANDROID__
diff --git a/libpackagelistparser/Android.bp b/libpackagelistparser/Android.bp
index 70ff528..a9fec7d 100644
--- a/libpackagelistparser/Android.bp
+++ b/libpackagelistparser/Android.bp
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
     local_include_dirs: ["include"],
     export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 
-    clang: true,
     sanitize: {
         misc_undefined: ["integer"],
     },
diff --git a/libpixelflinger/codeflinger/mips64_disassem.c b/libpixelflinger/codeflinger/mips64_disassem.c
index f28d726..1856e5c 100644
--- a/libpixelflinger/codeflinger/mips64_disassem.c
+++ b/libpixelflinger/codeflinger/mips64_disassem.c
@@ -555,6 +555,7 @@
     } else {
         vprintf(fmt, argp);
     }
+    va_end(argp);
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/libpixelflinger/codeflinger/mips_disassem.c b/libpixelflinger/codeflinger/mips_disassem.c
index 3007b15..83a9740 100644
--- a/libpixelflinger/codeflinger/mips_disassem.c
+++ b/libpixelflinger/codeflinger/mips_disassem.c
@@ -562,6 +562,7 @@
     } else {
         vprintf(fmt, argp);
     }
+    va_end(argp);
 }
 
 
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
index f0c3795..9fa4154 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
+++ b/libprocessgroup/include/processgroup/processgroup.h
@@ -33,6 +33,10 @@
 
 int createProcessGroup(uid_t uid, int initialPid);
 
+bool setProcessGroupSwappiness(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int swappiness);
+bool setProcessGroupSoftLimit(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int64_t softLimitInBytes);
+bool setProcessGroupLimit(uid_t uid, int initialPid, int64_t limitInBytes);
+
 void removeAllProcessGroups(void);
 
 __END_DECLS
diff --git a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
index f5d4e1c..8526b3a 100644
--- a/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
+++ b/libprocessgroup/processgroup.cpp
@@ -35,16 +35,16 @@
 #include <set>
 #include <thread>
 
+#include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <android-base/logging.h>
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 
 #include <processgroup/processgroup.h>
 
-using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+using android::base::WriteStringToFile;
 
-// Uncomment line below use memory cgroups for keeping track of (forked) PIDs
-// #define USE_MEMCG 1
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
 #define MEM_CGROUP_PATH "/dev/memcg/apps"
 #define MEM_CGROUP_TASKS "/dev/memcg/apps/tasks"
@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@
 };
 
 static const char* getCgroupRootPath() {
-#ifdef USE_MEMCG
     static const char* cgroup_root_path = NULL;
     std::call_once(init_path_flag, [&]() {
             // Check if mem cgroup is mounted, only then check for write-access to avoid
@@ -100,9 +99,6 @@
                     ACCT_CGROUP_PATH : MEM_CGROUP_PATH;
             });
     return cgroup_root_path;
-#else
-    return ACCT_CGROUP_PATH;
-#endif
 }
 
 static int convertUidToPath(char *path, size_t size, uid_t uid)
@@ -409,22 +405,40 @@
 
     strlcat(path, PROCESSGROUP_CGROUP_PROCS_FILE, sizeof(path));
 
-    int fd = open(path, O_WRONLY);
-    if (fd == -1) {
-        int ret = -errno;
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to open " << path;
-        return ret;
-    }
-
-    char pid[PROCESSGROUP_MAX_PID_LEN + 1] = {0};
-    int len = snprintf(pid, sizeof(pid), "%d", initialPid);
-
     int ret = 0;
-    if (write(fd, pid, len) < 0) {
+    if (!WriteStringToFile(std::to_string(initialPid), path)) {
         ret = -errno;
-        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write '" << pid << "' to " << path;
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write '" << initialPid << "' to " << path;
     }
 
-    close(fd);
     return ret;
 }
+
+static bool setProcessGroupValue(uid_t uid, int pid, const char* fileName, int64_t value) {
+    char path[PROCESSGROUP_MAX_PATH_LEN] = {0};
+    if (strcmp(getCgroupRootPath(), MEM_CGROUP_PATH)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Memcg is not mounted." << path;
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    convertUidPidToPath(path, sizeof(path), uid, pid);
+    strlcat(path, fileName, sizeof(path));
+
+    if (!WriteStringToFile(std::to_string(value), path)) {
+        PLOG(ERROR) << "Failed to write '" << value << "' to " << path;
+        return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool setProcessGroupSwappiness(uid_t uid, int pid, int swappiness) {
+    return setProcessGroupValue(uid, pid, "/memory.swappiness", swappiness);
+}
+
+bool setProcessGroupSoftLimit(uid_t uid, int pid, int64_t soft_limit_in_bytes) {
+    return setProcessGroupValue(uid, pid, "/memory.soft_limit_in_bytes", soft_limit_in_bytes);
+}
+
+bool setProcessGroupLimit(uid_t uid, int pid, int64_t limit_in_bytes) {
+    return setProcessGroupValue(uid, pid, "/memory.limit_in_bytes", limit_in_bytes);
+}
diff --git a/libprocinfo/include/procinfo/process.h b/libprocinfo/include/procinfo/process.h
index fb140ff..db56fc1 100644
--- a/libprocinfo/include/procinfo/process.h
+++ b/libprocinfo/include/procinfo/process.h
@@ -35,8 +35,18 @@
 
 #if defined(__linux__)
 
+enum ProcessState {
+  kProcessStateUnknown,
+  kProcessStateRunning,
+  kProcessStateSleeping,
+  kProcessStateUninterruptibleWait,
+  kProcessStateStopped,
+  kProcessStateZombie,
+};
+
 struct ProcessInfo {
   std::string name;
+  ProcessState state;
   pid_t tid;
   pid_t pid;
   pid_t ppid;
diff --git a/libprocinfo/process.cpp b/libprocinfo/process.cpp
index c513e16..6e5be6e 100644
--- a/libprocinfo/process.cpp
+++ b/libprocinfo/process.cpp
@@ -44,6 +44,24 @@
   return GetProcessInfoFromProcPidFd(dirfd.get(), process_info);
 }
 
+static ProcessState parse_state(const char* state) {
+  switch (*state) {
+    case 'R':
+      return kProcessStateRunning;
+    case 'S':
+      return kProcessStateSleeping;
+    case 'D':
+      return kProcessStateUninterruptibleWait;
+    case 'T':
+      return kProcessStateStopped;
+    case 'Z':
+      return kProcessStateZombie;
+    default:
+      LOG(ERROR) << "unknown process state: " << *state;
+      return kProcessStateUnknown;
+  }
+}
+
 bool GetProcessInfoFromProcPidFd(int fd, ProcessInfo* process_info) {
   int status_fd = openat(fd, "status", O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
 
@@ -60,7 +78,7 @@
   }
 
   int field_bitmap = 0;
-  static constexpr int finished_bitmap = 127;
+  static constexpr int finished_bitmap = 255;
   char* line = nullptr;
   size_t len = 0;
 
@@ -98,6 +116,9 @@
     } else if (header == "Gid:") {
       process_info->gid = atoi(tab + 1);
       field_bitmap |= 64;
+    } else if (header == "State:") {
+      process_info->state = parse_state(tab + 1);
+      field_bitmap |= 128;
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/libprocinfo/process_test.cpp b/libprocinfo/process_test.cpp
index 5ffd236..9da9278 100644
--- a/libprocinfo/process_test.cpp
+++ b/libprocinfo/process_test.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <chrono>
 #include <set>
 #include <thread>
 #include <vector>
@@ -29,6 +30,8 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 
+using namespace std::chrono_literals;
+
 #if !defined(__BIONIC__)
 #include <syscall.h>
 static pid_t gettid() {
@@ -82,3 +85,34 @@
     }
   }).join();
 }
+
+TEST(process_info, process_state) {
+  int pipefd[2];
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, pipe2(pipefd, O_CLOEXEC));
+  pid_t forkpid = fork();
+
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, forkpid);
+  if (forkpid == 0) {
+    close(pipefd[1]);
+    char buf;
+    TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(pipefd[0], &buf, 1));
+    _exit(0);
+  }
+
+  // Give the child some time to get to the read.
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+
+  android::procinfo::ProcessInfo procinfo;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::procinfo::GetProcessInfo(forkpid, &procinfo));
+  ASSERT_EQ(android::procinfo::kProcessStateSleeping, procinfo.state);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, kill(forkpid, SIGKILL));
+
+  // Give the kernel some time to kill the child.
+  std::this_thread::sleep_for(100ms);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::procinfo::GetProcessInfo(forkpid, &procinfo));
+  ASSERT_EQ(android::procinfo::kProcessStateZombie, procinfo.state);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(forkpid, waitpid(forkpid, nullptr, 0));
+}
diff --git a/libsync/Android.bp b/libsync/Android.bp
index 257d42d..1646348 100644
--- a/libsync/Android.bp
+++ b/libsync/Android.bp
@@ -52,5 +52,4 @@
         "-Wno-missing-field-initializers",
         "-Wno-sign-compare",
     ],
-    clang: true,
 }
diff --git a/libsync/sync.c b/libsync/sync.c
index baeccda..e657658 100644
--- a/libsync/sync.c
+++ b/libsync/sync.c
@@ -275,7 +275,6 @@
     info = calloc(1, sizeof(struct sync_file_info) +
                      num_fences * sizeof(struct sync_fence_info));
     if (!info) {
-        free(legacy_info);
         return NULL;
     }
     info->sync_fence_info = (__u64)(uintptr_t)(info + 1);
diff --git a/libsysutils/src/FrameworkListener.cpp b/libsysutils/src/FrameworkListener.cpp
index 1b6076f..87e2684 100644
--- a/libsysutils/src/FrameworkListener.cpp
+++ b/libsysutils/src/FrameworkListener.cpp
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@
         android_errorWriteLog(0x534e4554, "29831647");
         c->sendMsg(500, "Command too large for buffer", false);
         mSkipToNextNullByte = true;
-        return false;
+        return true;
     }
 
     int offset = 0;
@@ -211,7 +211,6 @@
     return;
 
 overflow:
-    LOG_EVENT_INT(78001, cli->getUid());
     cli->sendMsg(500, "Command too long", false);
     goto out;
 }
diff --git a/libsysutils/src/NetlinkListener.cpp b/libsysutils/src/NetlinkListener.cpp
index 896dad3..aad0394 100644
--- a/libsysutils/src/NetlinkListener.cpp
+++ b/libsysutils/src/NetlinkListener.cpp
@@ -57,8 +57,6 @@
     count = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(uevent_kernel_recv(socket,
             mBuffer, sizeof(mBuffer), require_group, &uid));
     if (count < 0) {
-        if (uid > 0)
-            LOG_EVENT_INT(65537, uid);
         SLOGE("recvmsg failed (%s)", strerror(errno));
         return false;
     }
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Android.bp b/libunwindstack/Android.bp
index eb2b902..32ba692 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Android.bp
+++ b/libunwindstack/Android.bp
@@ -30,24 +30,23 @@
             enabled: false,
         },
     },
-
-    multilib: {
-        lib32: {
-            suffix: "32",
-        },
-        lib64: {
-            suffix: "64",
-        },
-    },
 }
 
-cc_defaults {
-    name: "libunwindstack_common",
+cc_library {
+    name: "libunwindstack",
+    vendor_available: true,
+    vndk: {
+        enabled: true,
+        support_system_process: true,
+    },
     defaults: ["libunwindstack_flags"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
 
     srcs: [
         "ArmExidx.cpp",
         "DwarfCfa.cpp",
+        "DwarfDebugFrame.cpp",
+        "DwarfEhFrame.cpp",
         "DwarfMemory.cpp",
         "DwarfOp.cpp",
         "DwarfSection.cpp",
@@ -55,40 +54,41 @@
         "ElfInterface.cpp",
         "ElfInterfaceArm.cpp",
         "Log.cpp",
-        "Regs.cpp",
         "MapInfo.cpp",
         "Maps.cpp",
         "Memory.cpp",
+        "Regs.cpp",
         "Symbols.cpp",
     ],
 
+    target: {
+        // Always disable optimizations for host to make it easier to debug.
+        linux: {
+            cflags: ["-O0", "-g"],
+        },
+    },
+
+    arch: {
+        x86: {
+            srcs: ["AsmGetRegsX86.S"],
+        },
+        x86_64: {
+            srcs: ["AsmGetRegsX86_64.S"],
+        },
+    },
+
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_library {
-    name: "libunwindstack",
-    defaults: ["libunwindstack_common"],
-}
-
-cc_library {
-    name: "libunwindstack_debug",
-    defaults: ["libunwindstack_common"],
-
-    cflags: [
-        "-UNDEBUG",
-        "-O0",
-        "-g",
+        "liblzma",
     ],
 }
 
 //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Unit Tests
 //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-cc_defaults {
-    name: "libunwindstack_test_common",
+cc_test {
+    name: "libunwindstack_test",
     defaults: ["libunwindstack_flags"],
 
     srcs: [
@@ -96,6 +96,8 @@
         "tests/ArmExidxExtractTest.cpp",
         "tests/DwarfCfaLogTest.cpp",
         "tests/DwarfCfaTest.cpp",
+        "tests/DwarfDebugFrameTest.cpp",
+        "tests/DwarfEhFrameTest.cpp",
         "tests/DwarfMemoryTest.cpp",
         "tests/DwarfOpLogTest.cpp",
         "tests/DwarfOpTest.cpp",
@@ -104,16 +106,21 @@
         "tests/ElfInterfaceArmTest.cpp",
         "tests/ElfInterfaceTest.cpp",
         "tests/ElfTest.cpp",
+        "tests/ElfTestUtils.cpp",
         "tests/LogFake.cpp",
-        "tests/MapInfoTest.cpp",
+        "tests/MapInfoGetElfTest.cpp",
         "tests/MapsTest.cpp",
+        "tests/MemoryBufferTest.cpp",
         "tests/MemoryFake.cpp",
         "tests/MemoryFileTest.cpp",
         "tests/MemoryLocalTest.cpp",
         "tests/MemoryRangeTest.cpp",
         "tests/MemoryRemoteTest.cpp",
+        "tests/MemoryTest.cpp",
+        "tests/RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest.cpp",
         "tests/RegsTest.cpp",
         "tests/SymbolsTest.cpp",
+        "tests/UnwindTest.cpp",
     ],
 
     cflags: [
@@ -124,6 +131,8 @@
     shared_libs: [
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
+        "liblzma",
+        "libunwindstack",
     ],
 
     static_libs: [
@@ -137,52 +146,69 @@
             ],
         },
     },
-}
 
-// These unit tests run against the shared library.
-cc_test {
-    name: "libunwindstack_test",
-    defaults: ["libunwindstack_test_common"],
-
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libunwindstack",
-    ],
-}
-
-// These unit tests run against the static debug library.
-cc_test {
-    name: "libunwindstack_test_debug",
-    defaults: ["libunwindstack_test_common"],
-
-    static_libs: [
-        "libunwindstack_debug",
+    data: [
+        "tests/files/elf32.xz",
+        "tests/files/elf64.xz",
     ],
 }
 
 //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Utility Executables
+// Tools
 //-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 cc_defaults {
-    name: "libunwindstack_executables",
+    name: "libunwindstack_tools",
     defaults: ["libunwindstack_flags"],
 
     shared_libs: [
         "libunwindstack",
         "libbase",
+        "liblzma",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "unwind",
+    defaults: ["libunwindstack_tools"],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "tools/unwind.cpp",
     ],
 
-    static_libs: [
-        "liblog",
-    ],
-
-    compile_multilib: "both",
+    target: {
+        linux: {
+            host_ldlibs: [
+                "-lrt",
+            ],
+        },
+    },
 }
 
 cc_binary {
     name: "unwind_info",
-    defaults: ["libunwindstack_executables"],
+    defaults: ["libunwindstack_tools"],
 
     srcs: [
-        "unwind_info.cpp",
+        "tools/unwind_info.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "unwind_symbols",
+    defaults: ["libunwindstack_tools"],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "tools/unwind_symbols.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+// Generates the elf data for use in the tests for .gnu_debugdata frames.
+// Once these files are generated, use the xz command to compress the data.
+cc_binary_host {
+    name: "gen_gnudebugdata",
+    defaults: ["libunwindstack_flags"],
+
+    srcs: [
+        "tests/GenGnuDebugdata.cpp",
     ],
 }
diff --git a/libunwindstack/ArmExidx.cpp b/libunwindstack/ArmExidx.cpp
index 12adf57..fed3e0e 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/ArmExidx.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/ArmExidx.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <assert.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <deque>
@@ -22,11 +21,15 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
 #include "ArmExidx.h"
-#include "Log.h"
+#include "Check.h"
 #include "Machine.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 void ArmExidx::LogRawData() {
   std::string log_str("Raw Data:");
@@ -173,7 +176,7 @@
 }
 
 inline bool ArmExidx::DecodePrefix_10_00(uint8_t byte) {
-  assert((byte >> 4) == 0x8);
+  CHECK((byte >> 4) == 0x8);
 
   uint16_t registers = (byte & 0xf) << 8;
   if (!GetByte(&byte)) {
@@ -232,7 +235,7 @@
 }
 
 inline bool ArmExidx::DecodePrefix_10_01(uint8_t byte) {
-  assert((byte >> 4) == 0x9);
+  CHECK((byte >> 4) == 0x9);
 
   uint8_t bits = byte & 0xf;
   if (bits == 13 || bits == 15) {
@@ -258,7 +261,7 @@
 }
 
 inline bool ArmExidx::DecodePrefix_10_10(uint8_t byte) {
-  assert((byte >> 4) == 0xa);
+  CHECK((byte >> 4) == 0xa);
 
   // 10100nnn: Pop r4-r[4+nnn]
   // 10101nnn: Pop r4-r[4+nnn], r14
@@ -419,7 +422,7 @@
 }
 
 inline bool ArmExidx::DecodePrefix_10_11_1nnn(uint8_t byte) {
-  assert((byte & ~0x07) == 0xb8);
+  CHECK((byte & ~0x07) == 0xb8);
 
   // 10111nnn: Pop VFP double-precision registers D[8]-D[8+nnn] by FSTMFDX
   if (log_) {
@@ -439,7 +442,7 @@
 }
 
 inline bool ArmExidx::DecodePrefix_10(uint8_t byte) {
-  assert((byte >> 6) == 0x2);
+  CHECK((byte >> 6) == 0x2);
 
   switch ((byte >> 4) & 0x3) {
   case 0:
@@ -469,7 +472,7 @@
 }
 
 inline bool ArmExidx::DecodePrefix_11_000(uint8_t byte) {
-  assert((byte & ~0x07) == 0xc0);
+  CHECK((byte & ~0x07) == 0xc0);
 
   uint8_t bits = byte & 0x7;
   if (bits == 6) {
@@ -550,7 +553,7 @@
 }
 
 inline bool ArmExidx::DecodePrefix_11_001(uint8_t byte) {
-  assert((byte & ~0x07) == 0xc8);
+  CHECK((byte & ~0x07) == 0xc8);
 
   uint8_t bits = byte & 0x7;
   if (bits == 0) {
@@ -605,7 +608,7 @@
 }
 
 inline bool ArmExidx::DecodePrefix_11_010(uint8_t byte) {
-  assert((byte & ~0x07) == 0xd0);
+  CHECK((byte & ~0x07) == 0xd0);
 
   // 11010nnn: Pop VFP double precision registers D[8]-D[8+nnn] by VPUSH
   if (log_) {
@@ -624,7 +627,7 @@
 }
 
 inline bool ArmExidx::DecodePrefix_11(uint8_t byte) {
-  assert((byte >> 6) == 0x3);
+  CHECK((byte >> 6) == 0x3);
 
   switch ((byte >> 3) & 0x7) {
   case 0:
@@ -684,3 +687,5 @@
   while (Decode());
   return status_ == ARM_STATUS_FINISH;
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/ArmExidx.h b/libunwindstack/ArmExidx.h
index 8c7f15a..f4361d4 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/ArmExidx.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/ArmExidx.h
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include <deque>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 // Forward declarations.
 class Memory;
 class RegsArm;
@@ -105,4 +107,6 @@
   bool pc_set_ = false;
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_ARM_EXIDX_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/AsmGetRegsX86.S b/libunwindstack/AsmGetRegsX86.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14927a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/AsmGetRegsX86.S
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+ *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+ * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
+ * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
+ * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
+ * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+ * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
+ * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+  .text
+  .global AsmGetRegs
+  .balign 16
+  .type AsmGetRegs, @function
+AsmGetRegs:
+  .cfi_startproc
+  mov 4(%esp), %eax
+  movl $0, (%eax)
+  movl %ecx, 4(%eax)
+  movl %edx, 8(%eax)
+  movl %ebx, 12(%eax)
+
+  /* ESP */
+  leal 4(%esp), %ecx
+  movl %ecx, 16(%eax)
+
+  movl %ebp, 20(%eax)
+  movl %esi, 24(%eax)
+  movl %edi, 28(%eax)
+
+  /* EIP */
+  movl (%esp), %ecx
+  movl %ecx, 32(%eax)
+
+  movl %cs, 36(%eax)
+  movl %ss, 40(%eax)
+  movl %ds, 44(%eax)
+  movl %es, 48(%eax)
+  movl %fs, 52(%eax)
+  movl %gs, 56(%eax)
+  ret
+
+  .cfi_endproc
+  .size AsmGetRegs, .-AsmGetRegs
diff --git a/libunwindstack/AsmGetRegsX86_64.S b/libunwindstack/AsmGetRegsX86_64.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4cd3b6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/AsmGetRegsX86_64.S
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+ *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+ * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
+ * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
+ * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
+ * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+ * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
+ * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+  .text
+  .global AsmGetRegs
+  .balign 16
+  .type AsmGetRegs, @function
+AsmGetRegs:
+  .cfi_startproc
+  movq %rax, (%rdi)
+  movq %rdx, 8(%rdi)
+  movq %rcx, 16(%rdi)
+  movq %rbx, 24(%rdi)
+  movq %rsi, 32(%rdi)
+  movq %rdi, 40(%rdi)
+  movq %rbp, 48(%rdi)
+
+  /* RSP */
+  lea 8(%rsp), %rax
+  movq %rax, 56(%rdi)
+
+  movq %r8, 64(%rdi)
+  movq %r9, 72(%rdi)
+  movq %r10, 80(%rdi)
+  movq %r11, 88(%rdi)
+  movq %r12, 96(%rdi)
+  movq %r13, 104(%rdi)
+  movq %r14, 112(%rdi)
+  movq %r15, 120(%rdi)
+
+  /* RIP */
+  movq (%rsp), %rax
+  movq %rax, 128(%rdi)
+  ret
+
+  .cfi_endproc
+  .size AsmGetRegs, .-AsmGetRegs
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Check.h b/libunwindstack/Check.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d216d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/Check.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_ERROR_H
+#define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_ERROR_H
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+#define CHECK(assertion)                                   \
+  if (__builtin_expect(!(assertion), false)) {             \
+    log(0, "%s:%d: %s\n", __FILE__, __LINE__, #assertion); \
+    abort();                                               \
+  }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
+#endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_ERROR_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfCfa.cpp b/libunwindstack/DwarfCfa.cpp
index 006f039..b1d55ba 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfCfa.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfCfa.cpp
@@ -23,12 +23,15 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfLocation.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+
 #include "DwarfCfa.h"
 #include "DwarfEncoding.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
+#include "DwarfError.h"
 #include "DwarfOp.h"
-#include "DwarfStructs.h"
-#include "Log.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 template <typename AddressType>
 constexpr typename DwarfCfa<AddressType>::process_func DwarfCfa<AddressType>::kCallbackTable[64];
@@ -711,3 +714,5 @@
 // Explicitly instantiate DwarfCfa.
 template class DwarfCfa<uint32_t>;
 template class DwarfCfa<uint64_t>;
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfCfa.h b/libunwindstack/DwarfCfa.h
index 42ebae1..62b9b7a 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfCfa.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfCfa.h
@@ -24,10 +24,13 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfLocation.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h>
+
 #include "DwarfError.h"
-#include "DwarfLocation.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
-#include "DwarfStructs.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 // DWARF Standard home: http://dwarfstd.org/
 // This code is based on DWARF 4: http://http://dwarfstd.org/doc/DWARF4.pdf
@@ -252,4 +255,6 @@
   };
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_CFA_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfDebugFrame.cpp b/libunwindstack/DwarfDebugFrame.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5707596
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfDebugFrame.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+#include "DwarfDebugFrame.h"
+#include "DwarfEncoding.h"
+#include "DwarfError.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+bool DwarfDebugFrame<AddressType>::Init(uint64_t offset, uint64_t size) {
+  offset_ = offset;
+  end_offset_ = offset + size;
+
+  memory_.clear_func_offset();
+  memory_.clear_text_offset();
+  memory_.set_data_offset(offset);
+  memory_.set_cur_offset(offset);
+
+  return CreateSortedFdeList();
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+bool DwarfDebugFrame<AddressType>::GetCieInfo(uint8_t* segment_size, uint8_t* encoding) {
+  uint8_t version;
+  if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&version, 1)) {
+    last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+    return false;
+  }
+  // Read the augmentation string.
+  std::vector<char> aug_string;
+  char aug_value;
+  bool get_encoding = false;
+  do {
+    if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&aug_value, 1)) {
+      last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (aug_value == 'R') {
+      get_encoding = true;
+    }
+    aug_string.push_back(aug_value);
+  } while (aug_value != '\0');
+
+  if (version == 4) {
+    // Skip the Address Size field.
+    memory_.set_cur_offset(memory_.cur_offset() + 1);
+
+    // Read the segment size.
+    if (!memory_.ReadBytes(segment_size, 1)) {
+      last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+      return false;
+    }
+  } else {
+    *segment_size = 0;
+  }
+
+  if (aug_string[0] != 'z' || !get_encoding) {
+    // No encoding
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Skip code alignment factor
+  uint8_t value;
+  do {
+    if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&value, 1)) {
+      last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+      return false;
+    }
+  } while (value & 0x80);
+
+  // Skip data alignment factor
+  do {
+    if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&value, 1)) {
+      last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+      return false;
+    }
+  } while (value & 0x80);
+
+  if (version == 1) {
+    // Skip return address register.
+    memory_.set_cur_offset(memory_.cur_offset() + 1);
+  } else {
+    // Skip return address register.
+    do {
+      if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&value, 1)) {
+        last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+        return false;
+      }
+    } while (value & 0x80);
+  }
+
+  // Skip the augmentation length.
+  do {
+    if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&value, 1)) {
+      last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+      return false;
+    }
+  } while (value & 0x80);
+
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < aug_string.size(); i++) {
+    if (aug_string[i] == 'R') {
+      if (!memory_.ReadBytes(encoding, 1)) {
+        last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+        return false;
+      }
+      // Got the encoding, that's all we are looking for.
+      return true;
+    } else if (aug_string[i] == 'L') {
+      memory_.set_cur_offset(memory_.cur_offset() + 1);
+    } else if (aug_string[i] == 'P') {
+      uint8_t encoding;
+      if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&encoding, 1)) {
+        last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+        return false;
+      }
+      uint64_t value;
+      if (!memory_.template ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(encoding, &value)) {
+        last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // It should be impossible to get here.
+  abort();
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+bool DwarfDebugFrame<AddressType>::AddFdeInfo(uint64_t entry_offset, uint8_t segment_size,
+                                              uint8_t encoding) {
+  if (segment_size != 0) {
+    memory_.set_cur_offset(memory_.cur_offset() + 1);
+  }
+
+  uint64_t start;
+  if (!memory_.template ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(encoding & 0xf, &start)) {
+    last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t length;
+  if (!memory_.template ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(encoding & 0xf, &length)) {
+    last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (length != 0) {
+    fdes_.emplace_back(entry_offset, start, length);
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+bool DwarfDebugFrame<AddressType>::CreateSortedFdeList() {
+  memory_.set_cur_offset(offset_);
+
+  // Loop through all of the entries and read just enough to create
+  // a sorted list of pcs.
+  // This code assumes that first comes the cie, then the fdes that
+  // it applies to.
+  uint64_t cie_offset = 0;
+  uint8_t address_encoding;
+  uint8_t segment_size;
+  while (memory_.cur_offset() < end_offset_) {
+    uint64_t cur_entry_offset = memory_.cur_offset();
+
+    // Figure out the entry length and type.
+    uint32_t value32;
+    if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&value32, sizeof(value32))) {
+      last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t next_entry_offset;
+    if (value32 == static_cast<uint32_t>(-1)) {
+      uint64_t value64;
+      if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&value64, sizeof(value64))) {
+        last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+        return false;
+      }
+      next_entry_offset = memory_.cur_offset() + value64;
+
+      // Read the Cie Id of a Cie or the pointer of the Fde.
+      if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&value64, sizeof(value64))) {
+        last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (value64 == static_cast<uint64_t>(-1)) {
+        // Cie 64 bit
+        address_encoding = DW_EH_PE_sdata8;
+        if (!GetCieInfo(&segment_size, &address_encoding)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        cie_offset = cur_entry_offset;
+      } else {
+        if (offset_ + value64 != cie_offset) {
+          // This means that this Fde is not following the Cie.
+          last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_ILLEGAL_VALUE;
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        // Fde 64 bit
+        if (!AddFdeInfo(cur_entry_offset, segment_size, address_encoding)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      next_entry_offset = memory_.cur_offset() + value32;
+
+      // Read the Cie Id of a Cie or the pointer of the Fde.
+      if (!memory_.ReadBytes(&value32, sizeof(value32))) {
+        last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (value32 == static_cast<uint32_t>(-1)) {
+        // Cie 32 bit
+        address_encoding = DW_EH_PE_sdata4;
+        if (!GetCieInfo(&segment_size, &address_encoding)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        cie_offset = cur_entry_offset;
+      } else {
+        if (offset_ + value32 != cie_offset) {
+          // This means that this Fde is not following the Cie.
+          last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_ILLEGAL_VALUE;
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        // Fde 32 bit
+        if (!AddFdeInfo(cur_entry_offset, segment_size, address_encoding)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (next_entry_offset < memory_.cur_offset()) {
+      // This indicates some kind of corruption, or malformed section data.
+      last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_ILLEGAL_VALUE;
+      return false;
+    }
+    memory_.set_cur_offset(next_entry_offset);
+  }
+
+  // Sort the entries.
+  std::sort(fdes_.begin(), fdes_.end(), [](const FdeInfo& a, const FdeInfo& b) {
+    if (a.start == b.start) return a.end < b.end;
+    return a.start < b.start;
+  });
+
+  fde_count_ = fdes_.size();
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+bool DwarfDebugFrame<AddressType>::GetFdeOffsetFromPc(uint64_t pc, uint64_t* fde_offset) {
+  if (fde_count_ == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  size_t first = 0;
+  size_t last = fde_count_;
+  while (first < last) {
+    size_t current = (first + last) / 2;
+    const FdeInfo* info = &fdes_[current];
+    if (pc >= info->start && pc <= info->end) {
+      *fde_offset = info->offset;
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (pc < info->start) {
+      last = current;
+    } else {
+      first = current + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+const DwarfFde* DwarfDebugFrame<AddressType>::GetFdeFromIndex(size_t index) {
+  if (index >= fdes_.size()) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return this->GetFdeFromOffset(fdes_[index].offset);
+}
+
+// Explicitly instantiate DwarfDebugFrame.
+template class DwarfDebugFrame<uint32_t>;
+template class DwarfDebugFrame<uint64_t>;
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfDebugFrame.h b/libunwindstack/DwarfDebugFrame.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a6178e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfDebugFrame.h
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_DEBUG_FRAME_H
+#define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_DEBUG_FRAME_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfSection.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+class DwarfDebugFrame : public DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType> {
+ public:
+  // Add these so that the protected members of DwarfSectionImpl
+  // can be accessed without needing a this->.
+  using DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType>::memory_;
+  using DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType>::fde_count_;
+  using DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType>::last_error_;
+
+  struct FdeInfo {
+    FdeInfo(uint64_t offset, uint64_t start, uint64_t length)
+        : offset(offset), start(start), end(start + length) {}
+
+    uint64_t offset;
+    AddressType start;
+    AddressType end;
+  };
+
+  DwarfDebugFrame(Memory* memory) : DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType>(memory) {}
+  virtual ~DwarfDebugFrame() = default;
+
+  bool Init(uint64_t offset, uint64_t size) override;
+
+  bool GetFdeOffsetFromPc(uint64_t pc, uint64_t* fde_offset) override;
+
+  const DwarfFde* GetFdeFromIndex(size_t index) override;
+
+  bool IsCie32(uint32_t value32) override { return value32 == static_cast<uint32_t>(-1); }
+
+  bool IsCie64(uint64_t value64) override { return value64 == static_cast<uint64_t>(-1); }
+
+  uint64_t GetCieOffsetFromFde32(uint32_t pointer) override { return offset_ + pointer; }
+
+  uint64_t GetCieOffsetFromFde64(uint64_t pointer) override { return offset_ + pointer; }
+
+  uint64_t AdjustPcFromFde(uint64_t pc) override { return pc; }
+
+  bool GetCieInfo(uint8_t* segment_size, uint8_t* encoding);
+
+  bool AddFdeInfo(uint64_t entry_offset, uint8_t segment_size, uint8_t encoding);
+
+  bool CreateSortedFdeList();
+
+ protected:
+  uint64_t offset_;
+  uint64_t end_offset_;
+
+  std::vector<FdeInfo> fdes_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
+#endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_DEBUG_FRAME_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfEhFrame.cpp b/libunwindstack/DwarfEhFrame.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db8f558
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfEhFrame.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+#include "Check.h"
+#include "DwarfEhFrame.h"
+#include "DwarfError.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+bool DwarfEhFrame<AddressType>::Init(uint64_t offset, uint64_t size) {
+  uint8_t data[4];
+
+  memory_.clear_func_offset();
+  memory_.clear_text_offset();
+  memory_.set_data_offset(offset);
+  memory_.set_cur_offset(offset);
+
+  // Read the first four bytes all at once.
+  if (!memory_.ReadBytes(data, 4)) {
+    last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  version_ = data[0];
+  if (version_ != 1) {
+    // Unknown version.
+    last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_VERSION;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  ptr_encoding_ = data[1];
+  uint8_t fde_count_encoding = data[2];
+  table_encoding_ = data[3];
+  table_entry_size_ = memory_.template GetEncodedSize<AddressType>(table_encoding_);
+
+  memory_.set_pc_offset(memory_.cur_offset());
+  if (!memory_.template ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(ptr_encoding_, &ptr_offset_)) {
+    last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  memory_.set_pc_offset(memory_.cur_offset());
+  if (!memory_.template ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(fde_count_encoding, &fde_count_)) {
+    last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  entries_offset_ = memory_.cur_offset();
+  entries_end_ = offset + size;
+  entries_data_offset_ = offset;
+  cur_entries_offset_ = entries_offset_;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+const DwarfFde* DwarfEhFrame<AddressType>::GetFdeFromIndex(size_t index) {
+  const FdeInfo* info = GetFdeInfoFromIndex(index);
+  if (info == nullptr) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return this->GetFdeFromOffset(info->offset);
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+const typename DwarfEhFrame<AddressType>::FdeInfo* DwarfEhFrame<AddressType>::GetFdeInfoFromIndex(
+    size_t index) {
+  auto entry = fde_info_.find(index);
+  if (entry != fde_info_.end()) {
+    return &fde_info_[index];
+  }
+  FdeInfo* info = &fde_info_[index];
+
+  memory_.set_data_offset(entries_data_offset_);
+  memory_.set_cur_offset(entries_offset_ + 2 * index * table_entry_size_);
+  memory_.set_pc_offset(memory_.cur_offset());
+  uint64_t value;
+  if (!memory_.template ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(table_encoding_, &value) ||
+      !memory_.template ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(table_encoding_, &info->offset)) {
+    last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+    fde_info_.erase(index);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  info->pc = value + 4;
+  return info;
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+bool DwarfEhFrame<AddressType>::GetFdeOffsetBinary(uint64_t pc, uint64_t* fde_offset,
+                                                   uint64_t total_entries) {
+  CHECK(fde_count_ > 0);
+  CHECK(total_entries <= fde_count_);
+
+  size_t first = 0;
+  size_t last = total_entries;
+  while (first < last) {
+    size_t current = (first + last) / 2;
+    const FdeInfo* info = GetFdeInfoFromIndex(current);
+    if (pc == info->pc) {
+      *fde_offset = info->offset;
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (pc < info->pc) {
+      last = current;
+    } else {
+      first = current + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  if (last != 0) {
+    const FdeInfo* info = GetFdeInfoFromIndex(last - 1);
+    *fde_offset = info->offset;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+bool DwarfEhFrame<AddressType>::GetFdeOffsetSequential(uint64_t pc, uint64_t* fde_offset) {
+  CHECK(fde_count_ != 0);
+  last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_NONE;
+  // We can do a binary search if the pc is in the range of the elements
+  // that have already been cached.
+  if (!fde_info_.empty()) {
+    const FdeInfo* info = &fde_info_[fde_info_.size() - 1];
+    if (pc >= info->pc) {
+      *fde_offset = info->offset;
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (pc < info->pc) {
+      return GetFdeOffsetBinary(pc, fde_offset, fde_info_.size());
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (cur_entries_offset_ == 0) {
+    // All entries read, or error encountered.
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  memory_.set_data_offset(entries_data_offset_);
+  memory_.set_cur_offset(cur_entries_offset_);
+  cur_entries_offset_ = 0;
+
+  FdeInfo* prev_info = nullptr;
+  for (size_t current = fde_info_.size();
+       current < fde_count_ && memory_.cur_offset() < entries_end_; current++) {
+    memory_.set_pc_offset(memory_.cur_offset());
+    uint64_t value;
+    if (!memory_.template ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(table_encoding_, &value)) {
+      last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    FdeInfo* info = &fde_info_[current];
+    if (!memory_.template ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(table_encoding_, &info->offset)) {
+      fde_info_.erase(current);
+      last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
+      return false;
+    }
+    info->pc = value + 4;
+
+    if (pc < info->pc) {
+      if (prev_info == nullptr) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      cur_entries_offset_ = memory_.cur_offset();
+      *fde_offset = prev_info->offset;
+      return true;
+    }
+    prev_info = info;
+  }
+
+  if (fde_count_ == fde_info_.size() && pc >= prev_info->pc) {
+    *fde_offset = prev_info->offset;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+bool DwarfEhFrame<AddressType>::GetFdeOffsetFromPc(uint64_t pc, uint64_t* fde_offset) {
+  if (fde_count_ == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (table_entry_size_ > 0) {
+    // Do a binary search since the size of each table entry is fixed.
+    return GetFdeOffsetBinary(pc, fde_offset, fde_count_);
+  } else {
+    // Do a sequential search since each table entry size is variable.
+    return GetFdeOffsetSequential(pc, fde_offset);
+  }
+}
+
+// Explicitly instantiate DwarfEhFrame.
+template class DwarfEhFrame<uint32_t>;
+template class DwarfEhFrame<uint64_t>;
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfEhFrame.h b/libunwindstack/DwarfEhFrame.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4207b42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfEhFrame.h
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_EH_FRAME_H
+#define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_EH_FRAME_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfSection.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+// Forward declarations.
+class Memory;
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+class DwarfEhFrame : public DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType> {
+ public:
+  // Add these so that the protected members of DwarfSectionImpl
+  // can be accessed without needing a this->.
+  using DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType>::memory_;
+  using DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType>::fde_count_;
+  using DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType>::last_error_;
+
+  struct FdeInfo {
+    AddressType pc;
+    uint64_t offset;
+  };
+
+  DwarfEhFrame(Memory* memory) : DwarfSectionImpl<AddressType>(memory) {}
+  virtual ~DwarfEhFrame() = default;
+
+  bool Init(uint64_t offset, uint64_t size) override;
+
+  bool GetFdeOffsetFromPc(uint64_t pc, uint64_t* fde_offset) override;
+
+  const DwarfFde* GetFdeFromIndex(size_t index) override;
+
+  bool IsCie32(uint32_t value32) override { return value32 == 0; }
+
+  bool IsCie64(uint64_t value64) override { return value64 == 0; }
+
+  uint64_t GetCieOffsetFromFde32(uint32_t pointer) override {
+    return memory_.cur_offset() - pointer - 4;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t GetCieOffsetFromFde64(uint64_t pointer) override {
+    return memory_.cur_offset() - pointer - 8;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t AdjustPcFromFde(uint64_t pc) override {
+    // The eh_frame uses relative pcs.
+    return pc + memory_.cur_offset();
+  }
+
+  const FdeInfo* GetFdeInfoFromIndex(size_t index);
+
+  bool GetFdeOffsetSequential(uint64_t pc, uint64_t* fde_offset);
+
+  bool GetFdeOffsetBinary(uint64_t pc, uint64_t* fde_offset, uint64_t total_entries);
+
+ protected:
+  uint8_t version_;
+  uint8_t ptr_encoding_;
+  uint8_t table_encoding_;
+  size_t table_entry_size_;
+
+  uint64_t ptr_offset_;
+
+  uint64_t entries_offset_;
+  uint64_t entries_end_;
+  uint64_t entries_data_offset_;
+  uint64_t cur_entries_offset_ = 0;
+
+  std::unordered_map<uint64_t, FdeInfo> fde_info_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
+#endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_EH_FRAME_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfEncoding.h b/libunwindstack/DwarfEncoding.h
index 0ff3b8c..20db222 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfEncoding.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfEncoding.h
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 enum DwarfEncoding : uint8_t {
   DW_EH_PE_omit = 0xff,
 
@@ -44,4 +46,6 @@
   DW_EH_PE_block = 0x0f,
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_ENCODING_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfError.h b/libunwindstack/DwarfError.h
index c00f17d..54199b8 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfError.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfError.h
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 enum DwarfError : uint8_t {
   DWARF_ERROR_NONE,
   DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID,
@@ -31,4 +33,6 @@
   DWARF_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_VERSION,
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_ERROR_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfMemory.cpp b/libunwindstack/DwarfMemory.cpp
index 11806ea..901f492 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfMemory.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfMemory.cpp
@@ -14,14 +14,17 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <assert.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <string>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+#include "Check.h"
 #include "DwarfEncoding.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 bool DwarfMemory::ReadBytes(void* dst, size_t num_bytes) {
   if (!memory_->Read(cur_offset_, dst, num_bytes)) {
@@ -100,8 +103,8 @@
 }
 
 bool DwarfMemory::AdjustEncodedValue(uint8_t encoding, uint64_t* value) {
-  assert((encoding & 0x0f) == 0);
-  assert(encoding != DW_EH_PE_aligned);
+  CHECK((encoding & 0x0f) == 0);
+  CHECK(encoding != DW_EH_PE_aligned);
 
   // Handle the encoding.
   switch (encoding) {
@@ -232,7 +235,7 @@
       return false;
   }
 
-  return AdjustEncodedValue(encoding & 0xf0, value);
+  return AdjustEncodedValue(encoding & 0x70, value);
 }
 
 // Instantiate all of the needed template functions.
@@ -246,3 +249,5 @@
 
 template bool DwarfMemory::ReadEncodedValue<uint32_t>(uint8_t, uint64_t*);
 template bool DwarfMemory::ReadEncodedValue<uint64_t>(uint8_t, uint64_t*);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfOp.cpp b/libunwindstack/DwarfOp.cpp
index 507ca08..b3fd0df 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfOp.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfOp.cpp
@@ -22,12 +22,15 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
 #include "DwarfError.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
 #include "DwarfOp.h"
-#include "Log.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 template <typename AddressType>
 constexpr typename DwarfOp<AddressType>::OpCallback DwarfOp<AddressType>::kCallbackTable[256];
@@ -460,3 +463,5 @@
 // Explicitly instantiate DwarfOp.
 template class DwarfOp<uint32_t>;
 template class DwarfOp<uint64_t>;
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfOp.h b/libunwindstack/DwarfOp.h
index 0f4b36d..c29bf35 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfOp.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfOp.h
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "DwarfEncoding.h"
+#include "DwarfError.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 enum DwarfVersion : uint8_t {
   DWARF_VERSION_2 = 2,
@@ -1633,4 +1636,6 @@
   };
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_OP_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfSection.cpp b/libunwindstack/DwarfSection.cpp
index 4c98aa3..1234eb1 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfSection.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/DwarfSection.cpp
@@ -16,16 +16,22 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfLocation.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfSection.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
 #include "DwarfCfa.h"
+#include "DwarfEncoding.h"
 #include "DwarfError.h"
-#include "DwarfLocation.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
 #include "DwarfOp.h"
-#include "DwarfSection.h"
-#include "DwarfStructs.h"
-#include "Log.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+DwarfSection::DwarfSection(Memory* memory) : memory_(memory), last_error_(DWARF_ERROR_NONE) {}
 
 const DwarfFde* DwarfSection::GetFdeFromPc(uint64_t pc) {
   uint64_t fde_offset;
@@ -42,6 +48,7 @@
 }
 
 bool DwarfSection::Step(uint64_t pc, Regs* regs, Memory* process_memory) {
+  last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_NONE;
   const DwarfFde* fde = GetFdeFromPc(pc);
   if (fde == nullptr || fde->cie == nullptr) {
     last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_ILLEGAL_STATE;
@@ -248,6 +255,9 @@
     last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID;
     return false;
   }
+  // Set the default for the lsda encoding.
+  cie->lsda_encoding = DW_EH_PE_omit;
+
   if (length32 == static_cast<uint32_t>(-1)) {
     // 64 bit Cie
     uint64_t length64;
@@ -541,3 +551,5 @@
 // Explicitly instantiate DwarfSectionImpl
 template class DwarfSectionImpl<uint32_t>;
 template class DwarfSectionImpl<uint64_t>;
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Elf.cpp b/libunwindstack/Elf.cpp
index 272b5f0..4f7476d 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Elf.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/Elf.cpp
@@ -23,12 +23,17 @@
 #define LOG_TAG "unwind"
 #include <log/log.h>
 
-#include "Elf.h"
-#include "ElfInterface.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/ElfInterface.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
 #include "ElfInterfaceArm.h"
 #include "Machine.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
+#include "Symbols.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 bool Elf::Init() {
   if (!memory_) {
@@ -49,6 +54,59 @@
   return valid_;
 }
 
+// It is expensive to initialize the .gnu_debugdata section. Provide a method
+// to initialize this data separately.
+void Elf::InitGnuDebugdata() {
+  if (!valid_ || interface_->gnu_debugdata_offset() == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  gnu_debugdata_memory_.reset(interface_->CreateGnuDebugdataMemory());
+  gnu_debugdata_interface_.reset(CreateInterfaceFromMemory(gnu_debugdata_memory_.get()));
+  ElfInterface* gnu = gnu_debugdata_interface_.get();
+  if (gnu == nullptr) {
+    return;
+  }
+  if (gnu->Init()) {
+    gnu->InitHeaders();
+  } else {
+    // Free all of the memory associated with the gnu_debugdata section.
+    gnu_debugdata_memory_.reset(nullptr);
+    gnu_debugdata_interface_.reset(nullptr);
+  }
+}
+
+bool Elf::GetSoname(std::string* name) {
+  return valid_ && interface_->GetSoname(name);
+}
+
+uint64_t Elf::GetRelPc(uint64_t pc, const MapInfo* map_info) {
+  uint64_t load_bias = 0;
+  if (valid()) {
+    load_bias = interface_->load_bias();
+  }
+
+  return pc - map_info->start + load_bias + map_info->elf_offset;
+}
+
+bool Elf::GetFunctionName(uint64_t addr, std::string* name, uint64_t* func_offset) {
+  return valid_ && (interface_->GetFunctionName(addr, name, func_offset) ||
+                    (gnu_debugdata_interface_ &&
+                     gnu_debugdata_interface_->GetFunctionName(addr, name, func_offset)));
+}
+
+bool Elf::Step(uint64_t rel_pc, Regs* regs, Memory* process_memory) {
+  return valid_ && (regs->StepIfSignalHandler(rel_pc, this, process_memory) ||
+                    interface_->Step(rel_pc, regs, process_memory) ||
+                    (gnu_debugdata_interface_ &&
+                     gnu_debugdata_interface_->Step(rel_pc, regs, process_memory)));
+}
+
+uint64_t Elf::GetLoadBias() {
+  if (!valid_) return 0;
+  return interface_->load_bias();
+}
+
 bool Elf::IsValidElf(Memory* memory) {
   if (memory == nullptr) {
     return false;
@@ -66,6 +124,28 @@
   return true;
 }
 
+void Elf::GetInfo(Memory* memory, bool* valid, uint64_t* size) {
+  if (!IsValidElf(memory)) {
+    *valid = false;
+    return;
+  }
+  *size = 0;
+  *valid = true;
+
+  // Now read the section header information.
+  uint8_t class_type;
+  if (!memory->Read(EI_CLASS, &class_type, 1)) {
+    return;
+  }
+  if (class_type == ELFCLASS32) {
+    ElfInterface32::GetMaxSize(memory, size);
+  } else if (class_type == ELFCLASS64) {
+    ElfInterface64::GetMaxSize(memory, size);
+  } else {
+    *valid = false;
+  }
+}
+
 ElfInterface* Elf::CreateInterfaceFromMemory(Memory* memory) {
   if (!IsValidElf(memory)) {
     return nullptr;
@@ -90,24 +170,27 @@
     machine_type_ = e_machine;
     if (e_machine == EM_ARM) {
       interface.reset(new ElfInterfaceArm(memory));
-    } else {
+    } else if (e_machine == EM_386) {
       interface.reset(new ElfInterface32(memory));
+    } else {
+      ALOGI("32 bit elf that is neither arm nor x86: e_machine = %d\n", e_machine);
+      return nullptr;
     }
   } else if (class_type_ == ELFCLASS64) {
     Elf64_Half e_machine;
     if (!memory->Read(EI_NIDENT + sizeof(Elf64_Half), &e_machine, sizeof(e_machine))) {
       return nullptr;
     }
-
     if (e_machine != EM_AARCH64 && e_machine != EM_X86_64) {
       // Unsupported.
       ALOGI("64 bit elf that is neither aarch64 nor x86_64: e_machine = %d\n", e_machine);
       return nullptr;
     }
-
     machine_type_ = e_machine;
     interface.reset(new ElfInterface64(memory));
   }
 
   return interface.release();
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/ElfInterface.cpp b/libunwindstack/ElfInterface.cpp
index 087457c..be4f88a 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/ElfInterface.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/ElfInterface.cpp
@@ -20,9 +20,102 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
-#include "ElfInterface.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
+#include <7zCrc.h>
+#include <Xz.h>
+#include <XzCrc64.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfSection.h>
+#include <unwindstack/ElfInterface.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
+#include "DwarfDebugFrame.h"
+#include "DwarfEhFrame.h"
+#include "Symbols.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+ElfInterface::~ElfInterface() {
+  for (auto symbol : symbols_) {
+    delete symbol;
+  }
+}
+
+Memory* ElfInterface::CreateGnuDebugdataMemory() {
+  if (gnu_debugdata_offset_ == 0 || gnu_debugdata_size_ == 0) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // TODO: Only call these initialization functions once.
+  CrcGenerateTable();
+  Crc64GenerateTable();
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t> src(gnu_debugdata_size_);
+  if (!memory_->Read(gnu_debugdata_offset_, src.data(), gnu_debugdata_size_)) {
+    gnu_debugdata_offset_ = 0;
+    gnu_debugdata_size_ = static_cast<uint64_t>(-1);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  ISzAlloc alloc;
+  CXzUnpacker state;
+  alloc.Alloc = [](void*, size_t size) { return malloc(size); };
+  alloc.Free = [](void*, void* ptr) { return free(ptr); };
+
+  XzUnpacker_Construct(&state, &alloc);
+
+  std::unique_ptr<MemoryBuffer> dst(new MemoryBuffer);
+  int return_val;
+  size_t src_offset = 0;
+  size_t dst_offset = 0;
+  ECoderStatus status;
+  dst->Resize(5 * gnu_debugdata_size_);
+  do {
+    size_t src_remaining = src.size() - src_offset;
+    size_t dst_remaining = dst->Size() - dst_offset;
+    if (dst_remaining < 2 * gnu_debugdata_size_) {
+      dst->Resize(dst->Size() + 2 * gnu_debugdata_size_);
+      dst_remaining += 2 * gnu_debugdata_size_;
+    }
+    return_val = XzUnpacker_Code(&state, dst->GetPtr(dst_offset), &dst_remaining, &src[src_offset],
+                                 &src_remaining, CODER_FINISH_ANY, &status);
+    src_offset += src_remaining;
+    dst_offset += dst_remaining;
+  } while (return_val == SZ_OK && status == CODER_STATUS_NOT_FINISHED);
+  XzUnpacker_Free(&state);
+  if (return_val != SZ_OK || !XzUnpacker_IsStreamWasFinished(&state)) {
+    gnu_debugdata_offset_ = 0;
+    gnu_debugdata_size_ = static_cast<uint64_t>(-1);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // Shrink back down to the exact size.
+  dst->Resize(dst_offset);
+
+  return dst.release();
+}
+
+template <typename AddressType>
+void ElfInterface::InitHeadersWithTemplate() {
+  if (eh_frame_offset_ != 0) {
+    eh_frame_.reset(new DwarfEhFrame<AddressType>(memory_));
+    if (!eh_frame_->Init(eh_frame_offset_, eh_frame_size_)) {
+      eh_frame_.reset(nullptr);
+      eh_frame_offset_ = 0;
+      eh_frame_size_ = static_cast<uint64_t>(-1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (debug_frame_offset_ != 0) {
+    debug_frame_.reset(new DwarfDebugFrame<AddressType>(memory_));
+    if (!debug_frame_->Init(debug_frame_offset_, debug_frame_size_)) {
+      debug_frame_.reset(nullptr);
+      debug_frame_offset_ = 0;
+      debug_frame_size_ = static_cast<uint64_t>(-1);
+    }
+  }
+}
 
 template <typename EhdrType, typename PhdrType, typename ShdrType>
 bool ElfInterface::ReadAllHeaders() {
@@ -34,7 +127,13 @@
   if (!ReadProgramHeaders<EhdrType, PhdrType>(ehdr)) {
     return false;
   }
-  return ReadSectionHeaders<EhdrType, ShdrType>(ehdr);
+
+  // We could still potentially unwind without the section header
+  // information, so ignore any errors.
+  if (!ReadSectionHeaders<EhdrType, ShdrType>(ehdr)) {
+    log(0, "Malformed section header found, ignoring...");
+  }
+  return true;
 }
 
 template <typename EhdrType, typename PhdrType>
@@ -124,12 +223,39 @@
   }
 
   // Skip the first header, it's always going to be NULL.
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
   for (size_t i = 1; i < ehdr.e_shnum; i++, offset += ehdr.e_shentsize) {
     if (!memory_->ReadField(offset, &shdr, &shdr.sh_type, sizeof(shdr.sh_type))) {
       return false;
     }
 
-    if (shdr.sh_type == SHT_PROGBITS) {
+    if (shdr.sh_type == SHT_SYMTAB || shdr.sh_type == SHT_DYNSYM) {
+      if (!memory_->Read(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      // Need to go get the information about the section that contains
+      // the string terminated names.
+      ShdrType str_shdr;
+      if (shdr.sh_link >= ehdr.e_shnum) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      uint64_t str_offset = ehdr.e_shoff + shdr.sh_link * ehdr.e_shentsize;
+      if (!memory_->ReadField(str_offset, &str_shdr, &str_shdr.sh_type, sizeof(str_shdr.sh_type))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (str_shdr.sh_type != SHT_STRTAB) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (!memory_->ReadField(str_offset, &str_shdr, &str_shdr.sh_offset,
+                              sizeof(str_shdr.sh_offset))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (!memory_->ReadField(str_offset, &str_shdr, &str_shdr.sh_size, sizeof(str_shdr.sh_size))) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      symbols_.push_back(new Symbols(shdr.sh_offset, shdr.sh_size, shdr.sh_entsize,
+                                     str_shdr.sh_offset, str_shdr.sh_size));
+    } else if (shdr.sh_type == SHT_PROGBITS && sec_size != 0) {
       // Look for the .debug_frame and .gnu_debugdata.
       if (!memory_->ReadField(offset, &shdr, &shdr.sh_name, sizeof(shdr.sh_name))) {
         return false;
@@ -137,18 +263,20 @@
       if (shdr.sh_name < sec_size) {
         std::string name;
         if (memory_->ReadString(sec_offset + shdr.sh_name, &name)) {
+          uint64_t* offset_ptr = nullptr;
+          uint64_t* size_ptr = nullptr;
           if (name == ".debug_frame") {
-            if (memory_->ReadField(offset, &shdr, &shdr.sh_offset, sizeof(shdr.sh_offset)) &&
-                memory_->ReadField(offset, &shdr, &shdr.sh_size, sizeof(shdr.sh_size))) {
-              debug_frame_offset_ = shdr.sh_offset;
-              debug_frame_size_ = shdr.sh_size;
-            }
+            offset_ptr = &debug_frame_offset_;
+            size_ptr = &debug_frame_size_;
           } else if (name == ".gnu_debugdata") {
-            if (memory_->ReadField(offset, &shdr, &shdr.sh_offset, sizeof(shdr.sh_offset)) &&
-                memory_->ReadField(offset, &shdr, &shdr.sh_size, sizeof(shdr.sh_size))) {
-              gnu_debugdata_offset_ = shdr.sh_offset;
-              gnu_debugdata_size_ = shdr.sh_size;
-            }
+            offset_ptr = &gnu_debugdata_offset_;
+            size_ptr = &gnu_debugdata_size_;
+          }
+          if (offset_ptr != nullptr &&
+              memory_->ReadField(offset, &shdr, &shdr.sh_offset, sizeof(shdr.sh_offset)) &&
+              memory_->ReadField(offset, &shdr, &shdr.sh_size, sizeof(shdr.sh_size))) {
+            *offset_ptr = shdr.sh_offset;
+            *size_ptr = shdr.sh_size;
           }
         }
       }
@@ -205,11 +333,63 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool ElfInterface::Step(uint64_t, Regs*, Memory*) {
+template <typename SymType>
+bool ElfInterface::GetFunctionNameWithTemplate(uint64_t addr, std::string* name,
+                                               uint64_t* func_offset) {
+  if (symbols_.empty()) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for (const auto symbol : symbols_) {
+    if (symbol->GetName<SymType>(addr, load_bias_, memory_, name, func_offset)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
   return false;
 }
 
+bool ElfInterface::Step(uint64_t pc, Regs* regs, Memory* process_memory) {
+  // Need to subtract off the load_bias to get the correct pc.
+  if (pc < load_bias_) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  pc -= load_bias_;
+
+  // Try the eh_frame first.
+  DwarfSection* eh_frame = eh_frame_.get();
+  if (eh_frame != nullptr && eh_frame->Step(pc, regs, process_memory)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Try the debug_frame next.
+  DwarfSection* debug_frame = debug_frame_.get();
+  if (debug_frame != nullptr && debug_frame->Step(pc, regs, process_memory)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// This is an estimation of the size of the elf file using the location
+// of the section headers and size. This assumes that the section headers
+// are at the end of the elf file. If the elf has a load bias, the size
+// will be too large, but this is acceptable.
+template <typename EhdrType>
+void ElfInterface::GetMaxSizeWithTemplate(Memory* memory, uint64_t* size) {
+  EhdrType ehdr;
+  if (!memory->Read(0, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr))) {
+    return;
+  }
+  if (ehdr.e_shnum == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+  *size = ehdr.e_shoff + ehdr.e_shentsize * ehdr.e_shnum;
+}
+
 // Instantiate all of the needed template functions.
+template void ElfInterface::InitHeadersWithTemplate<uint32_t>();
+template void ElfInterface::InitHeadersWithTemplate<uint64_t>();
+
 template bool ElfInterface::ReadAllHeaders<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Phdr, Elf32_Shdr>();
 template bool ElfInterface::ReadAllHeaders<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Phdr, Elf64_Shdr>();
 
@@ -221,3 +401,13 @@
 
 template bool ElfInterface::GetSonameWithTemplate<Elf32_Dyn>(std::string*);
 template bool ElfInterface::GetSonameWithTemplate<Elf64_Dyn>(std::string*);
+
+template bool ElfInterface::GetFunctionNameWithTemplate<Elf32_Sym>(uint64_t, std::string*,
+                                                                   uint64_t*);
+template bool ElfInterface::GetFunctionNameWithTemplate<Elf64_Sym>(uint64_t, std::string*,
+                                                                   uint64_t*);
+
+template void ElfInterface::GetMaxSizeWithTemplate<Elf32_Ehdr>(Memory*, uint64_t*);
+template void ElfInterface::GetMaxSizeWithTemplate<Elf64_Ehdr>(Memory*, uint64_t*);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/ElfInterfaceArm.cpp b/libunwindstack/ElfInterfaceArm.cpp
index bab84cc..66bc51f 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/ElfInterfaceArm.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/ElfInterfaceArm.cpp
@@ -17,12 +17,14 @@
 #include <elf.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
 #include "ArmExidx.h"
-#include "ElfInterface.h"
 #include "ElfInterfaceArm.h"
 #include "Machine.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 bool ElfInterfaceArm::FindEntry(uint32_t pc, uint64_t* entry_offset) {
   if (start_offset_ == 0 || total_entries_ == 0) {
@@ -127,3 +129,5 @@
   }
   return false;
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/ElfInterfaceArm.h b/libunwindstack/ElfInterfaceArm.h
index ece694f..1f4e8cb 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/ElfInterfaceArm.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/ElfInterfaceArm.h
@@ -23,8 +23,10 @@
 #include <iterator>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
-#include "ElfInterface.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/ElfInterface.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 class ElfInterfaceArm : public ElfInterface32 {
  public:
@@ -87,4 +89,6 @@
   std::unordered_map<size_t, uint32_t> addrs_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_ELF_INTERFACE_ARM_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Log.cpp b/libunwindstack/Log.cpp
index faeb66c..436e23c 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Log.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/Log.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,9 @@
 
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 
-#include "Log.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 static bool g_print_to_stdout = false;
 
@@ -51,3 +53,5 @@
   }
   va_end(args);
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Machine.h b/libunwindstack/Machine.h
index 323ce80..1fb9309 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Machine.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/Machine.h
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 enum ArmReg : uint16_t {
   ARM_REG_R0 = 0,
   ARM_REG_R1,
@@ -83,51 +85,57 @@
   ARM64_REG_LR = ARM64_REG_R30,
 };
 
+// Matches the numbers for the registers as generated by compilers.
+// If this is changed, then unwinding will fail.
 enum X86Reg : uint16_t {
   X86_REG_EAX = 0,
-  X86_REG_ECX,
-  X86_REG_EDX,
-  X86_REG_EBX,
-  X86_REG_ESP,
-  X86_REG_EBP,
-  X86_REG_ESI,
-  X86_REG_EDI,
-  X86_REG_EIP,
-  X86_REG_EFL,
-  X86_REG_CS,
-  X86_REG_SS,
-  X86_REG_DS,
-  X86_REG_ES,
-  X86_REG_FS,
-  X86_REG_GS,
+  X86_REG_ECX = 1,
+  X86_REG_EDX = 2,
+  X86_REG_EBX = 3,
+  X86_REG_ESP = 4,
+  X86_REG_EBP = 5,
+  X86_REG_ESI = 6,
+  X86_REG_EDI = 7,
+  X86_REG_EIP = 8,
+  X86_REG_EFL = 9,
+  X86_REG_CS = 10,
+  X86_REG_SS = 11,
+  X86_REG_DS = 12,
+  X86_REG_ES = 13,
+  X86_REG_FS = 14,
+  X86_REG_GS = 15,
   X86_REG_LAST,
 
   X86_REG_SP = X86_REG_ESP,
   X86_REG_PC = X86_REG_EIP,
 };
 
+// Matches the numbers for the registers as generated by compilers.
+// If this is changed, then unwinding will fail.
 enum X86_64Reg : uint16_t {
   X86_64_REG_RAX = 0,
-  X86_64_REG_RDX,
-  X86_64_REG_RCX,
-  X86_64_REG_RBX,
-  X86_64_REG_RSI,
-  X86_64_REG_RDI,
-  X86_64_REG_RBP,
-  X86_64_REG_RSP,
-  X86_64_REG_R8,
-  X86_64_REG_R9,
-  X86_64_REG_R10,
-  X86_64_REG_R11,
-  X86_64_REG_R12,
-  X86_64_REG_R13,
-  X86_64_REG_R14,
-  X86_64_REG_R15,
-  X86_64_REG_RIP,
+  X86_64_REG_RDX = 1,
+  X86_64_REG_RCX = 2,
+  X86_64_REG_RBX = 3,
+  X86_64_REG_RSI = 4,
+  X86_64_REG_RDI = 5,
+  X86_64_REG_RBP = 6,
+  X86_64_REG_RSP = 7,
+  X86_64_REG_R8 = 8,
+  X86_64_REG_R9 = 9,
+  X86_64_REG_R10 = 10,
+  X86_64_REG_R11 = 11,
+  X86_64_REG_R12 = 12,
+  X86_64_REG_R13 = 13,
+  X86_64_REG_R14 = 14,
+  X86_64_REG_R15 = 15,
+  X86_64_REG_RIP = 16,
   X86_64_REG_LAST,
 
   X86_64_REG_SP = X86_64_REG_RSP,
   X86_64_REG_PC = X86_64_REG_RIP,
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_MACHINE_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/MapInfo.cpp b/libunwindstack/MapInfo.cpp
index 051f700..96f2cb4 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/MapInfo.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/MapInfo.cpp
@@ -14,73 +14,108 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
-#include "Elf.h"
-#include "MapInfo.h"
-#include "Maps.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
 
-Memory* MapInfo::CreateMemory(pid_t pid) {
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+Memory* MapInfo::GetFileMemory() {
+  std::unique_ptr<MemoryFileAtOffset> memory(new MemoryFileAtOffset);
+  if (offset == 0) {
+    if (memory->Init(name, 0)) {
+      return memory.release();
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  // There are two possibilities when the offset is non-zero.
+  // - There is an elf file embedded in a file.
+  // - The whole file is an elf file, and the offset needs to be saved.
+  //
+  // Map in just the part of the file for the map. If this is not
+  // a valid elf, then reinit as if the whole file is an elf file.
+  // If the offset is a valid elf, then determine the size of the map
+  // and reinit to that size. This is needed because the dynamic linker
+  // only maps in a portion of the original elf, and never the symbol
+  // file data.
+  uint64_t map_size = end - start;
+  if (!memory->Init(name, offset, map_size)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  bool valid;
+  uint64_t max_size;
+  Elf::GetInfo(memory.get(), &valid, &max_size);
+  if (!valid) {
+    // Init as if the whole file is an elf.
+    if (memory->Init(name, 0)) {
+      elf_offset = offset;
+      return memory.release();
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (max_size > map_size) {
+    if (memory->Init(name, offset, max_size)) {
+      return memory.release();
+    }
+    // Try to reinit using the default map_size.
+    if (memory->Init(name, offset, map_size)) {
+      return memory.release();
+    }
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return memory.release();
+}
+
+Memory* MapInfo::CreateMemory(const std::shared_ptr<Memory>& process_memory) {
   if (end <= start) {
     return nullptr;
   }
 
   elf_offset = 0;
 
+  // Fail on device maps.
+  if (flags & MAPS_FLAGS_DEVICE_MAP) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
   // First try and use the file associated with the info.
   if (!name.empty()) {
-    // Fail on device maps.
-    if (flags & MAPS_FLAGS_DEVICE_MAP) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    std::unique_ptr<MemoryFileAtOffset> file_memory(new MemoryFileAtOffset);
-    uint64_t map_size;
-    if (offset != 0) {
-      // Only map in a piece of the file.
-      map_size = end - start;
-    } else {
-      map_size = UINT64_MAX;
-    }
-    if (file_memory->Init(name, offset, map_size)) {
-      // It's possible that a non-zero offset might not be pointing to
-      // valid elf data. Check if this is a valid elf, and if not assume
-      // that this was meant to incorporate the entire file.
-      if (offset != 0 && !Elf::IsValidElf(file_memory.get())) {
-        // Don't bother checking the validity that will happen on the elf init.
-        if (file_memory->Init(name, 0)) {
-          elf_offset = offset;
-          return file_memory.release();
-        }
-        // Fall through if the init fails.
-      } else {
-        return file_memory.release();
-      }
+    Memory* memory = GetFileMemory();
+    if (memory != nullptr) {
+      return memory;
     }
   }
 
-  Memory* memory = nullptr;
-  if (pid == getpid()) {
-    memory = new MemoryLocal();
-  } else {
-    memory = new MemoryRemote(pid);
+  // If the map isn't readable, don't bother trying to read from process memory.
+  if (!(flags & PROT_READ)) {
+    return nullptr;
   }
-  return new MemoryRange(memory, start, end);
+  return new MemoryRange(process_memory, start, end);
 }
 
-Elf* MapInfo::GetElf(pid_t pid, bool) {
+Elf* MapInfo::GetElf(const std::shared_ptr<Memory>& process_memory, bool init_gnu_debugdata) {
   if (elf) {
     return elf;
   }
 
-  elf = new Elf(CreateMemory(pid));
-  elf->Init();
+  elf = new Elf(CreateMemory(process_memory));
+  if (elf->Init() && init_gnu_debugdata) {
+    elf->InitGnuDebugdata();
+  }
   // If the init fails, keep the elf around as an invalid object so we
   // don't try to reinit the object.
   return elf;
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Maps.cpp b/libunwindstack/Maps.cpp
index b369c43..5e1c0a2 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Maps.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/Maps.cpp
@@ -25,11 +25,16 @@
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
+#include <cctype>
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "Maps.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 MapInfo* Maps::Find(uint64_t pc) {
   if (maps_.empty()) {
@@ -51,61 +56,151 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-bool Maps::ParseLine(const char* line, MapInfo* map_info) {
-  char permissions[5];
-  int name_pos;
-  // Linux /proc/<pid>/maps lines:
+// Assumes that line does not end in '\n'.
+static bool InternalParseLine(const char* line, MapInfo* map_info) {
+  // Do not use a sscanf implementation since it is not performant.
+
+  // Example linux /proc/<pid>/maps lines:
   // 6f000000-6f01e000 rwxp 00000000 00:0c 16389419   /system/lib/libcomposer.so
-  if (sscanf(line, "%" SCNx64 "-%" SCNx64 " %4s %" SCNx64 " %*x:%*x %*d %n", &map_info->start,
-             &map_info->end, permissions, &map_info->offset, &name_pos) != 4) {
+  char* str;
+  const char* old_str = line;
+  map_info->start = strtoul(old_str, &str, 16);
+  if (old_str == str || *str++ != '-') {
     return false;
   }
-  map_info->flags = PROT_NONE;
-  if (permissions[0] == 'r') {
-    map_info->flags |= PROT_READ;
-  }
-  if (permissions[1] == 'w') {
-    map_info->flags |= PROT_WRITE;
-  }
-  if (permissions[2] == 'x') {
-    map_info->flags |= PROT_EXEC;
+
+  old_str = str;
+  map_info->end = strtoul(old_str, &str, 16);
+  if (old_str == str || !std::isspace(*str++)) {
+    return false;
   }
 
-  map_info->name = &line[name_pos];
-  size_t length = map_info->name.length() - 1;
-  if (map_info->name[length] == '\n') {
-    map_info->name.erase(length);
+  while (std::isspace(*str)) {
+    str++;
   }
-  // Mark a device map in /dev/and not in /dev/ashmem/ specially.
-  if (!map_info->name.empty() && map_info->name.substr(0, 5) == "/dev/" &&
-      map_info->name.substr(5, 7) != "ashmem/") {
+
+  // Parse permissions data.
+  if (*str == '\0') {
+    return false;
+  }
+  map_info->flags = 0;
+  if (*str == 'r') {
+    map_info->flags |= PROT_READ;
+  } else if (*str != '-') {
+    return false;
+  }
+  str++;
+  if (*str == 'w') {
+    map_info->flags |= PROT_WRITE;
+  } else if (*str != '-') {
+    return false;
+  }
+  str++;
+  if (*str == 'x') {
+    map_info->flags |= PROT_EXEC;
+  } else if (*str != '-') {
+    return false;
+  }
+  str++;
+  if (*str != 'p' && *str != 's') {
+    return false;
+  }
+  str++;
+
+  if (!std::isspace(*str++)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  old_str = str;
+  map_info->offset = strtoul(old_str, &str, 16);
+  if (old_str == str || !std::isspace(*str)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Ignore the 00:00 values.
+  old_str = str;
+  (void)strtoul(old_str, &str, 16);
+  if (old_str == str || *str++ != ':') {
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (std::isspace(*str)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Skip the inode.
+  old_str = str;
+  (void)strtoul(str, &str, 16);
+  if (old_str == str || !std::isspace(*str++)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Skip decimal digit.
+  old_str = str;
+  (void)strtoul(old_str, &str, 10);
+  if (old_str == str || (!std::isspace(*str) && *str != '\0')) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  while (std::isspace(*str)) {
+    str++;
+  }
+  if (*str == '\0') {
+    map_info->name = str;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Save the name data.
+  map_info->name = str;
+
+  // Mark a device map in /dev/ and not in /dev/ashmem/ specially.
+  if (map_info->name.substr(0, 5) == "/dev/" && map_info->name.substr(5, 7) != "ashmem/") {
     map_info->flags |= MAPS_FLAGS_DEVICE_MAP;
   }
-
   return true;
 }
 
 bool Maps::Parse() {
-  std::unique_ptr<FILE, decltype(&fclose)> fp(fopen(GetMapsFile().c_str(), "re"), fclose);
-  if (!fp) {
+  int fd = open(GetMapsFile().c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+  if (fd == -1) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  bool valid = true;
-  char* line = nullptr;
-  size_t line_len;
-  while (getline(&line, &line_len, fp.get()) > 0) {
-    MapInfo map_info;
-    if (!ParseLine(line, &map_info)) {
-      valid = false;
+  bool return_value = true;
+  char buffer[2048];
+  size_t leftover = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    ssize_t bytes = read(fd, &buffer[leftover], 2048 - leftover);
+    if (bytes == -1) {
+      return_value = false;
       break;
     }
+    if (bytes == 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+    bytes += leftover;
+    char* line = buffer;
+    while (bytes > 0) {
+      char* newline = static_cast<char*>(memchr(line, '\n', bytes));
+      if (newline == nullptr) {
+        memmove(buffer, line, bytes);
+        break;
+      }
+      *newline = '\0';
 
-    maps_.push_back(map_info);
+      MapInfo map_info;
+      if (!InternalParseLine(line, &map_info)) {
+        return_value = false;
+        break;
+      }
+      maps_.push_back(map_info);
+
+      bytes -= newline - line + 1;
+      line = newline + 1;
+    }
+    leftover = bytes;
   }
-  free(line);
-
-  return valid;
+  close(fd);
+  return return_value;
 }
 
 Maps::~Maps() {
@@ -123,12 +218,12 @@
     if (end_of_line == nullptr) {
       line = start_of_line;
     } else {
-      end_of_line++;
       line = std::string(start_of_line, end_of_line - start_of_line);
+      end_of_line++;
     }
 
     MapInfo map_info;
-    if (!ParseLine(line.c_str(), &map_info)) {
+    if (!InternalParseLine(line.c_str(), &map_info)) {
       return false;
     }
     maps_.push_back(map_info);
@@ -194,3 +289,5 @@
   }
   return true;
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Memory.cpp b/libunwindstack/Memory.cpp
index 9e46509..32753df 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Memory.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/Memory.cpp
@@ -28,7 +28,11 @@
 
 #include <android-base/unique_fd.h>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+#include "Check.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 bool Memory::ReadString(uint64_t addr, std::string* string, uint64_t max_read) {
   string->clear();
@@ -48,6 +52,13 @@
   return false;
 }
 
+std::shared_ptr<Memory> Memory::CreateProcessMemory(pid_t pid) {
+  if (pid == getpid()) {
+    return std::shared_ptr<Memory>(new MemoryLocal());
+  }
+  return std::shared_ptr<Memory>(new MemoryRemote(pid));
+}
+
 bool MemoryBuffer::Read(uint64_t addr, void* dst, size_t size) {
   uint64_t last_read_byte;
   if (__builtin_add_overflow(size, addr, &last_read_byte)) {
@@ -245,6 +256,11 @@
   return true;
 }
 
+MemoryRange::MemoryRange(const std::shared_ptr<Memory>& memory, uint64_t begin, uint64_t end)
+    : memory_(memory), begin_(begin), length_(end - begin) {
+  CHECK(end > begin);
+}
+
 bool MemoryRange::Read(uint64_t addr, void* dst, size_t size) {
   uint64_t max_read;
   if (__builtin_add_overflow(addr, size, &max_read) || max_read > length_) {
@@ -253,3 +269,5 @@
   // The check above guarantees that addr + begin_ will not overflow.
   return memory_->Read(addr + begin_, dst, size);
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Regs.cpp b/libunwindstack/Regs.cpp
index e7d10b2..4d09c1b 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Regs.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/Regs.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <assert.h>
 #include <elf.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <sys/ptrace.h>
@@ -22,28 +21,23 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "Elf.h"
-#include "ElfInterface.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
+#include "Check.h"
 #include "Machine.h"
-#include "MapInfo.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
+#include "Ucontext.h"
 #include "User.h"
 
-template <typename AddressType>
-uint64_t RegsImpl<AddressType>::GetRelPc(Elf* elf, const MapInfo* map_info) {
-  uint64_t load_bias = 0;
-  if (elf->valid()) {
-    load_bias = elf->interface()->load_bias();
-  }
-
-  return pc_ - map_info->start + load_bias + map_info->elf_offset;
-}
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 template <typename AddressType>
 bool RegsImpl<AddressType>::GetReturnAddressFromDefault(Memory* memory, uint64_t* value) {
   switch (return_loc_.type) {
   case LOCATION_REGISTER:
-    assert(return_loc_.value < total_regs_);
+    CHECK(return_loc_.value < total_regs_);
     *value = regs_[return_loc_.value];
     return true;
   case LOCATION_SP_OFFSET:
@@ -62,6 +56,10 @@
 RegsArm::RegsArm()
     : RegsImpl<uint32_t>(ARM_REG_LAST, ARM_REG_SP, Location(LOCATION_REGISTER, ARM_REG_LR)) {}
 
+uint32_t RegsArm::MachineType() {
+  return EM_ARM;
+}
+
 uint64_t RegsArm::GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf) {
   if (!elf->valid()) {
     return rel_pc;
@@ -88,9 +86,18 @@
   return rel_pc - 4;
 }
 
+void RegsArm::SetFromRaw() {
+  set_pc(regs_[ARM_REG_PC]);
+  set_sp(regs_[ARM_REG_SP]);
+}
+
 RegsArm64::RegsArm64()
     : RegsImpl<uint64_t>(ARM64_REG_LAST, ARM64_REG_SP, Location(LOCATION_REGISTER, ARM64_REG_LR)) {}
 
+uint32_t RegsArm64::MachineType() {
+  return EM_AARCH64;
+}
+
 uint64_t RegsArm64::GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf) {
   if (!elf->valid()) {
     return rel_pc;
@@ -102,9 +109,18 @@
   return rel_pc - 4;
 }
 
+void RegsArm64::SetFromRaw() {
+  set_pc(regs_[ARM64_REG_PC]);
+  set_sp(regs_[ARM64_REG_SP]);
+}
+
 RegsX86::RegsX86()
     : RegsImpl<uint32_t>(X86_REG_LAST, X86_REG_SP, Location(LOCATION_SP_OFFSET, -4)) {}
 
+uint32_t RegsX86::MachineType() {
+  return EM_386;
+}
+
 uint64_t RegsX86::GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf) {
   if (!elf->valid()) {
     return rel_pc;
@@ -116,9 +132,18 @@
   return rel_pc - 1;
 }
 
+void RegsX86::SetFromRaw() {
+  set_pc(regs_[X86_REG_PC]);
+  set_sp(regs_[X86_REG_SP]);
+}
+
 RegsX86_64::RegsX86_64()
     : RegsImpl<uint64_t>(X86_64_REG_LAST, X86_64_REG_SP, Location(LOCATION_SP_OFFSET, -8)) {}
 
+uint32_t RegsX86_64::MachineType() {
+  return EM_X86_64;
+}
+
 uint64_t RegsX86_64::GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf) {
   if (!elf->valid()) {
     return rel_pc;
@@ -131,15 +156,17 @@
   return rel_pc - 1;
 }
 
+void RegsX86_64::SetFromRaw() {
+  set_pc(regs_[X86_64_REG_PC]);
+  set_sp(regs_[X86_64_REG_SP]);
+}
+
 static Regs* ReadArm(void* remote_data) {
   arm_user_regs* user = reinterpret_cast<arm_user_regs*>(remote_data);
 
   RegsArm* regs = new RegsArm();
   memcpy(regs->RawData(), &user->regs[0], ARM_REG_LAST * sizeof(uint32_t));
-
-  regs->set_pc(user->regs[ARM_REG_PC]);
-  regs->set_sp(user->regs[ARM_REG_SP]);
-
+  regs->SetFromRaw();
   return regs;
 }
 
@@ -148,9 +175,10 @@
 
   RegsArm64* regs = new RegsArm64();
   memcpy(regs->RawData(), &user->regs[0], (ARM64_REG_R31 + 1) * sizeof(uint64_t));
-  regs->set_pc(user->pc);
-  regs->set_sp(user->sp);
-
+  uint64_t* reg_data = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(regs->RawData());
+  reg_data[ARM64_REG_PC] = user->pc;
+  reg_data[ARM64_REG_SP] = user->sp;
+  regs->SetFromRaw();
   return regs;
 }
 
@@ -168,9 +196,7 @@
   (*regs)[X86_REG_ESP] = user->esp;
   (*regs)[X86_REG_EIP] = user->eip;
 
-  regs->set_pc(user->eip);
-  regs->set_sp(user->esp);
-
+  regs->SetFromRaw();
   return regs;
 }
 
@@ -196,15 +222,13 @@
   (*regs)[X86_64_REG_RSP] = user->rsp;
   (*regs)[X86_64_REG_RIP] = user->rip;
 
-  regs->set_pc(user->rip);
-  regs->set_sp(user->rsp);
-
+  regs->SetFromRaw();
   return regs;
 }
 
 // This function assumes that reg_data is already aligned to a 64 bit value.
 // If not this could crash with an unaligned access.
-Regs* Regs::RemoteGet(pid_t pid, uint32_t* machine_type) {
+Regs* Regs::RemoteGet(pid_t pid) {
   // Make the buffer large enough to contain the largest registers type.
   std::vector<uint64_t> buffer(MAX_USER_REGS_SIZE / sizeof(uint64_t));
   struct iovec io;
@@ -217,17 +241,312 @@
 
   switch (io.iov_len) {
   case sizeof(x86_user_regs):
-    *machine_type = EM_386;
     return ReadX86(buffer.data());
   case sizeof(x86_64_user_regs):
-    *machine_type = EM_X86_64;
     return ReadX86_64(buffer.data());
   case sizeof(arm_user_regs):
-    *machine_type = EM_ARM;
     return ReadArm(buffer.data());
   case sizeof(arm64_user_regs):
-    *machine_type = EM_AARCH64;
     return ReadArm64(buffer.data());
   }
   return nullptr;
 }
+
+static Regs* CreateFromArmUcontext(void* ucontext) {
+  arm_ucontext_t* arm_ucontext = reinterpret_cast<arm_ucontext_t*>(ucontext);
+
+  RegsArm* regs = new RegsArm();
+  memcpy(regs->RawData(), &arm_ucontext->uc_mcontext.regs[0], ARM_REG_LAST * sizeof(uint32_t));
+  regs->SetFromRaw();
+  return regs;
+}
+
+static Regs* CreateFromArm64Ucontext(void* ucontext) {
+  arm64_ucontext_t* arm64_ucontext = reinterpret_cast<arm64_ucontext_t*>(ucontext);
+
+  RegsArm64* regs = new RegsArm64();
+  memcpy(regs->RawData(), &arm64_ucontext->uc_mcontext.regs[0], ARM64_REG_LAST * sizeof(uint64_t));
+  regs->SetFromRaw();
+  return regs;
+}
+
+void RegsX86::SetFromUcontext(x86_ucontext_t* ucontext) {
+  // Put the registers in the expected order.
+  regs_[X86_REG_EDI] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.edi;
+  regs_[X86_REG_ESI] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.esi;
+  regs_[X86_REG_EBP] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.ebp;
+  regs_[X86_REG_ESP] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.esp;
+  regs_[X86_REG_EBX] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.ebx;
+  regs_[X86_REG_EDX] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.edx;
+  regs_[X86_REG_ECX] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.ecx;
+  regs_[X86_REG_EAX] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.eax;
+  regs_[X86_REG_EIP] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.eip;
+  SetFromRaw();
+}
+
+static Regs* CreateFromX86Ucontext(void* ucontext) {
+  x86_ucontext_t* x86_ucontext = reinterpret_cast<x86_ucontext_t*>(ucontext);
+
+  RegsX86* regs = new RegsX86();
+  regs->SetFromUcontext(x86_ucontext);
+  return regs;
+}
+
+void RegsX86_64::SetFromUcontext(x86_64_ucontext_t* ucontext) {
+  // R8-R15
+  memcpy(&regs_[X86_64_REG_R8], &ucontext->uc_mcontext.r8, 8 * sizeof(uint64_t));
+
+  // Rest of the registers.
+  regs_[X86_64_REG_RDI] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.rdi;
+  regs_[X86_64_REG_RSI] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.rsi;
+  regs_[X86_64_REG_RBP] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.rbp;
+  regs_[X86_64_REG_RBX] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.rbx;
+  regs_[X86_64_REG_RDX] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.rdx;
+  regs_[X86_64_REG_RAX] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.rax;
+  regs_[X86_64_REG_RCX] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.rcx;
+  regs_[X86_64_REG_RSP] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.rsp;
+  regs_[X86_64_REG_RIP] = ucontext->uc_mcontext.rip;
+
+  SetFromRaw();
+}
+
+static Regs* CreateFromX86_64Ucontext(void* ucontext) {
+  x86_64_ucontext_t* x86_64_ucontext = reinterpret_cast<x86_64_ucontext_t*>(ucontext);
+
+  RegsX86_64* regs = new RegsX86_64();
+  regs->SetFromUcontext(x86_64_ucontext);
+  return regs;
+}
+
+Regs* Regs::CreateFromUcontext(uint32_t machine_type, void* ucontext) {
+  switch (machine_type) {
+    case EM_386:
+      return CreateFromX86Ucontext(ucontext);
+    case EM_X86_64:
+      return CreateFromX86_64Ucontext(ucontext);
+    case EM_ARM:
+      return CreateFromArmUcontext(ucontext);
+    case EM_AARCH64:
+      return CreateFromArm64Ucontext(ucontext);
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+uint32_t Regs::CurrentMachineType() {
+#if defined(__arm__)
+  return EM_ARM;
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+  return EM_AARCH64;
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+  return EM_386;
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+  return EM_X86_64;
+#else
+  abort();
+#endif
+}
+
+Regs* Regs::CreateFromLocal() {
+  Regs* regs;
+#if defined(__arm__)
+  regs = new RegsArm();
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+  regs = new RegsArm64();
+#elif defined(__i386__)
+  regs = new RegsX86();
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+  regs = new RegsX86_64();
+#else
+  abort();
+#endif
+  return regs;
+}
+
+bool RegsArm::StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf, Memory* process_memory) {
+  uint32_t data;
+  Memory* elf_memory = elf->memory();
+  // Read from elf memory since it is usually more expensive to read from
+  // process memory.
+  if (!elf_memory->Read(rel_pc, &data, sizeof(data))) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t offset = 0;
+  if (data == 0xe3a07077 || data == 0xef900077 || data == 0xdf002777) {
+    // non-RT sigreturn call.
+    // __restore:
+    //
+    // Form 1 (arm):
+    // 0x77 0x70              mov r7, #0x77
+    // 0xa0 0xe3              svc 0x00000000
+    //
+    // Form 2 (arm):
+    // 0x77 0x00 0x90 0xef    svc 0x00900077
+    //
+    // Form 3 (thumb):
+    // 0x77 0x27              movs r7, #77
+    // 0x00 0xdf              svc 0
+    if (!process_memory->Read(sp(), &data, sizeof(data))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (data == 0x5ac3c35a) {
+      // SP + uc_mcontext offset + r0 offset.
+      offset = sp() + 0x14 + 0xc;
+    } else {
+      // SP + r0 offset
+      offset = sp() + 0xc;
+    }
+  } else if (data == 0xe3a070ad || data == 0xef9000ad || data == 0xdf0027ad) {
+    // RT sigreturn call.
+    // __restore_rt:
+    //
+    // Form 1 (arm):
+    // 0xad 0x70      mov r7, #0xad
+    // 0xa0 0xe3      svc 0x00000000
+    //
+    // Form 2 (arm):
+    // 0xad 0x00 0x90 0xef    svc 0x009000ad
+    //
+    // Form 3 (thumb):
+    // 0xad 0x27              movs r7, #ad
+    // 0x00 0xdf              svc 0
+    if (!process_memory->Read(sp(), &data, sizeof(data))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (data == sp() + 8) {
+      // SP + 8 + sizeof(siginfo_t) + uc_mcontext_offset + r0 offset
+      offset = sp() + 8 + 0x80 + 0x14 + 0xc;
+    } else {
+      // SP + sizeof(siginfo_t) + uc_mcontext_offset + r0 offset
+      offset = sp() + 0x80 + 0x14 + 0xc;
+    }
+  }
+  if (offset == 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (!process_memory->Read(offset, regs_.data(), sizeof(uint32_t) * ARM_REG_LAST)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  SetFromRaw();
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool RegsArm64::StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf, Memory* process_memory) {
+  uint64_t data;
+  Memory* elf_memory = elf->memory();
+  // Read from elf memory since it is usually more expensive to read from
+  // process memory.
+  if (!elf_memory->Read(rel_pc, &data, sizeof(data))) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Look for the kernel sigreturn function.
+  // __kernel_rt_sigreturn:
+  // 0xd2801168     mov x8, #0x8b
+  // 0xd4000001     svc #0x0
+  if (data != 0xd4000001d2801168ULL) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // SP + sizeof(siginfo_t) + uc_mcontext offset + X0 offset.
+  if (!process_memory->Read(sp() + 0x80 + 0xb0 + 0x08, regs_.data(),
+                            sizeof(uint64_t) * ARM64_REG_LAST)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  SetFromRaw();
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool RegsX86::StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf, Memory* process_memory) {
+  uint64_t data;
+  Memory* elf_memory = elf->memory();
+  // Read from elf memory since it is usually more expensive to read from
+  // process memory.
+  if (!elf_memory->Read(rel_pc, &data, sizeof(data))) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (data == 0x80cd00000077b858ULL) {
+    // Without SA_SIGINFO set, the return sequence is:
+    //
+    //   __restore:
+    //   0x58                            pop %eax
+    //   0xb8 0x77 0x00 0x00 0x00        movl 0x77,%eax
+    //   0xcd 0x80                       int 0x80
+    //
+    // SP points at arguments:
+    //   int signum
+    //   struct sigcontext (same format as mcontext)
+    struct x86_mcontext_t context;
+    if (!process_memory->Read(sp() + 4, &context, sizeof(context))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    regs_[X86_REG_EBP] = context.ebp;
+    regs_[X86_REG_ESP] = context.esp;
+    regs_[X86_REG_EBX] = context.ebx;
+    regs_[X86_REG_EDX] = context.edx;
+    regs_[X86_REG_ECX] = context.ecx;
+    regs_[X86_REG_EAX] = context.eax;
+    regs_[X86_REG_EIP] = context.eip;
+    SetFromRaw();
+    return true;
+  } else if ((data & 0x00ffffffffffffffULL) == 0x0080cd000000adb8ULL) {
+    // With SA_SIGINFO set, the return sequence is:
+    //
+    //   __restore_rt:
+    //   0xb8 0xad 0x00 0x00 0x00        movl 0xad,%eax
+    //   0xcd 0x80                       int 0x80
+    //
+    // SP points at arguments:
+    //   int signum
+    //   siginfo*
+    //   ucontext*
+
+    // Get the location of the sigcontext data.
+    uint32_t ptr;
+    if (!process_memory->Read(sp() + 8, &ptr, sizeof(ptr))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    // Only read the portion of the data structure we care about.
+    x86_ucontext_t x86_ucontext;
+    if (!process_memory->Read(ptr + 0x14, &x86_ucontext.uc_mcontext, sizeof(x86_mcontext_t))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    SetFromUcontext(&x86_ucontext);
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool RegsX86_64::StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf, Memory* process_memory) {
+  uint64_t data;
+  Memory* elf_memory = elf->memory();
+  // Read from elf memory since it is usually more expensive to read from
+  // process memory.
+  if (!elf_memory->Read(rel_pc, &data, sizeof(data)) || data != 0x0f0000000fc0c748) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  uint16_t data2;
+  if (!elf_memory->Read(rel_pc + 8, &data2, sizeof(data2)) || data2 != 0x0f05) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // __restore_rt:
+  // 0x48 0xc7 0xc0 0x0f 0x00 0x00 0x00   mov $0xf,%rax
+  // 0x0f 0x05                            syscall
+  // 0x0f                                 nopl 0x0($rax)
+
+  // Read the mcontext data from the stack.
+  // sp points to the ucontext data structure, read only the mcontext part.
+  x86_64_ucontext_t x86_64_ucontext;
+  if (!process_memory->Read(sp() + 0x28, &x86_64_ucontext.uc_mcontext, sizeof(x86_64_mcontext_t))) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  SetFromUcontext(&x86_64_ucontext);
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Symbols.cpp b/libunwindstack/Symbols.cpp
index 86c1233..42d816a 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Symbols.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/Symbols.cpp
@@ -14,15 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include <assert.h>
 #include <elf.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <string>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+#include "Check.h"
 #include "Symbols.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 Symbols::Symbols(uint64_t offset, uint64_t size, uint64_t entry_size, uint64_t str_offset,
                  uint64_t str_size)
     : cur_offset_(offset),
@@ -58,7 +61,7 @@
   if (symbols_.size() != 0) {
     const Info* info = GetInfoFromCache(addr);
     if (info) {
-      assert(addr >= info->start_offset && addr <= info->end_offset);
+      CHECK(addr >= info->start_offset && addr <= info->end_offset);
       *func_offset = addr - info->start_offset;
       return elf_memory->ReadString(info->str_offset, name, str_end_ - info->str_offset);
     }
@@ -108,3 +111,5 @@
 // Instantiate all of the needed template functions.
 template bool Symbols::GetName<Elf32_Sym>(uint64_t, uint64_t, Memory*, std::string*, uint64_t*);
 template bool Symbols::GetName<Elf64_Sym>(uint64_t, uint64_t, Memory*, std::string*, uint64_t*);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Symbols.h b/libunwindstack/Symbols.h
index 3c0d033..689144b 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Symbols.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/Symbols.h
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 // Forward declaration.
 class Memory;
 
@@ -61,4 +63,6 @@
   std::vector<Info> symbols_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_SYMBOLS_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Ucontext.h b/libunwindstack/Ucontext.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22f6a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/Ucontext.h
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+ *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+ * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
+ * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
+ * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
+ * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+ * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
+ * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_UCONTEXT_H
+#define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_UCONTEXT_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ARM ucontext structures
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+struct arm_stack_t {
+  uint32_t ss_sp;    // void __user*
+  int32_t ss_flags;  // int
+  uint32_t ss_size;  // size_t
+};
+
+struct arm_mcontext_t {
+  uint32_t trap_no;             // unsigned long
+  uint32_t error_code;          // unsigned long
+  uint32_t oldmask;             // unsigned long
+  uint32_t regs[ARM_REG_LAST];  // unsigned long
+  uint32_t cpsr;                // unsigned long
+  uint32_t fault_address;       // unsigned long
+};
+
+struct arm_ucontext_t {
+  uint32_t uc_flags;  // unsigned long
+  uint32_t uc_link;   // struct ucontext*
+  arm_stack_t uc_stack;
+  arm_mcontext_t uc_mcontext;
+  // Nothing else is used, so don't define it.
+};
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+// ARM64 ucontext structures
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+struct arm64_stack_t {
+  uint64_t ss_sp;    // void __user*
+  int32_t ss_flags;  // int
+  uint64_t ss_size;  // size_t
+};
+
+struct arm64_sigset_t {
+  uint64_t sig;  // unsigned long
+};
+
+struct arm64_mcontext_t {
+  uint64_t fault_address;         // __u64
+  uint64_t regs[ARM64_REG_LAST];  // __u64
+  uint64_t pstate;                // __u64
+  // Nothing else is used, so don't define it.
+};
+
+struct arm64_ucontext_t {
+  uint64_t uc_flags;  // unsigned long
+  uint64_t uc_link;   // struct ucontext*
+  arm64_stack_t uc_stack;
+  arm64_sigset_t uc_sigmask;
+  // The kernel adds extra padding after uc_sigmask to match glibc sigset_t on ARM64.
+  char __padding[128 - sizeof(arm64_sigset_t)];
+  // The full structure requires 16 byte alignment, but our partial structure
+  // doesn't, so force the alignment.
+  arm64_mcontext_t uc_mcontext __attribute__((aligned(16)));
+};
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+// X86 ucontext structures
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+struct x86_stack_t {
+  uint32_t ss_sp;    // void __user*
+  int32_t ss_flags;  // int
+  uint32_t ss_size;  // size_t
+};
+
+struct x86_mcontext_t {
+  uint32_t gs;
+  uint32_t fs;
+  uint32_t es;
+  uint32_t ds;
+  uint32_t edi;
+  uint32_t esi;
+  uint32_t ebp;
+  uint32_t esp;
+  uint32_t ebx;
+  uint32_t edx;
+  uint32_t ecx;
+  uint32_t eax;
+  uint32_t trapno;
+  uint32_t err;
+  uint32_t eip;
+  uint32_t cs;
+  uint32_t efl;
+  uint32_t uesp;
+  uint32_t ss;
+  // Only care about the registers, skip everything else.
+};
+
+struct x86_ucontext_t {
+  uint32_t uc_flags;  // unsigned long
+  uint32_t uc_link;   // struct ucontext*
+  x86_stack_t uc_stack;
+  x86_mcontext_t uc_mcontext;
+  // Nothing else is used, so don't define it.
+};
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+// X86_64 ucontext structures
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+struct x86_64_stack_t {
+  uint64_t ss_sp;    // void __user*
+  int32_t ss_flags;  // int
+  uint64_t ss_size;  // size_t
+};
+
+struct x86_64_mcontext_t {
+  uint64_t r8;
+  uint64_t r9;
+  uint64_t r10;
+  uint64_t r11;
+  uint64_t r12;
+  uint64_t r13;
+  uint64_t r14;
+  uint64_t r15;
+  uint64_t rdi;
+  uint64_t rsi;
+  uint64_t rbp;
+  uint64_t rbx;
+  uint64_t rdx;
+  uint64_t rax;
+  uint64_t rcx;
+  uint64_t rsp;
+  uint64_t rip;
+  uint64_t efl;
+  uint64_t csgsfs;
+  uint64_t err;
+  uint64_t trapno;
+  uint64_t oldmask;
+  uint64_t cr2;
+  // Only care about the registers, skip everything else.
+};
+
+struct x86_64_ucontext_t {
+  uint64_t uc_flags;  // unsigned long
+  uint64_t uc_link;   // struct ucontext*
+  x86_64_stack_t uc_stack;
+  x86_64_mcontext_t uc_mcontext;
+  // Nothing else is used, so don't define it.
+};
+//-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
+#endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_UCONTEXT_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/User.h b/libunwindstack/User.h
index a695467..53f7e50 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/User.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/User.h
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@
 #ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_USER_H
 #define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_USER_H
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 struct x86_user_regs {
   uint32_t ebx;
   uint32_t ecx;
@@ -93,4 +95,6 @@
 // The largest user structure.
 constexpr size_t MAX_USER_REGS_SIZE = sizeof(arm64_user_regs) + 10;
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_USER_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfLocation.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfLocation.h
similarity index 95%
rename from libunwindstack/DwarfLocation.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfLocation.h
index 062d125..3467e6a 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfLocation.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfLocation.h
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include <unordered_map>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 enum DwarfLocationEnum : uint8_t {
   DWARF_LOCATION_INVALID = 0,
   DWARF_LOCATION_UNDEFINED,
@@ -38,4 +40,6 @@
 
 typedef std::unordered_map<uint16_t, DwarfLocation> dwarf_loc_regs_t;
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_LOCATION_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfMemory.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h
similarity index 97%
rename from libunwindstack/DwarfMemory.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h
index a304dd9..8dd8d2b 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfMemory.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 // Forward declarations.
 class Memory;
 
@@ -69,4 +71,6 @@
   uint64_t text_offset_ = static_cast<uint64_t>(-1);
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_MEMORY_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfSection.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfSection.h
similarity index 93%
rename from libunwindstack/DwarfSection.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfSection.h
index e617601..26485ae 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfSection.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfSection.h
@@ -22,18 +22,20 @@
 #include <iterator>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
-#include "DwarfError.h"
-#include "DwarfLocation.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
-#include "DwarfStructs.h"
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfLocation.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 // Forward declarations.
+enum DwarfError : uint8_t;
 class Memory;
 class Regs;
 
 class DwarfSection {
  public:
-  DwarfSection(Memory* memory) : memory_(memory) {}
+  DwarfSection(Memory* memory);
   virtual ~DwarfSection() = default;
 
   class iterator : public std::iterator<std::bidirectional_iterator_tag, DwarfFde*> {
@@ -102,9 +104,9 @@
 
  protected:
   DwarfMemory memory_;
-  DwarfError last_error_ = DWARF_ERROR_NONE;
+  DwarfError last_error_;
 
-  uint64_t fde_count_;
+  uint64_t fde_count_ = 0;
   std::unordered_map<uint64_t, DwarfFde> fde_entries_;
   std::unordered_map<uint64_t, DwarfCie> cie_entries_;
   std::unordered_map<uint64_t, dwarf_loc_regs_t> cie_loc_regs_;
@@ -134,4 +136,6 @@
                       AddressType* value);
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_SECTION_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/DwarfStructs.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h
similarity index 92%
rename from libunwindstack/DwarfStructs.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h
index 87182c9..4b481f0 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/DwarfStructs.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "DwarfEncoding.h"
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 struct DwarfCie {
   uint8_t version = 0;
-  uint8_t fde_address_encoding = DW_EH_PE_absptr;
-  uint8_t lsda_encoding = DW_EH_PE_omit;
+  uint8_t fde_address_encoding = 0;
+  uint8_t lsda_encoding = 0;
   uint8_t segment_size = 0;
   std::vector<char> augmentation_string;
   uint64_t personality_handler = 0;
@@ -49,4 +49,6 @@
 
 constexpr uint16_t CFA_REG = static_cast<uint16_t>(-1);
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_DWARF_STRUCTS_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Elf.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Elf.h
similarity index 72%
rename from libunwindstack/Elf.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Elf.h
index 7bf45b8..4e7eb34 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Elf.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Elf.h
@@ -22,14 +22,17 @@
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
-#include "ElfInterface.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/ElfInterface.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
 
 #if !defined(EM_AARCH64)
 #define EM_AARCH64 183
 #endif
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 // Forward declaration.
+struct MapInfo;
 class Regs;
 
 class Elf {
@@ -41,20 +44,18 @@
 
   void InitGnuDebugdata();
 
-  bool GetSoname(std::string* name) {
-    return valid_ && interface_->GetSoname(name);
-  }
+  bool GetSoname(std::string* name);
 
-  bool GetFunctionName(uint64_t, std::string*, uint64_t*) {
-    return false;
-  }
+  bool GetFunctionName(uint64_t addr, std::string* name, uint64_t* func_offset);
 
-  bool Step(uint64_t rel_pc, Regs* regs, Memory* process_memory) {
-    return valid_ && interface_->Step(rel_pc, regs, process_memory);
-  }
+  uint64_t GetRelPc(uint64_t pc, const MapInfo* map_info);
+
+  bool Step(uint64_t rel_pc, Regs* regs, Memory* process_memory);
 
   ElfInterface* CreateInterfaceFromMemory(Memory* memory);
 
+  uint64_t GetLoadBias();
+
   bool valid() { return valid_; }
 
   uint32_t machine_type() { return machine_type_; }
@@ -65,14 +66,23 @@
 
   ElfInterface* interface() { return interface_.get(); }
 
+  ElfInterface* gnu_debugdata_interface() { return gnu_debugdata_interface_.get(); }
+
   static bool IsValidElf(Memory* memory);
 
+  static void GetInfo(Memory* memory, bool* valid, uint64_t* size);
+
  protected:
   bool valid_ = false;
   std::unique_ptr<ElfInterface> interface_;
   std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory_;
   uint32_t machine_type_;
   uint8_t class_type_;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Memory> gnu_debugdata_memory_;
+  std::unique_ptr<ElfInterface> gnu_debugdata_interface_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_ELF_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/ElfInterface.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/ElfInterface.h
similarity index 70%
rename from libunwindstack/ElfInterface.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/ElfInterface.h
index 944146c..142a625 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/ElfInterface.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/ElfInterface.h
@@ -25,9 +25,14 @@
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfSection.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 // Forward declarations.
 class Memory;
 class Regs;
+class Symbols;
 
 struct LoadInfo {
   uint64_t offset;
@@ -44,7 +49,7 @@
 class ElfInterface {
  public:
   ElfInterface(Memory* memory) : memory_(memory) {}
-  virtual ~ElfInterface() = default;
+  virtual ~ElfInterface();
 
   virtual bool Init() = 0;
 
@@ -68,10 +73,18 @@
   uint64_t dynamic_size() { return dynamic_size_; }
   uint64_t eh_frame_offset() { return eh_frame_offset_; }
   uint64_t eh_frame_size() { return eh_frame_size_; }
+  uint64_t debug_frame_offset() { return debug_frame_offset_; }
+  uint64_t debug_frame_size() { return debug_frame_size_; }
   uint64_t gnu_debugdata_offset() { return gnu_debugdata_offset_; }
   uint64_t gnu_debugdata_size() { return gnu_debugdata_size_; }
 
+  DwarfSection* eh_frame() { return eh_frame_.get(); }
+  DwarfSection* debug_frame() { return debug_frame_.get(); }
+
  protected:
+  template <typename AddressType>
+  void InitHeadersWithTemplate();
+
   template <typename EhdrType, typename PhdrType, typename ShdrType>
   bool ReadAllHeaders();
 
@@ -84,8 +97,14 @@
   template <typename DynType>
   bool GetSonameWithTemplate(std::string* soname);
 
+  template <typename SymType>
+  bool GetFunctionNameWithTemplate(uint64_t addr, std::string* name, uint64_t* func_offset);
+
   virtual bool HandleType(uint64_t, uint32_t) { return false; }
 
+  template <typename EhdrType>
+  static void GetMaxSizeWithTemplate(Memory* memory, uint64_t* size);
+
   Memory* memory_;
   std::unordered_map<uint64_t, LoadInfo> pt_loads_;
   uint64_t load_bias_ = 0;
@@ -105,6 +124,11 @@
 
   uint8_t soname_type_ = SONAME_UNKNOWN;
   std::string soname_;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<DwarfSection> eh_frame_;
+  std::unique_ptr<DwarfSection> debug_frame_;
+
+  std::vector<Symbols*> symbols_;
 };
 
 class ElfInterface32 : public ElfInterface {
@@ -116,15 +140,18 @@
     return ElfInterface::ReadAllHeaders<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Phdr, Elf32_Shdr>();
   }
 
-  void InitHeaders() override {
-  }
+  void InitHeaders() override { ElfInterface::InitHeadersWithTemplate<uint32_t>(); }
 
   bool GetSoname(std::string* soname) override {
     return ElfInterface::GetSonameWithTemplate<Elf32_Dyn>(soname);
   }
 
-  bool GetFunctionName(uint64_t, std::string*, uint64_t*) override {
-    return false;
+  bool GetFunctionName(uint64_t addr, std::string* name, uint64_t* func_offset) override {
+    return ElfInterface::GetFunctionNameWithTemplate<Elf32_Sym>(addr, name, func_offset);
+  }
+
+  static void GetMaxSize(Memory* memory, uint64_t* size) {
+    GetMaxSizeWithTemplate<Elf32_Ehdr>(memory, size);
   }
 };
 
@@ -137,16 +164,21 @@
     return ElfInterface::ReadAllHeaders<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Phdr, Elf64_Shdr>();
   }
 
-  void InitHeaders() override {
-  }
+  void InitHeaders() override { ElfInterface::InitHeadersWithTemplate<uint64_t>(); }
 
   bool GetSoname(std::string* soname) override {
     return ElfInterface::GetSonameWithTemplate<Elf64_Dyn>(soname);
   }
 
-  bool GetFunctionName(uint64_t, std::string*, uint64_t*) override {
-    return false;
+  bool GetFunctionName(uint64_t addr, std::string* name, uint64_t* func_offset) override {
+    return ElfInterface::GetFunctionNameWithTemplate<Elf64_Sym>(addr, name, func_offset);
+  }
+
+  static void GetMaxSize(Memory* memory, uint64_t* size) {
+    GetMaxSizeWithTemplate<Elf64_Ehdr>(memory, size);
   }
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_ELF_INTERFACE_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Log.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Log.h
similarity index 93%
rename from libunwindstack/Log.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Log.h
index 2d01aa8..aa1219c 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Log.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Log.h
@@ -19,7 +19,11 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 void log_to_stdout(bool enable);
 void log(uint8_t indent, const char* format, ...);
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_LOG_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/MapInfo.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/MapInfo.h
similarity index 79%
rename from libunwindstack/MapInfo.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/MapInfo.h
index 79a2ada..f108766 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/MapInfo.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/MapInfo.h
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 // Forward declarations.
 class Elf;
 class Memory;
@@ -38,8 +40,15 @@
   // instead of a portion of the file.
   uint64_t elf_offset;
 
-  Memory* CreateMemory(pid_t pid);
-  Elf* GetElf(pid_t pid, bool init_gnu_debugdata = false);
+  // This function guarantees it will never return nullptr.
+  Elf* GetElf(const std::shared_ptr<Memory>& process_memory, bool init_gnu_debugdata = false);
+
+ private:
+  Memory* GetFileMemory();
+
+  Memory* CreateMemory(const std::shared_ptr<Memory>& process_memory);
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_MAP_INFO_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Maps.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Maps.h
similarity index 92%
rename from libunwindstack/Maps.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Maps.h
index 239b64a..22122a9 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Maps.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Maps.h
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "Elf.h"
-#include "MapInfo.h"
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 // Special flag to indicate a map is in /dev/. However, a map in
 // /dev/ashmem/... does not set this flag.
@@ -37,8 +38,6 @@
 
   MapInfo* Find(uint64_t pc);
 
-  bool ParseLine(const char* line, MapInfo* map_info);
-
   virtual bool Parse();
 
   virtual const std::string GetMapsFile() const { return ""; }
@@ -53,6 +52,11 @@
 
   size_t Total() { return maps_.size(); }
 
+  MapInfo* Get(size_t index) {
+    if (index >= maps_.size()) return nullptr;
+    return &maps_[index];
+  }
+
  protected:
   std::vector<MapInfo> maps_;
 };
@@ -104,4 +108,6 @@
   bool Parse() override;
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_MAPS_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Memory.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Memory.h
similarity index 86%
rename from libunwindstack/Memory.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Memory.h
index f9f6d56..183b899 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Memory.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Memory.h
@@ -17,19 +17,23 @@
 #ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_MEMORY_H
 #define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_MEMORY_H
 
-#include <assert.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 class Memory {
  public:
   Memory() = default;
   virtual ~Memory() = default;
 
+  static std::shared_ptr<Memory> CreateProcessMemory(pid_t pid);
+
   virtual bool ReadString(uint64_t addr, std::string* string, uint64_t max_read = UINT64_MAX);
 
   virtual bool Read(uint64_t addr, void* dst, size_t size) = 0;
@@ -46,13 +50,9 @@
     return Read(offset, field, size);
   }
 
-  inline bool Read32(uint64_t addr, uint32_t* dst) {
-    return Read(addr, dst, sizeof(uint32_t));
-  }
+  inline bool Read32(uint64_t addr, uint32_t* dst) { return Read(addr, dst, sizeof(uint32_t)); }
 
-  inline bool Read64(uint64_t addr, uint64_t* dst) {
-    return Read(addr, dst, sizeof(uint64_t));
-  }
+  inline bool Read64(uint64_t addr, uint64_t* dst) { return Read(addr, dst, sizeof(uint64_t)); }
 };
 
 class MemoryBuffer : public Memory {
@@ -128,18 +128,17 @@
 
 class MemoryRange : public Memory {
  public:
-  MemoryRange(Memory* memory, uint64_t begin, uint64_t end)
-      : memory_(memory), begin_(begin), length_(end - begin) {
-    assert(end > begin);
-  }
-  virtual ~MemoryRange() { delete memory_; }
+  MemoryRange(const std::shared_ptr<Memory>& memory, uint64_t begin, uint64_t end);
+  virtual ~MemoryRange() = default;
 
   bool Read(uint64_t addr, void* dst, size_t size) override;
 
  private:
-  Memory* memory_;
+  std::shared_ptr<Memory> memory_;
   uint64_t begin_;
   uint64_t length_;
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_MEMORY_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Regs.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Regs.h
similarity index 71%
rename from libunwindstack/Regs.h
rename to libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Regs.h
index 8f5a721..ed4d38a 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Regs.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/Regs.h
@@ -21,9 +21,14 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 // Forward declarations.
 class Elf;
 struct MapInfo;
+class Memory;
+struct x86_ucontext_t;
+struct x86_64_ucontext_t;
 
 class Regs {
  public:
@@ -44,20 +49,27 @@
       : total_regs_(total_regs), sp_reg_(sp_reg), return_loc_(return_loc) {}
   virtual ~Regs() = default;
 
+  virtual uint32_t MachineType() = 0;
+
   virtual void* RawData() = 0;
   virtual uint64_t pc() = 0;
   virtual uint64_t sp() = 0;
 
   virtual bool GetReturnAddressFromDefault(Memory* memory, uint64_t* value) = 0;
 
-  virtual uint64_t GetRelPc(Elf* elf, const MapInfo* map_info) = 0;
-
   virtual uint64_t GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf) = 0;
 
+  virtual bool StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf, Memory* process_memory) = 0;
+
+  virtual void SetFromRaw() = 0;
+
   uint16_t sp_reg() { return sp_reg_; }
   uint16_t total_regs() { return total_regs_; }
 
-  static Regs* RemoteGet(pid_t pid, uint32_t* machine_type);
+  static uint32_t CurrentMachineType();
+  static Regs* RemoteGet(pid_t pid);
+  static Regs* CreateFromUcontext(uint32_t machine_type, void* ucontext);
+  static Regs* CreateFromLocal();
 
  protected:
   uint16_t total_regs_;
@@ -72,8 +84,6 @@
       : Regs(total_regs, sp_reg, return_loc), regs_(total_regs) {}
   virtual ~RegsImpl() = default;
 
-  uint64_t GetRelPc(Elf* elf, const MapInfo* map_info) override;
-
   bool GetReturnAddressFromDefault(Memory* memory, uint64_t* value) override;
 
   uint64_t pc() override { return pc_; }
@@ -97,7 +107,13 @@
   RegsArm();
   virtual ~RegsArm() = default;
 
+  virtual uint32_t MachineType() override final;
+
   uint64_t GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf) override;
+
+  void SetFromRaw() override;
+
+  bool StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf, Memory* process_memory) override;
 };
 
 class RegsArm64 : public RegsImpl<uint64_t> {
@@ -105,7 +121,13 @@
   RegsArm64();
   virtual ~RegsArm64() = default;
 
+  virtual uint32_t MachineType() override final;
+
   uint64_t GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf) override;
+
+  void SetFromRaw() override;
+
+  bool StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf, Memory* process_memory) override;
 };
 
 class RegsX86 : public RegsImpl<uint32_t> {
@@ -113,7 +135,15 @@
   RegsX86();
   virtual ~RegsX86() = default;
 
+  virtual uint32_t MachineType() override final;
+
   uint64_t GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf) override;
+
+  void SetFromRaw() override;
+
+  bool StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf, Memory* process_memory) override;
+
+  void SetFromUcontext(x86_ucontext_t* ucontext);
 };
 
 class RegsX86_64 : public RegsImpl<uint64_t> {
@@ -121,7 +151,17 @@
   RegsX86_64();
   virtual ~RegsX86_64() = default;
 
+  virtual uint32_t MachineType() override final;
+
   uint64_t GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf) override;
+
+  void SetFromRaw() override;
+
+  bool StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t rel_pc, Elf* elf, Memory* process_memory) override;
+
+  void SetFromUcontext(x86_64_ucontext_t* ucontext);
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_REGS_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/RegsGetLocal.h b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/RegsGetLocal.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1461d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/include/unwindstack/RegsGetLocal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+ *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ *    distribution.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
+ * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
+ * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
+ * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
+ * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
+ * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
+ * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
+ * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_REGS_GET_LOCAL_H
+#define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_REGS_GET_LOCAL_H
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+#if defined(__arm__)
+
+inline void RegsGetLocal(Regs* regs) {
+  void* reg_data = regs->RawData();
+  asm volatile(
+      ".align 2\n"
+      "bx pc\n"
+      "nop\n"
+      ".code 32\n"
+      "stmia %[base], {r0-r12}\n"
+      "add %[base], #52\n"
+      "mov r1, r13\n"
+      "mov r2, r14\n"
+      "mov r3, r15\n"
+      "stmia %[base], {r1-r3}\n"
+      "orr %[base], pc, #1\n"
+      "bx %[base]\n"
+      : [base] "+r"(reg_data)
+      :
+      : "memory");
+
+  regs->SetFromRaw();
+}
+
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+
+inline void RegsGetLocal(Regs* regs) {
+  void* reg_data = regs->RawData();
+  asm volatile(
+      "1:\n"
+      "stp x0, x1, [%[base], #0]\n"
+      "stp x2, x3, [%[base], #16]\n"
+      "stp x4, x5, [%[base], #32]\n"
+      "stp x6, x7, [%[base], #48]\n"
+      "stp x8, x9, [%[base], #64]\n"
+      "stp x10, x11, [%[base], #80]\n"
+      "stp x12, x13, [%[base], #96]\n"
+      "stp x14, x15, [%[base], #112]\n"
+      "stp x16, x17, [%[base], #128]\n"
+      "stp x18, x19, [%[base], #144]\n"
+      "stp x20, x21, [%[base], #160]\n"
+      "stp x22, x23, [%[base], #176]\n"
+      "stp x24, x25, [%[base], #192]\n"
+      "stp x26, x27, [%[base], #208]\n"
+      "stp x28, x29, [%[base], #224]\n"
+      "str x30, [%[base], #240]\n"
+      "mov x12, sp\n"
+      "adr x13, 1b\n"
+      "stp x12, x13, [%[base], #248]\n"
+      : [base] "+r"(reg_data)
+      :
+      : "x12", "x13", "memory");
+
+  regs->SetFromRaw();
+}
+
+#elif defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+
+extern "C" void AsmGetRegs(void* regs);
+
+inline void RegsGetLocal(Regs* regs) {
+  AsmGetRegs(regs->RawData());
+
+  regs->SetFromRaw();
+}
+
+#elif defined(__mips__)
+
+// Stub to allow mips to build.
+void RegsGetLocal(Regs*) {}
+
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
+#endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_REGS_GET_LOCAL_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/ArmExidxDecodeTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/ArmExidxDecodeTest.cpp
index 4fff48e..94cb493 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/ArmExidxDecodeTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/ArmExidxDecodeTest.cpp
@@ -23,13 +23,16 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
 #include "ArmExidx.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
-#include "Log.h"
 
 #include "LogFake.h"
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 class ArmExidxDecodeTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::string> {
  protected:
   void Init(Memory* process_memory = nullptr) {
@@ -1092,3 +1095,5 @@
 }
 
 INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(, ArmExidxDecodeTest, ::testing::Values("logging", "no_logging"));
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/ArmExidxExtractTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/ArmExidxExtractTest.cpp
index aed75bf..caad131 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/ArmExidxExtractTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/ArmExidxExtractTest.cpp
@@ -21,12 +21,15 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+
 #include "ArmExidx.h"
-#include "Log.h"
 
 #include "LogFake.h"
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 class ArmExidxExtractTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
   void SetUp() override {
@@ -329,3 +332,5 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(exidx_->ExtractEntryData(0x5000));
   ASSERT_EQ("4 unwind Raw Data: 0x11 0x22 0x33 0xb0\n", GetFakeLogPrint());
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfCfaLogTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfCfaLogTest.cpp
index 967c2c2..b17ca33 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfCfaLogTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfCfaLogTest.cpp
@@ -23,15 +23,18 @@
 #include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfLocation.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+
 #include "DwarfCfa.h"
-#include "DwarfLocation.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
-#include "DwarfStructs.h"
-#include "Log.h"
 
 #include "LogFake.h"
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 template <typename TypeParam>
 class DwarfCfaLogTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
@@ -812,3 +815,5 @@
 
 typedef ::testing::Types<uint32_t, uint64_t> DwarfCfaLogTestTypes;
 INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(, DwarfCfaLogTest, DwarfCfaLogTestTypes);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfCfaTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfCfaTest.cpp
index 687af7d..73a67ac 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfCfaTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfCfaTest.cpp
@@ -21,15 +21,19 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfLocation.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+
 #include "DwarfCfa.h"
-#include "DwarfLocation.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
-#include "DwarfStructs.h"
-#include "Log.h"
+#include "DwarfError.h"
 
 #include "LogFake.h"
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 template <typename TypeParam>
 class DwarfCfaTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
@@ -957,3 +961,5 @@
 
 typedef ::testing::Types<uint32_t, uint64_t> DwarfCfaTestTypes;
 INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(, DwarfCfaTest, DwarfCfaTestTypes);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfDebugFrameTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfDebugFrameTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..69813e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfDebugFrameTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "DwarfDebugFrame.h"
+#include "DwarfEncoding.h"
+#include "DwarfError.h"
+
+#include "LogFake.h"
+#include "MemoryFake.h"
+#include "RegsFake.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+template <typename TypeParam>
+class MockDwarfDebugFrame : public DwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam> {
+ public:
+  MockDwarfDebugFrame(Memory* memory) : DwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>(memory) {}
+  ~MockDwarfDebugFrame() = default;
+
+  void TestSetFdeCount(uint64_t count) { this->fde_count_ = count; }
+  void TestSetOffset(uint64_t offset) { this->offset_ = offset; }
+  void TestSetEndOffset(uint64_t offset) { this->end_offset_ = offset; }
+  void TestPushFdeInfo(const typename DwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo& info) {
+    this->fdes_.push_back(info);
+  }
+
+  uint64_t TestGetFdeCount() { return this->fde_count_; }
+  uint8_t TestGetOffset() { return this->offset_; }
+  uint8_t TestGetEndOffset() { return this->end_offset_; }
+  void TestGetFdeInfo(size_t index, typename DwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo* info) {
+    *info = this->fdes_[index];
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename TypeParam>
+class DwarfDebugFrameTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+    memory_.Clear();
+    debug_frame_ = new MockDwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>(&memory_);
+    ResetLogs();
+  }
+
+  void TearDown() override { delete debug_frame_; }
+
+  MemoryFake memory_;
+  MockDwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>* debug_frame_ = nullptr;
+};
+TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest);
+
+// NOTE: All test class variables need to be referenced as this->.
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, Init32) {
+  // CIE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5000, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5004, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5008, 1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5009, '\0');
+
+  // FDE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5100, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5104, 0);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5108, 0x1500);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x510c, 0x200);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5200, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5204, 0);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5208, 0x2500);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x520c, 0x300);
+
+  // CIE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5300, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5304, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5308, 1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5309, '\0');
+
+  // FDE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5400, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5404, 0x300);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5408, 0x3500);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x540c, 0x400);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5500, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5504, 0x300);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5508, 0x4500);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x550c, 0x500);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->Init(0x5000, 0x600));
+  ASSERT_EQ(4U, this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeCount());
+
+  typename DwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo info(0, 0, 0);
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(0, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5100U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1700U, info.end);
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(1, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5200U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x2500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x2800U, info.end);
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(2, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5400U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x3500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x3900U, info.end);
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(3, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5500U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x4500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x4a00U, info.end);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, Init32_fde_not_following_cie) {
+  // CIE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5000, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5004, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5008, 1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5009, '\0');
+
+  // FDE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5100, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5104, 0x1000);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5108, 0x1500);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x510c, 0x200);
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(this->debug_frame_->Init(0x5000, 0x600));
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_ILLEGAL_VALUE, this->debug_frame_->last_error());
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, Init64) {
+  // CIE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5000, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5004, 0xf4);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x500c, 0xffffffffffffffffULL);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5014, 1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5015, '\0');
+
+  // FDE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5100, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5104, 0xf4);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x510c, 0);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5114, 0x1500);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x511c, 0x200);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5200, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5204, 0xf4);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x520c, 0);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5214, 0x2500);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x521c, 0x300);
+
+  // CIE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5300, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5304, 0xf4);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x530c, 0xffffffffffffffffULL);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5314, 1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5315, '\0');
+
+  // FDE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5400, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5404, 0xf4);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x540c, 0x300);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5414, 0x3500);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x541c, 0x400);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5500, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5504, 0xf4);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x550c, 0x300);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5514, 0x4500);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x551c, 0x500);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->Init(0x5000, 0x600));
+  ASSERT_EQ(4U, this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeCount());
+
+  typename DwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo info(0, 0, 0);
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(0, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5100U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1700U, info.end);
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(1, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5200U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x2500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x2800U, info.end);
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(2, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5400U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x3500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x3900U, info.end);
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(3, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5500U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x4500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x4a00U, info.end);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, Init64_fde_not_following_cie) {
+  // CIE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5000, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5004, 0xf4);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x500c, 0xffffffffffffffffULL);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5014, 1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5015, '\0');
+
+  // FDE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5100, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5104, 0xf4);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x510c, 0x1000);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x5114, 0x1500);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x511c, 0x200);
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(this->debug_frame_->Init(0x5000, 0x600));
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_ILLEGAL_VALUE, this->debug_frame_->last_error());
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, Init_version1) {
+  // CIE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5000, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5004, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5008, 1);
+  // Augment string.
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(0x5009, std::vector<uint8_t>{'z', 'R', 'P', 'L', '\0'});
+  // Code alignment factor.
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(0x500e, std::vector<uint8_t>{0x80, 0x00});
+  // Data alignment factor.
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(0x5010, std::vector<uint8_t>{0x81, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00});
+  // Return address register
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5014, 0x84);
+  // Augmentation length
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(0x5015, std::vector<uint8_t>{0x84, 0x00});
+  // R data.
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5017, DW_EH_PE_pcrel | DW_EH_PE_udata2);
+
+  // FDE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5100, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5104, 0);
+  this->memory_.SetData16(0x5108, 0x1500);
+  this->memory_.SetData16(0x510a, 0x200);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->Init(0x5000, 0x200));
+  ASSERT_EQ(1U, this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeCount());
+
+  typename DwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo info(0, 0, 0);
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(0, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5100U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1700U, info.end);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, Init_version4) {
+  // CIE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5000, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5004, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5008, 4);
+  // Augment string.
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(0x5009, std::vector<uint8_t>{'z', 'L', 'P', 'R', '\0'});
+  // Address size.
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x500e, 4);
+  // Segment size.
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x500f, 0);
+  // Code alignment factor.
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(0x5010, std::vector<uint8_t>{0x80, 0x00});
+  // Data alignment factor.
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(0x5012, std::vector<uint8_t>{0x81, 0x80, 0x80, 0x00});
+  // Return address register
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(0x5016, std::vector<uint8_t>{0x85, 0x10});
+  // Augmentation length
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(0x5018, std::vector<uint8_t>{0x84, 0x00});
+  // L data.
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x501a, 0x10);
+  // P data.
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x501b, DW_EH_PE_udata4);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x501c, 0x100);
+  // R data.
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x5020, DW_EH_PE_pcrel | DW_EH_PE_udata2);
+
+  // FDE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5100, 0xfc);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x5104, 0);
+  this->memory_.SetData16(0x5108, 0x1500);
+  this->memory_.SetData16(0x510a, 0x200);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->Init(0x5000, 0x200));
+  ASSERT_EQ(1U, this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeCount());
+
+  typename DwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo info(0, 0, 0);
+  this->debug_frame_->TestGetFdeInfo(0, &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5100U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1500U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1700U, info.end);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, GetFdeOffsetFromPc) {
+  typename DwarfDebugFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo info(0, 0, 0);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
+    info.start = 0x1000 * (i + 1);
+    info.end = 0x1000 * (i + 2) - 0x10;
+    info.offset = 0x5000 + i * 0x20;
+    this->debug_frame_->TestPushFdeInfo(info);
+  }
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(0);
+  uint64_t fde_offset;
+  ASSERT_FALSE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(0x1000, &fde_offset));
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_NONE, this->debug_frame_->last_error());
+
+  this->debug_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(9);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(0x100, &fde_offset));
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_NONE, this->debug_frame_->last_error());
+  // Odd number of elements.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
+    TypeParam pc = 0x1000 * (i + 1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(pc, &fde_offset)) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(pc + 1, &fde_offset)) << "Failed at index "
+                                                                             << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(pc + 0xeff, &fde_offset))
+        << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    ASSERT_FALSE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(pc + 0xfff, &fde_offset))
+        << "Failed at index " << i;
+    ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_NONE, this->debug_frame_->last_error());
+  }
+
+  // Even number of elements.
+  this->debug_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(10);
+  info.start = 0xa000;
+  info.end = 0xaff0;
+  info.offset = 0x5120;
+  this->debug_frame_->TestPushFdeInfo(info);
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+    TypeParam pc = 0x1000 * (i + 1);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(pc, &fde_offset)) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(pc + 1, &fde_offset)) << "Failed at index "
+                                                                             << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(pc + 0xeff, &fde_offset))
+        << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    ASSERT_FALSE(this->debug_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(pc + 0xfff, &fde_offset))
+        << "Failed at index " << i;
+    ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_NONE, this->debug_frame_->last_error());
+  }
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, GetCieFde32) {
+  this->debug_frame_->TestSetOffset(0x4000);
+
+  // CIE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0xf000, 0x100);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0xf004, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf008, 0x1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf009, '\0');
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf00a, 4);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf00b, 8);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf00c, 0x20);
+
+  // FDE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x14000, 0x20);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x14004, 0xb000);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x14008, 0x9000);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1400c, 0x100);
+
+  const DwarfFde* fde = this->debug_frame_->GetFdeFromOffset(0x14000);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(fde != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x14010U, fde->cfa_instructions_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x14024U, fde->cfa_instructions_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x9000U, fde->pc_start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x9100U, fde->pc_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf000U, fde->cie_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->lsda_address);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(fde->cie != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, fde->cie->version);
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_sdata4, fde->cie->fde_address_encoding);
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_omit, fde->cie->lsda_encoding);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->cie->segment_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, fde->cie->augmentation_string.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ('\0', fde->cie->augmentation_string[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->cie->personality_handler);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf00dU, fde->cie->cfa_instructions_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf104U, fde->cie->cfa_instructions_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(4U, fde->cie->code_alignment_factor);
+  EXPECT_EQ(8, fde->cie->data_alignment_factor);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x20U, fde->cie->return_address_register);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, GetCieFde64) {
+  this->debug_frame_->TestSetOffset(0x2000);
+
+  // CIE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x6000, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x6004, 0x100);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x600c, 0xffffffffffffffffULL);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6014, 0x1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6015, '\0');
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6016, 4);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6017, 8);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6018, 0x20);
+
+  // FDE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x8000, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x8004, 0x200);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x800c, 0x4000);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x8014, 0x5000);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x801c, 0x300);
+
+  const DwarfFde* fde = this->debug_frame_->GetFdeFromOffset(0x8000);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(fde != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x8024U, fde->cfa_instructions_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x820cU, fde->cfa_instructions_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5000U, fde->pc_start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5300U, fde->pc_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x6000U, fde->cie_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->lsda_address);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(fde->cie != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, fde->cie->version);
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_sdata8, fde->cie->fde_address_encoding);
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_omit, fde->cie->lsda_encoding);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->cie->segment_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, fde->cie->augmentation_string.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ('\0', fde->cie->augmentation_string[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->cie->personality_handler);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x6019U, fde->cie->cfa_instructions_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x610cU, fde->cie->cfa_instructions_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(4U, fde->cie->code_alignment_factor);
+  EXPECT_EQ(8, fde->cie->data_alignment_factor);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x20U, fde->cie->return_address_register);
+}
+
+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(DwarfDebugFrameTest, Init32, Init32_fde_not_following_cie, Init64,
+                           Init64_fde_not_following_cie, Init_version1, Init_version4,
+                           GetFdeOffsetFromPc, GetCieFde32, GetCieFde64);
+
+typedef ::testing::Types<uint32_t, uint64_t> DwarfDebugFrameTestTypes;
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(, DwarfDebugFrameTest, DwarfDebugFrameTestTypes);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfEhFrameTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfEhFrameTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07159b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfEhFrameTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,414 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "DwarfEhFrame.h"
+#include "DwarfEncoding.h"
+#include "DwarfError.h"
+
+#include "LogFake.h"
+#include "MemoryFake.h"
+#include "RegsFake.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+template <typename TypeParam>
+class MockDwarfEhFrame : public DwarfEhFrame<TypeParam> {
+ public:
+  MockDwarfEhFrame(Memory* memory) : DwarfEhFrame<TypeParam>(memory) {}
+  ~MockDwarfEhFrame() = default;
+
+  void TestSetTableEncoding(uint8_t encoding) { this->table_encoding_ = encoding; }
+  void TestSetEntriesOffset(uint64_t offset) { this->entries_offset_ = offset; }
+  void TestSetEntriesEnd(uint64_t end) { this->entries_end_ = end; }
+  void TestSetEntriesDataOffset(uint64_t offset) { this->entries_data_offset_ = offset; }
+  void TestSetCurEntriesOffset(uint64_t offset) { this->cur_entries_offset_ = offset; }
+  void TestSetTableEntrySize(size_t size) { this->table_entry_size_ = size; }
+
+  void TestSetFdeCount(uint64_t count) { this->fde_count_ = count; }
+  void TestSetFdeInfo(uint64_t index, const typename DwarfEhFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo& info) {
+    this->fde_info_[index] = info;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t TestGetVersion() { return this->version_; }
+  uint8_t TestGetPtrEncoding() { return this->ptr_encoding_; }
+  uint64_t TestGetPtrOffset() { return this->ptr_offset_; }
+  uint8_t TestGetTableEncoding() { return this->table_encoding_; }
+  uint64_t TestGetTableEntrySize() { return this->table_entry_size_; }
+  uint64_t TestGetFdeCount() { return this->fde_count_; }
+  uint64_t TestGetEntriesOffset() { return this->entries_offset_; }
+  uint64_t TestGetEntriesEnd() { return this->entries_end_; }
+  uint64_t TestGetEntriesDataOffset() { return this->entries_data_offset_; }
+  uint64_t TestGetCurEntriesOffset() { return this->cur_entries_offset_; }
+};
+
+template <typename TypeParam>
+class DwarfEhFrameTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+    memory_.Clear();
+    eh_frame_ = new MockDwarfEhFrame<TypeParam>(&memory_);
+    ResetLogs();
+  }
+
+  void TearDown() override { delete eh_frame_; }
+
+  MemoryFake memory_;
+  MockDwarfEhFrame<TypeParam>* eh_frame_ = nullptr;
+};
+TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(DwarfEhFrameTest);
+
+// NOTE: All test class variables need to be referenced as this->.
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, Init) {
+  this->memory_.SetMemory(
+      0x1000, std::vector<uint8_t>{0x1, DW_EH_PE_udata2, DW_EH_PE_udata4, DW_EH_PE_sdata4});
+  this->memory_.SetData16(0x1004, 0x500);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1006, 126);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->Init(0x1000, 0x100));
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, this->eh_frame_->TestGetVersion());
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_udata2, this->eh_frame_->TestGetPtrEncoding());
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_sdata4, this->eh_frame_->TestGetTableEncoding());
+  EXPECT_EQ(4U, this->eh_frame_->TestGetTableEntrySize());
+  EXPECT_EQ(126U, this->eh_frame_->TestGetFdeCount());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x500U, this->eh_frame_->TestGetPtrOffset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x100aU, this->eh_frame_->TestGetEntriesOffset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1100U, this->eh_frame_->TestGetEntriesEnd());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1000U, this->eh_frame_->TestGetEntriesDataOffset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x100aU, this->eh_frame_->TestGetCurEntriesOffset());
+
+  // Verify an unexpected version will cause a fail.
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x1000, 0);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(this->eh_frame_->Init(0x1000, 0x100));
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_VERSION, this->eh_frame_->last_error());
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x1000, 2);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(this->eh_frame_->Init(0x1000, 0x100));
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_VERSION, this->eh_frame_->last_error());
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeInfoFromIndex_expect_cache_fail) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEntrySize(0x10);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEncoding(DW_EH_PE_udata4);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeInfoFromIndex(0) == nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID, this->eh_frame_->last_error());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeInfoFromIndex(0) == nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_MEMORY_INVALID, this->eh_frame_->last_error());
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeInfoFromIndex_read_pcrel) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEncoding(DW_EH_PE_pcrel | DW_EH_PE_udata4);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesOffset(0x1000);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesDataOffset(0x3000);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEntrySize(0x10);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1040, 0x340);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1044, 0x500);
+
+  auto info = this->eh_frame_->GetFdeInfoFromIndex(2);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(info != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1384U, info->pc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1540U, info->offset);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeInfoFromIndex_read_datarel) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEncoding(DW_EH_PE_datarel | DW_EH_PE_udata4);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesOffset(0x1000);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesDataOffset(0x3000);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEntrySize(0x10);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1040, 0x340);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1044, 0x500);
+
+  auto info = this->eh_frame_->GetFdeInfoFromIndex(2);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(info != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x3344U, info->pc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x3500U, info->offset);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeInfoFromIndex_cached) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEncoding(DW_EH_PE_udata4);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesOffset(0x1000);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEntrySize(0x10);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1040, 0x340);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1044, 0x500);
+
+  auto info = this->eh_frame_->GetFdeInfoFromIndex(2);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(info != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x344U, info->pc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x500U, info->offset);
+
+  // Clear the memory so that this will fail if it doesn't read cached data.
+  this->memory_.Clear();
+
+  info = this->eh_frame_->GetFdeInfoFromIndex(2);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(info != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x344U, info->pc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x500U, info->offset);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeOffsetBinary_verify) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEntrySize(0x10);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(10);
+
+  typename DwarfEhFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo info;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+    info.pc = 0x1000 * (i + 1);
+    info.offset = 0x5000 + i * 0x20;
+    this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeInfo(i, info);
+  }
+
+  uint64_t fde_offset;
+  EXPECT_FALSE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetBinary(0x100, &fde_offset, 10));
+  // Not an error, just not found.
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_NONE, this->eh_frame_->last_error());
+  // Even number of elements.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+    TypeParam pc = 0x1000 * (i + 1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetBinary(pc, &fde_offset, 10)) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetBinary(pc + 1, &fde_offset, 10)) << "Failed at index "
+                                                                              << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetBinary(pc + 0xfff, &fde_offset, 10))
+        << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+  }
+  // Odd number of elements.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 9; i++) {
+    TypeParam pc = 0x1000 * (i + 1);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetBinary(pc, &fde_offset, 9)) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetBinary(pc + 1, &fde_offset, 9)) << "Failed at index "
+                                                                             << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetBinary(pc + 0xfff, &fde_offset, 9))
+        << "Failed at index " << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(0x5000 + i * 0x20, fde_offset) << "Failed at index " << i;
+  }
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeOffsetSequential) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(10);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesDataOffset(0x100);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesEnd(0x2000);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEncoding(DW_EH_PE_udata4);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1040, 0x340);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1044, 0x500);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1048, 0x440);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x104c, 0x600);
+
+  // Verify that if entries is zero, that it fails.
+  uint64_t fde_offset;
+  ASSERT_FALSE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetSequential(0x344, &fde_offset));
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetCurEntriesOffset(0x1040);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetSequential(0x344, &fde_offset));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x500U, fde_offset);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetSequential(0x444, &fde_offset));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x600U, fde_offset);
+
+  // Expect that the data is cached so no more memory reads will occur.
+  this->memory_.Clear();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetSequential(0x444, &fde_offset));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x600U, fde_offset);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeOffsetSequential_last_element) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(2);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesDataOffset(0x100);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesEnd(0x2000);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEncoding(DW_EH_PE_udata4);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetCurEntriesOffset(0x1040);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1040, 0x340);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1044, 0x500);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1048, 0x440);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x104c, 0x600);
+
+  uint64_t fde_offset;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetSequential(0x540, &fde_offset));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x600U, fde_offset);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeOffsetSequential_end_check) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(2);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesDataOffset(0x100);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetEntriesEnd(0x1048);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEncoding(DW_EH_PE_udata4);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1040, 0x340);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1044, 0x500);
+
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1048, 0x440);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x104c, 0x600);
+
+  uint64_t fde_offset;
+  ASSERT_FALSE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetSequential(0x540, &fde_offset));
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_NONE, this->eh_frame_->last_error());
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeOffsetFromPc_fail_fde_count) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(0);
+
+  uint64_t fde_offset;
+  ASSERT_FALSE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(0x100, &fde_offset));
+  ASSERT_EQ(DWARF_ERROR_NONE, this->eh_frame_->last_error());
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeOffsetFromPc_binary_search) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEntrySize(16);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(10);
+
+  typename DwarfEhFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo info;
+  info.pc = 0x550;
+  info.offset = 0x10500;
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeInfo(5, info);
+  info.pc = 0x750;
+  info.offset = 0x10700;
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeInfo(7, info);
+  info.pc = 0x850;
+  info.offset = 0x10800;
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeInfo(8, info);
+
+  uint64_t fde_offset;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(0x800, &fde_offset));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x10700U, fde_offset);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetFdeOffsetFromPc_sequential_search) {
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeCount(10);
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetTableEntrySize(0);
+
+  typename DwarfEhFrame<TypeParam>::FdeInfo info;
+  info.pc = 0x50;
+  info.offset = 0x10000;
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeInfo(0, info);
+  info.pc = 0x150;
+  info.offset = 0x10100;
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeInfo(1, info);
+  info.pc = 0x250;
+  info.offset = 0x10200;
+  this->eh_frame_->TestSetFdeInfo(2, info);
+
+  uint64_t fde_offset;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(this->eh_frame_->GetFdeOffsetFromPc(0x200, &fde_offset));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x10100U, fde_offset);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetCieFde32) {
+  // CIE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0xf000, 0x100);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0xf004, 0);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf008, 0x1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf009, '\0');
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf00a, 4);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf00b, 8);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0xf00c, 0x20);
+
+  // FDE 32 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x14000, 0x20);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x14004, 0x5004);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x14008, 0x9000);
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x1400c, 0x100);
+
+  const DwarfFde* fde = this->eh_frame_->GetFdeFromOffset(0x14000);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(fde != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x14010U, fde->cfa_instructions_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x14024U, fde->cfa_instructions_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1d00cU, fde->pc_start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1d10cU, fde->pc_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf000U, fde->cie_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->lsda_address);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(fde->cie != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, fde->cie->version);
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_sdata4, fde->cie->fde_address_encoding);
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_omit, fde->cie->lsda_encoding);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->cie->segment_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, fde->cie->augmentation_string.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ('\0', fde->cie->augmentation_string[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->cie->personality_handler);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf00dU, fde->cie->cfa_instructions_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf104U, fde->cie->cfa_instructions_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(4U, fde->cie->code_alignment_factor);
+  EXPECT_EQ(8, fde->cie->data_alignment_factor);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x20U, fde->cie->return_address_register);
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, GetCieFde64) {
+  // CIE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x6000, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x6004, 0x100);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x600c, 0);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6014, 0x1);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6015, '\0');
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6016, 4);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6017, 8);
+  this->memory_.SetData8(0x6018, 0x20);
+
+  // FDE 64 information.
+  this->memory_.SetData32(0x8000, 0xffffffff);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x8004, 0x200);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x800c, 0x200c);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x8014, 0x5000);
+  this->memory_.SetData64(0x801c, 0x300);
+
+  const DwarfFde* fde = this->eh_frame_->GetFdeFromOffset(0x8000);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(fde != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x8024U, fde->cfa_instructions_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x820cU, fde->cfa_instructions_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xd01cU, fde->pc_start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xd31cU, fde->pc_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x6000U, fde->cie_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->lsda_address);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(fde->cie != nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, fde->cie->version);
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_sdata8, fde->cie->fde_address_encoding);
+  EXPECT_EQ(DW_EH_PE_omit, fde->cie->lsda_encoding);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->cie->segment_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, fde->cie->augmentation_string.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ('\0', fde->cie->augmentation_string[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, fde->cie->personality_handler);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x6019U, fde->cie->cfa_instructions_offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x610cU, fde->cie->cfa_instructions_end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(4U, fde->cie->code_alignment_factor);
+  EXPECT_EQ(8, fde->cie->data_alignment_factor);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x20U, fde->cie->return_address_register);
+}
+
+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(DwarfEhFrameTest, Init, GetFdeInfoFromIndex_expect_cache_fail,
+                           GetFdeInfoFromIndex_read_pcrel, GetFdeInfoFromIndex_read_datarel,
+                           GetFdeInfoFromIndex_cached, GetFdeOffsetBinary_verify,
+                           GetFdeOffsetSequential, GetFdeOffsetSequential_last_element,
+                           GetFdeOffsetSequential_end_check, GetFdeOffsetFromPc_fail_fde_count,
+                           GetFdeOffsetFromPc_binary_search, GetFdeOffsetFromPc_sequential_search,
+                           GetCieFde32, GetCieFde64);
+
+typedef ::testing::Types<uint32_t, uint64_t> DwarfEhFrameTestTypes;
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(, DwarfEhFrameTest, DwarfEhFrameTestTypes);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfMemoryTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfMemoryTest.cpp
index 4877f36..f12d2fe 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfMemoryTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfMemoryTest.cpp
@@ -21,10 +21,12 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 class DwarfMemoryTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
   void SetUp() override {
@@ -50,6 +52,8 @@
   void ReadEncodedValue_non_zero_adjust();
   template <typename AddressType>
   void ReadEncodedValue_overflow();
+  template <typename AddressType>
+  void ReadEncodedValue_high_bit_set();
 
   MemoryFake memory_;
   std::unique_ptr<DwarfMemory> dwarf_mem_;
@@ -237,9 +241,13 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0U, value);
 }
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_omit_uint32_t) { ReadEncodedValue_omit<uint32_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_omit_uint32_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_omit<uint32_t>();
+}
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_omit_uint64_t) { ReadEncodedValue_omit<uint64_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_omit_uint64_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_omit<uint64_t>();
+}
 
 TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_absptr_uint32_t) {
   uint64_t value = 100;
@@ -302,9 +310,13 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0xffffffffffffe100ULL, value);
 }
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_leb128_uint32_t) { ReadEncodedValue_leb128<uint32_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_leb128_uint32_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_leb128<uint32_t>();
+}
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_leb128_uint64_t) { ReadEncodedValue_leb128<uint64_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_leb128_uint64_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_leb128<uint64_t>();
+}
 
 template <typename AddressType>
 void DwarfMemoryTest::ReadEncodedValue_data1() {
@@ -319,9 +331,13 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0xffffffffffffffe0ULL, value);
 }
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data1_uint32_t) { ReadEncodedValue_data1<uint32_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data1_uint32_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_data1<uint32_t>();
+}
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data1_uint64_t) { ReadEncodedValue_data1<uint64_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data1_uint64_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_data1<uint64_t>();
+}
 
 template <typename AddressType>
 void DwarfMemoryTest::ReadEncodedValue_data2() {
@@ -336,9 +352,13 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0xffffffffffffe000ULL, value);
 }
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data2_uint32_t) { ReadEncodedValue_data2<uint32_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data2_uint32_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_data2<uint32_t>();
+}
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data2_uint64_t) { ReadEncodedValue_data2<uint64_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data2_uint64_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_data2<uint64_t>();
+}
 
 template <typename AddressType>
 void DwarfMemoryTest::ReadEncodedValue_data4() {
@@ -353,9 +373,13 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0xffffffffe0000000ULL, value);
 }
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data4_uint32_t) { ReadEncodedValue_data4<uint32_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data4_uint32_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_data4<uint32_t>();
+}
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data4_uint64_t) { ReadEncodedValue_data4<uint64_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data4_uint64_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_data4<uint64_t>();
+}
 
 template <typename AddressType>
 void DwarfMemoryTest::ReadEncodedValue_data8() {
@@ -370,9 +394,13 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0xe000000000000000ULL, value);
 }
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data8_uint32_t) { ReadEncodedValue_data8<uint32_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data8_uint32_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_data8<uint32_t>();
+}
 
-TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data8_uint64_t) { ReadEncodedValue_data8<uint64_t>(); }
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_data8_uint64_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_data8<uint64_t>();
+}
 
 template <typename AddressType>
 void DwarfMemoryTest::ReadEncodedValue_non_zero_adjust() {
@@ -409,6 +437,26 @@
   ReadEncodedValue_overflow<uint64_t>();
 }
 
+template <typename AddressType>
+void DwarfMemoryTest::ReadEncodedValue_high_bit_set() {
+  uint64_t value;
+  memory_.SetData32(0, 0x15234);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(dwarf_mem_->ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(0xc3, &value));
+
+  dwarf_mem_->set_func_offset(0x60000);
+  dwarf_mem_->set_cur_offset(0);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(dwarf_mem_->ReadEncodedValue<AddressType>(0xc3, &value));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x75234U, value);
+}
+
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_high_bit_set_uint32_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_high_bit_set<uint32_t>();
+}
+
+TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, ReadEncodedValue_high_bit_set_uint64_t) {
+  ReadEncodedValue_high_bit_set<uint64_t>();
+}
+
 TEST_F(DwarfMemoryTest, AdjustEncodedValue_absptr) {
   uint64_t value = 0x1234;
   ASSERT_TRUE(dwarf_mem_->AdjustEncodedValue(0x00, &value));
@@ -470,3 +518,5 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(dwarf_mem_->AdjustEncodedValue(0x40, &value));
   ASSERT_EQ(0x14234U, value);
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfOpLogTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfOpLogTest.cpp
index d18aad0..234d1c9 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfOpLogTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfOpLogTest.cpp
@@ -21,14 +21,17 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
 #include "DwarfError.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
 #include "DwarfOp.h"
-#include "Log.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 template <typename TypeParam>
 class DwarfOpLogTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
@@ -66,3 +69,5 @@
 
 typedef ::testing::Types<uint32_t, uint64_t> DwarfOpLogTestTypes;
 INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(, DwarfOpLogTest, DwarfOpLogTestTypes);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfOpTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfOpTest.cpp
index 20c488a..47a40cf 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfOpTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfOpTest.cpp
@@ -21,14 +21,17 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfMemory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+
 #include "DwarfError.h"
-#include "DwarfMemory.h"
 #include "DwarfOp.h"
-#include "Log.h"
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 #include "RegsFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 template <typename TypeParam>
 class DwarfOpTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
@@ -1579,3 +1582,5 @@
 
 typedef ::testing::Types<uint32_t, uint64_t> DwarfOpTestTypes;
 INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(, DwarfOpTest, DwarfOpTestTypes);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfSectionImplTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfSectionImplTest.cpp
index 71b114a..b871539 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfSectionImplTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfSectionImplTest.cpp
@@ -19,12 +19,17 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "DwarfSection.h"
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfSection.h>
+
+#include "DwarfEncoding.h"
+#include "DwarfError.h"
 
 #include "LogFake.h"
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 #include "RegsFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 template <typename TypeParam>
 class MockDwarfSectionImpl : public DwarfSectionImpl<TypeParam> {
  public:
@@ -830,3 +835,5 @@
 
 typedef ::testing::Types<uint32_t, uint64_t> DwarfSectionImplTestTypes;
 INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(, DwarfSectionImplTest, DwarfSectionImplTestTypes);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfSectionTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfSectionTest.cpp
index 20f0e2a..fc67063 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfSectionTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/DwarfSectionTest.cpp
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@
 #include <gmock/gmock.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "DwarfSection.h"
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfSection.h>
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 class MockDwarfSection : public DwarfSection {
  public:
   MockDwarfSection(Memory* memory) : DwarfSection(memory) {}
@@ -158,3 +160,5 @@
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(mock_section.Step(0x1000, nullptr, &process));
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/ElfInterfaceArmTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfInterfaceArmTest.cpp
index 67c9a6b..c7ef4a1 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/ElfInterfaceArmTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfInterfaceArmTest.cpp
@@ -20,12 +20,15 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
 #include "ElfInterfaceArm.h"
 #include "Machine.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 class ElfInterfaceArmTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
   void SetUp() override {
@@ -370,3 +373,5 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0x10U, regs.pc());
   ASSERT_EQ(0x10U, regs[ARM_REG_PC]);
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/ElfInterfaceTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfInterfaceTest.cpp
index c31903d..acb7320 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/ElfInterfaceTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfInterfaceTest.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "ElfInterface.h"
+#include <unwindstack/ElfInterface.h>
+
+#include "DwarfEncoding.h"
 #include "ElfInterfaceArm.h"
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
@@ -33,6 +35,8 @@
 #define EM_AARCH64 183
 #endif
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 class ElfInterfaceTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
   void SetUp() override {
@@ -67,9 +71,49 @@
   template <typename Ehdr, typename Phdr, typename Dyn, typename ElfInterfaceType>
   void SonameSize();
 
+  template <typename ElfType>
+  void InitHeadersEhFrameTest();
+
+  template <typename ElfType>
+  void InitHeadersDebugFrame();
+
+  template <typename ElfType>
+  void InitHeadersEhFrameFail();
+
+  template <typename ElfType>
+  void InitHeadersDebugFrameFail();
+
+  template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr, typename ElfInterfaceType>
+  void InitSectionHeadersMalformed();
+
+  template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr, typename Sym, typename ElfInterfaceType>
+  void InitSectionHeaders(uint64_t entry_size);
+
+  template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr, typename ElfInterfaceType>
+  void InitSectionHeadersOffsets();
+
+  template <typename Sym>
+  void InitSym(uint64_t offset, uint32_t value, uint32_t size, uint32_t name_offset,
+               uint64_t sym_offset, const char* name);
+
   MemoryFake memory_;
 };
 
+template <typename Sym>
+void ElfInterfaceTest::InitSym(uint64_t offset, uint32_t value, uint32_t size, uint32_t name_offset,
+                               uint64_t sym_offset, const char* name) {
+  Sym sym;
+  memset(&sym, 0, sizeof(sym));
+  sym.st_info = STT_FUNC;
+  sym.st_value = value;
+  sym.st_size = size;
+  sym.st_name = name_offset;
+  sym.st_shndx = SHN_COMMON;
+
+  memory_.SetMemory(offset, &sym, sizeof(sym));
+  memory_.SetMemory(sym_offset + name_offset, name, strlen(name) + 1);
+}
+
 template <typename Ehdr, typename Phdr, typename Dyn, typename ElfInterfaceType>
 void ElfInterfaceTest::SinglePtLoad() {
   std::unique_ptr<ElfInterface> elf(new ElfInterfaceType(&memory_));
@@ -571,3 +615,315 @@
 TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, elf64_soname_size) {
   SonameSize<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Phdr, Elf64_Dyn, ElfInterface64>();
 }
+
+class MockElfInterface32 : public ElfInterface32 {
+ public:
+  MockElfInterface32(Memory* memory) : ElfInterface32(memory) {}
+  virtual ~MockElfInterface32() = default;
+
+  void TestSetEhFrameOffset(uint64_t offset) { eh_frame_offset_ = offset; }
+  void TestSetEhFrameSize(uint64_t size) { eh_frame_size_ = size; }
+
+  void TestSetDebugFrameOffset(uint64_t offset) { debug_frame_offset_ = offset; }
+  void TestSetDebugFrameSize(uint64_t size) { debug_frame_size_ = size; }
+};
+
+class MockElfInterface64 : public ElfInterface64 {
+ public:
+  MockElfInterface64(Memory* memory) : ElfInterface64(memory) {}
+  virtual ~MockElfInterface64() = default;
+
+  void TestSetEhFrameOffset(uint64_t offset) { eh_frame_offset_ = offset; }
+  void TestSetEhFrameSize(uint64_t size) { eh_frame_size_ = size; }
+
+  void TestSetDebugFrameOffset(uint64_t offset) { debug_frame_offset_ = offset; }
+  void TestSetDebugFrameSize(uint64_t size) { debug_frame_size_ = size; }
+};
+
+template <typename ElfType>
+void ElfInterfaceTest::InitHeadersEhFrameTest() {
+  ElfType elf(&memory_);
+
+  elf.TestSetEhFrameOffset(0x10000);
+  elf.TestSetEhFrameSize(0);
+  elf.TestSetDebugFrameOffset(0);
+  elf.TestSetDebugFrameSize(0);
+
+  memory_.SetMemory(0x10000,
+                    std::vector<uint8_t>{0x1, DW_EH_PE_udata2, DW_EH_PE_udata2, DW_EH_PE_udata2});
+  memory_.SetData32(0x10004, 0x500);
+  memory_.SetData32(0x10008, 250);
+
+  elf.InitHeaders();
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(elf.eh_frame() == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf.debug_frame() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_headers_eh_frame32) {
+  InitHeadersEhFrameTest<MockElfInterface32>();
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_headers_eh_frame64) {
+  InitHeadersEhFrameTest<MockElfInterface64>();
+}
+
+template <typename ElfType>
+void ElfInterfaceTest::InitHeadersDebugFrame() {
+  ElfType elf(&memory_);
+
+  elf.TestSetEhFrameOffset(0);
+  elf.TestSetEhFrameSize(0);
+  elf.TestSetDebugFrameOffset(0x5000);
+  elf.TestSetDebugFrameSize(0x200);
+
+  memory_.SetData32(0x5000, 0xfc);
+  memory_.SetData32(0x5004, 0xffffffff);
+  memory_.SetData8(0x5008, 1);
+  memory_.SetData8(0x5009, '\0');
+
+  memory_.SetData32(0x5100, 0xfc);
+  memory_.SetData32(0x5104, 0);
+  memory_.SetData32(0x5108, 0x1500);
+  memory_.SetData32(0x510c, 0x200);
+
+  elf.InitHeaders();
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf.eh_frame() == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(elf.debug_frame() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_headers_debug_frame32) {
+  InitHeadersDebugFrame<MockElfInterface32>();
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_headers_debug_frame64) {
+  InitHeadersDebugFrame<MockElfInterface64>();
+}
+
+template <typename ElfType>
+void ElfInterfaceTest::InitHeadersEhFrameFail() {
+  ElfType elf(&memory_);
+
+  elf.TestSetEhFrameOffset(0x1000);
+  elf.TestSetEhFrameSize(0x100);
+  elf.TestSetDebugFrameOffset(0);
+  elf.TestSetDebugFrameSize(0);
+
+  elf.InitHeaders();
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf.eh_frame() == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, elf.eh_frame_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint64_t>(-1), elf.eh_frame_size());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf.debug_frame() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_headers_eh_frame32_fail) {
+  InitHeadersEhFrameFail<MockElfInterface32>();
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_headers_eh_frame64_fail) {
+  InitHeadersEhFrameFail<MockElfInterface64>();
+}
+
+template <typename ElfType>
+void ElfInterfaceTest::InitHeadersDebugFrameFail() {
+  ElfType elf(&memory_);
+
+  elf.TestSetEhFrameOffset(0);
+  elf.TestSetEhFrameSize(0);
+  elf.TestSetDebugFrameOffset(0x1000);
+  elf.TestSetDebugFrameSize(0x100);
+
+  elf.InitHeaders();
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf.eh_frame() == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf.debug_frame() == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, elf.debug_frame_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint64_t>(-1), elf.debug_frame_size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_headers_debug_frame32_fail) {
+  InitHeadersDebugFrameFail<MockElfInterface32>();
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_headers_debug_frame64_fail) {
+  InitHeadersDebugFrameFail<MockElfInterface64>();
+}
+
+template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr, typename ElfInterfaceType>
+void ElfInterfaceTest::InitSectionHeadersMalformed() {
+  std::unique_ptr<ElfInterfaceType> elf(new ElfInterfaceType(&memory_));
+
+  Ehdr ehdr;
+  memset(&ehdr, 0, sizeof(ehdr));
+  ehdr.e_shoff = 0x1000;
+  ehdr.e_shnum = 10;
+  ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Shdr);
+  memory_.SetMemory(0, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->Init());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_section_headers_malformed32) {
+  InitSectionHeadersMalformed<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr, ElfInterface32>();
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_section_headers_malformed64) {
+  InitSectionHeadersMalformed<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr, ElfInterface64>();
+}
+
+template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr, typename Sym, typename ElfInterfaceType>
+void ElfInterfaceTest::InitSectionHeaders(uint64_t entry_size) {
+  std::unique_ptr<ElfInterfaceType> elf(new ElfInterfaceType(&memory_));
+
+  uint64_t offset = 0x1000;
+
+  Ehdr ehdr;
+  memset(&ehdr, 0, sizeof(ehdr));
+  ehdr.e_shoff = offset;
+  ehdr.e_shnum = 10;
+  ehdr.e_shentsize = entry_size;
+  memory_.SetMemory(0, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  Shdr shdr;
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_SYMTAB;
+  shdr.sh_link = 4;
+  shdr.sh_addr = 0x5000;
+  shdr.sh_offset = 0x5000;
+  shdr.sh_entsize = sizeof(Sym);
+  shdr.sh_size = shdr.sh_entsize * 10;
+  memory_.SetMemory(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_DYNSYM;
+  shdr.sh_link = 4;
+  shdr.sh_addr = 0x6000;
+  shdr.sh_offset = 0x6000;
+  shdr.sh_entsize = sizeof(Sym);
+  shdr.sh_size = shdr.sh_entsize * 10;
+  memory_.SetMemory(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_PROGBITS;
+  shdr.sh_name = 0xa000;
+  memory_.SetMemory(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  // The string data for the entries.
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_STRTAB;
+  shdr.sh_name = 0x20000;
+  shdr.sh_offset = 0xf000;
+  shdr.sh_size = 0x1000;
+  memory_.SetMemory(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  InitSym<Sym>(0x5000, 0x90000, 0x1000, 0x100, 0xf000, "function_one");
+  InitSym<Sym>(0x6000, 0xd0000, 0x1000, 0x300, 0xf000, "function_two");
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->Init());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, elf->debug_frame_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, elf->debug_frame_size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, elf->gnu_debugdata_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, elf->gnu_debugdata_size());
+
+  // Look in the first symbol table.
+  std::string name;
+  uint64_t name_offset;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->GetFunctionName(0x90010, &name, &name_offset));
+  EXPECT_EQ("function_one", name);
+  EXPECT_EQ(16U, name_offset);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->GetFunctionName(0xd0020, &name, &name_offset));
+  EXPECT_EQ("function_two", name);
+  EXPECT_EQ(32U, name_offset);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_section_headers32) {
+  InitSectionHeaders<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr, Elf32_Sym, ElfInterface32>(sizeof(Elf32_Shdr));
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_section_headers64) {
+  InitSectionHeaders<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr, Elf64_Sym, ElfInterface64>(sizeof(Elf64_Shdr));
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_section_headers_non_std_entry_size32) {
+  InitSectionHeaders<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr, Elf32_Sym, ElfInterface32>(0x100);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_section_headers_non_std_entry_size64) {
+  InitSectionHeaders<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr, Elf64_Sym, ElfInterface64>(0x100);
+}
+
+template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr, typename ElfInterfaceType>
+void ElfInterfaceTest::InitSectionHeadersOffsets() {
+  std::unique_ptr<ElfInterfaceType> elf(new ElfInterfaceType(&memory_));
+
+  uint64_t offset = 0x2000;
+
+  Ehdr ehdr;
+  memset(&ehdr, 0, sizeof(ehdr));
+  ehdr.e_shoff = offset;
+  ehdr.e_shnum = 10;
+  ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Shdr);
+  ehdr.e_shstrndx = 2;
+  memory_.SetMemory(0, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  Shdr shdr;
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_PROGBITS;
+  shdr.sh_link = 2;
+  shdr.sh_name = 0x200;
+  shdr.sh_addr = 0x5000;
+  shdr.sh_offset = 0x5000;
+  shdr.sh_entsize = 0x100;
+  shdr.sh_size = 0x800;
+  memory_.SetMemory(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  // The string data for section header names.
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_STRTAB;
+  shdr.sh_name = 0x20000;
+  shdr.sh_offset = 0xf000;
+  shdr.sh_size = 0x1000;
+  memory_.SetMemory(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_PROGBITS;
+  shdr.sh_link = 2;
+  shdr.sh_name = 0x100;
+  shdr.sh_addr = 0x6000;
+  shdr.sh_offset = 0x6000;
+  shdr.sh_entsize = 0x100;
+  shdr.sh_size = 0x500;
+  memory_.SetMemory(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  memory_.SetMemory(0xf100, ".debug_frame", sizeof(".debug_frame"));
+  memory_.SetMemory(0xf200, ".gnu_debugdata", sizeof(".gnu_debugdata"));
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->Init());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x6000U, elf->debug_frame_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x500U, elf->debug_frame_size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x5000U, elf->gnu_debugdata_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x800U, elf->gnu_debugdata_size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_section_headers_offsets32) {
+  InitSectionHeadersOffsets<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr, ElfInterface32>();
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfInterfaceTest, init_section_headers_offsets64) {
+  InitSectionHeadersOffsets<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr, ElfInterface64>();
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTest.cpp
index 25fec8e..ed1be3b 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTest.cpp
@@ -15,20 +15,25 @@
  */
 
 #include <elf.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Elf.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
 
+#include "ElfTestUtils.h"
+#include "LogFake.h"
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
 #if !defined(PT_ARM_EXIDX)
 #define PT_ARM_EXIDX 0x70000001
 #endif
 
-#if !defined(EM_AARCH64)
-#define EM_AARCH64 183
-#endif
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 class ElfTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
@@ -36,35 +41,16 @@
     memory_ = new MemoryFake;
   }
 
-  template <typename Ehdr>
-  void InitEhdr(Ehdr* ehdr) {
-    memset(ehdr, 0, sizeof(Ehdr));
-    memcpy(&ehdr->e_ident[0], ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
-    ehdr->e_ident[EI_DATA] = ELFDATA2LSB;
-    ehdr->e_ident[EI_VERSION] = EV_CURRENT;
-    ehdr->e_ident[EI_OSABI] = ELFOSABI_SYSV;
-  }
-
-  void InitElf32(uint32_t type) {
+  void InitElf32(uint32_t machine_type) {
     Elf32_Ehdr ehdr;
+    TestInitEhdr<Elf32_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS32, machine_type);
 
-    InitEhdr<Elf32_Ehdr>(&ehdr);
-    ehdr.e_ident[EI_CLASS] = ELFCLASS32;
-
-    ehdr.e_type = ET_DYN;
-    ehdr.e_machine = type;
-    ehdr.e_version = EV_CURRENT;
-    ehdr.e_entry = 0;
     ehdr.e_phoff = 0x100;
-    ehdr.e_shoff = 0;
-    ehdr.e_flags = 0;
     ehdr.e_ehsize = sizeof(ehdr);
     ehdr.e_phentsize = sizeof(Elf32_Phdr);
     ehdr.e_phnum = 1;
     ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Elf32_Shdr);
-    ehdr.e_shnum = 0;
-    ehdr.e_shstrndx = 0;
-    if (type == EM_ARM) {
+    if (machine_type == EM_ARM) {
       ehdr.e_flags = 0x5000200;
       ehdr.e_phnum = 2;
     }
@@ -73,16 +59,13 @@
     Elf32_Phdr phdr;
     memset(&phdr, 0, sizeof(phdr));
     phdr.p_type = PT_LOAD;
-    phdr.p_offset = 0;
-    phdr.p_vaddr = 0;
-    phdr.p_paddr = 0;
     phdr.p_filesz = 0x10000;
     phdr.p_memsz = 0x10000;
     phdr.p_flags = PF_R | PF_X;
     phdr.p_align = 0x1000;
     memory_->SetMemory(0x100, &phdr, sizeof(phdr));
 
-    if (type == EM_ARM) {
+    if (machine_type == EM_ARM) {
       memset(&phdr, 0, sizeof(phdr));
       phdr.p_type = PT_ARM_EXIDX;
       phdr.p_offset = 0x30000;
@@ -96,33 +79,21 @@
     }
   }
 
-  void InitElf64(uint32_t type) {
+  void InitElf64(uint32_t machine_type) {
     Elf64_Ehdr ehdr;
+    TestInitEhdr<Elf64_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS64, machine_type);
 
-    InitEhdr<Elf64_Ehdr>(&ehdr);
-    ehdr.e_ident[EI_CLASS] = ELFCLASS64;
-
-    ehdr.e_type = ET_DYN;
-    ehdr.e_machine = type;
-    ehdr.e_version = EV_CURRENT;
-    ehdr.e_entry = 0;
     ehdr.e_phoff = 0x100;
-    ehdr.e_shoff = 0;
     ehdr.e_flags = 0x5000200;
     ehdr.e_ehsize = sizeof(ehdr);
     ehdr.e_phentsize = sizeof(Elf64_Phdr);
     ehdr.e_phnum = 1;
     ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Elf64_Shdr);
-    ehdr.e_shnum = 0;
-    ehdr.e_shstrndx = 0;
     memory_->SetMemory(0, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
 
     Elf64_Phdr phdr;
     memset(&phdr, 0, sizeof(phdr));
     phdr.p_type = PT_LOAD;
-    phdr.p_offset = 0;
-    phdr.p_vaddr = 0;
-    phdr.p_paddr = 0;
     phdr.p_filesz = 0x10000;
     phdr.p_memsz = 0x10000;
     phdr.p_flags = PF_R | PF_X;
@@ -161,6 +132,32 @@
   ASSERT_FALSE(elf.Step(0, nullptr, nullptr));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ElfTest, elf32_invalid_machine) {
+  Elf elf(memory_);
+
+  InitElf32(EM_PPC);
+
+  ResetLogs();
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf.Init());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ("", GetFakeLogBuf());
+  ASSERT_EQ("4 unwind 32 bit elf that is neither arm nor x86: e_machine = 20\n\n",
+            GetFakeLogPrint());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfTest, elf64_invalid_machine) {
+  Elf elf(memory_);
+
+  InitElf64(EM_PPC64);
+
+  ResetLogs();
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf.Init());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ("", GetFakeLogBuf());
+  ASSERT_EQ("4 unwind 64 bit elf that is neither aarch64 nor x86_64: e_machine = 21\n\n",
+            GetFakeLogPrint());
+}
+
 TEST_F(ElfTest, elf_arm) {
   Elf elf(memory_);
 
@@ -208,3 +205,95 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(ELFCLASS64, elf.class_type());
   ASSERT_TRUE(elf.interface() != nullptr);
 }
+
+TEST_F(ElfTest, gnu_debugdata_init_fail32) {
+  TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr>(ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM, false,
+                                               [&](uint64_t offset, const void* ptr, size_t size) {
+                                                 memory_->SetMemory(offset, ptr, size);
+                                               });
+
+  Elf elf(memory_);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.Init());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.interface() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.gnu_debugdata_interface() == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1acU, elf.interface()->gnu_debugdata_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x100U, elf.interface()->gnu_debugdata_size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfTest, gnu_debugdata_init_fail64) {
+  TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr>(ELFCLASS64, EM_AARCH64, false,
+                                               [&](uint64_t offset, const void* ptr, size_t size) {
+                                                 memory_->SetMemory(offset, ptr, size);
+                                               });
+
+  Elf elf(memory_);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.Init());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.interface() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.gnu_debugdata_interface() == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x200U, elf.interface()->gnu_debugdata_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x100U, elf.interface()->gnu_debugdata_size());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfTest, gnu_debugdata_init32) {
+  TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr>(ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM, true,
+                                               [&](uint64_t offset, const void* ptr, size_t size) {
+                                                 memory_->SetMemory(offset, ptr, size);
+                                               });
+
+  Elf elf(memory_);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.Init());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.interface() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.gnu_debugdata_interface() == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1acU, elf.interface()->gnu_debugdata_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x8cU, elf.interface()->gnu_debugdata_size());
+
+  elf.InitGnuDebugdata();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.gnu_debugdata_interface() != nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ElfTest, gnu_debugdata_init64) {
+  TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr>(ELFCLASS64, EM_AARCH64, true,
+                                               [&](uint64_t offset, const void* ptr, size_t size) {
+                                                 memory_->SetMemory(offset, ptr, size);
+                                               });
+
+  Elf elf(memory_);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.Init());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.interface() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.gnu_debugdata_interface() == nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x200U, elf.interface()->gnu_debugdata_offset());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x90U, elf.interface()->gnu_debugdata_size());
+
+  elf.InitGnuDebugdata();
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.gnu_debugdata_interface() != nullptr);
+}
+
+class MockElf : public Elf {
+ public:
+  MockElf(Memory* memory) : Elf(memory) {}
+  virtual ~MockElf() = default;
+
+  void set_valid(bool valid) { valid_ = valid; }
+  void set_elf_interface(ElfInterface* interface) { interface_.reset(interface); }
+};
+
+TEST_F(ElfTest, rel_pc) {
+  MockElf elf(memory_);
+
+  ElfInterface* interface = new ElfInterface32(memory_);
+  elf.set_elf_interface(interface);
+
+  elf.set_valid(true);
+  interface->set_load_bias(0);
+  MapInfo map_info{.start = 0x1000, .end = 0x2000};
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x101U, elf.GetRelPc(0x1101, &map_info));
+
+  interface->set_load_bias(0x3000);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x3101U, elf.GetRelPc(0x1101, &map_info));
+
+  elf.set_valid(false);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x101U, elf.GetRelPc(0x1101, &map_info));
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTestUtils.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTestUtils.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..069386b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTestUtils.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <elf.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/ptrace.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include "ElfTestUtils.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+template <typename Ehdr>
+void TestInitEhdr(Ehdr* ehdr, uint32_t elf_class, uint32_t machine_type) {
+  memset(ehdr, 0, sizeof(Ehdr));
+  memcpy(&ehdr->e_ident[0], ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
+  ehdr->e_ident[EI_DATA] = ELFDATA2LSB;
+  ehdr->e_ident[EI_VERSION] = EV_CURRENT;
+  ehdr->e_ident[EI_OSABI] = ELFOSABI_SYSV;
+  ehdr->e_ident[EI_CLASS] = elf_class;
+  ehdr->e_type = ET_DYN;
+  ehdr->e_machine = machine_type;
+  ehdr->e_version = EV_CURRENT;
+  ehdr->e_ehsize = sizeof(Ehdr);
+}
+
+static std::string GetTestFileDirectory() {
+  std::string exec(testing::internal::GetArgvs()[0]);
+  auto const value = exec.find_last_of('/');
+  if (value == std::string::npos) {
+    return "tests/files/";
+  }
+  return exec.substr(0, value + 1) + "tests/files/";
+}
+
+template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr>
+void TestInitGnuDebugdata(uint32_t elf_class, uint32_t machine, bool init_gnu_debugdata,
+                          TestCopyFuncType copy_func) {
+  Ehdr ehdr;
+
+  TestInitEhdr(&ehdr, elf_class, machine);
+
+  uint64_t offset = sizeof(Ehdr);
+  ehdr.e_shoff = offset;
+  ehdr.e_shnum = 3;
+  ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Shdr);
+  ehdr.e_shstrndx = 2;
+  copy_func(0, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+
+  Shdr shdr;
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_NULL;
+  copy_func(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  // Skip this header, it will contain the gnu_debugdata information.
+  uint64_t gnu_offset = offset;
+  offset += ehdr.e_shentsize;
+
+  uint64_t symtab_offset = sizeof(ehdr) + ehdr.e_shnum * ehdr.e_shentsize;
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_name = 1;
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_STRTAB;
+  shdr.sh_offset = symtab_offset;
+  shdr.sh_size = 0x100;
+  copy_func(offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+
+  char value = '\0';
+  uint64_t symname_offset = symtab_offset;
+  copy_func(symname_offset, &value, 1);
+  symname_offset++;
+  std::string name(".shstrtab");
+  copy_func(symname_offset, name.c_str(), name.size() + 1);
+  symname_offset += name.size() + 1;
+  name = ".gnu_debugdata";
+  copy_func(symname_offset, name.c_str(), name.size() + 1);
+
+  ssize_t bytes = 0x100;
+  offset = symtab_offset + 0x100;
+  if (init_gnu_debugdata) {
+    // Read in the compressed elf data and copy it in.
+    name = GetTestFileDirectory();
+    if (elf_class == ELFCLASS32) {
+      name += "elf32.xz";
+    } else {
+      name += "elf64.xz";
+    }
+    int fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(name.c_str(), O_RDONLY));
+    ASSERT_NE(-1, fd) << "Cannot open " + name;
+    // Assumes the file is less than 1024 bytes.
+    std::vector<uint8_t> buf(1024);
+    bytes = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(read(fd, buf.data(), buf.size()));
+    ASSERT_GT(bytes, 0);
+    // Make sure the file isn't too big.
+    ASSERT_NE(static_cast<size_t>(bytes), buf.size())
+        << "File " + name + " is too big, increase buffer size.";
+    close(fd);
+    buf.resize(bytes);
+    copy_func(offset, buf.data(), buf.size());
+  }
+
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_PROGBITS;
+  shdr.sh_name = symname_offset - symtab_offset;
+  shdr.sh_addr = offset;
+  shdr.sh_offset = offset;
+  shdr.sh_size = bytes;
+  copy_func(gnu_offset, &shdr, sizeof(shdr));
+}
+
+template void TestInitEhdr<Elf32_Ehdr>(Elf32_Ehdr*, uint32_t, uint32_t);
+template void TestInitEhdr<Elf64_Ehdr>(Elf64_Ehdr*, uint32_t, uint32_t);
+
+template void TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr>(uint32_t, uint32_t, bool,
+                                                           TestCopyFuncType);
+template void TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr>(uint32_t, uint32_t, bool,
+                                                           TestCopyFuncType);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTestUtils.h b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTestUtils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ef00e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/ElfTestUtils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_TESTS_ELF_TEST_UTILS_H
+#define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_TESTS_ELF_TEST_UTILS_H
+
+#include <functional>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+typedef std::function<void(uint64_t, const void*, size_t)> TestCopyFuncType;
+
+template <typename Ehdr>
+void TestInitEhdr(Ehdr* ehdr, uint32_t elf_class, uint32_t machine_type);
+
+template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr>
+void TestInitGnuDebugdata(uint32_t elf_class, uint32_t machine_type, bool init_gnu_debudata,
+                          TestCopyFuncType copy_func);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
+#endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_TESTS_ELF_TEST_UTILS_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/GenGnuDebugdata.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/GenGnuDebugdata.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2644582
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/GenGnuDebugdata.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <elf.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#if !defined(EM_AARCH64)
+#define EM_AARCH64 183
+#endif
+
+template <typename Ehdr>
+void InitEhdr(Ehdr* ehdr, uint32_t elf_class, uint32_t machine) {
+  memset(ehdr, 0, sizeof(Ehdr));
+  memcpy(&ehdr->e_ident[0], ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
+  ehdr->e_ident[EI_DATA] = ELFDATA2LSB;
+  ehdr->e_ident[EI_VERSION] = EV_CURRENT;
+  ehdr->e_ident[EI_OSABI] = ELFOSABI_SYSV;
+  ehdr->e_ident[EI_CLASS] = elf_class;
+  ehdr->e_type = ET_DYN;
+  ehdr->e_machine = machine;
+  ehdr->e_version = EV_CURRENT;
+  ehdr->e_ehsize = sizeof(Ehdr);
+}
+
+template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr>
+void GenElf(Ehdr* ehdr, int fd) {
+  uint64_t offset = sizeof(Ehdr);
+  ehdr->e_shoff = offset;
+  ehdr->e_shnum = 3;
+  ehdr->e_shentsize = sizeof(Shdr);
+  ehdr->e_shstrndx = 2;
+  TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, ehdr, sizeof(Ehdr)));
+
+  Shdr shdr;
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_name = 0;
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_NULL;
+  TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, &shdr, sizeof(Shdr)));
+  offset += ehdr->e_shentsize;
+
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_PROGBITS;
+  shdr.sh_name = 11;
+  shdr.sh_addr = 0x5000;
+  shdr.sh_offset = 0x5000;
+  shdr.sh_entsize = 0x100;
+  shdr.sh_size = 0x800;
+  TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, &shdr, sizeof(Shdr)));
+  offset += ehdr->e_shentsize;
+
+  memset(&shdr, 0, sizeof(shdr));
+  shdr.sh_type = SHT_STRTAB;
+  shdr.sh_name = 1;
+  shdr.sh_offset = 0x200;
+  shdr.sh_size = 24;
+  TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, &shdr, sizeof(Shdr)));
+
+  // Write out the name entries information.
+  lseek(fd, 0x200, SEEK_SET);
+  std::string name;
+  TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, name.data(), name.size() + 1));
+  name = ".shstrtab";
+  TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, name.data(), name.size() + 1));
+  name = ".debug_frame";
+  TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(write(fd, name.data(), name.size() + 1));
+}
+
+int main() {
+  int elf32_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("elf32", O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0644));
+  if (elf32_fd == -1) {
+    printf("Failed to create elf32: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  int elf64_fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("elf64", O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_TRUNC | O_CLOEXEC, 0644));
+  if (elf64_fd == -1) {
+    printf("Failed to create elf64: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  Elf32_Ehdr ehdr32;
+  InitEhdr<Elf32_Ehdr>(&ehdr32, ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM);
+  GenElf<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr>(&ehdr32, elf32_fd);
+  close(elf32_fd);
+
+  Elf64_Ehdr ehdr64;
+  InitEhdr<Elf64_Ehdr>(&ehdr64, ELFCLASS64, EM_AARCH64);
+  GenElf<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr>(&ehdr64, elf64_fd);
+  close(elf64_fd);
+}
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/LogFake.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/LogFake.cpp
index 411594a..537ccaf 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/LogFake.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/LogFake.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
 #include "LogFake.h"
 
 // Forward declarations.
-class Backtrace;
 struct EventTagMap;
 struct AndroidLogEntry;
 
@@ -33,6 +32,8 @@
 
 std::string g_fake_log_print;
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 void ResetLogs() {
   g_fake_log_buf = "";
   g_fake_log_print = "";
@@ -46,6 +47,8 @@
   return g_fake_log_print;
 }
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 extern "C" int __android_log_buf_write(int bufId, int prio, const char* tag, const char* msg) {
   g_fake_log_buf += std::to_string(bufId) + ' ' + std::to_string(prio) + ' ';
   g_fake_log_buf += tag;
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/LogFake.h b/libunwindstack/tests/LogFake.h
index 006d393..e1dc50d 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/LogFake.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/LogFake.h
@@ -19,8 +19,12 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 void ResetLogs();
 std::string GetFakeLogBuf();
 std::string GetFakeLogPrint();
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_TESTS_LOG_FAKE_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoCreateMemoryTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoCreateMemoryTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2aad49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoCreateMemoryTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <elf.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/ptrace.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/test_utils.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+#include "MemoryFake.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+class MapInfoCreateMemoryTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr>
+  static void InitElf(int fd, uint64_t file_offset, uint64_t sh_offset, uint8_t class_type) {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(20000);
+    memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+
+    Ehdr ehdr;
+    memset(&ehdr, 0, sizeof(ehdr));
+    memcpy(ehdr.e_ident, ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
+    ehdr.e_ident[EI_CLASS] = class_type;
+    ehdr.e_shoff = sh_offset;
+    ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Shdr) + 100;
+    ehdr.e_shnum = 4;
+    memcpy(&buffer[file_offset], &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+  }
+
+  static void SetUpTestCase() {
+    std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(1024);
+    memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+    memcpy(buffer.data(), ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
+    buffer[EI_CLASS] = ELFCLASS32;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(elf_.fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+
+    memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+    memcpy(&buffer[0x100], ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
+    buffer[0x100 + EI_CLASS] = ELFCLASS64;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(elf_at_100_.fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+
+    InitElf<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr>(elf32_at_map_.fd, 0x1000, 0x2000, ELFCLASS32);
+    InitElf<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr>(elf64_at_map_.fd, 0x2000, 0x3000, ELFCLASS64);
+  }
+
+  void SetUp() override {
+    memory_ = new MemoryFake;
+    process_memory_.reset(memory_);
+  }
+
+  MemoryFake* memory_;
+  std::shared_ptr<Memory> process_memory_;
+
+  static TemporaryFile elf_;
+
+  static TemporaryFile elf_at_100_;
+
+  static TemporaryFile elf32_at_map_;
+  static TemporaryFile elf64_at_map_;
+};
+TemporaryFile MapInfoCreateMemoryTest::elf_;
+TemporaryFile MapInfoCreateMemoryTest::elf_at_100_;
+TemporaryFile MapInfoCreateMemoryTest::elf32_at_map_;
+TemporaryFile MapInfoCreateMemoryTest::elf64_at_map_;
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoCreateMemoryTest, end_le_start) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x100, .end = 0x100, .offset = 0, .name = elf_.path};
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory(info.CreateMemory(process_memory_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() == nullptr);
+
+  info.end = 0xff;
+  memory.reset(info.CreateMemory(process_memory_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() == nullptr);
+
+  // Make sure this test is valid.
+  info.end = 0x101;
+  memory.reset(info.CreateMemory(process_memory_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
+}
+
+// Verify that if the offset is non-zero but there is no elf at the offset,
+// that the full file is used.
+TEST_F(MapInfoCreateMemoryTest, file_backed_non_zero_offset_full_file) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x100, .end = 0x200, .offset = 0x100, .name = elf_.path};
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory(info.CreateMemory(process_memory_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x100U, info.elf_offset);
+
+  // Read the entire file.
+  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(1024);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0, buffer.data(), 1024));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memcmp(buffer.data(), ELFMAG, SELFMAG) == 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(ELFCLASS32, buffer[EI_CLASS]);
+  for (size_t i = EI_CLASS + 1; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(memory->Read(1024, buffer.data(), 1));
+}
+
+// Verify that if the offset is non-zero and there is an elf at that
+// offset, that only part of the file is used.
+TEST_F(MapInfoCreateMemoryTest, file_backed_non_zero_offset_partial_file) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x100, .end = 0x200, .offset = 0x100, .name = elf_at_100_.path};
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory(info.CreateMemory(process_memory_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0U, info.elf_offset);
+
+  // Read the valid part of the file.
+  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(0x100);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0, buffer.data(), 0x100));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memcmp(buffer.data(), ELFMAG, SELFMAG) == 0);
+  ASSERT_EQ(ELFCLASS64, buffer[EI_CLASS]);
+  for (size_t i = EI_CLASS + 1; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(memory->Read(0x100, buffer.data(), 1));
+}
+
+// Verify that if the offset is non-zero and there is an elf at that
+// offset, that only part of the file is used. Further verify that if the
+// embedded elf is bigger than the initial map, the new object is larger
+// than the original map size. Do this for a 32 bit elf and a 64 bit elf.
+TEST_F(MapInfoCreateMemoryTest, file_backed_non_zero_offset_partial_file_whole_elf32) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x5000, .end = 0x6000, .offset = 0x1000, .name = elf32_at_map_.path};
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory(info.CreateMemory(process_memory_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0U, info.elf_offset);
+
+  // Verify the memory is a valid elf.
+  uint8_t e_ident[SELFMAG + 1];
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0, e_ident, SELFMAG));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(e_ident, ELFMAG, SELFMAG));
+
+  // Read past the end of what would normally be the size of the map.
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0x1000, e_ident, 1));
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoCreateMemoryTest, file_backed_non_zero_offset_partial_file_whole_elf64) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x7000, .end = 0x8000, .offset = 0x2000, .name = elf64_at_map_.path};
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory(info.CreateMemory(process_memory_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0U, info.elf_offset);
+
+  // Verify the memory is a valid elf.
+  uint8_t e_ident[SELFMAG + 1];
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0, e_ident, SELFMAG));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(e_ident, ELFMAG, SELFMAG));
+
+  // Read past the end of what would normally be the size of the map.
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0x1000, e_ident, 1));
+}
+
+// Verify that device file names will never result in Memory object creation.
+TEST_F(MapInfoCreateMemoryTest, check_device_maps) {
+  // Set up some memory so that a valid local memory object would
+  // be returned if the file mapping fails, but the device check is incorrect.
+  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(1024);
+  MapInfo info;
+  info.start = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(buffer.data());
+  info.end = info.start + buffer.size();
+  info.offset = 0;
+
+  info.flags = 0x8000;
+  info.name = "/dev/something";
+  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory(info.CreateMemory(process_memory_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoCreateMemoryTest, process_memory) {
+  MapInfo info;
+  info.start = 0x2000;
+  info.end = 0x3000;
+  info.offset = 0;
+
+  // Verify that the the process_memory object is used, so seed it
+  // with memory.
+  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(1024);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
+    buffer[i] = i % 256;
+  }
+  memory_->SetMemory(info.start, buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory(info.CreateMemory(process_memory_));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
+
+  memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(i % 256, buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
+  }
+
+  // Try to read outside of the map size.
+  ASSERT_FALSE(memory->Read(buffer.size(), buffer.data(), 1));
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoGetElfTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoGetElfTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b70d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoGetElfTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <elf.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/ptrace.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/test_utils.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+#include "ElfTestUtils.h"
+#include "MemoryFake.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+class MapInfoGetElfTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+    memory_ = new MemoryFake;
+    process_memory_.reset(memory_);
+  }
+
+  template <typename Ehdr, typename Shdr>
+  static void InitElf(uint64_t sh_offset, Ehdr* ehdr, uint8_t class_type, uint8_t machine_type) {
+    memset(ehdr, 0, sizeof(*ehdr));
+    memcpy(ehdr->e_ident, ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
+    ehdr->e_ident[EI_CLASS] = class_type;
+    ehdr->e_machine = machine_type;
+    ehdr->e_shoff = sh_offset;
+    ehdr->e_shentsize = sizeof(Shdr) + 100;
+    ehdr->e_shnum = 4;
+  }
+
+  const size_t kMapSize = 4096;
+
+  std::shared_ptr<Memory> process_memory_;
+  MemoryFake* memory_;
+
+  TemporaryFile elf_;
+};
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, invalid) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x1000, .end = 0x2000, .offset = 0, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = ""};
+
+  // The map is empty, but this should still create an invalid elf object.
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf->valid());
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, valid32) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x3000, .end = 0x4000, .offset = 0, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = ""};
+
+  Elf32_Ehdr ehdr;
+  TestInitEhdr<Elf32_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM);
+  memory_->SetMemory(0x3000, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint32_t>(EM_ARM), elf->machine_type());
+  EXPECT_EQ(ELFCLASS32, elf->class_type());
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, valid64) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x8000, .end = 0x9000, .offset = 0, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = ""};
+
+  Elf64_Ehdr ehdr;
+  TestInitEhdr<Elf64_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS64, EM_AARCH64);
+  memory_->SetMemory(0x8000, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint32_t>(EM_AARCH64), elf->machine_type());
+  EXPECT_EQ(ELFCLASS64, elf->class_type());
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, gnu_debugdata_do_not_init32) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x4000, .end = 0x8000, .offset = 0, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = ""};
+
+  TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr>(ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM, false,
+                                               [&](uint64_t offset, const void* ptr, size_t size) {
+                                                 memory_->SetMemory(0x4000 + offset, ptr, size);
+                                               });
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint32_t>(EM_ARM), elf->machine_type());
+  EXPECT_EQ(ELFCLASS32, elf->class_type());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf->gnu_debugdata_interface() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, gnu_debugdata_do_not_init64) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x6000, .end = 0x8000, .offset = 0, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = ""};
+
+  TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr>(ELFCLASS64, EM_AARCH64, false,
+                                               [&](uint64_t offset, const void* ptr, size_t size) {
+                                                 memory_->SetMemory(0x6000 + offset, ptr, size);
+                                               });
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint32_t>(EM_AARCH64), elf->machine_type());
+  EXPECT_EQ(ELFCLASS64, elf->class_type());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf->gnu_debugdata_interface() == nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, gnu_debugdata_init32) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x2000, .end = 0x3000, .offset = 0, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = ""};
+
+  TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf32_Ehdr, Elf32_Shdr>(ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM, true,
+                                               [&](uint64_t offset, const void* ptr, size_t size) {
+                                                 memory_->SetMemory(0x2000 + offset, ptr, size);
+                                               });
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, true));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint32_t>(EM_ARM), elf->machine_type());
+  EXPECT_EQ(ELFCLASS32, elf->class_type());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf->gnu_debugdata_interface() != nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, gnu_debugdata_init64) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x5000, .end = 0x8000, .offset = 0, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = ""};
+
+  TestInitGnuDebugdata<Elf64_Ehdr, Elf64_Shdr>(ELFCLASS64, EM_AARCH64, true,
+                                               [&](uint64_t offset, const void* ptr, size_t size) {
+                                                 memory_->SetMemory(0x5000 + offset, ptr, size);
+                                               });
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, true));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf.get() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<uint32_t>(EM_AARCH64), elf->machine_type());
+  EXPECT_EQ(ELFCLASS64, elf->class_type());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(elf->gnu_debugdata_interface() != nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, end_le_start) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x1000, .end = 0x1000, .offset = 0, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = elf_.path};
+
+  Elf32_Ehdr ehdr;
+  TestInitEhdr<Elf32_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(elf_.fd, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr)));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf->valid());
+
+  info.elf = nullptr;
+  info.end = 0xfff;
+  elf.reset(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf->valid());
+
+  // Make sure this test is valid.
+  info.elf = nullptr;
+  info.end = 0x2000;
+  elf.reset(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+}
+
+// Verify that if the offset is non-zero but there is no elf at the offset,
+// that the full file is used.
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, file_backed_non_zero_offset_full_file) {
+  MapInfo info{
+      .start = 0x1000, .end = 0x2000, .offset = 0x100, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = elf_.path};
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(0x1000);
+  memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+  Elf32_Ehdr ehdr;
+  TestInitEhdr<Elf32_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM);
+  memcpy(buffer.data(), &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(elf_.fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x100U, info.elf_offset);
+
+  // Read the entire file.
+  memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory()->Read(0, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(buffer.data(), &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr)));
+  for (size_t i = sizeof(ehdr); i < buffer.size(); i++) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf->memory()->Read(buffer.size(), buffer.data(), 1));
+}
+
+// Verify that if the offset is non-zero and there is an elf at that
+// offset, that only part of the file is used.
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, file_backed_non_zero_offset_partial_file) {
+  MapInfo info{
+      .start = 0x1000, .end = 0x2000, .offset = 0x2000, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = elf_.path};
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(0x4000);
+  memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+  Elf32_Ehdr ehdr;
+  TestInitEhdr<Elf32_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM);
+  memcpy(&buffer[info.offset], &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(elf_.fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0U, info.elf_offset);
+
+  // Read the valid part of the file.
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory()->Read(0, buffer.data(), 0x1000));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(buffer.data(), &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr)));
+  for (size_t i = sizeof(ehdr); i < 0x1000; i++) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf->memory()->Read(0x1000, buffer.data(), 1));
+}
+
+// Verify that if the offset is non-zero and there is an elf at that
+// offset, that only part of the file is used. Further verify that if the
+// embedded elf is bigger than the initial map, the new object is larger
+// than the original map size. Do this for a 32 bit elf and a 64 bit elf.
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, file_backed_non_zero_offset_partial_file_whole_elf32) {
+  MapInfo info{
+      .start = 0x5000, .end = 0x6000, .offset = 0x1000, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = elf_.path};
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(0x4000);
+  memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+  Elf32_Ehdr ehdr;
+  TestInitEhdr<Elf32_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS32, EM_ARM);
+  ehdr.e_shoff = 0x2000;
+  ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Elf32_Shdr) + 100;
+  ehdr.e_shnum = 4;
+  memcpy(&buffer[info.offset], &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(elf_.fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0U, info.elf_offset);
+
+  // Verify the memory is a valid elf.
+  memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory()->Read(0, buffer.data(), 0x1000));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(buffer.data(), &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr)));
+
+  // Read past the end of what would normally be the size of the map.
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory()->Read(0x1000, buffer.data(), 1));
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, file_backed_non_zero_offset_partial_file_whole_elf64) {
+  MapInfo info{
+      .start = 0x7000, .end = 0x8000, .offset = 0x1000, .flags = PROT_READ, .name = elf_.path};
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(0x4000);
+  memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+  Elf64_Ehdr ehdr;
+  TestInitEhdr<Elf64_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS64, EM_AARCH64);
+  ehdr.e_shoff = 0x2000;
+  ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Elf64_Shdr) + 100;
+  ehdr.e_shnum = 4;
+  memcpy(&buffer[info.offset], &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(elf_.fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory() != nullptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0U, info.elf_offset);
+
+  // Verify the memory is a valid elf.
+  memset(buffer.data(), 0, buffer.size());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory()->Read(0, buffer.data(), 0x1000));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(buffer.data(), &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr)));
+
+  // Read past the end of what would normally be the size of the map.
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->memory()->Read(0x1000, buffer.data(), 1));
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, process_memory_not_read_only) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x9000, .end = 0xa000, .offset = 0x1000, .flags = 0, .name = ""};
+
+  // Create valid elf data in process memory only.
+  Elf64_Ehdr ehdr;
+  TestInitEhdr<Elf64_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS64, EM_AARCH64);
+  ehdr.e_shoff = 0x2000;
+  ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Elf64_Shdr) + 100;
+  ehdr.e_shnum = 4;
+  memory_->SetMemory(0x9000, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf->valid());
+
+  info.elf = nullptr;
+  info.flags = PROT_READ;
+  elf.reset(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+}
+
+TEST_F(MapInfoGetElfTest, check_device_maps) {
+  MapInfo info{.start = 0x7000,
+               .end = 0x8000,
+               .offset = 0x1000,
+               .flags = PROT_READ | MAPS_FLAGS_DEVICE_MAP,
+               .name = "/dev/something"};
+
+  // Create valid elf data in process memory for this to verify that only
+  // the name is causing invalid elf data.
+  Elf64_Ehdr ehdr;
+  TestInitEhdr<Elf64_Ehdr>(&ehdr, ELFCLASS64, EM_X86_64);
+  ehdr.e_shoff = 0x2000;
+  ehdr.e_shentsize = sizeof(Elf64_Shdr) + 100;
+  ehdr.e_shnum = 4;
+  memory_->SetMemory(0x7000, &ehdr, sizeof(ehdr));
+
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf->valid());
+
+  // Set the name to nothing to verify that it still fails.
+  info.elf = nullptr;
+  info.name = "";
+  elf.reset(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_FALSE(elf->valid());
+
+  // Change the flags and verify the elf is valid now.
+  info.elf = nullptr;
+  info.flags = PROT_READ;
+  elf.reset(info.GetElf(process_memory_, false));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(elf->valid());
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoTest.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index c846ad7..0000000
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MapInfoTest.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,220 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <elf.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <signal.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/ptrace.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include <memory>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include <android-base/file.h>
-#include <android-base/test_utils.h>
-#include <gtest/gtest.h>
-
-#include "Elf.h"
-#include "MapInfo.h"
-#include "Memory.h"
-
-class MapInfoTest : public ::testing::Test {
- protected:
-  static void SetUpTestCase() {
-    std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(1024);
-    memcpy(buffer.data(), ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
-    for (size_t i = SELFMAG; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
-      buffer[i] = i / 256 + 1;
-    }
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(elf_.fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < 0x100; i++) {
-      buffer[i] = i / 256 + 1;
-    }
-    memcpy(&buffer[0x100], ELFMAG, SELFMAG);
-    for (size_t i = 0x100 + SELFMAG; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
-      buffer[i] = i / 256 + 1;
-    }
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(elf_at_100_.fd, buffer.data(), buffer.size()));
-  }
-
-  static TemporaryFile elf_;
-
-  static TemporaryFile elf_at_100_;
-};
-TemporaryFile MapInfoTest::elf_;
-TemporaryFile MapInfoTest::elf_at_100_;
-
-TEST_F(MapInfoTest, end_le_start) {
-  MapInfo info{.start = 0x100, .end = 0x100, .offset = 0, .name = elf_.path};
-
-  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory;
-  memory.reset(info.CreateMemory(getpid()));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() == nullptr);
-
-  info.end = 0xff;
-  memory.reset(info.CreateMemory(getpid()));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() == nullptr);
-
-  // Make sure this test is valid.
-  info.end = 0x101;
-  memory.reset(info.CreateMemory(getpid()));
-  ASSERT_FALSE(info.CreateMemory(getpid()) == nullptr);
-}
-
-// Verify that if the offset is non-zero but there is no elf at the offset,
-// that the full file is used.
-TEST_F(MapInfoTest, create_memory_file_backed_non_zero_offset_full_file) {
-  MapInfo info{.start = 0x100, .end = 0x200, .offset = 0x100, .name = elf_.path};
-
-  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory(info.CreateMemory(getpid()));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x100U, info.elf_offset);
-
-  // Read the entire file.
-  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(1024);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0, buffer.data(), 1024));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memcmp(buffer.data(), ELFMAG, SELFMAG) == 0);
-  for (size_t i = SELFMAG; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(i / 256 + 1, buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
-  }
-
-  ASSERT_FALSE(memory->Read(1024, buffer.data(), 1));
-}
-
-// Verify that if the offset is non-zero and there is an elf at that
-// offset, that only part of the file is used.
-TEST_F(MapInfoTest, create_memory_file_backed_non_zero_offset_partial_file) {
-  MapInfo info{.start = 0x100, .end = 0x200, .offset = 0x100, .name = elf_at_100_.path};
-
-  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory(info.CreateMemory(getpid()));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0U, info.elf_offset);
-
-  // Read the valid part of the file.
-  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(0x100);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0, buffer.data(), 0x100));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memcmp(buffer.data(), ELFMAG, SELFMAG) == 0);
-  for (size_t i = SELFMAG; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(2, buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
-  }
-
-  ASSERT_FALSE(memory->Read(0x100, buffer.data(), 1));
-}
-
-// Verify that device file names will never result in Memory object creation.
-TEST_F(MapInfoTest, create_memory_check_device_maps) {
-  // Set up some memory so that a valid local memory object would
-  // be returned if the file mapping fails, but the device check is incorrect.
-  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(1024);
-  MapInfo info;
-  info.start = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(buffer.data());
-  info.end = info.start + buffer.size();
-  info.offset = 0;
-  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory;
-
-  info.flags = 0x8000;
-  info.name = "/dev/something";
-  memory.reset(info.CreateMemory(getpid()));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() == nullptr);
-}
-
-TEST_F(MapInfoTest, create_memory_local_memory) {
-  // Set up some memory for a valid local memory object.
-  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(1024);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < buffer.size(); i++) {
-    buffer[i] = i % 256;
-  }
-
-  MapInfo info;
-  info.start = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(buffer.data());
-  info.end = info.start + buffer.size();
-  info.offset = 0;
-
-  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory;
-  memory.reset(info.CreateMemory(getpid()));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
-
-  std::vector<uint8_t> read_buffer(1024);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0, read_buffer.data(), read_buffer.size()));
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < read_buffer.size(); i++) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(i % 256, read_buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
-  }
-
-  ASSERT_FALSE(memory->Read(read_buffer.size(), read_buffer.data(), 1));
-}
-
-TEST_F(MapInfoTest, create_memory_remote_memory) {
-  std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(1024);
-  memset(buffer.data(), 0xa, buffer.size());
-
-  pid_t pid;
-  if ((pid = fork()) == 0) {
-    while (true)
-      ;
-    exit(1);
-  }
-  ASSERT_LT(0, pid);
-
-  ASSERT_TRUE(ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0, 0) != -1);
-  uint64_t iterations = 0;
-  siginfo_t si;
-  while (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, pid, 0, &si)) < 0 && errno == ESRCH) {
-    usleep(30);
-    iterations++;
-    ASSERT_LT(iterations, 500000000ULL);
-  }
-
-  MapInfo info;
-  info.start = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(buffer.data());
-  info.end = info.start + buffer.size();
-  info.offset = 0;
-
-  std::unique_ptr<Memory> memory;
-  memory.reset(info.CreateMemory(pid));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory.get() != nullptr);
-  // Set the local memory to a different value to guarantee we are reading
-  // from the remote process.
-  memset(buffer.data(), 0x1, buffer.size());
-  std::vector<uint8_t> read_buffer(1024);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(memory->Read(0, read_buffer.data(), read_buffer.size()));
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < read_buffer.size(); i++) {
-    ASSERT_EQ(0xaU, read_buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
-  }
-
-  ASSERT_TRUE(ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, 0, 0) == 0);
-
-  kill(pid, SIGKILL);
-}
-
-TEST_F(MapInfoTest, get_elf) {
-  // Create a map to use as initialization data.
-  void* map = mmap(nullptr, 1024, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
-  ASSERT_NE(MAP_FAILED, map);
-
-  uint64_t start = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(map);
-  MapInfo info{.start = start, .end = start + 1024, .offset = 0, .name = ""};
-
-  // The map contains garbage, but this should still produce an elf object.
-  Elf* elf = info.GetElf(getpid(), false);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(elf != nullptr);
-  ASSERT_FALSE(elf->valid());
-
-  ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(map, 1024));
-}
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MapsTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MapsTest.cpp
index 7eb9bae..2d15a4e 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MapsTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MapsTest.cpp
@@ -14,21 +14,128 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <inttypes.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 
 #include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/stringprintf.h>
 #include <android-base/test_utils.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Maps.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+static void VerifyLine(std::string line, MapInfo* info) {
+  BufferMaps maps(line.c_str());
+
+  if (info == nullptr) {
+    ASSERT_FALSE(maps.Parse()) << "Failed on: " + line;
+  } else {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse()) << "Failed on: " + line;
+    MapInfo* element = maps.Get(0);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(element != nullptr) << "Failed on: " + line;
+    *info = *element;
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(MapsTest, verify_parse_line) {
+  MapInfo info;
+
+  VerifyLine("01-02 rwxp 03 04:05 06\n", &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2U, info.end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, info.flags);
+  EXPECT_EQ(3U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ("", info.name);
+
+  VerifyLine("0a-0b ---s 0c 0d:0e 06 /fake/name\n", &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xaU, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xbU, info.end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0U, info.flags);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xcU, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ("/fake/name", info.name);
+
+  VerifyLine("01-02   rwxp   03    04:05    06    /fake/name/again\n", &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(2U, info.end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, info.flags);
+  EXPECT_EQ(3U, info.offset);
+  EXPECT_EQ("/fake/name/again", info.name);
+
+  VerifyLine("-00 rwxp 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00- rwxp 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwxp 00 :00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwxp 00 00:00 \n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("x-00 rwxp 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00 -00 rwxp 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-x rwxp 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-x rwxp 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00x rwxp 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwxp0 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwxp0 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwp 00 00:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwxp 0000:00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwxp 00 00 :00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwxp 00 00: 00 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwxp 00 00:000\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwxp 00 00:00 0/fake\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 xxxx 00 00:00 0 /fake\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ywxp 00 00:00 0 /fake\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ryxp 00 00:00 0 /fake\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwyp 00 00:00 0 /fake\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwx- 00 00:00 0 /fake\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 \n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 -\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 r\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 --\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rw\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ---\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 rwx\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ---s\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ---p\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ---s 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ---p 0 \n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ---p 0 0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ---p 0 0:\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ---p 0 0:0\n", nullptr);
+  VerifyLine("00-00 ---p 0 0:0 \n", nullptr);
+
+  // Line to verify that the parser will detect a completely malformed line
+  // properly.
+  VerifyLine("7ffff7dda000-7ffff7dfd7ffff7ff3000-7ffff7ff4000 ---p 0000f000 fc:02 44171565\n",
+             nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST(MapsTest, verify_large_values) {
+  MapInfo info;
+#if defined(__LP64__)
+  VerifyLine("fabcdef012345678-f12345678abcdef8 rwxp f0b0d0f010305070 00:00 0\n", &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xfabcdef012345678UL, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf12345678abcdef8UL, info.end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, info.flags);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf0b0d0f010305070UL, info.offset);
+#else
+  VerifyLine("f2345678-fabcdef8 rwxp f0305070 00:00 0\n", &info);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf2345678UL, info.start);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xfabcdef8UL, info.end);
+  EXPECT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, info.flags);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf0305070UL, info.offset);
+#endif
+}
 
 TEST(MapsTest, parse_permissions) {
   BufferMaps maps(
-      "1000-2000 ---- 00000000 00:00 0\n"
-      "2000-3000 r--- 00000000 00:00 0\n"
-      "3000-4000 -w-- 00000000 00:00 0\n"
-      "4000-5000 --x- 00000000 00:00 0\n"
-      "5000-6000 rwx- 00000000 00:00 0\n");
+      "1000-2000 ---s 00000000 00:00 0\n"
+      "2000-3000 r--s 00000000 00:00 0\n"
+      "3000-4000 -w-s 00000000 00:00 0\n"
+      "4000-5000 --xp 00000000 00:00 0\n"
+      "5000-6000 rwxp 00000000 00:00 0\n");
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
   ASSERT_EQ(5U, maps.Total());
@@ -68,28 +175,28 @@
 
 TEST(MapsTest, parse_name) {
   BufferMaps maps(
-      "720b29b000-720b29e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0\n"
-      "720b29e000-720b29f000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 /system/lib/fake.so\n"
-      "720b29f000-720b2a0000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0");
+      "7b29b000-7b29e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0\n"
+      "7b29e000-7b29f000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 /system/lib/fake.so\n"
+      "7b29f000-7b2a0000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0");
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
   ASSERT_EQ(3U, maps.Total());
   auto it = maps.begin();
   ASSERT_EQ("", it->name);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b29b000U, it->start);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b29e000U, it->end);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b29b000U, it->start);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b29e000U, it->end);
   ASSERT_EQ(0U, it->offset);
   ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, it->flags);
   ++it;
   ASSERT_EQ("/system/lib/fake.so", it->name);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b29e000U, it->start);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b29f000U, it->end);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b29e000U, it->start);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b29f000U, it->end);
   ASSERT_EQ(0U, it->offset);
   ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, it->flags);
   ++it;
   ASSERT_EQ("", it->name);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b29f000U, it->start);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b2a0000U, it->end);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b29f000U, it->start);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b2a0000U, it->end);
   ASSERT_EQ(0U, it->offset);
   ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, it->flags);
   ++it;
@@ -147,9 +254,9 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(
-      android::base::WriteStringToFile("720b29b000-720b29e000 r-xp a0000000 00:00 0   /fake.so\n"
-                                       "720b2b0000-720b2e0000 r-xp b0000000 00:00 0   /fake2.so\n"
-                                       "720b2e0000-720b2f0000 r-xp c0000000 00:00 0   /fake3.so\n",
+      android::base::WriteStringToFile("7b29b000-7b29e000 r-xp a0000000 00:00 0   /fake.so\n"
+                                       "7b2b0000-7b2e0000 r-xp b0000000 00:00 0   /fake2.so\n"
+                                       "7b2e0000-7b2f0000 r-xp c0000000 00:00 0   /fake3.so\n",
                                        tf.path, 0660, getuid(), getgid()));
 
   FileMaps maps(tf.path);
@@ -157,20 +264,20 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
   ASSERT_EQ(3U, maps.Total());
   auto it = maps.begin();
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b29b000U, it->start);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b29e000U, it->end);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b29b000U, it->start);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b29e000U, it->end);
   ASSERT_EQ(0xa0000000U, it->offset);
   ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC, it->flags);
   ASSERT_EQ("/fake.so", it->name);
   ++it;
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b2b0000U, it->start);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b2e0000U, it->end);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b2b0000U, it->start);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b2e0000U, it->end);
   ASSERT_EQ(0xb0000000U, it->offset);
   ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC, it->flags);
   ASSERT_EQ("/fake2.so", it->name);
   ++it;
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b2e0000U, it->start);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x720b2f0000U, it->end);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b2e0000U, it->start);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b2f0000U, it->end);
   ASSERT_EQ(0xc0000000U, it->offset);
   ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC, it->flags);
   ASSERT_EQ("/fake3.so", it->name);
@@ -178,6 +285,163 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(it, maps.end());
 }
 
+TEST(MapsTest, file_no_map_name) {
+  TemporaryFile tf;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(
+      android::base::WriteStringToFile("7b29b000-7b29e000 r-xp a0000000 00:00 0\n"
+                                       "7b2b0000-7b2e0000 r-xp b0000000 00:00 0   /fake2.so\n"
+                                       "7b2e0000-7b2f0000 r-xp c0000000 00:00 0 \n",
+                                       tf.path, 0660, getuid(), getgid()));
+
+  FileMaps maps(tf.path);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, maps.Total());
+  auto it = maps.begin();
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b29b000U, it->start);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b29e000U, it->end);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0xa0000000U, it->offset);
+  ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC, it->flags);
+  ASSERT_EQ("", it->name);
+  ++it;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b2b0000U, it->start);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b2e0000U, it->end);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0xb0000000U, it->offset);
+  ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC, it->flags);
+  ASSERT_EQ("/fake2.so", it->name);
+  ++it;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b2e0000U, it->start);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x7b2f0000U, it->end);
+  ASSERT_EQ(0xc0000000U, it->offset);
+  ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC, it->flags);
+  ASSERT_EQ("", it->name);
+  ++it;
+  ASSERT_EQ(it, maps.end());
+}
+
+// Verify that a file that crosses a buffer is parsed correctly.
+static std::string CreateEntry(size_t index) {
+  return android::base::StringPrintf("%08zx-%08zx rwxp 0000 00:00 0\n", index * 4096,
+                                     (index + 1) * 4096);
+}
+
+TEST(MapsTest, file_buffer_cross) {
+  constexpr size_t kBufferSize = 2048;
+  TemporaryFile tf;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+
+  // Compute how many to add in the first buffer.
+  size_t entry_len = CreateEntry(0).size();
+  size_t index;
+  std::string file_data;
+  for (index = 0; index < kBufferSize / entry_len; index++) {
+    file_data += CreateEntry(index);
+  }
+  // Add a long name to make sure that the first buffer does not contain a
+  // complete line.
+  // Remove the last newline.
+  size_t extra = 0;
+  size_t leftover = kBufferSize % entry_len;
+  size_t overlap1_index = 0;
+  std::string overlap1_name;
+  if (leftover == 0) {
+    // Exact match, add a long name to cross over the value.
+    overlap1_name = "/fake/name/is/long/on/purpose";
+    file_data.erase(file_data.size() - 1);
+    file_data += ' ' + overlap1_name + '\n';
+    extra = entry_len + overlap1_name.size() + 1;
+    overlap1_index = index;
+  }
+
+  // Compute how many need to go in to hit the buffer boundary exactly.
+  size_t bytes_left_in_buffer = kBufferSize - extra;
+  size_t entries_to_add = bytes_left_in_buffer / entry_len + index;
+  for (; index < entries_to_add; index++) {
+    file_data += CreateEntry(index);
+  }
+
+  // Now figure out how many bytes to add to get exactly to the buffer boundary.
+  leftover = bytes_left_in_buffer % entry_len;
+  std::string overlap2_name;
+  size_t overlap2_index = 0;
+  if (leftover != 0) {
+    file_data.erase(file_data.size() - 1);
+    file_data += ' ';
+    overlap2_name = std::string(leftover - 1, 'x');
+    file_data += overlap2_name + '\n';
+    overlap2_index = index - 1;
+  }
+
+  // Now add a few entries on the next page.
+  for (size_t start = index; index < start + 10; index++) {
+    file_data += CreateEntry(index);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(file_data, tf.path, 0660, getuid(), getgid()));
+
+  FileMaps maps(tf.path);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
+  EXPECT_EQ(index, maps.Total());
+  // Verify all of the maps.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < index; i++) {
+    MapInfo* info = maps.Get(i);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(info != nullptr) << "Failed verifying index " + std::to_string(i);
+    EXPECT_EQ(i * 4096, info->start) << "Failed verifying index " + std::to_string(i);
+    EXPECT_EQ((i + 1) * 4096, info->end) << "Failed verifying index " + std::to_string(i);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0U, info->offset) << "Failed verifying index " + std::to_string(i);
+    if (overlap1_index != 0 && i == overlap1_index) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(overlap1_name, info->name) << "Failed verifying overlap1 name " + std::to_string(i);
+    } else if (overlap2_index != 0 && i == overlap2_index) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(overlap2_name, info->name) << "Failed verifying overlap2 name " + std::to_string(i);
+    } else {
+      EXPECT_EQ("", info->name) << "Failed verifying index " + std::to_string(i);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(MapsTest, file_should_fail) {
+  TemporaryFile tf;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(
+      "7ffff7dda000-7ffff7dfd7ffff7ff3000-7ffff7ff4000 ---p 0000f000 fc:02 44171565\n", tf.path,
+      0660, getuid(), getgid()));
+
+  FileMaps maps(tf.path);
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(maps.Parse());
+}
+
+// Create a maps file that is extremely large.
+TEST(MapsTest, large_file) {
+  TemporaryFile tf;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(tf.fd != -1);
+
+  std::string file_data;
+  uint64_t start = 0x700000;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
+    file_data +=
+        android::base::StringPrintf("%" PRIx64 "-%" PRIx64 " r-xp 1000 00:0 0 /fake%zu.so\n",
+                                    start + i * 4096, start + (i + 1) * 4096, i);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteStringToFile(file_data, tf.path, 0660, getuid(), getgid()));
+
+  FileMaps maps(tf.path);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
+  ASSERT_EQ(5000U, maps.Total());
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
+    MapInfo* info = maps.Get(i);
+    ASSERT_EQ(start + i * 4096, info->start) << "Failed at map " + std::to_string(i);
+    ASSERT_EQ(start + (i + 1) * 4096, info->end) << "Failed at map " + std::to_string(i);
+    std::string name = "/fake" + std::to_string(i) + ".so";
+    ASSERT_EQ(name, info->name) << "Failed at map " + std::to_string(i);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(MapsTest, find) {
   BufferMaps maps(
       "1000-2000 r--p 00000010 00:00 0 /system/lib/fake1.so\n"
@@ -235,3 +499,5 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, info->flags);
   ASSERT_EQ("/system/lib/fake5.so", info->name);
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryBuffer.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryBufferTest.cpp
similarity index 96%
rename from libunwindstack/tests/MemoryBuffer.cpp
rename to libunwindstack/tests/MemoryBufferTest.cpp
index af3d6b9..50a8a1b 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryBuffer.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryBufferTest.cpp
@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
 
 #include "LogFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 class MemoryBufferTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
   void SetUp() override {
@@ -75,3 +77,5 @@
 
   ASSERT_FALSE(memory_->Read(UINT64_MAX - 100, buffer.data(), 200));
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFake.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFake.cpp
index afb1029..2026acc 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFake.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFake.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 void MemoryFake::SetMemory(uint64_t addr, const void* memory, size_t length) {
   const uint8_t* src = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(memory);
   for (size_t i = 0; i < length; i++, addr++) {
@@ -44,3 +46,5 @@
   }
   return true;
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFake.h b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFake.h
index 70ef30a..d374261 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFake.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFake.h
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <unordered_map>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 class MemoryFake : public Memory {
  public:
@@ -87,4 +89,6 @@
   }
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_TESTS_MEMORY_FAKE_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFileTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFileTest.cpp
index aa7a23a..a204bae 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFileTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryFileTest.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 class MemoryFileTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
@@ -269,3 +271,5 @@
     ASSERT_EQ(2, read_buffer[i]) << "Failed at byte " << i;
   }
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryLocalTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryLocalTest.cpp
index ab999da..73eebdd 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryLocalTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryLocalTest.cpp
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 TEST(MemoryLocalTest, read) {
   std::vector<uint8_t> src(1024);
@@ -64,3 +66,5 @@
   uint64_t value;
   ASSERT_FALSE(local.Read(reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(&value), dst.data(), SIZE_MAX));
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryRangeTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryRangeTest.cpp
index ee5ba01..680fae9 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryRangeTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryRangeTest.cpp
@@ -22,25 +22,20 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
-class MemoryRangeTest : public ::testing::Test {
- protected:
-  void SetUp() override {
-    memory_ = new MemoryFake;
-  }
+namespace unwindstack {
 
-  MemoryFake* memory_;
-};
-
-TEST_F(MemoryRangeTest, read) {
+TEST(MemoryRangeTest, read) {
   std::vector<uint8_t> src(1024);
   memset(src.data(), 0x4c, 1024);
-  memory_->SetMemory(9001, src);
+  MemoryFake* memory_fake = new MemoryFake;
+  std::shared_ptr<Memory> process_memory(memory_fake);
+  memory_fake->SetMemory(9001, src);
 
-  MemoryRange range(memory_, 9001, 9001 + src.size());
+  MemoryRange range(process_memory, 9001, 9001 + src.size());
 
   std::vector<uint8_t> dst(1024);
   ASSERT_TRUE(range.Read(0, dst.data(), src.size()));
@@ -49,12 +44,14 @@
   }
 }
 
-TEST_F(MemoryRangeTest, read_near_limit) {
+TEST(MemoryRangeTest, read_near_limit) {
   std::vector<uint8_t> src(4096);
   memset(src.data(), 0x4c, 4096);
-  memory_->SetMemory(1000, src);
+  MemoryFake* memory_fake = new MemoryFake;
+  std::shared_ptr<Memory> process_memory(memory_fake);
+  memory_fake->SetMemory(1000, src);
 
-  MemoryRange range(memory_, 1000, 2024);
+  MemoryRange range(process_memory, 1000, 2024);
 
   std::vector<uint8_t> dst(1024);
   ASSERT_TRUE(range.Read(1020, dst.data(), 4));
@@ -71,9 +68,12 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(range.Read(1020, dst.data(), 4));
 }
 
-TEST_F(MemoryRangeTest, read_overflow) {
+TEST(MemoryRangeTest, read_overflow) {
   std::vector<uint8_t> buffer(100);
 
-  std::unique_ptr<MemoryRange> overflow(new MemoryRange(new MemoryFakeAlwaysReadZero, 100, 200));
+  std::shared_ptr<Memory> process_memory(new MemoryFakeAlwaysReadZero);
+  std::unique_ptr<MemoryRange> overflow(new MemoryRange(process_memory, 100, 200));
   ASSERT_FALSE(overflow->Read(UINT64_MAX - 10, buffer.data(), 100));
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryRemoteTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryRemoteTest.cpp
index e48edf7..a66d0c5 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryRemoteTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryRemoteTest.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/ptrace.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
-#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <vector>
@@ -31,33 +30,21 @@
 #include <android-base/file.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
+#include "TestUtils.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 class MemoryRemoteTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
-  static uint64_t NanoTime() {
-    struct timespec t = { 0, 0 };
-    clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t);
-    return static_cast<uint64_t>(t.tv_sec * NS_PER_SEC + t.tv_nsec);
-  }
-
   static bool Attach(pid_t pid) {
     if (ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0, 0) == -1) {
       return false;
     }
 
-    uint64_t start = NanoTime();
-    siginfo_t si;
-    while (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, pid, 0, &si)) < 0 && errno == ESRCH) {
-      if ((NanoTime() - start) > 10 * NS_PER_SEC) {
-        printf("%d: Failed to stop after 10 seconds.\n", pid);
-        return false;
-      }
-      usleep(30);
-    }
-    return true;
+    return TestQuiescePid(pid);
   }
 
   static bool Detach(pid_t pid) {
@@ -77,6 +64,7 @@
     exit(1);
   }
   ASSERT_LT(0, pid);
+  TestScopedPidReaper reap(pid);
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(Attach(pid));
 
@@ -89,8 +77,6 @@
   }
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(Detach(pid));
-
-  kill(pid, SIGKILL);
 }
 
 TEST_F(MemoryRemoteTest, read_fail) {
@@ -108,6 +94,7 @@
     exit(1);
   }
   ASSERT_LT(0, pid);
+  TestScopedPidReaper reap(pid);
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(Attach(pid));
 
@@ -129,8 +116,6 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0, munmap(src, pagesize));
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(Detach(pid));
-
-  kill(pid, SIGKILL);
 }
 
 TEST_F(MemoryRemoteTest, read_overflow) {
@@ -148,6 +133,7 @@
     exit(1);
   }
   ASSERT_LT(0, pid);
+  TestScopedPidReaper reap(pid);
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(Attach(pid));
 
@@ -158,6 +144,6 @@
   ASSERT_FALSE(remote.Read(0, dst.data(), 100));
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(Detach(pid));
-
-  kill(pid, SIGKILL);
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryTest.cpp
index 51b5d7d..4a9ed9f 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/MemoryTest.cpp
@@ -22,10 +22,12 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 TEST(MemoryTest, read32) {
   MemoryFakeAlwaysReadZero memory;
 
@@ -124,3 +126,5 @@
   ASSERT_TRUE(memory.ReadString(0, &dst_name));
   ASSERT_EQ("short", dst_name);
 }
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/RegsFake.h b/libunwindstack/tests/RegsFake.h
index ff030c8..c76ecaa 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/RegsFake.h
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/RegsFake.h
@@ -19,7 +19,10 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
-#include "Regs.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
 
 template <typename TypeParam>
 class RegsFake : public RegsImpl<TypeParam> {
@@ -28,9 +31,14 @@
       : RegsImpl<TypeParam>(total_regs, sp_reg, Regs::Location(Regs::LOCATION_UNKNOWN, 0)) {}
   virtual ~RegsFake() = default;
 
-  uint64_t GetRelPc(Elf*, const MapInfo*) override { return 0; }
+  uint32_t MachineType() override { return 0; }
+
   uint64_t GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t, Elf*) override { return 0; }
+  void SetFromRaw() override {}
+  bool StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t, Elf*, Memory*) override { return false; }
   bool GetReturnAddressFromDefault(Memory*, uint64_t*) { return false; }
 };
 
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
 #endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_TESTS_REGS_FAKE_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85192d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
+#include "Machine.h"
+
+#include "MemoryFake.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+class RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+    elf_memory_ = new MemoryFake;
+    elf_.reset(new Elf(elf_memory_));
+  }
+
+  void ArmStepIfSignalHandlerNonRt(uint32_t pc_data);
+  void ArmStepIfSignalHandlerRt(uint32_t pc_data);
+
+  MemoryFake* elf_memory_;
+  MemoryFake process_memory_;
+  std::unique_ptr<Elf> elf_;
+};
+
+void RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest::ArmStepIfSignalHandlerNonRt(uint32_t pc_data) {
+  uint64_t addr = 0x1000;
+  RegsArm regs;
+  regs[ARM_REG_PC] = 0x5000;
+  regs[ARM_REG_SP] = addr;
+  regs.SetFromRaw();
+
+  elf_memory_->SetData32(0x5000, pc_data);
+
+  for (uint64_t index = 0; index <= 30; index++) {
+    process_memory_.SetData32(addr + index * 4, index * 0x10);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(regs.StepIfSignalHandler(0x5000, elf_.get(), &process_memory_));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x100U, regs[ARM_REG_SP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x120U, regs[ARM_REG_PC]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x100U, regs.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x120U, regs.pc());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest, arm_step_if_signal_handler_non_rt) {
+  // Form 1
+  ArmStepIfSignalHandlerNonRt(0xe3a07077);
+
+  // Form 2
+  ArmStepIfSignalHandlerNonRt(0xef900077);
+
+  // Form 3
+  ArmStepIfSignalHandlerNonRt(0xdf002777);
+}
+
+void RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest::ArmStepIfSignalHandlerRt(uint32_t pc_data) {
+  uint64_t addr = 0x1000;
+  RegsArm regs;
+  regs[ARM_REG_PC] = 0x5000;
+  regs[ARM_REG_SP] = addr;
+  regs.SetFromRaw();
+
+  elf_memory_->SetData32(0x5000, pc_data);
+
+  for (uint64_t index = 0; index <= 100; index++) {
+    process_memory_.SetData32(addr + index * 4, index * 0x10);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(regs.StepIfSignalHandler(0x5000, elf_.get(), &process_memory_));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x350U, regs[ARM_REG_SP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x370U, regs[ARM_REG_PC]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x350U, regs.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x370U, regs.pc());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest, arm_step_if_signal_handler_rt) {
+  // Form 1
+  ArmStepIfSignalHandlerRt(0xe3a070ad);
+
+  // Form 2
+  ArmStepIfSignalHandlerRt(0xef9000ad);
+
+  // Form 3
+  ArmStepIfSignalHandlerRt(0xdf0027ad);
+}
+
+TEST_F(RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest, arm64_step_if_signal_handler) {
+  uint64_t addr = 0x1000;
+  RegsArm64 regs;
+  regs[ARM64_REG_PC] = 0x8000;
+  regs[ARM64_REG_SP] = addr;
+  regs.SetFromRaw();
+
+  elf_memory_->SetData64(0x8000, 0xd4000001d2801168ULL);
+
+  for (uint64_t index = 0; index <= 100; index++) {
+    process_memory_.SetData64(addr + index * 8, index * 0x10);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(regs.StepIfSignalHandler(0x8000, elf_.get(), &process_memory_));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x460U, regs[ARM64_REG_SP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x470U, regs[ARM64_REG_PC]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x460U, regs.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x470U, regs.pc());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest, x86_step_if_signal_handler_no_siginfo) {
+  uint64_t addr = 0xa00;
+  RegsX86 regs;
+  regs[X86_REG_EIP] = 0x4100;
+  regs[X86_REG_ESP] = addr;
+  regs.SetFromRaw();
+
+  elf_memory_->SetData64(0x4100, 0x80cd00000077b858ULL);
+  for (uint64_t index = 0; index <= 25; index++) {
+    process_memory_.SetData32(addr + index * 4, index * 0x10);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(regs.StepIfSignalHandler(0x4100, elf_.get(), &process_memory_));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x70U, regs[X86_REG_EBP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x80U, regs[X86_REG_ESP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x90U, regs[X86_REG_EBX]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xa0U, regs[X86_REG_EDX]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xb0U, regs[X86_REG_ECX]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xc0U, regs[X86_REG_EAX]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf0U, regs[X86_REG_EIP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x80U, regs.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf0U, regs.pc());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest, x86_step_if_signal_handler_siginfo) {
+  uint64_t addr = 0xa00;
+  RegsX86 regs;
+  regs[X86_REG_EIP] = 0x4100;
+  regs[X86_REG_ESP] = addr;
+  regs.SetFromRaw();
+
+  elf_memory_->SetData64(0x4100, 0x0080cd000000adb8ULL);
+  addr += 8;
+  // Pointer to ucontext data.
+  process_memory_.SetData32(addr, 0x8100);
+
+  addr = 0x8100;
+  for (uint64_t index = 0; index <= 30; index++) {
+    process_memory_.SetData32(addr + index * 4, index * 0x10);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(regs.StepIfSignalHandler(0x4100, elf_.get(), &process_memory_));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xb0U, regs[X86_REG_EBP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xc0U, regs[X86_REG_ESP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xd0U, regs[X86_REG_EBX]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xe0U, regs[X86_REG_EDX]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xf0U, regs[X86_REG_ECX]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x100U, regs[X86_REG_EAX]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x130U, regs[X86_REG_EIP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xc0U, regs.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x130U, regs.pc());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RegsStepIfSignalHandlerTest, x86_64_step_if_signal_handler) {
+  uint64_t addr = 0x500;
+  RegsX86_64 regs;
+  regs[X86_64_REG_RIP] = 0x7000;
+  regs[X86_64_REG_RSP] = addr;
+  regs.SetFromRaw();
+
+  elf_memory_->SetData64(0x7000, 0x0f0000000fc0c748);
+  elf_memory_->SetData16(0x7008, 0x0f05);
+
+  for (uint64_t index = 0; index <= 30; index++) {
+    process_memory_.SetData64(addr + index * 8, index * 0x10);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(regs.StepIfSignalHandler(0x7000, elf_.get(), &process_memory_));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x140U, regs[X86_64_REG_RSP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x150U, regs[X86_64_REG_RIP]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x140U, regs.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x150U, regs.pc());
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/RegsTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/RegsTest.cpp
index 3056373..f549a50 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/RegsTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/RegsTest.cpp
@@ -18,13 +18,15 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Elf.h"
-#include "ElfInterface.h"
-#include "MapInfo.h"
-#include "Regs.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/ElfInterface.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
 
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 class ElfFake : public Elf {
  public:
   ElfFake(Memory* memory) : Elf(memory) { valid_ = true; }
@@ -56,7 +58,11 @@
       : RegsImpl<TypeParam>(total_regs, regs_sp, return_loc) {}
   virtual ~RegsTestImpl() = default;
 
-  uint64_t GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t, Elf*) { return 0; }
+  uint32_t MachineType() override { return 0; }
+
+  uint64_t GetAdjustedPc(uint64_t, Elf*) override { return 0; }
+  void SetFromRaw() override {}
+  bool StepIfSignalHandler(uint64_t, Elf*, Memory*) override { return false; }
 };
 
 class RegsTest : public ::testing::Test {
@@ -69,10 +75,7 @@
   }
 
   template <typename AddressType>
-  void regs_rel_pc();
-
-  template <typename AddressType>
-  void regs_return_address_register();
+  void RegsReturnAddressRegister();
 
   ElfInterfaceFake* elf_interface_;
   MemoryFake* memory_;
@@ -126,27 +129,7 @@
 }
 
 template <typename AddressType>
-void RegsTest::regs_rel_pc() {
-  RegsTestImpl<AddressType> regs(30, 12);
-
-  elf_interface_->set_load_bias(0);
-  MapInfo map_info{.start = 0x1000, .end = 0x2000};
-  regs.set_pc(0x1101);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x101U, regs.GetRelPc(elf_.get(), &map_info));
-  elf_interface_->set_load_bias(0x3000);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x3101U, regs.GetRelPc(elf_.get(), &map_info));
-}
-
-TEST_F(RegsTest, regs32_rel_pc) {
-  regs_rel_pc<uint32_t>();
-}
-
-TEST_F(RegsTest, regs64_rel_pc) {
-  regs_rel_pc<uint64_t>();
-}
-
-template <typename AddressType>
-void RegsTest::regs_return_address_register() {
+void RegsTest::RegsReturnAddressRegister() {
   RegsTestImpl<AddressType> regs(20, 10, Regs::Location(Regs::LOCATION_REGISTER, 5));
 
   regs[5] = 0x12345;
@@ -156,11 +139,11 @@
 }
 
 TEST_F(RegsTest, regs32_return_address_register) {
-  regs_return_address_register<uint32_t>();
+  RegsReturnAddressRegister<uint32_t>();
 }
 
 TEST_F(RegsTest, regs64_return_address_register) {
-  regs_return_address_register<uint64_t>();
+  RegsReturnAddressRegister<uint64_t>();
 }
 
 TEST_F(RegsTest, regs32_return_address_sp_offset) {
@@ -249,18 +232,60 @@
   MapInfo map_info{.start = 0x1000, .end = 0x2000};
 
   regs_arm.set_pc(0x1500);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x500U, regs_arm.GetRelPc(&invalid_elf, &map_info));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x500U, invalid_elf.GetRelPc(regs_arm.pc(), &map_info));
   ASSERT_EQ(0x500U, regs_arm.GetAdjustedPc(0x500U, &invalid_elf));
 
   regs_arm64.set_pc(0x1600);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x600U, regs_arm64.GetRelPc(&invalid_elf, &map_info));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x600U, invalid_elf.GetRelPc(regs_arm64.pc(), &map_info));
   ASSERT_EQ(0x600U, regs_arm64.GetAdjustedPc(0x600U, &invalid_elf));
 
   regs_x86.set_pc(0x1700);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x700U, regs_x86.GetRelPc(&invalid_elf, &map_info));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x700U, invalid_elf.GetRelPc(regs_x86.pc(), &map_info));
   ASSERT_EQ(0x700U, regs_x86.GetAdjustedPc(0x700U, &invalid_elf));
 
   regs_x86_64.set_pc(0x1800);
-  ASSERT_EQ(0x800U, regs_x86_64.GetRelPc(&invalid_elf, &map_info));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0x800U, invalid_elf.GetRelPc(regs_x86_64.pc(), &map_info));
   ASSERT_EQ(0x800U, regs_x86_64.GetAdjustedPc(0x800U, &invalid_elf));
 }
+
+TEST_F(RegsTest, arm_set_from_raw) {
+  RegsArm arm;
+  uint32_t* regs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(arm.RawData());
+  regs[13] = 0x100;
+  regs[15] = 0x200;
+  arm.SetFromRaw();
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x100U, arm.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x200U, arm.pc());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RegsTest, arm64_set_from_raw) {
+  RegsArm64 arm64;
+  uint64_t* regs = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(arm64.RawData());
+  regs[31] = 0xb100000000ULL;
+  regs[32] = 0xc200000000ULL;
+  arm64.SetFromRaw();
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xb100000000U, arm64.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xc200000000U, arm64.pc());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RegsTest, x86_set_from_raw) {
+  RegsX86 x86;
+  uint32_t* regs = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(x86.RawData());
+  regs[4] = 0x23450000;
+  regs[8] = 0xabcd0000;
+  x86.SetFromRaw();
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x23450000U, x86.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0xabcd0000U, x86.pc());
+}
+
+TEST_F(RegsTest, x86_64_set_from_raw) {
+  RegsX86_64 x86_64;
+  uint64_t* regs = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(x86_64.RawData());
+  regs[7] = 0x1200000000ULL;
+  regs[16] = 0x4900000000ULL;
+  x86_64.SetFromRaw();
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x1200000000U, x86_64.sp());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0x4900000000U, x86_64.pc());
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/SymbolsTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/SymbolsTest.cpp
index a0a21e6..da258a6 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/tests/SymbolsTest.cpp
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/SymbolsTest.cpp
@@ -32,10 +32,13 @@
 #include <android-base/test_utils.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-#include "Memory.h"
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
 #include "MemoryFake.h"
 #include "Symbols.h"
 
+namespace unwindstack {
+
 template <typename TypeParam>
 class SymbolsTest : public ::testing::Test {
  protected:
@@ -333,3 +336,5 @@
 
 typedef ::testing::Types<Elf32_Sym, Elf64_Sym> SymbolsTestTypes;
 INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_CASE_P(, SymbolsTest, SymbolsTestTypes);
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/TestUtils.h b/libunwindstack/tests/TestUtils.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c31aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/TestUtils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_TESTS_TEST_UTILS_H
+#define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_TESTS_TEST_UTILS_H
+
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <sys/ptrace.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+class TestScopedPidReaper {
+ public:
+  TestScopedPidReaper(pid_t pid) : pid_(pid) {}
+  ~TestScopedPidReaper() {
+    kill(pid_, SIGKILL);
+    waitpid(pid_, nullptr, 0);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  pid_t pid_;
+};
+
+inline bool TestQuiescePid(pid_t pid) {
+  siginfo_t si;
+  bool ready = false;
+  // Wait for up to 5 seconds.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 5000; i++) {
+    if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, pid, 0, &si) == 0) {
+      ready = true;
+      break;
+    }
+    usleep(1000);
+  }
+  return ready;
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
+#endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_TESTS_TEST_UTILS_H
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/UnwindTest.cpp b/libunwindstack/tests/UnwindTest.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4f920a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/UnwindTest.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ptrace.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <memory>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <thread>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/RegsGetLocal.h>
+
+#include "TestUtils.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+static std::atomic_bool g_ready;
+static volatile bool g_ready_for_remote;
+static volatile bool g_signal_ready_for_remote;
+static std::atomic_bool g_finish;
+static std::atomic_uintptr_t g_ucontext;
+
+static void ResetGlobals() {
+  g_ready = false;
+  g_ready_for_remote = false;
+  g_signal_ready_for_remote = false;
+  g_finish = false;
+  g_ucontext = 0;
+}
+
+static std::vector<const char*> kFunctionOrder{"InnerFunction", "MiddleFunction", "OuterFunction"};
+
+static std::vector<const char*> kFunctionSignalOrder{"SignalInnerFunction", "SignalMiddleFunction",
+                                                     "SignalOuterFunction", "InnerFunction",
+                                                     "MiddleFunction",      "OuterFunction"};
+
+static void SignalHandler(int, siginfo_t*, void* sigcontext) {
+  g_ucontext = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(sigcontext);
+  while (!g_finish.load()) {
+  }
+}
+
+extern "C" void SignalInnerFunction() {
+  g_signal_ready_for_remote = true;
+  while (!g_finish.load()) {
+  }
+}
+
+extern "C" void SignalMiddleFunction() {
+  SignalInnerFunction();
+}
+
+extern "C" void SignalOuterFunction() {
+  SignalMiddleFunction();
+}
+
+static void SignalCallerHandler(int, siginfo_t*, void*) {
+  SignalOuterFunction();
+}
+
+static std::string ErrorMsg(const std::vector<const char*>& function_names, size_t index,
+                            std::stringstream& unwind_stream) {
+  return std::string(
+             "Unwind completed without finding all frames\n"
+             "  Looking for function: ") +
+         function_names[index] + "\n" + "Unwind data:\n" + unwind_stream.str();
+}
+
+static void VerifyUnwind(pid_t pid, Maps* maps, Regs* regs,
+                         std::vector<const char*>& function_names) {
+  size_t function_name_index = 0;
+
+  auto process_memory = Memory::CreateProcessMemory(pid);
+  std::stringstream unwind_stream;
+  unwind_stream << std::hex;
+  for (size_t frame_num = 0; frame_num < 64; frame_num++) {
+    ASSERT_NE(0U, regs->pc()) << ErrorMsg(function_names, function_name_index, unwind_stream);
+    MapInfo* map_info = maps->Find(regs->pc());
+    ASSERT_TRUE(map_info != nullptr) << ErrorMsg(function_names, function_name_index, unwind_stream);
+
+    Elf* elf = map_info->GetElf(process_memory, true);
+    uint64_t rel_pc = elf->GetRelPc(regs->pc(), map_info);
+    uint64_t adjusted_rel_pc = rel_pc;
+    if (frame_num != 0) {
+      adjusted_rel_pc = regs->GetAdjustedPc(rel_pc, elf);
+    }
+    unwind_stream << "  PC: 0x" << regs->pc() << " Rel: 0x" << adjusted_rel_pc;
+    unwind_stream << " Map: ";
+    if (!map_info->name.empty()) {
+      unwind_stream << map_info->name;
+    } else {
+      unwind_stream << " anonymous";
+    }
+    unwind_stream << "<" << map_info->start << "-" << map_info->end << ">";
+
+    std::string name;
+    uint64_t func_offset;
+    if (elf->GetFunctionName(adjusted_rel_pc, &name, &func_offset)) {
+      if (name == function_names[function_name_index]) {
+        if (++function_name_index == function_names.size()) {
+          return;
+        }
+      }
+      unwind_stream << " " << name;
+    }
+    unwind_stream << "\n";
+    ASSERT_TRUE(elf->Step(rel_pc + map_info->elf_offset, regs, process_memory.get()))
+        << ErrorMsg(function_names, function_name_index, unwind_stream);
+  }
+  ASSERT_TRUE(false) << ErrorMsg(function_names, function_name_index, unwind_stream);
+}
+
+// This test assumes that this code is compiled with optimizations turned
+// off. If this doesn't happen, then all of the calls will be optimized
+// away.
+extern "C" void InnerFunction(bool local) {
+  if (local) {
+    LocalMaps maps;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
+    std::unique_ptr<Regs> regs(Regs::CreateFromLocal());
+    RegsGetLocal(regs.get());
+
+    VerifyUnwind(getpid(), &maps, regs.get(), kFunctionOrder);
+  } else {
+    g_ready_for_remote = true;
+    g_ready = true;
+    while (!g_finish.load()) {
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+extern "C" void MiddleFunction(bool local) {
+  InnerFunction(local);
+}
+
+extern "C" void OuterFunction(bool local) {
+  MiddleFunction(local);
+}
+
+class UnwindTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ public:
+  void SetUp() override { ResetGlobals(); }
+};
+
+TEST_F(UnwindTest, local) {
+  OuterFunction(true);
+}
+
+void WaitForRemote(pid_t pid, uint64_t addr, bool leave_attached, bool* completed) {
+  *completed = false;
+  // Need to sleep before attempting first ptrace. Without this, on the
+  // host it becomes impossible to attach and ptrace sets errno to EPERM.
+  usleep(1000);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+    if (ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0, 0) == 0) {
+      ASSERT_TRUE(TestQuiescePid(pid))
+          << "Waiting for process to quiesce failed: " << strerror(errno);
+
+      MemoryRemote memory(pid);
+      // Read the remote value to see if we are ready.
+      bool value;
+      if (memory.Read(addr, &value, sizeof(value)) && value) {
+        *completed = true;
+      }
+      if (!*completed || !leave_attached) {
+        ASSERT_EQ(0, ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, 0, 0));
+      }
+      if (*completed) {
+        break;
+      }
+    } else {
+      ASSERT_EQ(ESRCH, errno) << "ptrace attach failed with unexpected error: " << strerror(errno);
+    }
+    usleep(5000);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(UnwindTest, remote) {
+  pid_t pid;
+  if ((pid = fork()) == 0) {
+    OuterFunction(false);
+    exit(0);
+  }
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, pid);
+  TestScopedPidReaper reap(pid);
+
+  bool completed;
+  WaitForRemote(pid, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(&g_ready_for_remote), true, &completed);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(completed) << "Timed out waiting for remote process to be ready.";
+
+  RemoteMaps maps(pid);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
+  std::unique_ptr<Regs> regs(Regs::RemoteGet(pid));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(regs.get() != nullptr);
+
+  VerifyUnwind(pid, &maps, regs.get(), kFunctionOrder);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, 0, 0))
+      << "ptrace detach failed with unexpected error: " << strerror(errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F(UnwindTest, from_context) {
+  std::atomic_int tid(0);
+  std::thread thread([&]() {
+    tid = syscall(__NR_gettid);
+    OuterFunction(false);
+  });
+
+  struct sigaction act, oldact;
+  memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
+  act.sa_sigaction = SignalHandler;
+  act.sa_flags = SA_RESTART | SA_SIGINFO | SA_ONSTACK;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, sigaction(SIGUSR1, &act, &oldact));
+  // Wait for the tid to get set.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+    if (tid.load() != 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+    usleep(1000);
+  }
+  ASSERT_NE(0, tid.load());
+  // Portable tgkill method.
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, syscall(__NR_tgkill, getpid(), tid.load(), SIGUSR1)) << "Error: " << strerror(errno);
+
+  // Wait for context data.
+  void* ucontext;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 2000; i++) {
+    ucontext = reinterpret_cast<void*>(g_ucontext.load());
+    if (ucontext != nullptr) {
+      break;
+    }
+    usleep(1000);
+  }
+  ASSERT_TRUE(ucontext != nullptr) << "Timed out waiting for thread to respond to signal.";
+
+  LocalMaps maps;
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
+  std::unique_ptr<Regs> regs(Regs::CreateFromUcontext(Regs::CurrentMachineType(), ucontext));
+
+  VerifyUnwind(getpid(), &maps, regs.get(), kFunctionOrder);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, sigaction(SIGUSR1, &oldact, nullptr));
+
+  g_finish = true;
+  thread.join();
+}
+
+static void RemoteThroughSignal(unsigned int sa_flags) {
+  pid_t pid;
+  if ((pid = fork()) == 0) {
+    struct sigaction act, oldact;
+    memset(&act, 0, sizeof(act));
+    act.sa_sigaction = SignalCallerHandler;
+    act.sa_flags = SA_RESTART | SA_ONSTACK | sa_flags;
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, sigaction(SIGUSR1, &act, &oldact));
+
+    OuterFunction(false);
+    exit(0);
+  }
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, pid);
+  TestScopedPidReaper reap(pid);
+
+  bool completed;
+  WaitForRemote(pid, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(&g_ready_for_remote), false, &completed);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(completed) << "Timed out waiting for remote process to be ready.";
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, kill(pid, SIGUSR1));
+  WaitForRemote(pid, reinterpret_cast<uint64_t>(&g_signal_ready_for_remote), true, &completed);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(completed) << "Timed out waiting for remote process to be in signal handler.";
+
+  RemoteMaps maps(pid);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(maps.Parse());
+  std::unique_ptr<Regs> regs(Regs::RemoteGet(pid));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(regs.get() != nullptr);
+
+  VerifyUnwind(pid, &maps, regs.get(), kFunctionSignalOrder);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, 0, 0))
+      << "ptrace detach failed with unexpected error: " << strerror(errno);
+}
+
+TEST_F(UnwindTest, remote_through_signal) {
+  RemoteThroughSignal(0);
+}
+
+TEST_F(UnwindTest, remote_through_signal_sa_siginfo) {
+  RemoteThroughSignal(SA_SIGINFO);
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/files/elf32.xz b/libunwindstack/tests/files/elf32.xz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f25d433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/files/elf32.xz
Binary files differ
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tests/files/elf64.xz b/libunwindstack/tests/files/elf64.xz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb1618e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tests/files/elf64.xz
Binary files differ
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tools/unwind.cpp b/libunwindstack/tools/unwind.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3614198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tools/unwind.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <elf.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/ptrace.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/MapInfo.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Maps.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Regs.h>
+
+static bool Attach(pid_t pid) {
+  if (ptrace(PTRACE_ATTACH, pid, 0, 0) == -1) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Allow at least 1 second to attach properly.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
+    siginfo_t si;
+    if (ptrace(PTRACE_GETSIGINFO, pid, 0, &si) == 0) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    usleep(1000);
+  }
+  printf("%d: Failed to stop.\n", pid);
+  return false;
+}
+
+static bool Detach(pid_t pid) {
+  return ptrace(PTRACE_DETACH, pid, 0, 0) == 0;
+}
+
+void DoUnwind(pid_t pid) {
+  unwindstack::RemoteMaps remote_maps(pid);
+  if (!remote_maps.Parse()) {
+    printf("Failed to parse map data.\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  unwindstack::Regs* regs = unwindstack::Regs::RemoteGet(pid);
+  if (regs == nullptr) {
+    printf("Unable to get remote reg data\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  bool bits32 = true;
+  printf("ABI: ");
+  switch (regs->MachineType()) {
+    case EM_ARM:
+      printf("arm");
+      break;
+    case EM_386:
+      printf("x86");
+      break;
+    case EM_AARCH64:
+      printf("arm64");
+      bits32 = false;
+      break;
+    case EM_X86_64:
+      printf("x86_64");
+      bits32 = false;
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("unknown\n");
+      return;
+  }
+  printf("\n");
+
+  auto process_memory = unwindstack::Memory::CreateProcessMemory(pid);
+  for (size_t frame_num = 0; frame_num < 64; frame_num++) {
+    if (regs->pc() == 0) {
+      break;
+    }
+    unwindstack::MapInfo* map_info = remote_maps.Find(regs->pc());
+    if (map_info == nullptr) {
+      printf("Failed to find map data for the pc\n");
+      break;
+    }
+
+    unwindstack::Elf* elf = map_info->GetElf(process_memory, true);
+
+    uint64_t rel_pc = elf->GetRelPc(regs->pc(), map_info);
+    uint64_t adjusted_rel_pc = rel_pc;
+    // Don't need to adjust the first frame pc.
+    if (frame_num != 0) {
+      adjusted_rel_pc = regs->GetAdjustedPc(rel_pc, elf);
+    }
+
+    std::string name;
+    if (bits32) {
+      printf("  #%02zu pc %08" PRIx64, frame_num, adjusted_rel_pc);
+    } else {
+      printf("  #%02zu pc %016" PRIx64, frame_num, adjusted_rel_pc);
+    }
+    if (!map_info->name.empty()) {
+      printf("  %s", map_info->name.c_str());
+      if (map_info->elf_offset != 0) {
+        printf(" (offset 0x%" PRIx64 ")", map_info->elf_offset);
+      }
+    } else {
+      printf("  <anonymous:%" PRIx64 ">", map_info->offset);
+    }
+    uint64_t func_offset;
+    if (elf->GetFunctionName(adjusted_rel_pc, &name, &func_offset)) {
+      printf(" (%s", name.c_str());
+      if (func_offset != 0) {
+        printf("+%" PRId64, func_offset);
+      }
+      printf(")");
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+
+    if (!elf->Step(rel_pc + map_info->elf_offset, regs, process_memory.get())) {
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  if (argc != 2) {
+    printf("Usage: unwind <PID>\n");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  pid_t pid = atoi(argv[1]);
+  if (!Attach(pid)) {
+    printf("Failed to attach to pid %d: %s\n", pid, strerror(errno));
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  DoUnwind(pid);
+
+  Detach(pid);
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_info.cpp b/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_info.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66a9439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_info.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <elf.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfSection.h>
+#include <unwindstack/DwarfStructs.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/ElfInterface.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+
+#include "ArmExidx.h"
+#include "ElfInterfaceArm.h"
+
+namespace unwindstack {
+
+void DumpArm(ElfInterfaceArm* interface) {
+  if (interface == nullptr) {
+    printf("No ARM Unwind Information.\n\n");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  printf("ARM Unwind Information:\n");
+  for (const auto& entry : interface->pt_loads()) {
+    uint64_t load_bias = entry.second.table_offset;
+    printf(" PC Range 0x%" PRIx64 " - 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", entry.second.offset + load_bias,
+           entry.second.table_size + load_bias);
+    for (auto addr : *interface) {
+      std::string name;
+      printf("  PC 0x%" PRIx64, addr + load_bias);
+      uint64_t func_offset;
+      uint64_t pc = addr + load_bias;
+      // This might be a thumb function, so set the low bit.
+      if (interface->GetFunctionName(pc | 1, &name, &func_offset) && !name.empty()) {
+        printf(" <%s>", name.c_str());
+      }
+      printf("\n");
+      uint64_t entry;
+      if (!interface->FindEntry(pc, &entry)) {
+        printf("    Cannot find entry for address.\n");
+        continue;
+      }
+      ArmExidx arm(nullptr, interface->memory(), nullptr);
+      arm.set_log(true);
+      arm.set_log_skip_execution(true);
+      arm.set_log_indent(2);
+      if (!arm.ExtractEntryData(entry)) {
+        if (arm.status() != ARM_STATUS_NO_UNWIND) {
+          printf("    Error trying to extract data.\n");
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (arm.data()->size() > 0) {
+        if (!arm.Eval() && arm.status() != ARM_STATUS_NO_UNWIND) {
+          printf("      Error trying to evaluate dwarf data.\n");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  printf("\n");
+}
+
+void DumpDwarfSection(ElfInterface* interface, DwarfSection* section, uint64_t load_bias) {
+  for (const DwarfFde* fde : *section) {
+    // Sometimes there are entries that have empty length, skip those since
+    // they don't contain any interesting information.
+    if (fde->pc_start == fde->pc_end) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    printf("\n  PC 0x%" PRIx64, fde->pc_start + load_bias);
+    std::string name;
+    uint64_t func_offset;
+    if (interface->GetFunctionName(fde->pc_start + load_bias, &name, &func_offset) &&
+        !name.empty()) {
+      printf(" <%s>", name.c_str());
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+    if (!section->Log(2, UINT64_MAX, load_bias, fde)) {
+      printf("Failed to process cfa information for entry at 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", fde->pc_start);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+int GetElfInfo(const char* file) {
+  // Send all log messages to stdout.
+  log_to_stdout(true);
+
+  MemoryFileAtOffset* memory = new MemoryFileAtOffset;
+  if (!memory->Init(file, 0)) {
+    // Initializatation failed.
+    printf("Failed to init\n");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  Elf elf(memory);
+  if (!elf.Init() || !elf.valid()) {
+    printf("%s is not a valid elf file.\n", file);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  ElfInterface* interface = elf.interface();
+  if (elf.machine_type() == EM_ARM) {
+    DumpArm(reinterpret_cast<ElfInterfaceArm*>(interface));
+    printf("\n");
+  }
+
+  if (interface->eh_frame() != nullptr) {
+    printf("eh_frame information:\n");
+    DumpDwarfSection(interface, interface->eh_frame(), interface->load_bias());
+    printf("\n");
+  } else {
+    printf("\nno eh_frame information\n");
+  }
+
+  if (interface->debug_frame() != nullptr) {
+    printf("\ndebug_frame information:\n");
+    DumpDwarfSection(interface, interface->debug_frame(), interface->load_bias());
+    printf("\n");
+  } else {
+    printf("\nno debug_frame information\n");
+  }
+
+  // If there is a gnu_debugdata interface, dump the information for that.
+  ElfInterface* gnu_debugdata_interface = elf.gnu_debugdata_interface();
+  if (gnu_debugdata_interface != nullptr) {
+    if (gnu_debugdata_interface->eh_frame() != nullptr) {
+      printf("\ngnu_debugdata (eh_frame):\n");
+      DumpDwarfSection(gnu_debugdata_interface, gnu_debugdata_interface->eh_frame(), 0);
+      printf("\n");
+    }
+    if (gnu_debugdata_interface->debug_frame() != nullptr) {
+      printf("\ngnu_debugdata (debug_frame):\n");
+      DumpDwarfSection(gnu_debugdata_interface, gnu_debugdata_interface->debug_frame(), 0);
+      printf("\n");
+    }
+  } else {
+    printf("\nno valid gnu_debugdata information\n");
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+}  // namespace unwindstack
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  if (argc != 2) {
+    printf("Need to pass the name of an elf file to the program.\n");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  struct stat st;
+  if (stat(argv[1], &st) == -1) {
+    printf("Cannot stat %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(errno));
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
+    printf("%s is not a regular file.\n", argv[1]);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  return unwindstack::GetElfInfo(argv[1]);
+}
diff --git a/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_symbols.cpp b/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_symbols.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc9ae5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libunwindstack/tools/unwind_symbols.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <elf.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <unwindstack/Elf.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Log.h>
+#include <unwindstack/Memory.h>
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  if (argc != 2 && argc != 3) {
+    printf("Usage: unwind_symbols <ELF_FILE> [<FUNC_ADDRESS>]\n");
+    printf("  Dump all function symbols in ELF_FILE. If FUNC_ADDRESS is\n");
+    printf("  specified, then get the function at that address.\n");
+    printf("  FUNC_ADDRESS must be a hex number.\n");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  struct stat st;
+  if (stat(argv[1], &st) == -1) {
+    printf("Cannot stat %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(errno));
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
+    printf("%s is not a regular file.\n", argv[1]);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t func_addr;
+  if (argc == 3) {
+    char* name;
+    func_addr = strtoull(argv[2], &name, 16);
+    if (*name != '\0') {
+      printf("%s is not a hex number.\n", argv[2]);
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Send all log messages to stdout.
+  unwindstack::log_to_stdout(true);
+
+  unwindstack::MemoryFileAtOffset* memory = new unwindstack::MemoryFileAtOffset;
+  if (!memory->Init(argv[1], 0)) {
+    printf("Failed to init\n");
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  unwindstack::Elf elf(memory);
+  if (!elf.Init() || !elf.valid()) {
+    printf("%s is not a valid elf file.\n", argv[1]);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  switch (elf.machine_type()) {
+    case EM_ARM:
+      printf("ABI: arm\n");
+      break;
+    case EM_AARCH64:
+      printf("ABI: arm64\n");
+      break;
+    case EM_386:
+      printf("ABI: x86\n");
+      break;
+    case EM_X86_64:
+      printf("ABI: x86_64\n");
+      break;
+    default:
+      printf("ABI: unknown\n");
+      return 1;
+  }
+
+  std::string name;
+  uint64_t load_bias = elf.interface()->load_bias();
+  if (argc == 3) {
+    std::string cur_name;
+    uint64_t func_offset;
+    if (!elf.GetFunctionName(func_addr, &cur_name, &func_offset)) {
+      printf("No known function at 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", func_addr);
+      return 1;
+    }
+    printf("<0x%" PRIx64 ">", func_addr - func_offset);
+    if (func_offset != 0) {
+      printf("+%" PRId64, func_offset);
+    }
+    printf(": %s\n", cur_name.c_str());
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // This is a crude way to get the symbols in order.
+  for (const auto& entry : elf.interface()->pt_loads()) {
+    uint64_t start = entry.second.offset + load_bias;
+    uint64_t end = entry.second.table_size + load_bias;
+    for (uint64_t addr = start; addr < end; addr += 4) {
+      std::string cur_name;
+      uint64_t func_offset;
+      if (elf.GetFunctionName(addr, &cur_name, &func_offset)) {
+        if (cur_name != name) {
+          printf("<0x%" PRIx64 "> Function: %s\n", addr - func_offset, cur_name.c_str());
+        }
+        name = cur_name;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libunwindstack/unwind_info.cpp b/libunwindstack/unwind_info.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f158b0..0000000
--- a/libunwindstack/unwind_info.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,121 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <elf.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <fcntl.h>
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-
-#include "ArmExidx.h"
-#include "Elf.h"
-#include "ElfInterface.h"
-#include "ElfInterfaceArm.h"
-#include "Log.h"
-
-void DumpArm(ElfInterfaceArm* interface) {
-  if (interface == nullptr) {
-    printf("No ARM Unwind Information.\n\n");
-    return;
-  }
-
-  printf("ARM Unwind Information:\n");
-  for (const auto& entry : interface->pt_loads()) {
-    uint64_t load_bias = entry.second.table_offset;
-    printf(" PC Range 0x%" PRIx64 " - 0x%" PRIx64 "\n", entry.second.offset + load_bias,
-           entry.second.table_size + load_bias);
-    for (auto addr : *interface) {
-      std::string name;
-      printf("  PC 0x%" PRIx64, addr + load_bias);
-      uint64_t func_offset;
-      if (interface->GetFunctionName(addr + load_bias + 1, &name, &func_offset) && !name.empty()) {
-        printf(" <%s>", name.c_str());
-      }
-      printf("\n");
-      uint64_t entry;
-      if (!interface->FindEntry(addr + load_bias, &entry)) {
-        printf("    Cannot find entry for address.\n");
-        continue;
-      }
-      ArmExidx arm(nullptr, interface->memory(), nullptr);
-      arm.set_log(true);
-      arm.set_log_skip_execution(true);
-      arm.set_log_indent(2);
-      if (!arm.ExtractEntryData(entry)) {
-        if (arm.status() != ARM_STATUS_NO_UNWIND) {
-          printf("    Error trying to extract data.\n");
-        }
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (arm.data()->size() > 0) {
-        if (!arm.Eval() && arm.status() != ARM_STATUS_NO_UNWIND) {
-          printf("      Error trying to evaluate dwarf data.\n");
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  printf("\n");
-}
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv) {
-  if (argc != 2) {
-    printf("Need to pass the name of an elf file to the program.\n");
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  struct stat st;
-  if (stat(argv[1], &st) == -1) {
-    printf("Cannot stat %s: %s\n", argv[1], strerror(errno));
-    return 1;
-  }
-  if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
-    printf("%s is not a regular file.\n", argv[1]);
-    return 1;
-  }
-  if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-    printf("%s is a directory.\n", argv[1]);
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  // Send all log messages to stdout.
-  log_to_stdout(true);
-
-  MemoryFileAtOffset* memory = new MemoryFileAtOffset;
-  if (!memory->Init(argv[1], 0)) {
-    // Initializatation failed.
-    printf("Failed to init\n");
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  Elf elf(memory);
-  if (!elf.Init() || !elf.valid()) {
-    printf("%s is not a valid elf file.\n", argv[1]);
-    return 1;
-  }
-
-  ElfInterface* interface = elf.interface();
-  if (elf.machine_type() == EM_ARM) {
-    DumpArm(reinterpret_cast<ElfInterfaceArm*>(interface));
-    printf("\n");
-  }
-
-  return 0;
-}
diff --git a/libutils/Android.bp b/libutils/Android.bp
index 508f553..adcde81 100644
--- a/libutils/Android.bp
+++ b/libutils/Android.bp
@@ -44,13 +44,16 @@
 cc_library {
     name: "libutils",
     vendor_available: true,
+    vndk: {
+        enabled: true,
+        support_system_process: true,
+    },
     host_supported: true,
 
     srcs: [
         "CallStack.cpp",
         "FileMap.cpp",
         "JenkinsHash.cpp",
-        "Log.cpp",
         "NativeHandle.cpp",
         "Printer.cpp",
         "PropertyMap.cpp",
@@ -141,8 +144,6 @@
             enabled: true,
         },
     },
-
-    clang: true,
 }
 
 // Include subdirectory makefiles
diff --git a/libutils/Log.cpp b/libutils/Log.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 2c1fb86..0000000
--- a/libutils/Log.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2012 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#define LOG_TAG "Log"
-
-#include <utils/Log.h>
-#include <utils/Timers.h>
-
-namespace android {
-
-LogIfSlow::LogIfSlow(
-        const char* tag, android_LogPriority priority, int timeoutMillis, const char* message)
-        : mTag(tag), mPriority(priority), mTimeoutMillis(timeoutMillis), mMessage(message),
-          mStart(systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME)) {
-}
-
-LogIfSlow::~LogIfSlow() {
-    int durationMillis = (int)nanoseconds_to_milliseconds(systemTime(SYSTEM_TIME_BOOTTIME) - mStart);
-    if (durationMillis > mTimeoutMillis) {
-        LOG_PRI(mPriority, mTag, "%s: %dms", mMessage, durationMillis);
-    }
-}
-
-} // namespace android
diff --git a/libutils/Printer.cpp b/libutils/Printer.cpp
index 12f77bb..cbf042e 100644
--- a/libutils/Printer.cpp
+++ b/libutils/Printer.cpp
@@ -45,9 +45,11 @@
 #ifndef _WIN32
     if (vasprintf(&formattedString, format, arglist) < 0) { // returns -1 on error
         ALOGE("%s: Failed to format string", __FUNCTION__);
+        va_end(arglist);
         return;
     }
 #else
+    va_end(arglist);
     return;
 #endif
 
diff --git a/libutils/SystemClock.cpp b/libutils/SystemClock.cpp
index 28fc351..73ec1be 100644
--- a/libutils/SystemClock.cpp
+++ b/libutils/SystemClock.cpp
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@
 
 #include <utils/SystemClock.h>
 
-#include <sys/time.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <time.h>
 
 #include <cutils/compiler.h>
 
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Log.h b/libutils/include/utils/Log.h
index 5276a49..42e03e7 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/Log.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/Log.h
@@ -1,72 +1,7 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2005 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
+// DO NOT INCLUDE ANYTHING NEW IN THIS FILE.
 
-//
-// C/C++ logging functions.  See the logging documentation for API details.
-//
-// We'd like these to be available from C code (in case we import some from
-// somewhere), so this has a C interface.
-//
-// The output will be correct when the log file is shared between multiple
-// threads and/or multiple processes so long as the operating system
-// supports O_APPEND.  These calls have mutex-protected data structures
-// and so are NOT reentrant.  Do not use LOG in a signal handler.
-//
-#ifndef _LIBS_UTILS_LOG_H
-#define _LIBS_UTILS_LOG_H
-
-#include <sys/types.h>
+// <log/log.h> has replaced this file and all changes should go there instead.
+// This path remains strictly to include that header as there are thousands of
+// references to <utils/Log.h> in the tree.
 
 #include <log/log.h>
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-
-namespace android {
-
-/*
- * A very simple utility that yells in the log when an operation takes too long.
- */
-class LogIfSlow {
-public:
-    LogIfSlow(const char* tag, android_LogPriority priority,
-            int timeoutMillis, const char* message);
-    ~LogIfSlow();
-
-private:
-    const char* const mTag;
-    const android_LogPriority mPriority;
-    const int mTimeoutMillis;
-    const char* const mMessage;
-    const int64_t mStart;
-};
-
-/*
- * Writes the specified debug log message if this block takes longer than the
- * specified number of milliseconds to run.  Includes the time actually taken.
- *
- * {
- *     ALOGD_IF_SLOW(50, "Excessive delay doing something.");
- *     doSomething();
- * }
- */
-#define ALOGD_IF_SLOW(timeoutMillis, message) \
-    android::LogIfSlow _logIfSlow(LOG_TAG, ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, timeoutMillis, message);
-
-} // namespace android
-
-#endif // __cplusplus
-
-#endif // _LIBS_UTILS_LOG_H
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Mutex.h b/libutils/include/utils/Mutex.h
index d106185..af6076c 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/Mutex.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/Mutex.h
@@ -28,6 +28,53 @@
 #include <utils/Errors.h>
 #include <utils/Timers.h>
 
+// Enable thread safety attributes only with clang.
+// The attributes can be safely erased when compiling with other compilers.
+#if defined(__clang__) && (!defined(SWIG))
+#define THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(x) __attribute__((x))
+#else
+#define THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(x)  // no-op
+#endif
+
+#define CAPABILITY(x) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(capability(x))
+
+#define SCOPED_CAPABILITY THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(scoped_lockable)
+
+#define GUARDED_BY(x) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(guarded_by(x))
+
+#define PT_GUARDED_BY(x) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(pt_guarded_by(x))
+
+#define ACQUIRED_BEFORE(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(acquired_before(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define ACQUIRED_AFTER(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(acquired_after(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define REQUIRES(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(requires_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define REQUIRES_SHARED(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(requires_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define ACQUIRE(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(acquire_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define ACQUIRE_SHARED(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(acquire_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define RELEASE(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(release_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define RELEASE_SHARED(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(release_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define TRY_ACQUIRE(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(try_acquire_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define TRY_ACQUIRE_SHARED(...) \
+    THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(try_acquire_shared_capability(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define EXCLUDES(...) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(locks_excluded(__VA_ARGS__))
+
+#define ASSERT_CAPABILITY(x) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(assert_capability(x))
+
+#define ASSERT_SHARED_CAPABILITY(x) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(assert_shared_capability(x))
+
+#define RETURN_CAPABILITY(x) THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(lock_returned(x))
+
+#define NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(no_thread_safety_analysis)
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 namespace android {
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -44,24 +91,24 @@
  * The mutex must be unlocked by the thread that locked it.  They are not
  * recursive, i.e. the same thread can't lock it multiple times.
  */
-class Mutex {
-public:
+class CAPABILITY("mutex") Mutex {
+  public:
     enum {
         PRIVATE = 0,
         SHARED = 1
     };
 
-                Mutex();
-    explicit    Mutex(const char* name);
-    explicit    Mutex(int type, const char* name = NULL);
-                ~Mutex();
+    Mutex();
+    explicit Mutex(const char* name);
+    explicit Mutex(int type, const char* name = NULL);
+    ~Mutex();
 
     // lock or unlock the mutex
-    status_t    lock();
-    void        unlock();
+    status_t lock() ACQUIRE();
+    void unlock() RELEASE();
 
     // lock if possible; returns 0 on success, error otherwise
-    status_t    tryLock();
+    status_t tryLock() TRY_ACQUIRE(true);
 
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
     // Lock the mutex, but don't wait longer than timeoutNs (relative time).
@@ -75,32 +122,36 @@
     // which is subject to NTP adjustments, and includes time during suspend,
     // so a timeout may occur even though no processes could run.
     // Not holding a partial wakelock may lead to a system suspend.
-    status_t    timedLock(nsecs_t timeoutNs);
+    status_t timedLock(nsecs_t timeoutNs) TRY_ACQUIRE(true);
 #endif
 
     // Manages the mutex automatically. It'll be locked when Autolock is
     // constructed and released when Autolock goes out of scope.
-    class Autolock {
-    public:
-        inline explicit Autolock(Mutex& mutex) : mLock(mutex)  { mLock.lock(); }
-        inline explicit Autolock(Mutex* mutex) : mLock(*mutex) { mLock.lock(); }
-        inline ~Autolock() { mLock.unlock(); }
-    private:
+    class SCOPED_CAPABILITY Autolock {
+      public:
+        inline explicit Autolock(Mutex& mutex) ACQUIRE(mutex) : mLock(mutex) { mLock.lock(); }
+        inline explicit Autolock(Mutex* mutex) ACQUIRE(mutex) : mLock(*mutex) { mLock.lock(); }
+        inline ~Autolock() RELEASE() { mLock.unlock(); }
+
+      private:
         Mutex& mLock;
+        // Cannot be copied or moved - declarations only
+        Autolock(const Autolock&);
+        Autolock& operator=(const Autolock&);
     };
 
-private:
+  private:
     friend class Condition;
 
     // A mutex cannot be copied
-                Mutex(const Mutex&);
-    Mutex&      operator = (const Mutex&);
+    Mutex(const Mutex&);
+    Mutex& operator=(const Mutex&);
 
 #if !defined(_WIN32)
     pthread_mutex_t mMutex;
 #else
-    void    _init();
-    void*   mState;
+    void _init();
+    void* mState;
 #endif
 };
 
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/Singleton.h b/libutils/include/utils/Singleton.h
index bdb2332..9afedd4 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/Singleton.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/Singleton.h
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
 #define ANDROID_SINGLETON_STATIC_INSTANCE(TYPE)                 \
     template<> ::android::Mutex  \
         (::android::Singleton< TYPE >::sLock)(::android::Mutex::PRIVATE);  \
-    template<> TYPE* ::android::Singleton< TYPE >::sInstance(0);  \
+    template<> TYPE* ::android::Singleton< TYPE >::sInstance(0);  /* NOLINT */ \
     template class ::android::Singleton< TYPE >;
 
 
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/String16.h b/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
index f6433a8..cb3d338 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/String16.h
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@
 
     inline  const char16_t*     string() const;
 
-//TODO(b/35363681): remove
 private:
     static inline std::string   std_string(const String16& str);
 public:
diff --git a/libutils/include/utils/String8.h b/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
index f5f9219..1f3e5d8 100644
--- a/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
+++ b/libutils/include/utils/String8.h
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@
     inline  const char*         c_str() const;
     inline  const char*         string() const;
 
-// TODO(b/35363681): remove
 private:
     static inline std::string   std_string(const String8& str);
 public:
diff --git a/libutils/tests/Android.bp b/libutils/tests/Android.bp
index 7b62c24..0869175 100644
--- a/libutils/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/libutils/tests/Android.bp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     srcs: [
         "BitSet_test.cpp",
         "LruCache_test.cpp",
+        "Mutex_test.cpp",
         "Singleton_test.cpp",
         "String8_test.cpp",
         "StrongPointer_test.cpp",
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@
         "-Wall",
         "-Wextra",
         "-Werror",
+        "-Wthread-safety",
     ],
 }
 
diff --git a/libunwindstack/Log.h b/libutils/tests/Mutex_test.cpp
similarity index 68%
copy from libunwindstack/Log.h
copy to libutils/tests/Mutex_test.cpp
index 2d01aa8..8a1805f 100644
--- a/libunwindstack/Log.h
+++ b/libutils/tests/Mutex_test.cpp
@@ -14,12 +14,19 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#ifndef _LIBUNWINDSTACK_LOG_H
-#define _LIBUNWINDSTACK_LOG_H
+#include <utils/Mutex.h>
 
-#include <stdint.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
-void log_to_stdout(bool enable);
-void log(uint8_t indent, const char* format, ...);
+static android::Mutex mLock;
+static int i GUARDED_BY(mLock);
 
-#endif  // _LIBUNWINDSTACK_LOG_H
+void modifyLockedVariable() REQUIRES(mLock) {
+    i = 1;
+}
+
+TEST(Mutex, compile) {
+    android::Mutex::Autolock _l(mLock);
+    i = 0;
+    modifyLockedVariable();
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libziparchive/Android.bp b/libziparchive/Android.bp
index 287a99c..333835c 100644
--- a/libziparchive/Android.bp
+++ b/libziparchive/Android.bp
@@ -50,19 +50,29 @@
         "libbase",
         "liblog",
     ],
-}
 
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+}
 
 cc_library {
     name: "libziparchive",
     host_supported: true,
-    vendor_available:true,
+    vendor_available: true,
 
-    defaults: ["libziparchive_defaults", "libziparchive_flags"],
-    shared_libs: ["liblog", "libbase"],
+    defaults: [
+        "libziparchive_defaults",
+        "libziparchive_flags",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "liblog",
+        "libbase",
+    ],
     target: {
         android: {
-            shared_libs: ["libz", "libutils"],
+            shared_libs: [
+                "libz",
+                "libutils",
+            ],
         },
         host: {
             static_libs: ["libutils"],
@@ -88,7 +98,10 @@
     name: "libziparchive-host",
     host_supported: true,
     device_supported: false,
-    defaults: ["libziparchive_defaults", "libziparchive_flags"],
+    defaults: [
+        "libziparchive_defaults",
+        "libziparchive_flags",
+    ],
     shared_libs: ["libz-host"],
     static_libs: ["libutils"],
 }
@@ -150,3 +163,13 @@
         },
     },
 }
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "unzip",
+    defaults: ["libziparchive_flags"],
+    srcs: ["unzip.cpp"],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libziparchive",
+    ],
+}
diff --git a/libziparchive/entry_name_utils-inl.h b/libziparchive/entry_name_utils-inl.h
index ddbc286..5fc2fb4 100644
--- a/libziparchive/entry_name_utils-inl.h
+++ b/libziparchive/entry_name_utils-inl.h
@@ -55,5 +55,4 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-
 #endif  // LIBZIPARCHIVE_ENTRY_NAME_UTILS_INL_H_
diff --git a/libziparchive/entry_name_utils_test.cc b/libziparchive/entry_name_utils_test.cc
index 20715bb..d83d854 100644
--- a/libziparchive/entry_name_utils_test.cc
+++ b/libziparchive/entry_name_utils_test.cc
@@ -20,44 +20,43 @@
 
 TEST(entry_name_utils, NullChars) {
   // 'A', 'R', '\0', 'S', 'E'
-  const uint8_t zeroes[] = { 0x41, 0x52, 0x00, 0x53, 0x45 };
+  const uint8_t zeroes[] = {0x41, 0x52, 0x00, 0x53, 0x45};
   ASSERT_FALSE(IsValidEntryName(zeroes, sizeof(zeroes)));
 
-  const uint8_t zeroes_continuation_chars[] = { 0xc2, 0xa1, 0xc2, 0x00 };
-  ASSERT_FALSE(IsValidEntryName(zeroes_continuation_chars,
-                                sizeof(zeroes_continuation_chars)));
+  const uint8_t zeroes_continuation_chars[] = {0xc2, 0xa1, 0xc2, 0x00};
+  ASSERT_FALSE(IsValidEntryName(zeroes_continuation_chars, sizeof(zeroes_continuation_chars)));
 }
 
 TEST(entry_name_utils, InvalidSequence) {
   // 0xfe is an invalid start byte
-  const uint8_t invalid[] = { 0x41, 0xfe };
+  const uint8_t invalid[] = {0x41, 0xfe};
   ASSERT_FALSE(IsValidEntryName(invalid, sizeof(invalid)));
 
   // 0x91 is an invalid start byte (it's a valid continuation byte).
-  const uint8_t invalid2[] = { 0x41, 0x91 };
+  const uint8_t invalid2[] = {0x41, 0x91};
   ASSERT_FALSE(IsValidEntryName(invalid2, sizeof(invalid2)));
 }
 
 TEST(entry_name_utils, TruncatedContinuation) {
   // Malayalam script with truncated bytes. There should be 2 bytes
   // after 0xe0
-  const uint8_t truncated[] = { 0xe0, 0xb4, 0x85, 0xe0, 0xb4 };
+  const uint8_t truncated[] = {0xe0, 0xb4, 0x85, 0xe0, 0xb4};
   ASSERT_FALSE(IsValidEntryName(truncated, sizeof(truncated)));
 
   // 0xc2 is the start of a 2 byte sequence that we've subsequently
   // dropped.
-  const uint8_t truncated2[] = { 0xc2, 0xc2, 0xa1 };
+  const uint8_t truncated2[] = {0xc2, 0xc2, 0xa1};
   ASSERT_FALSE(IsValidEntryName(truncated2, sizeof(truncated2)));
 }
 
 TEST(entry_name_utils, BadContinuation) {
   // 0x41 is an invalid continuation char, since it's MSBs
   // aren't "10..." (are 01).
-  const uint8_t bad[] = { 0xc2, 0xa1, 0xc2, 0x41 };
+  const uint8_t bad[] = {0xc2, 0xa1, 0xc2, 0x41};
   ASSERT_FALSE(IsValidEntryName(bad, sizeof(bad)));
 
   // 0x41 is an invalid continuation char, since it's MSBs
   // aren't "10..." (are 11).
-  const uint8_t bad2[] = { 0xc2, 0xa1, 0xc2, 0xfe };
+  const uint8_t bad2[] = {0xc2, 0xa1, 0xc2, 0xfe};
   ASSERT_FALSE(IsValidEntryName(bad2, sizeof(bad2)));
 }
diff --git a/include/ziparchive/zip_archive.h b/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_archive.h
similarity index 86%
rename from include/ziparchive/zip_archive.h
rename to libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_archive.h
index 31fc2df..73ae68d 100644
--- a/include/ziparchive/zip_archive.h
+++ b/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_archive.h
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@
 
 /* Zip compression methods we support */
 enum {
-  kCompressStored     = 0,        // no compression
-  kCompressDeflated   = 8,        // standard deflate
+  kCompressStored = 0,    // no compression
+  kCompressDeflated = 8,  // standard deflate
 };
 
 struct ZipString {
@@ -44,19 +44,17 @@
   explicit ZipString(const char* entry_name);
 
   bool operator==(const ZipString& rhs) const {
-    return name && (name_length == rhs.name_length) &&
-        (memcmp(name, rhs.name, name_length) == 0);
+    return name && (name_length == rhs.name_length) && (memcmp(name, rhs.name, name_length) == 0);
   }
 
   bool StartsWith(const ZipString& prefix) const {
     return name && (name_length >= prefix.name_length) &&
-        (memcmp(name, prefix.name, prefix.name_length) == 0);
+           (memcmp(name, prefix.name, prefix.name_length) == 0);
   }
 
   bool EndsWith(const ZipString& suffix) const {
     return name && (name_length >= suffix.name_length) &&
-        (memcmp(name + name_length - suffix.name_length, suffix.name,
-                suffix.name_length) == 0);
+           (memcmp(name + name_length - suffix.name_length, suffix.name, suffix.name_length) == 0);
   }
 };
 
@@ -71,8 +69,17 @@
   // Modification time. The zipfile format specifies
   // that the first two little endian bytes contain the time
   // and the last two little endian bytes contain the date.
+  // See `GetModificationTime`.
+  // TODO: should be overridden by extra time field, if present.
   uint32_t mod_time;
 
+  // Returns `mod_time` as a broken-down struct tm.
+  struct tm GetModificationTime() const;
+
+  // Suggested Unix mode for this entry, from the zip archive if created on
+  // Unix, or a default otherwise.
+  mode_t unix_mode;
+
   // 1 if this entry contains a data descriptor segment, 0
   // otherwise.
   uint8_t has_data_descriptor;
@@ -125,11 +132,11 @@
  *
  * Returns 0 on success, and negative values on failure.
  */
-int32_t OpenArchiveFd(const int fd, const char* debugFileName,
-                      ZipArchiveHandle *handle, bool assume_ownership = true);
+int32_t OpenArchiveFd(const int fd, const char* debugFileName, ZipArchiveHandle* handle,
+                      bool assume_ownership = true);
 
 int32_t OpenArchiveFromMemory(void* address, size_t length, const char* debugFileName,
-                              ZipArchiveHandle *handle);
+                              ZipArchiveHandle* handle);
 /*
  * Close archive, releasing resources associated with it. This will
  * unmap the central directory of the zipfile and free all internal
@@ -155,8 +162,7 @@
  * On non-Windows platforms this method does not modify internal state and
  * can be called concurrently.
  */
-int32_t FindEntry(const ZipArchiveHandle handle, const ZipString& entryName,
-                  ZipEntry* data);
+int32_t FindEntry(const ZipArchiveHandle handle, const ZipString& entryName, ZipEntry* data);
 
 /*
  * Start iterating over all entries of a zip file. The order of iteration
@@ -171,8 +177,7 @@
  *
  * Returns 0 on success and negative values on failure.
  */
-int32_t StartIteration(ZipArchiveHandle handle, void** cookie_ptr,
-                       const ZipString* optional_prefix,
+int32_t StartIteration(ZipArchiveHandle handle, void** cookie_ptr, const ZipString* optional_prefix,
                        const ZipString* optional_suffix);
 
 /*
@@ -208,8 +213,7 @@
  *
  * Returns 0 on success and negative values on failure.
  */
-int32_t ExtractToMemory(ZipArchiveHandle handle, ZipEntry* entry,
-                        uint8_t* begin, uint32_t size);
+int32_t ExtractToMemory(ZipArchiveHandle handle, ZipEntry* entry, uint8_t* begin, uint32_t size);
 
 int GetFileDescriptor(const ZipArchiveHandle handle);
 
@@ -221,9 +225,9 @@
 /*
  * Stream the uncompressed data through the supplied function,
  * passing cookie to it each time it gets called.
-*/
+ */
 int32_t ProcessZipEntryContents(ZipArchiveHandle handle, ZipEntry* entry,
-        ProcessZipEntryFunction func, void* cookie);
+                                ProcessZipEntryFunction func, void* cookie);
 #endif
 
 #endif  // LIBZIPARCHIVE_ZIPARCHIVE_H_
diff --git a/include/ziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.h b/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.h
similarity index 96%
rename from include/ziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.h
rename to libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.h
index a40b799..b4766f8 100644
--- a/include/ziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.h
+++ b/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.h
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
 
   ZipArchiveHandle handle_;
 
-  uint32_t crc32_;
+  off64_t offset_ = 0;
+  uint32_t crc32_ = 0u;
 };
 
 #endif  // LIBZIPARCHIVE_ZIPARCHIVESTREAMENTRY_H_
diff --git a/include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h b/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h
similarity index 96%
rename from include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h
rename to libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h
index 08ead48..c350a27 100644
--- a/include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h
+++ b/libziparchive/include/ziparchive/zip_writer.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <ctime>
-#include <zlib.h>
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
@@ -28,6 +27,9 @@
 #include "android-base/macros.h"
 #include "utils/Compat.h"
 
+struct z_stream_s;
+typedef struct z_stream_s z_stream;
+
 /**
  * Writes a Zip file via a stateful interface.
  *
@@ -50,7 +52,7 @@
  *   fclose(file);
  */
 class ZipWriter {
-public:
+ public:
   enum {
     /**
      * Flag to compress the zip entry using deflate.
@@ -120,8 +122,7 @@
   /**
    * Same as StartAlignedEntry(const char*, size_t), but sets a last modified time for the entry.
    */
-  int32_t StartAlignedEntryWithTime(const char* path, size_t flags, time_t time,
-                                    uint32_t alignment);
+  int32_t StartAlignedEntryWithTime(const char* path, size_t flags, time_t time, uint32_t alignment);
 
   /**
    * Writes bytes to the zip file for the previously started zip entry.
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@
    */
   int32_t Finish();
 
-private:
+ private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(ZipWriter);
 
   int32_t HandleError(int32_t error_code);
@@ -179,7 +180,7 @@
   std::vector<FileEntry> files_;
   FileEntry current_file_entry_;
 
-  std::unique_ptr<z_stream, void(*)(z_stream*)> z_stream_;
+  std::unique_ptr<z_stream, void (*)(z_stream*)> z_stream_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> buffer_;
 };
 
diff --git a/libziparchive/unzip.cpp b/libziparchive/unzip.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6756007
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libziparchive/unzip.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <error.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <android-base/file.h>
+#include <android-base/strings.h>
+#include <ziparchive/zip_archive.h>
+
+enum OverwriteMode {
+  kAlways,
+  kNever,
+  kPrompt,
+};
+
+static OverwriteMode overwrite_mode = kPrompt;
+static const char* flag_d = nullptr;
+static bool flag_l = false;
+static bool flag_p = false;
+static bool flag_q = false;
+static bool flag_v = false;
+static const char* archive_name = nullptr;
+static std::set<std::string> includes;
+static std::set<std::string> excludes;
+static uint64_t total_uncompressed_length = 0;
+static uint64_t total_compressed_length = 0;
+static size_t file_count = 0;
+
+static bool Filter(const std::string& name) {
+  if (!excludes.empty() && excludes.find(name) != excludes.end()) return true;
+  if (!includes.empty() && includes.find(name) == includes.end()) return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+static bool MakeDirectoryHierarchy(const std::string& path) {
+  // stat rather than lstat because a symbolic link to a directory is fine too.
+  struct stat sb;
+  if (stat(path.c_str(), &sb) != -1 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) return true;
+
+  // Ensure the parent directories exist first.
+  if (!MakeDirectoryHierarchy(android::base::Dirname(path))) return false;
+
+  // Then try to create this directory.
+  return (mkdir(path.c_str(), 0777) != -1);
+}
+
+static int CompressionRatio(int64_t uncompressed, int64_t compressed) {
+  if (uncompressed == 0) return 0;
+  return (100LL * (uncompressed - compressed)) / uncompressed;
+}
+
+static void MaybeShowHeader() {
+  if (!flag_q) printf("Archive:  %s\n", archive_name);
+  if (flag_v) {
+    printf(
+        " Length   Method    Size  Cmpr    Date    Time   CRC-32   Name\n"
+        "--------  ------  ------- ---- ---------- ----- --------  ----\n");
+  } else if (flag_l) {
+    printf(
+        "  Length      Date    Time    Name\n"
+        "---------  ---------- -----   ----\n");
+  }
+}
+
+static void MaybeShowFooter() {
+  if (flag_v) {
+    printf(
+        "--------          -------  ---                            -------\n"
+        "%8" PRId64 "         %8" PRId64 " %3d%%                            %zu file%s\n",
+        total_uncompressed_length, total_compressed_length,
+        CompressionRatio(total_uncompressed_length, total_compressed_length), file_count,
+        (file_count == 1) ? "" : "s");
+  } else if (flag_l) {
+    printf(
+        "---------                     -------\n"
+        "%9" PRId64 "                     %zu file%s\n",
+        total_uncompressed_length, file_count, (file_count == 1) ? "" : "s");
+  }
+}
+
+static bool PromptOverwrite(const std::string& dst) {
+  // TODO: [r]ename not implemented because it doesn't seem useful.
+  printf("replace %s? [y]es, [n]o, [A]ll, [N]one: ", dst.c_str());
+  fflush(stdout);
+  while (true) {
+    char* line = nullptr;
+    size_t n;
+    if (getline(&line, &n, stdin) == -1) {
+      error(1, 0, "(EOF/read error; assuming [N]one...)");
+      overwrite_mode = kNever;
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (n == 0) continue;
+    char cmd = line[0];
+    free(line);
+    switch (cmd) {
+      case 'y':
+        return true;
+      case 'n':
+        return false;
+      case 'A':
+        overwrite_mode = kAlways;
+        return true;
+      case 'N':
+        overwrite_mode = kNever;
+        return false;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void ExtractToPipe(ZipArchiveHandle zah, ZipEntry& entry, const std::string& name) {
+  // We need to extract to memory because ExtractEntryToFile insists on
+  // being able to seek and truncate, and you can't do that with stdout.
+  uint8_t* buffer = new uint8_t[entry.uncompressed_length];
+  int err = ExtractToMemory(zah, &entry, buffer, entry.uncompressed_length);
+  if (err < 0) {
+    error(1, 0, "failed to extract %s: %s", name.c_str(), ErrorCodeString(err));
+  }
+  if (!android::base::WriteFully(1, buffer, entry.uncompressed_length)) {
+    error(1, errno, "failed to write %s to stdout", name.c_str());
+  }
+  delete[] buffer;
+}
+
+static void ExtractOne(ZipArchiveHandle zah, ZipEntry& entry, const std::string& name) {
+  // Bad filename?
+  if (android::base::StartsWith(name, "/") || android::base::StartsWith(name, "../") ||
+      name.find("/../") != std::string::npos) {
+    error(1, 0, "bad filename %s", name.c_str());
+  }
+
+  // Where are we actually extracting to (for human-readable output)?
+  std::string dst;
+  if (flag_d) {
+    dst = flag_d;
+    if (!android::base::EndsWith(dst, "/")) dst += '/';
+  }
+  dst += name;
+
+  // Ensure the directory hierarchy exists.
+  if (!MakeDirectoryHierarchy(android::base::Dirname(name))) {
+    error(1, errno, "couldn't create directory hierarchy for %s", dst.c_str());
+  }
+
+  // An entry in a zip file can just be a directory itself.
+  if (android::base::EndsWith(name, "/")) {
+    if (mkdir(name.c_str(), entry.unix_mode) == -1) {
+      // If the directory already exists, that's fine.
+      if (errno == EEXIST) {
+        struct stat sb;
+        if (stat(name.c_str(), &sb) != -1 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) return;
+      }
+      error(1, errno, "couldn't extract directory %s", dst.c_str());
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Create the file.
+  int fd = open(name.c_str(), O_CREAT | O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC | O_EXCL, entry.unix_mode);
+  if (fd == -1 && errno == EEXIST) {
+    if (overwrite_mode == kNever) return;
+    if (overwrite_mode == kPrompt && !PromptOverwrite(dst)) return;
+    // Either overwrite_mode is kAlways or the user consented to this specific case.
+    fd = open(name.c_str(), O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_CLOEXEC | O_TRUNC, entry.unix_mode);
+  }
+  if (fd == -1) error(1, errno, "couldn't create file %s", dst.c_str());
+
+  // Actually extract into the file.
+  if (!flag_q) printf("  inflating: %s\n", dst.c_str());
+  int err = ExtractEntryToFile(zah, &entry, fd);
+  if (err < 0) error(1, 0, "failed to extract %s: %s", dst.c_str(), ErrorCodeString(err));
+  close(fd);
+}
+
+static void ListOne(const ZipEntry& entry, const std::string& name) {
+  tm t = entry.GetModificationTime();
+  char time[32];
+  snprintf(time, sizeof(time), "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d", t.tm_year + 1900, t.tm_mon + 1,
+           t.tm_mday, t.tm_hour, t.tm_min);
+  if (flag_v) {
+    printf("%8d  %s  %7d %3d%% %s %08x  %s\n", entry.uncompressed_length,
+           (entry.method == kCompressStored) ? "Stored" : "Defl:N", entry.compressed_length,
+           CompressionRatio(entry.uncompressed_length, entry.compressed_length), time, entry.crc32,
+           name.c_str());
+  } else {
+    printf("%9d  %s   %s\n", entry.uncompressed_length, time, name.c_str());
+  }
+}
+
+static void ProcessOne(ZipArchiveHandle zah, ZipEntry& entry, const std::string& name) {
+  if (flag_l || flag_v) {
+    // -l or -lv or -lq or -v.
+    ListOne(entry, name);
+  } else {
+    // Actually extract.
+    if (flag_p) {
+      ExtractToPipe(zah, entry, name);
+    } else {
+      ExtractOne(zah, entry, name);
+    }
+  }
+  total_uncompressed_length += entry.uncompressed_length;
+  total_compressed_length += entry.compressed_length;
+  ++file_count;
+}
+
+static void ProcessAll(ZipArchiveHandle zah) {
+  MaybeShowHeader();
+
+  // libziparchive iteration order doesn't match the central directory.
+  // We could sort, but that would cost extra and wouldn't match either.
+  void* cookie;
+  int err = StartIteration(zah, &cookie, nullptr, nullptr);
+  if (err != 0) {
+    error(1, 0, "couldn't iterate %s: %s", archive_name, ErrorCodeString(err));
+  }
+
+  ZipEntry entry;
+  ZipString string;
+  while ((err = Next(cookie, &entry, &string)) >= 0) {
+    std::string name(string.name, string.name + string.name_length);
+    if (!Filter(name)) ProcessOne(zah, entry, name);
+  }
+
+  if (err < -1) error(1, 0, "failed iterating %s: %s", archive_name, ErrorCodeString(err));
+  EndIteration(cookie);
+
+  MaybeShowFooter();
+}
+
+static void ShowHelp(bool full) {
+  fprintf(full ? stdout : stderr, "usage: unzip [-d DIR] [-lnopqv] ZIP [FILE...] [-x FILE...]\n");
+  if (!full) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+
+  printf(
+      "\n"
+      "Extract FILEs from ZIP archive. Default is all files.\n"
+      "\n"
+      "-d DIR	Extract into DIR\n"
+      "-l	List contents (-lq excludes archive name, -lv is verbose)\n"
+      "-n	Never overwrite files (default: prompt)\n"
+      "-o	Always overwrite files\n"
+      "-p	Pipe to stdout\n"
+      "-q	Quiet\n"
+      "-v	List contents verbosely\n"
+      "-x FILE	Exclude files\n");
+  exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
+  static struct option opts[] = {
+      {"help", no_argument, 0, 'h'},
+  };
+  bool saw_x = false;
+  int opt;
+  while ((opt = getopt_long(argc, argv, "-d:hlnopqvx", opts, nullptr)) != -1) {
+    switch (opt) {
+      case 'd':
+        flag_d = optarg;
+        break;
+      case 'h':
+        ShowHelp(true);
+        break;
+      case 'l':
+        flag_l = true;
+        break;
+      case 'n':
+        overwrite_mode = kNever;
+        break;
+      case 'o':
+        overwrite_mode = kAlways;
+        break;
+      case 'p':
+        flag_p = flag_q = true;
+        break;
+      case 'q':
+        flag_q = true;
+        break;
+      case 'v':
+        flag_v = true;
+        break;
+      case 'x':
+        saw_x = true;
+        break;
+      case 1:
+        // -x swallows all following arguments, so we use '-' in the getopt
+        // string and collect files here.
+        if (!archive_name) {
+          archive_name = optarg;
+        } else if (saw_x) {
+          excludes.insert(optarg);
+        } else {
+          includes.insert(optarg);
+        }
+        break;
+      default:
+        ShowHelp(false);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!archive_name) error(1, 0, "missing archive filename");
+
+  // We can't support "-" to unzip from stdin because libziparchive relies on mmap.
+  ZipArchiveHandle zah;
+  int32_t err;
+  if ((err = OpenArchive(archive_name, &zah)) != 0) {
+    error(1, 0, "couldn't open %s: %s", archive_name, ErrorCodeString(err));
+  }
+
+  // Implement -d by changing into that directory.
+  // We'll create implicit directories based on paths in the zip file, but we
+  // require that the -d directory already exists.
+  if (flag_d && chdir(flag_d) == -1) error(1, errno, "couldn't chdir to %s", flag_d);
+
+  ProcessAll(zah);
+
+  CloseArchive(zah);
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc b/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc
index 78de40a..ad40d42 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_archive.cc
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <limits.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
 #include <memory>
@@ -48,6 +49,10 @@
 
 using android::base::get_unaligned;
 
+// Used to turn on crc checks - verify that the content CRC matches the values
+// specified in the local file header and the central directory.
+static const bool kCrcChecksEnabled = false;
+
 // This is for windows. If we don't open a file in binary mode, weird
 // things will happen.
 #ifndef O_BINARY
@@ -57,68 +62,6 @@
 // The maximum number of bytes to scan backwards for the EOCD start.
 static const uint32_t kMaxEOCDSearch = kMaxCommentLen + sizeof(EocdRecord);
 
-static const char* kErrorMessages[] = {
-  "Unknown return code.",
-  "Iteration ended",
-  "Zlib error",
-  "Invalid file",
-  "Invalid handle",
-  "Duplicate entries in archive",
-  "Empty archive",
-  "Entry not found",
-  "Invalid offset",
-  "Inconsistent information",
-  "Invalid entry name",
-  "I/O Error",
-  "File mapping failed"
-};
-
-static const int32_t kErrorMessageUpperBound = 0;
-
-static const int32_t kIterationEnd = -1;
-
-// We encountered a Zlib error when inflating a stream from this file.
-// Usually indicates file corruption.
-static const int32_t kZlibError = -2;
-
-// The input file cannot be processed as a zip archive. Usually because
-// it's too small, too large or does not have a valid signature.
-static const int32_t kInvalidFile = -3;
-
-// An invalid iteration / ziparchive handle was passed in as an input
-// argument.
-static const int32_t kInvalidHandle = -4;
-
-// The zip archive contained two (or possibly more) entries with the same
-// name.
-static const int32_t kDuplicateEntry = -5;
-
-// The zip archive contains no entries.
-static const int32_t kEmptyArchive = -6;
-
-// The specified entry was not found in the archive.
-static const int32_t kEntryNotFound = -7;
-
-// The zip archive contained an invalid local file header pointer.
-static const int32_t kInvalidOffset = -8;
-
-// The zip archive contained inconsistent entry information. This could
-// be because the central directory & local file header did not agree, or
-// if the actual uncompressed length or crc32 do not match their declared
-// values.
-static const int32_t kInconsistentInformation = -9;
-
-// An invalid entry name was encountered.
-static const int32_t kInvalidEntryName = -10;
-
-// An I/O related system call (read, lseek, ftruncate, map) failed.
-static const int32_t kIoError = -11;
-
-// We were not able to mmap the central directory or entry contents.
-static const int32_t kMmapFailed = -12;
-
-static const int32_t kErrorMessageLowerBound = -13;
-
 /*
  * A Read-only Zip archive.
  *
@@ -172,8 +115,7 @@
  * Convert a ZipEntry to a hash table index, verifying that it's in a
  * valid range.
  */
-static int64_t EntryToIndex(const ZipString* hash_table,
-                            const uint32_t hash_table_size,
+static int64_t EntryToIndex(const ZipString* hash_table, const uint32_t hash_table_size,
                             const ZipString& name) {
   const uint32_t hash = ComputeHash(name);
 
@@ -194,7 +136,7 @@
 /*
  * Add a new entry to the hash table.
  */
-static int32_t AddToHash(ZipString *hash_table, const uint64_t hash_table_size,
+static int32_t AddToHash(ZipString* hash_table, const uint64_t hash_table_size,
                          const ZipString& name) {
   const uint64_t hash = ComputeHash(name);
   uint32_t ent = hash & (hash_table_size - 1);
@@ -218,13 +160,12 @@
 }
 
 static int32_t MapCentralDirectory0(const char* debug_file_name, ZipArchive* archive,
-                                    off64_t file_length, off64_t read_amount,
-                                    uint8_t* scan_buffer) {
+                                    off64_t file_length, off64_t read_amount, uint8_t* scan_buffer) {
   const off64_t search_start = file_length - read_amount;
 
-  if(!archive->mapped_zip.ReadAtOffset(scan_buffer, read_amount, search_start)) {
-    ALOGE("Zip: read %" PRId64 " from offset %" PRId64 " failed",
-          static_cast<int64_t>(read_amount), static_cast<int64_t>(search_start));
+  if (!archive->mapped_zip.ReadAtOffset(scan_buffer, read_amount, search_start)) {
+    ALOGE("Zip: read %" PRId64 " from offset %" PRId64 " failed", static_cast<int64_t>(read_amount),
+          static_cast<int64_t>(search_start));
     return kIoError;
   }
 
@@ -255,8 +196,7 @@
    * Verify that there's no trailing space at the end of the central directory
    * and its comment.
    */
-  const off64_t calculated_length = eocd_offset + sizeof(EocdRecord)
-      + eocd->comment_length;
+  const off64_t calculated_length = eocd_offset + sizeof(EocdRecord) + eocd->comment_length;
   if (calculated_length != file_length) {
     ALOGW("Zip: %" PRId64 " extraneous bytes at the end of the central directory",
           static_cast<int64_t>(file_length - calculated_length));
@@ -269,7 +209,7 @@
    */
   if (static_cast<off64_t>(eocd->cd_start_offset) + eocd->cd_size > eocd_offset) {
     ALOGW("Zip: bad offsets (dir %" PRIu32 ", size %" PRIu32 ", eocd %" PRId64 ")",
-        eocd->cd_start_offset, eocd->cd_size, static_cast<int64_t>(eocd_offset));
+          eocd->cd_start_offset, eocd->cd_size, static_cast<int64_t>(eocd_offset));
 #if defined(__ANDROID__)
     if (eocd->cd_start_offset + eocd->cd_size <= eocd_offset) {
       android_errorWriteLog(0x534e4554, "31251826");
@@ -282,8 +222,8 @@
     return kEmptyArchive;
   }
 
-  ALOGV("+++ num_entries=%" PRIu32 " dir_size=%" PRIu32 " dir_offset=%" PRIu32,
-        eocd->num_records, eocd->cd_size, eocd->cd_start_offset);
+  ALOGV("+++ num_entries=%" PRIu32 " dir_size=%" PRIu32 " dir_offset=%" PRIu32, eocd->num_records,
+        eocd->cd_size, eocd->cd_start_offset);
 
   /*
    * It all looks good.  Create a mapping for the CD, and set the fields
@@ -312,7 +252,6 @@
  *   num_entries
  */
 static int32_t MapCentralDirectory(const char* debug_file_name, ZipArchive* archive) {
-
   // Test file length. We use lseek64 to make sure the file
   // is small enough to be a zip file (Its size must be less than
   // 0xffffffff bytes).
@@ -349,8 +288,8 @@
   }
 
   std::vector<uint8_t> scan_buffer(read_amount);
-  int32_t result = MapCentralDirectory0(debug_file_name, archive, file_length, read_amount,
-                                        scan_buffer.data());
+  int32_t result =
+      MapCentralDirectory0(debug_file_name, archive, file_length, read_amount, scan_buffer.data());
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -371,8 +310,8 @@
    * least one unused entry to avoid an infinite loop during creation.
    */
   archive->hash_table_size = RoundUpPower2(1 + (num_entries * 4) / 3);
-  archive->hash_table = reinterpret_cast<ZipString*>(calloc(archive->hash_table_size,
-      sizeof(ZipString)));
+  archive->hash_table =
+      reinterpret_cast<ZipString*>(calloc(archive->hash_table_size, sizeof(ZipString)));
   if (archive->hash_table == nullptr) {
     ALOGW("Zip: unable to allocate the %u-entry hash_table, entry size: %zu",
           archive->hash_table_size, sizeof(ZipString));
@@ -394,8 +333,7 @@
       return -1;
     }
 
-    const CentralDirectoryRecord* cdr =
-        reinterpret_cast<const CentralDirectoryRecord*>(ptr);
+    const CentralDirectoryRecord* cdr = reinterpret_cast<const CentralDirectoryRecord*>(ptr);
     if (cdr->record_signature != CentralDirectoryRecord::kSignature) {
       ALOGW("Zip: missed a central dir sig (at %" PRIu16 ")", i);
       return -1;
@@ -404,7 +342,7 @@
     const off64_t local_header_offset = cdr->local_file_header_offset;
     if (local_header_offset >= archive->directory_offset) {
       ALOGW("Zip: bad LFH offset %" PRId64 " at entry %" PRIu16,
-          static_cast<int64_t>(local_header_offset), i);
+            static_cast<int64_t>(local_header_offset), i);
       return -1;
     }
 
@@ -414,8 +352,10 @@
     const uint8_t* file_name = ptr + sizeof(CentralDirectoryRecord);
 
     if (file_name + file_name_length > cd_end) {
-      ALOGW("Zip: file name boundary exceeds the central directory range, file_name_length: "
-            "%" PRIx16 ", cd_length: %zu", file_name_length, cd_length);
+      ALOGW(
+          "Zip: file name boundary exceeds the central directory range, file_name_length: "
+          "%" PRIx16 ", cd_length: %zu",
+          file_name_length, cd_length);
       return -1;
     }
     /* check that file name is valid UTF-8 and doesn't contain NUL (U+0000) characters */
@@ -427,8 +367,7 @@
     ZipString entry_name;
     entry_name.name = file_name;
     entry_name.name_length = file_name_length;
-    const int add_result = AddToHash(archive->hash_table,
-        archive->hash_table_size, entry_name);
+    const int add_result = AddToHash(archive->hash_table, archive->hash_table_size, entry_name);
     if (add_result != 0) {
       ALOGW("Zip: Error adding entry to hash table %d", add_result);
       return add_result;
@@ -436,8 +375,7 @@
 
     ptr += sizeof(CentralDirectoryRecord) + file_name_length + extra_length + comment_length;
     if ((ptr - cd_ptr) > static_cast<int64_t>(cd_length)) {
-      ALOGW("Zip: bad CD advance (%tu vs %zu) at entry %" PRIu16,
-          ptr - cd_ptr, cd_length, i);
+      ALOGW("Zip: bad CD advance (%tu vs %zu) at entry %" PRIu16, ptr - cd_ptr, cd_length, i);
       return -1;
     }
   }
@@ -446,8 +384,7 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int32_t OpenArchiveInternal(ZipArchive* archive,
-                                   const char* debug_file_name) {
+static int32_t OpenArchiveInternal(ZipArchive* archive, const char* debug_file_name) {
   int32_t result = -1;
   if ((result = MapCentralDirectory(debug_file_name, archive)) != 0) {
     return result;
@@ -460,8 +397,8 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
-int32_t OpenArchiveFd(int fd, const char* debug_file_name,
-                      ZipArchiveHandle* handle, bool assume_ownership) {
+int32_t OpenArchiveFd(int fd, const char* debug_file_name, ZipArchiveHandle* handle,
+                      bool assume_ownership) {
   ZipArchive* archive = new ZipArchive(fd, assume_ownership);
   *handle = archive;
   return OpenArchiveInternal(archive, debug_file_name);
@@ -481,7 +418,7 @@
 }
 
 int32_t OpenArchiveFromMemory(void* address, size_t length, const char* debug_file_name,
-                              ZipArchiveHandle *handle) {
+                              ZipArchiveHandle* handle) {
   ZipArchive* archive = new ZipArchive(address, length);
   *handle = archive;
   return OpenArchiveInternal(archive, debug_file_name);
@@ -496,26 +433,39 @@
   delete archive;
 }
 
-static int32_t UpdateEntryFromDataDescriptor(MappedZipFile& mapped_zip,
-                                             ZipEntry *entry) {
+static int32_t ValidateDataDescriptor(MappedZipFile& mapped_zip, ZipEntry* entry) {
   uint8_t ddBuf[sizeof(DataDescriptor) + sizeof(DataDescriptor::kOptSignature)];
-  if (!mapped_zip.ReadData(ddBuf, sizeof(ddBuf))) {
+  off64_t offset = entry->offset;
+  if (entry->method != kCompressStored) {
+    offset += entry->compressed_length;
+  } else {
+    offset += entry->uncompressed_length;
+  }
+
+  if (!mapped_zip.ReadAtOffset(ddBuf, sizeof(ddBuf), offset)) {
     return kIoError;
   }
 
   const uint32_t ddSignature = *(reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(ddBuf));
-  const uint16_t offset = (ddSignature == DataDescriptor::kOptSignature) ? 4 : 0;
-  const DataDescriptor* descriptor = reinterpret_cast<const DataDescriptor*>(ddBuf + offset);
+  const uint16_t ddOffset = (ddSignature == DataDescriptor::kOptSignature) ? 4 : 0;
+  const DataDescriptor* descriptor = reinterpret_cast<const DataDescriptor*>(ddBuf + ddOffset);
 
-  entry->crc32 = descriptor->crc32;
-  entry->compressed_length = descriptor->compressed_size;
-  entry->uncompressed_length = descriptor->uncompressed_size;
+  // Validate that the values in the data descriptor match those in the central
+  // directory.
+  if (entry->compressed_length != descriptor->compressed_size ||
+      entry->uncompressed_length != descriptor->uncompressed_size ||
+      entry->crc32 != descriptor->crc32) {
+    ALOGW("Zip: size/crc32 mismatch. expected {%" PRIu32 ", %" PRIu32 ", %" PRIx32
+          "}, was {%" PRIu32 ", %" PRIu32 ", %" PRIx32 "}",
+          entry->compressed_length, entry->uncompressed_length, entry->crc32,
+          descriptor->compressed_size, descriptor->uncompressed_size, descriptor->crc32);
+    return kInconsistentInformation;
+  }
 
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int32_t FindEntry(const ZipArchive* archive, const int ent,
-                         ZipEntry* data) {
+static int32_t FindEntry(const ZipArchive* archive, const int ent, ZipEntry* data) {
   const uint16_t nameLen = archive->hash_table[ent].name_length;
 
   // Recover the start of the central directory entry from the filename
@@ -533,8 +483,7 @@
     return kInvalidOffset;
   }
 
-  const CentralDirectoryRecord *cdr =
-      reinterpret_cast<const CentralDirectoryRecord*>(ptr);
+  const CentralDirectoryRecord* cdr = reinterpret_cast<const CentralDirectoryRecord*>(ptr);
 
   // The offset of the start of the central directory in the zipfile.
   // We keep this lying around so that we can sanity check all our lengths
@@ -562,46 +511,62 @@
   uint8_t lfh_buf[sizeof(LocalFileHeader)];
   if (!archive->mapped_zip.ReadAtOffset(lfh_buf, sizeof(lfh_buf), local_header_offset)) {
     ALOGW("Zip: failed reading lfh name from offset %" PRId64,
-        static_cast<int64_t>(local_header_offset));
+          static_cast<int64_t>(local_header_offset));
     return kIoError;
   }
 
-  const LocalFileHeader *lfh = reinterpret_cast<const LocalFileHeader*>(lfh_buf);
+  const LocalFileHeader* lfh = reinterpret_cast<const LocalFileHeader*>(lfh_buf);
 
   if (lfh->lfh_signature != LocalFileHeader::kSignature) {
     ALOGW("Zip: didn't find signature at start of lfh, offset=%" PRId64,
-        static_cast<int64_t>(local_header_offset));
+          static_cast<int64_t>(local_header_offset));
     return kInvalidOffset;
   }
 
   // Paranoia: Match the values specified in the local file header
   // to those specified in the central directory.
 
-  // Verify that the central directory and local file header have the same general purpose bit
-  // flags set.
-  if (lfh->gpb_flags != cdr->gpb_flags) {
-    ALOGW("Zip: gpb flag mismatch. expected {%04" PRIx16 "}, was {%04" PRIx16 "}",
+  // Warn if central directory and local file header don't agree on the use
+  // of a trailing Data Descriptor. The reference implementation is inconsistent
+  // and appears to use the LFH value during extraction (unzip) but the CD value
+  // while displayng information about archives (zipinfo). The spec remains
+  // silent on this inconsistency as well.
+  //
+  // For now, always use the version from the LFH but make sure that the values
+  // specified in the central directory match those in the data descriptor.
+  //
+  // NOTE: It's also worth noting that unzip *does* warn about inconsistencies in
+  // bit 11 (EFS: The language encoding flag, marking that filename and comment are
+  // encoded using UTF-8). This implementation does not check for the presence of
+  // that flag and always enforces that entry names are valid UTF-8.
+  if ((lfh->gpb_flags & kGPBDDFlagMask) != (cdr->gpb_flags & kGPBDDFlagMask)) {
+    ALOGW("Zip: gpb flag mismatch at bit 3. expected {%04" PRIx16 "}, was {%04" PRIx16 "}",
           cdr->gpb_flags, lfh->gpb_flags);
-    return kInconsistentInformation;
   }
 
   // If there is no trailing data descriptor, verify that the central directory and local file
   // header agree on the crc, compressed, and uncompressed sizes of the entry.
   if ((lfh->gpb_flags & kGPBDDFlagMask) == 0) {
     data->has_data_descriptor = 0;
-    if (data->compressed_length != lfh->compressed_size
-        || data->uncompressed_length != lfh->uncompressed_size
-        || data->crc32 != lfh->crc32) {
-      ALOGW("Zip: size/crc32 mismatch. expected {%" PRIu32 ", %" PRIu32
-        ", %" PRIx32 "}, was {%" PRIu32 ", %" PRIu32 ", %" PRIx32 "}",
-        data->compressed_length, data->uncompressed_length, data->crc32,
-        lfh->compressed_size, lfh->uncompressed_size, lfh->crc32);
+    if (data->compressed_length != lfh->compressed_size ||
+        data->uncompressed_length != lfh->uncompressed_size || data->crc32 != lfh->crc32) {
+      ALOGW("Zip: size/crc32 mismatch. expected {%" PRIu32 ", %" PRIu32 ", %" PRIx32
+            "}, was {%" PRIu32 ", %" PRIu32 ", %" PRIx32 "}",
+            data->compressed_length, data->uncompressed_length, data->crc32, lfh->compressed_size,
+            lfh->uncompressed_size, lfh->crc32);
       return kInconsistentInformation;
     }
   } else {
     data->has_data_descriptor = 1;
   }
 
+  // 4.4.2.1: the upper byte of `version_made_by` gives the source OS. Unix is 3.
+  if ((cdr->version_made_by >> 8) == 3) {
+    data->unix_mode = (cdr->external_file_attributes >> 16) & 0xffff;
+  } else {
+    data->unix_mode = 0777;
+  }
+
   // Check that the local file header name matches the declared
   // name in the central directory.
   if (lfh->file_name_length == nameLen) {
@@ -626,8 +591,8 @@
     return kInconsistentInformation;
   }
 
-  const off64_t data_offset = local_header_offset + sizeof(LocalFileHeader)
-      + lfh->file_name_length + lfh->extra_field_length;
+  const off64_t data_offset = local_header_offset + sizeof(LocalFileHeader) +
+                              lfh->file_name_length + lfh->extra_field_length;
   if (data_offset > cd_offset) {
     ALOGW("Zip: bad data offset %" PRId64 " in zip", static_cast<int64_t>(data_offset));
     return kInvalidOffset;
@@ -635,16 +600,17 @@
 
   if (static_cast<off64_t>(data_offset + data->compressed_length) > cd_offset) {
     ALOGW("Zip: bad compressed length in zip (%" PRId64 " + %" PRIu32 " > %" PRId64 ")",
-      static_cast<int64_t>(data_offset), data->compressed_length, static_cast<int64_t>(cd_offset));
+          static_cast<int64_t>(data_offset), data->compressed_length,
+          static_cast<int64_t>(cd_offset));
     return kInvalidOffset;
   }
 
   if (data->method == kCompressStored &&
-    static_cast<off64_t>(data_offset + data->uncompressed_length) > cd_offset) {
-     ALOGW("Zip: bad uncompressed length in zip (%" PRId64 " + %" PRIu32 " > %" PRId64 ")",
-       static_cast<int64_t>(data_offset), data->uncompressed_length,
-       static_cast<int64_t>(cd_offset));
-     return kInvalidOffset;
+      static_cast<off64_t>(data_offset + data->uncompressed_length) > cd_offset) {
+    ALOGW("Zip: bad uncompressed length in zip (%" PRId64 " + %" PRIu32 " > %" PRId64 ")",
+          static_cast<int64_t>(data_offset), data->uncompressed_length,
+          static_cast<int64_t>(cd_offset));
+    return kInvalidOffset;
   }
 
   data->offset = data_offset;
@@ -659,8 +625,7 @@
   ZipString suffix;
   ZipArchive* archive;
 
-  IterationHandle(const ZipString* in_prefix,
-                  const ZipString* in_suffix) {
+  IterationHandle(const ZipString* in_prefix, const ZipString* in_suffix) {
     if (in_prefix) {
       uint8_t* name_copy = new uint8_t[in_prefix->name_length];
       memcpy(name_copy, in_prefix->name, in_prefix->name_length);
@@ -687,8 +652,7 @@
   }
 };
 
-int32_t StartIteration(ZipArchiveHandle handle, void** cookie_ptr,
-                       const ZipString* optional_prefix,
+int32_t StartIteration(ZipArchiveHandle handle, void** cookie_ptr, const ZipString* optional_prefix,
                        const ZipString* optional_suffix) {
   ZipArchive* archive = reinterpret_cast<ZipArchive*>(handle);
 
@@ -701,7 +665,7 @@
   cookie->position = 0;
   cookie->archive = archive;
 
-  *cookie_ptr = cookie ;
+  *cookie_ptr = cookie;
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -709,16 +673,14 @@
   delete reinterpret_cast<IterationHandle*>(cookie);
 }
 
-int32_t FindEntry(const ZipArchiveHandle handle, const ZipString& entryName,
-                  ZipEntry* data) {
+int32_t FindEntry(const ZipArchiveHandle handle, const ZipString& entryName, ZipEntry* data) {
   const ZipArchive* archive = reinterpret_cast<ZipArchive*>(handle);
   if (entryName.name_length == 0) {
     ALOGW("Zip: Invalid filename %.*s", entryName.name_length, entryName.name);
     return kInvalidEntryName;
   }
 
-  const int64_t ent = EntryToIndex(archive->hash_table,
-    archive->hash_table_size, entryName);
+  const int64_t ent = EntryToIndex(archive->hash_table, archive->hash_table_size, entryName);
 
   if (ent < 0) {
     ALOGV("Zip: Could not find entry %.*s", entryName.name_length, entryName.name);
@@ -746,10 +708,8 @@
 
   for (uint32_t i = currentOffset; i < hash_table_length; ++i) {
     if (hash_table[i].name != NULL &&
-        (handle->prefix.name_length == 0 ||
-         hash_table[i].StartsWith(handle->prefix)) &&
-        (handle->suffix.name_length == 0 ||
-         hash_table[i].EndsWith(handle->suffix))) {
+        (handle->prefix.name_length == 0 || hash_table[i].StartsWith(handle->prefix)) &&
+        (handle->suffix.name_length == 0 || hash_table[i].EndsWith(handle->suffix))) {
       handle->position = (i + 1);
       const int error = FindEntry(archive, i, data);
       if (!error) {
@@ -769,8 +729,10 @@
  public:
   virtual bool Append(uint8_t* buf, size_t buf_size) = 0;
   virtual ~Writer() {}
+
  protected:
   Writer() = default;
+
  private:
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Writer);
 };
@@ -780,14 +742,12 @@
 // the data appended to it.
 class MemoryWriter : public Writer {
  public:
-  MemoryWriter(uint8_t* buf, size_t size) : Writer(),
-      buf_(buf), size_(size), bytes_written_(0) {
-  }
+  MemoryWriter(uint8_t* buf, size_t size) : Writer(), buf_(buf), size_(size), bytes_written_(0) {}
 
   virtual bool Append(uint8_t* buf, size_t buf_size) override {
     if (bytes_written_ + buf_size > size_) {
-      ALOGW("Zip: Unexpected size " ZD " (declared) vs " ZD " (actual)",
-            size_, bytes_written_ + buf_size);
+      ALOGW("Zip: Unexpected size " ZD " (declared) vs " ZD " (actual)", size_,
+            bytes_written_ + buf_size);
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -806,7 +766,6 @@
 // The file will be truncated to the end of the written data.
 class FileWriter : public Writer {
  public:
-
   // Creates a FileWriter for |fd| and prepare to write |entry| to it,
   // guaranteeing that the file descriptor is valid and that there's enough
   // space on the volume to write out the entry completely and that the file
@@ -865,8 +824,8 @@
 
   virtual bool Append(uint8_t* buf, size_t buf_size) override {
     if (total_bytes_written_ + buf_size > declared_length_) {
-      ALOGW("Zip: Unexpected size " ZD " (declared) vs " ZD " (actual)",
-            declared_length_, total_bytes_written_ + buf_size);
+      ALOGW("Zip: Unexpected size " ZD " (declared) vs " ZD " (actual)", declared_length_,
+            total_bytes_written_ + buf_size);
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -879,13 +838,10 @@
 
     return result;
   }
+
  private:
-  FileWriter(const int fd, const size_t declared_length) :
-      Writer(),
-      fd_(fd),
-      declared_length_(declared_length),
-      total_bytes_written_(0) {
-  }
+  FileWriter(const int fd, const size_t declared_length)
+      : Writer(), fd_(fd), declared_length_(declared_length), total_bytes_written_(0) {}
 
   const int fd_;
   const size_t declared_length_;
@@ -928,8 +884,7 @@
   zerr = zlib_inflateInit2(&zstream, -MAX_WBITS);
   if (zerr != Z_OK) {
     if (zerr == Z_VERSION_ERROR) {
-      ALOGE("Installed zlib is not compatible with linked version (%s)",
-        ZLIB_VERSION);
+      ALOGE("Installed zlib is not compatible with linked version (%s)", ZLIB_VERSION);
     } else {
       ALOGW("Call to inflateInit2 failed (zerr=%d)", zerr);
     }
@@ -938,19 +893,22 @@
   }
 
   auto zstream_deleter = [](z_stream* stream) {
-    inflateEnd(stream);  /* free up any allocated structures */
+    inflateEnd(stream); /* free up any allocated structures */
   };
 
   std::unique_ptr<z_stream, decltype(zstream_deleter)> zstream_guard(&zstream, zstream_deleter);
 
   const uint32_t uncompressed_length = entry->uncompressed_length;
 
+  uint64_t crc = 0;
   uint32_t compressed_length = entry->compressed_length;
   do {
     /* read as much as we can */
     if (zstream.avail_in == 0) {
       const size_t getSize = (compressed_length > kBufSize) ? kBufSize : compressed_length;
-      if (!mapped_zip.ReadData(read_buf.data(), getSize)) {
+      off64_t offset = entry->offset + (entry->compressed_length - compressed_length);
+      // Make sure to read at offset to ensure concurrent access to the fd.
+      if (!mapped_zip.ReadAtOffset(read_buf.data(), getSize, offset)) {
         ALOGW("Zip: inflate read failed, getSize = %zu: %s", getSize, strerror(errno));
         return kIoError;
       }
@@ -964,19 +922,19 @@
     /* uncompress the data */
     zerr = inflate(&zstream, Z_NO_FLUSH);
     if (zerr != Z_OK && zerr != Z_STREAM_END) {
-      ALOGW("Zip: inflate zerr=%d (nIn=%p aIn=%u nOut=%p aOut=%u)",
-          zerr, zstream.next_in, zstream.avail_in,
-          zstream.next_out, zstream.avail_out);
+      ALOGW("Zip: inflate zerr=%d (nIn=%p aIn=%u nOut=%p aOut=%u)", zerr, zstream.next_in,
+            zstream.avail_in, zstream.next_out, zstream.avail_out);
       return kZlibError;
     }
 
     /* write when we're full or when we're done */
-    if (zstream.avail_out == 0 ||
-      (zerr == Z_STREAM_END && zstream.avail_out != kBufSize)) {
+    if (zstream.avail_out == 0 || (zerr == Z_STREAM_END && zstream.avail_out != kBufSize)) {
       const size_t write_size = zstream.next_out - &write_buf[0];
       if (!writer->Append(&write_buf[0], write_size)) {
         // The file might have declared a bogus length.
         return kInconsistentInformation;
+      } else {
+        crc = crc32(crc, &write_buf[0], write_size);
       }
 
       zstream.next_out = &write_buf[0];
@@ -984,14 +942,19 @@
     }
   } while (zerr == Z_OK);
 
-  assert(zerr == Z_STREAM_END);     /* other errors should've been caught */
+  assert(zerr == Z_STREAM_END); /* other errors should've been caught */
 
-  // stream.adler holds the crc32 value for such streams.
-  *crc_out = zstream.adler;
+  // NOTE: zstream.adler is always set to 0, because we're using the -MAX_WBITS
+  // "feature" of zlib to tell it there won't be a zlib file header. zlib
+  // doesn't bother calculating the checksum in that scenario. We just do
+  // it ourselves above because there are no additional gains to be made by
+  // having zlib calculate it for us, since they do it by calling crc32 in
+  // the same manner that we have above.
+  *crc_out = crc;
 
   if (zstream.total_out != uncompressed_length || compressed_length != 0) {
-    ALOGW("Zip: size mismatch on inflated file (%lu vs %" PRIu32 ")",
-        zstream.total_out, uncompressed_length);
+    ALOGW("Zip: size mismatch on inflated file (%lu vs %" PRIu32 ")", zstream.total_out,
+          uncompressed_length);
     return kInconsistentInformation;
   }
 
@@ -999,7 +962,7 @@
 }
 
 static int32_t CopyEntryToWriter(MappedZipFile& mapped_zip, const ZipEntry* entry, Writer* writer,
-                                 uint64_t *crc_out) {
+                                 uint64_t* crc_out) {
   static const uint32_t kBufSize = 32768;
   std::vector<uint8_t> buf(kBufSize);
 
@@ -1008,12 +971,15 @@
   uint64_t crc = 0;
   while (count < length) {
     uint32_t remaining = length - count;
+    off64_t offset = entry->offset + count;
 
-    // Safe conversion because kBufSize is narrow enough for a 32 bit signed
-    // value.
+    // Safe conversion because kBufSize is narrow enough for a 32 bit signed value.
     const size_t block_size = (remaining > kBufSize) ? kBufSize : remaining;
-    if (!mapped_zip.ReadData(buf.data(), block_size)) {
-      ALOGW("CopyFileToFile: copy read failed, block_size = %zu: %s", block_size, strerror(errno));
+
+    // Make sure to read at offset to ensure concurrent access to the fd.
+    if (!mapped_zip.ReadAtOffset(buf.data(), block_size, offset)) {
+      ALOGW("CopyFileToFile: copy read failed, block_size = %zu, offset = %" PRId64 ": %s",
+            block_size, static_cast<int64_t>(offset), strerror(errno));
       return kIoError;
     }
 
@@ -1029,16 +995,9 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
-int32_t ExtractToWriter(ZipArchiveHandle handle,
-                        ZipEntry* entry, Writer* writer) {
+int32_t ExtractToWriter(ZipArchiveHandle handle, ZipEntry* entry, Writer* writer) {
   ZipArchive* archive = reinterpret_cast<ZipArchive*>(handle);
   const uint16_t method = entry->method;
-  off64_t data_offset = entry->offset;
-
-  if (!archive->mapped_zip.SeekToOffset(data_offset)) {
-    ALOGW("Zip: lseek to data at %" PRId64 " failed", static_cast<int64_t>(data_offset));
-    return kIoError;
-  }
 
   // this should default to kUnknownCompressionMethod.
   int32_t return_value = -1;
@@ -1050,15 +1009,14 @@
   }
 
   if (!return_value && entry->has_data_descriptor) {
-    return_value = UpdateEntryFromDataDescriptor(archive->mapped_zip, entry);
+    return_value = ValidateDataDescriptor(archive->mapped_zip, entry);
     if (return_value) {
       return return_value;
     }
   }
 
-  // TODO: Fix this check by passing the right flags to inflate2 so that
-  // it calculates the CRC for us.
-  if (entry->crc32 != crc && false) {
+  // Validate that the CRC matches the calculated value.
+  if (kCrcChecksEnabled && (entry->crc32 != static_cast<uint32_t>(crc))) {
     ALOGW("Zip: crc mismatch: expected %" PRIu32 ", was %" PRIu64, entry->crc32, crc);
     return kInconsistentInformation;
   }
@@ -1066,14 +1024,12 @@
   return return_value;
 }
 
-int32_t ExtractToMemory(ZipArchiveHandle handle, ZipEntry* entry,
-                        uint8_t* begin, uint32_t size) {
+int32_t ExtractToMemory(ZipArchiveHandle handle, ZipEntry* entry, uint8_t* begin, uint32_t size) {
   std::unique_ptr<Writer> writer(new MemoryWriter(begin, size));
   return ExtractToWriter(handle, entry, writer.get());
 }
 
-int32_t ExtractEntryToFile(ZipArchiveHandle handle,
-                           ZipEntry* entry, int fd) {
+int32_t ExtractEntryToFile(ZipArchiveHandle handle, ZipEntry* entry, int fd) {
   std::unique_ptr<Writer> writer(FileWriter::Create(fd, entry));
   if (writer.get() == nullptr) {
     return kIoError;
@@ -1083,19 +1039,24 @@
 }
 
 const char* ErrorCodeString(int32_t error_code) {
-  if (error_code > kErrorMessageLowerBound && error_code < kErrorMessageUpperBound) {
-    return kErrorMessages[error_code * -1];
+  // Make sure that the number of entries in kErrorMessages and ErrorCodes
+  // match.
+  static_assert((-kLastErrorCode + 1) == arraysize(kErrorMessages),
+                "(-kLastErrorCode + 1) != arraysize(kErrorMessages)");
+
+  const uint32_t idx = -error_code;
+  if (idx < arraysize(kErrorMessages)) {
+    return kErrorMessages[idx];
   }
 
-  return kErrorMessages[0];
+  return "Unknown return code";
 }
 
 int GetFileDescriptor(const ZipArchiveHandle handle) {
   return reinterpret_cast<ZipArchive*>(handle)->mapped_zip.GetFileDescriptor();
 }
 
-ZipString::ZipString(const char* entry_name)
-    : name(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(entry_name)) {
+ZipString::ZipString(const char* entry_name) : name(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(entry_name)) {
   size_t len = strlen(entry_name);
   CHECK_LE(len, static_cast<size_t>(UINT16_MAX));
   name_length = static_cast<uint16_t>(len);
@@ -1104,10 +1065,8 @@
 #if !defined(_WIN32)
 class ProcessWriter : public Writer {
  public:
-  ProcessWriter(ProcessZipEntryFunction func, void* cookie) : Writer(),
-    proc_function_(func),
-    cookie_(cookie) {
-  }
+  ProcessWriter(ProcessZipEntryFunction func, void* cookie)
+      : Writer(), proc_function_(func), cookie_(cookie) {}
 
   virtual bool Append(uint8_t* buf, size_t buf_size) override {
     return proc_function_(buf, buf_size, cookie_);
@@ -1124,7 +1083,7 @@
   return ExtractToWriter(handle, entry, &writer);
 }
 
-#endif //!defined(_WIN32)
+#endif  //! defined(_WIN32)
 
 int MappedZipFile::GetFileDescriptor() const {
   if (!has_fd_) {
@@ -1158,54 +1117,21 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool MappedZipFile::SeekToOffset(off64_t offset) {
-  if (has_fd_) {
-    if (lseek64(fd_, offset, SEEK_SET) != offset) {
-      ALOGE("Zip: lseek to %" PRId64 " failed: %s\n", offset, strerror(errno));
-      return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  } else {
-    if (offset < 0 || offset > static_cast<off64_t>(data_length_)) {
-      ALOGE("Zip: invalid offset: %" PRId64 ", data length: %" PRId64 "\n" , offset,
-            data_length_);
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    read_pos_ = offset;
-    return true;
-  }
-}
-
-bool MappedZipFile::ReadData(uint8_t* buffer, size_t read_amount) {
-  if (has_fd_) {
-    if(!android::base::ReadFully(fd_, buffer, read_amount)) {
-      ALOGE("Zip: read from %d failed\n", fd_);
-      return false;
-    }
-  } else {
-    memcpy(buffer, static_cast<uint8_t*>(base_ptr_) + read_pos_, read_amount);
-    read_pos_ += read_amount;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
 // Attempts to read |len| bytes into |buf| at offset |off|.
 bool MappedZipFile::ReadAtOffset(uint8_t* buf, size_t len, off64_t off) {
-#if !defined(_WIN32)
   if (has_fd_) {
-    if (static_cast<size_t>(TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(pread64(fd_, buf, len, off))) != len) {
+    if (!android::base::ReadFullyAtOffset(fd_, buf, len, off)) {
       ALOGE("Zip: failed to read at offset %" PRId64 "\n", off);
       return false;
     }
-    return true;
+  } else {
+    if (off < 0 || off > static_cast<off64_t>(data_length_)) {
+      ALOGE("Zip: invalid offset: %" PRId64 ", data length: %" PRId64 "\n", off, data_length_);
+      return false;
+    }
+    memcpy(buf, static_cast<uint8_t*>(base_ptr_) + off, len);
   }
-#endif
-  if (!SeekToOffset(off)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  return ReadData(buf, len);
-
+  return true;
 }
 
 void CentralDirectory::Initialize(void* map_base_ptr, off64_t cd_start_offset, size_t cd_size) {
@@ -1216,13 +1142,13 @@
 bool ZipArchive::InitializeCentralDirectory(const char* debug_file_name, off64_t cd_start_offset,
                                             size_t cd_size) {
   if (mapped_zip.HasFd()) {
-    if (!directory_map->create(debug_file_name, mapped_zip.GetFileDescriptor(),
-                               cd_start_offset, cd_size, true /* read only */)) {
+    if (!directory_map->create(debug_file_name, mapped_zip.GetFileDescriptor(), cd_start_offset,
+                               cd_size, true /* read only */)) {
       return false;
     }
 
     CHECK_EQ(directory_map->getDataLength(), cd_size);
-    central_directory.Initialize(directory_map->getDataPtr(), 0/*offset*/, cd_size);
+    central_directory.Initialize(directory_map->getDataPtr(), 0 /*offset*/, cd_size);
   } else {
     if (mapped_zip.GetBasePtr() == nullptr) {
       ALOGE("Zip: Failed to map central directory, bad mapped_zip base pointer\n");
@@ -1230,9 +1156,10 @@
     }
     if (static_cast<off64_t>(cd_start_offset) + static_cast<off64_t>(cd_size) >
         mapped_zip.GetFileLength()) {
-      ALOGE("Zip: Failed to map central directory, offset exceeds mapped memory region ("
-            "start_offset %"  PRId64 ", cd_size %zu, mapped_region_size %" PRId64 ")",
-            static_cast<int64_t>(cd_start_offset), cd_size, mapped_zip.GetFileLength());
+      ALOGE(
+          "Zip: Failed to map central directory, offset exceeds mapped memory region ("
+          "start_offset %" PRId64 ", cd_size %zu, mapped_region_size %" PRId64 ")",
+          static_cast<int64_t>(cd_start_offset), cd_size, mapped_zip.GetFileLength());
       return false;
     }
 
@@ -1240,3 +1167,17 @@
   }
   return true;
 }
+
+tm ZipEntry::GetModificationTime() const {
+  tm t = {};
+
+  t.tm_hour = (mod_time >> 11) & 0x1f;
+  t.tm_min = (mod_time >> 5) & 0x3f;
+  t.tm_sec = (mod_time & 0x1f) << 1;
+
+  t.tm_year = ((mod_time >> 25) & 0x7f) + 80;
+  t.tm_mon = ((mod_time >> 21) & 0xf) - 1;
+  t.tm_mday = (mod_time >> 16) & 0x1f;
+
+  return t;
+}
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_archive_common.h b/libziparchive/zip_archive_common.h
index ca42509..8b99bde 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_archive_common.h
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_archive_common.h
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@
   uint32_t cd_start_offset;
   // Length of the central directory comment.
   uint16_t comment_length;
+
  private:
   EocdRecord() = default;
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(EocdRecord);
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@
 
   // The start of record signature. Must be |kSignature|.
   uint32_t record_signature;
-  // Tool version. Ignored by this implementation.
+  // Source tool version. Top byte gives source OS.
   uint16_t version_made_by;
   // Tool version. Ignored by this implementation.
   uint16_t version_needed;
@@ -106,11 +107,12 @@
   uint16_t file_start_disk;
   // File attributes. Ignored by this implementation.
   uint16_t internal_file_attributes;
-  // File attributes. Ignored by this implementation.
+  // File attributes. For archives created on Unix, the top bits are the mode.
   uint32_t external_file_attributes;
   // The offset to the local file header for this entry, from the
   // beginning of this archive.
   uint32_t local_file_header_offset;
+
  private:
   CentralDirectoryRecord() = default;
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(CentralDirectoryRecord);
@@ -149,6 +151,7 @@
   // The length of the extra field info (in bytes). This data
   // will appear immediately after the entry file name.
   uint16_t extra_field_length;
+
  private:
   LocalFileHeader() = default;
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(LocalFileHeader);
@@ -164,6 +167,7 @@
   uint32_t compressed_size;
   // Uncompressed size of the entry.
   uint32_t uncompressed_size;
+
  private:
   DataDescriptor() = default;
   DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(DataDescriptor);
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_archive_private.h b/libziparchive/zip_archive_private.h
index 971db4f..174aa3f 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_archive_private.h
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_archive_private.h
@@ -26,24 +26,79 @@
 
 #include <utils/FileMap.h>
 #include <ziparchive/zip_archive.h>
+#include "android-base/macros.h"
+
+static const char* kErrorMessages[] = {
+    "Success",
+    "Iteration ended",
+    "Zlib error",
+    "Invalid file",
+    "Invalid handle",
+    "Duplicate entries in archive",
+    "Empty archive",
+    "Entry not found",
+    "Invalid offset",
+    "Inconsistent information",
+    "Invalid entry name",
+    "I/O error",
+    "File mapping failed",
+};
+
+enum ErrorCodes : int32_t {
+  kIterationEnd = -1,
+
+  // We encountered a Zlib error when inflating a stream from this file.
+  // Usually indicates file corruption.
+  kZlibError = -2,
+
+  // The input file cannot be processed as a zip archive. Usually because
+  // it's too small, too large or does not have a valid signature.
+  kInvalidFile = -3,
+
+  // An invalid iteration / ziparchive handle was passed in as an input
+  // argument.
+  kInvalidHandle = -4,
+
+  // The zip archive contained two (or possibly more) entries with the same
+  // name.
+  kDuplicateEntry = -5,
+
+  // The zip archive contains no entries.
+  kEmptyArchive = -6,
+
+  // The specified entry was not found in the archive.
+  kEntryNotFound = -7,
+
+  // The zip archive contained an invalid local file header pointer.
+  kInvalidOffset = -8,
+
+  // The zip archive contained inconsistent entry information. This could
+  // be because the central directory & local file header did not agree, or
+  // if the actual uncompressed length or crc32 do not match their declared
+  // values.
+  kInconsistentInformation = -9,
+
+  // An invalid entry name was encountered.
+  kInvalidEntryName = -10,
+
+  // An I/O related system call (read, lseek, ftruncate, map) failed.
+  kIoError = -11,
+
+  // We were not able to mmap the central directory or entry contents.
+  kMmapFailed = -12,
+
+  kLastErrorCode = kMmapFailed,
+};
 
 class MappedZipFile {
  public:
-  explicit MappedZipFile(const int fd) :
-    has_fd_(true),
-    fd_(fd),
-    base_ptr_(nullptr),
-    data_length_(0),
-    read_pos_(0) {}
+  explicit MappedZipFile(const int fd)
+      : has_fd_(true), fd_(fd), base_ptr_(nullptr), data_length_(0) {}
 
-  explicit MappedZipFile(void* address, size_t length) :
-    has_fd_(false),
-    fd_(-1),
-    base_ptr_(address),
-    data_length_(static_cast<off64_t>(length)),
-    read_pos_(0) {}
+  explicit MappedZipFile(void* address, size_t length)
+      : has_fd_(false), fd_(-1), base_ptr_(address), data_length_(static_cast<off64_t>(length)) {}
 
-  bool HasFd() const {return has_fd_;}
+  bool HasFd() const { return has_fd_; }
 
   int GetFileDescriptor() const;
 
@@ -51,10 +106,6 @@
 
   off64_t GetFileLength() const;
 
-  bool SeekToOffset(off64_t offset);
-
-  bool ReadData(uint8_t* buffer, size_t read_amount);
-
   bool ReadAtOffset(uint8_t* buf, size_t len, off64_t off);
 
  private:
@@ -68,19 +119,15 @@
 
   void* const base_ptr_;
   const off64_t data_length_;
-  // read_pos_ is the offset to the base_ptr_ where we read data from.
-  size_t read_pos_;
 };
 
 class CentralDirectory {
  public:
-  CentralDirectory(void) :
-    base_ptr_(nullptr),
-    length_(0) {}
+  CentralDirectory(void) : base_ptr_(nullptr), length_(0) {}
 
-  const uint8_t* GetBasePtr() const {return base_ptr_;}
+  const uint8_t* GetBasePtr() const { return base_ptr_; }
 
-  size_t GetMapLength() const {return length_;}
+  size_t GetMapLength() const { return length_; }
 
   void Initialize(void* map_base_ptr, off64_t cd_start_offset, size_t cd_size);
 
@@ -109,25 +156,25 @@
   uint32_t hash_table_size;
   ZipString* hash_table;
 
-  ZipArchive(const int fd, bool assume_ownership) :
-    mapped_zip(fd),
-    close_file(assume_ownership),
-    directory_offset(0),
-    central_directory(),
-    directory_map(new android::FileMap()),
-    num_entries(0),
-    hash_table_size(0),
-    hash_table(nullptr) {}
+  ZipArchive(const int fd, bool assume_ownership)
+      : mapped_zip(fd),
+        close_file(assume_ownership),
+        directory_offset(0),
+        central_directory(),
+        directory_map(new android::FileMap()),
+        num_entries(0),
+        hash_table_size(0),
+        hash_table(nullptr) {}
 
-  ZipArchive(void* address, size_t length) :
-    mapped_zip(address, length),
-    close_file(false),
-    directory_offset(0),
-    central_directory(),
-    directory_map(new android::FileMap()),
-    num_entries(0),
-    hash_table_size(0),
-    hash_table(nullptr) {}
+  ZipArchive(void* address, size_t length)
+      : mapped_zip(address, length),
+        close_file(false),
+        directory_offset(0),
+        central_directory(),
+        directory_map(new android::FileMap()),
+        num_entries(0),
+        hash_table_size(0),
+        hash_table(nullptr) {}
 
   ~ZipArchive() {
     if (close_file && mapped_zip.GetFileDescriptor() >= 0) {
@@ -139,7 +186,6 @@
 
   bool InitializeCentralDirectory(const char* debug_file_name, off64_t cd_start_offset,
                                   size_t cd_size);
-
 };
 
 #endif  // LIBZIPARCHIVE_ZIPARCHIVE_PRIVATE_H_
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.cc b/libziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.cc
index 3f336a6..9ec89b1 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.cc
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_archive_stream_entry.cc
@@ -38,13 +38,8 @@
 static constexpr size_t kBufSize = 65535;
 
 bool ZipArchiveStreamEntry::Init(const ZipEntry& entry) {
-  ZipArchive* archive = reinterpret_cast<ZipArchive*>(handle_);
-  off64_t data_offset = entry.offset;
-  if (!archive->mapped_zip.SeekToOffset(data_offset)) {
-    ALOGW("lseek to data at %" PRId64 " failed: %s", data_offset, strerror(errno));
-    return false;
-  }
   crc32_ = entry.crc32;
+  offset_ = entry.offset;
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -61,11 +56,11 @@
  protected:
   bool Init(const ZipEntry& entry) override;
 
-  uint32_t length_;
+  uint32_t length_ = 0u;
 
  private:
   std::vector<uint8_t> data_;
-  uint32_t computed_crc32_;
+  uint32_t computed_crc32_ = 0u;
 };
 
 bool ZipArchiveStreamEntryUncompressed::Init(const ZipEntry& entry) {
@@ -89,7 +84,7 @@
   size_t bytes = (length_ > data_.size()) ? data_.size() : length_;
   ZipArchive* archive = reinterpret_cast<ZipArchive*>(handle_);
   errno = 0;
-  if (!archive->mapped_zip.ReadData(data_.data(), bytes)) {
+  if (!archive->mapped_zip.ReadAtOffset(data_.data(), bytes, offset_)) {
     if (errno != 0) {
       ALOGE("Error reading from archive fd: %s", strerror(errno));
     } else {
@@ -104,6 +99,7 @@
   }
   computed_crc32_ = crc32(computed_crc32_, data_.data(), data_.size());
   length_ -= bytes;
+  offset_ += bytes;
   return &data_;
 }
 
@@ -129,9 +125,9 @@
   z_stream z_stream_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> in_;
   std::vector<uint8_t> out_;
-  uint32_t uncompressed_length_;
-  uint32_t compressed_length_;
-  uint32_t computed_crc32_;
+  uint32_t uncompressed_length_ = 0u;
+  uint32_t compressed_length_ = 0u;
+  uint32_t computed_crc32_ = 0u;
 };
 
 // This method is using libz macros with old-style-casts
@@ -162,8 +158,7 @@
   int zerr = zlib_inflateInit2(&z_stream_, -MAX_WBITS);
   if (zerr != Z_OK) {
     if (zerr == Z_VERSION_ERROR) {
-      ALOGE("Installed zlib is not compatible with linked version (%s)",
-        ZLIB_VERSION);
+      ALOGE("Installed zlib is not compatible with linked version (%s)", ZLIB_VERSION);
     } else {
       ALOGE("Call to inflateInit2 failed (zerr=%d)", zerr);
     }
@@ -193,13 +188,14 @@
 
 bool ZipArchiveStreamEntryCompressed::Verify() {
   return z_stream_init_ && uncompressed_length_ == 0 && compressed_length_ == 0 &&
-      crc32_ == computed_crc32_;
+         crc32_ == computed_crc32_;
 }
 
 const std::vector<uint8_t>* ZipArchiveStreamEntryCompressed::Read() {
   if (z_stream_.avail_out == 0) {
     z_stream_.next_out = out_.data();
-    z_stream_.avail_out = out_.size();;
+    z_stream_.avail_out = out_.size();
+    ;
   }
 
   while (true) {
@@ -210,7 +206,7 @@
       size_t bytes = (compressed_length_ > in_.size()) ? in_.size() : compressed_length_;
       ZipArchive* archive = reinterpret_cast<ZipArchive*>(handle_);
       errno = 0;
-      if (!archive->mapped_zip.ReadData(in_.data(), bytes)) {
+      if (!archive->mapped_zip.ReadAtOffset(in_.data(), bytes, offset_)) {
         if (errno != 0) {
           ALOGE("Error reading from archive fd: %s", strerror(errno));
         } else {
@@ -220,15 +216,15 @@
       }
 
       compressed_length_ -= bytes;
+      offset_ += bytes;
       z_stream_.next_in = in_.data();
       z_stream_.avail_in = bytes;
     }
 
     int zerr = inflate(&z_stream_, Z_NO_FLUSH);
     if (zerr != Z_OK && zerr != Z_STREAM_END) {
-      ALOGE("inflate zerr=%d (nIn=%p aIn=%u nOut=%p aOut=%u)",
-          zerr, z_stream_.next_in, z_stream_.avail_in,
-          z_stream_.next_out, z_stream_.avail_out);
+      ALOGE("inflate zerr=%d (nIn=%p aIn=%u nOut=%p aOut=%u)", zerr, z_stream_.next_in,
+            z_stream_.avail_in, z_stream_.next_out, z_stream_.avail_out);
       return nullptr;
     }
 
@@ -276,8 +272,8 @@
   return length_ == 0;
 }
 
-ZipArchiveStreamEntry* ZipArchiveStreamEntry::Create(
-    ZipArchiveHandle handle, const ZipEntry& entry) {
+ZipArchiveStreamEntry* ZipArchiveStreamEntry::Create(ZipArchiveHandle handle,
+                                                     const ZipEntry& entry) {
   ZipArchiveStreamEntry* stream = nullptr;
   if (entry.method != kCompressStored) {
     stream = new ZipArchiveStreamEntryCompressed(handle);
@@ -292,8 +288,8 @@
   return stream;
 }
 
-ZipArchiveStreamEntry* ZipArchiveStreamEntry::CreateRaw(
-    ZipArchiveHandle handle, const ZipEntry& entry) {
+ZipArchiveStreamEntry* ZipArchiveStreamEntry::CreateRaw(ZipArchiveHandle handle,
+                                                        const ZipEntry& entry) {
   ZipArchiveStreamEntry* stream = nullptr;
   if (entry.method == kCompressStored) {
     // Not compressed, don't need to do anything special.
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_archive_test.cc b/libziparchive/zip_archive_test.cc
index 493a0ce..dbc14f0 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_archive_test.cc
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_archive_test.cc
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "zip_archive_private.h"
+
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <getopt.h>
@@ -42,21 +44,13 @@
 static const std::string kBadFilenameZip = "bad_filename.zip";
 static const std::string kUpdateZip = "dummy-update.zip";
 
-static const std::vector<uint8_t> kATxtContents {
-  'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
-  'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
-  '\n'
-};
+static const std::vector<uint8_t> kATxtContents{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'a',
+                                                'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', '\n'};
 
-static const std::vector<uint8_t> kATxtContentsCompressed {
-  'K', 'L', 'J', 'N', 'I', 'M', 'K', 207, 'H',
-  132, 210, '\\', '\0'
-};
+static const std::vector<uint8_t> kATxtContentsCompressed{'K', 'L', 'J', 'N', 'I',  'M', 'K',
+                                                          207, 'H', 132, 210, '\\', '\0'};
 
-static const std::vector<uint8_t> kBTxtContents {
-  'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h',
-  '\n'
-};
+static const std::vector<uint8_t> kBTxtContents{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', '\n'};
 
 static const std::string kATxtName("a.txt");
 static const std::string kBTxtName("b.txt");
@@ -65,14 +59,12 @@
 static const std::string kLargeCompressTxtName("compress.txt");
 static const std::string kLargeUncompressTxtName("uncompress.txt");
 
-static int32_t OpenArchiveWrapper(const std::string& name,
-                                  ZipArchiveHandle* handle) {
+static int32_t OpenArchiveWrapper(const std::string& name, ZipArchiveHandle* handle) {
   const std::string abs_path = test_data_dir + "/" + name;
   return OpenArchive(abs_path.c_str(), handle);
 }
 
-static void AssertNameEquals(const std::string& name_str,
-                             const ZipString& name) {
+static void AssertNameEquals(const std::string& name_str, const ZipString& name) {
   ASSERT_EQ(name_str.size(), name.name_length);
   ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(name_str.c_str(), name.name, name.name_length));
 }
@@ -343,47 +335,36 @@
 }
 
 static const uint32_t kEmptyEntriesZip[] = {
-      0x04034b50, 0x0000000a, 0x63600000, 0x00004438, 0x00000000, 0x00000000,
-      0x00090000, 0x6d65001c, 0x2e797470, 0x55747874, 0x03000954, 0x52e25c13,
-      0x52e25c24, 0x000b7875, 0x42890401, 0x88040000, 0x50000013, 0x1e02014b,
-      0x00000a03, 0x60000000, 0x00443863, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x09000000,
-      0x00001800, 0x00000000, 0xa0000000, 0x00000081, 0x706d6500, 0x742e7974,
-      0x54557478, 0x13030005, 0x7552e25c, 0x01000b78, 0x00428904, 0x13880400,
-      0x4b500000, 0x00000605, 0x00010000, 0x004f0001, 0x00430000, 0x00000000 };
+    0x04034b50, 0x0000000a, 0x63600000, 0x00004438, 0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x00090000,
+    0x6d65001c, 0x2e797470, 0x55747874, 0x03000954, 0x52e25c13, 0x52e25c24, 0x000b7875,
+    0x42890401, 0x88040000, 0x50000013, 0x1e02014b, 0x00000a03, 0x60000000, 0x00443863,
+    0x00000000, 0x00000000, 0x09000000, 0x00001800, 0x00000000, 0xa0000000, 0x00000081,
+    0x706d6500, 0x742e7974, 0x54557478, 0x13030005, 0x7552e25c, 0x01000b78, 0x00428904,
+    0x13880400, 0x4b500000, 0x00000605, 0x00010000, 0x004f0001, 0x00430000, 0x00000000};
 
 // This is a zip file containing a single entry (ab.txt) that contains
 // 90072 repetitions of the string "ab\n" and has an uncompressed length
 // of 270216 bytes.
 static const uint16_t kAbZip[] = {
-  0x4b50, 0x0403, 0x0014, 0x0000, 0x0008, 0x51d2, 0x4698, 0xc4b0,
-  0x2cda, 0x011b, 0x0000, 0x1f88, 0x0004, 0x0006, 0x001c, 0x6261,
-  0x742e, 0x7478, 0x5455, 0x0009, 0x7c03, 0x3a09, 0x7c55, 0x3a09,
-  0x7555, 0x0b78, 0x0100, 0x8904, 0x0042, 0x0400, 0x1388, 0x0000,
-  0xc2ed, 0x0d31, 0x0000, 0x030c, 0x7fa0, 0x3b2e, 0x22ff, 0xa2aa,
-  0x841f, 0x45fc, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
-  0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0xdd55, 0x502c, 0x014b, 0x1e02,
-  0x1403, 0x0000, 0x0800, 0xd200, 0x9851, 0xb046, 0xdac4, 0x1b2c,
-  0x0001, 0x8800, 0x041f, 0x0600, 0x1800, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0100,
-  0x0000, 0xa000, 0x0081, 0x0000, 0x6100, 0x2e62, 0x7874, 0x5574,
-  0x0554, 0x0300, 0x097c, 0x553a, 0x7875, 0x000b, 0x0401, 0x4289,
-  0x0000, 0x8804, 0x0013, 0x5000, 0x054b, 0x0006, 0x0000, 0x0100,
-  0x0100, 0x4c00, 0x0000, 0x5b00, 0x0001, 0x0000, 0x0000
-};
+    0x4b50, 0x0403, 0x0014, 0x0000, 0x0008, 0x51d2, 0x4698, 0xc4b0, 0x2cda, 0x011b, 0x0000, 0x1f88,
+    0x0004, 0x0006, 0x001c, 0x6261, 0x742e, 0x7478, 0x5455, 0x0009, 0x7c03, 0x3a09, 0x7c55, 0x3a09,
+    0x7555, 0x0b78, 0x0100, 0x8904, 0x0042, 0x0400, 0x1388, 0x0000, 0xc2ed, 0x0d31, 0x0000, 0x030c,
+    0x7fa0, 0x3b2e, 0x22ff, 0xa2aa, 0x841f, 0x45fc, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555,
+    0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0x5555, 0xdd55, 0x502c, 0x014b, 0x1e02, 0x1403, 0x0000, 0x0800, 0xd200,
+    0x9851, 0xb046, 0xdac4, 0x1b2c, 0x0001, 0x8800, 0x041f, 0x0600, 0x1800, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0100,
+    0x0000, 0xa000, 0x0081, 0x0000, 0x6100, 0x2e62, 0x7874, 0x5574, 0x0554, 0x0300, 0x097c, 0x553a,
+    0x7875, 0x000b, 0x0401, 0x4289, 0x0000, 0x8804, 0x0013, 0x5000, 0x054b, 0x0006, 0x0000, 0x0100,
+    0x0100, 0x4c00, 0x0000, 0x5b00, 0x0001, 0x0000, 0x0000};
 
 static const std::string kAbTxtName("ab.txt");
 static const size_t kAbUncompressedSize = 270216;
@@ -404,7 +385,6 @@
   uint8_t buffer[1];
   ASSERT_EQ(0, ExtractToMemory(handle, &entry, buffer, 1));
 
-
   TemporaryFile tmp_output_file;
   ASSERT_NE(-1, tmp_output_file.fd);
   ASSERT_EQ(0, ExtractEntryToFile(handle, &entry, tmp_output_file.fd));
@@ -418,7 +398,7 @@
   TemporaryFile tmp_file;
   ASSERT_NE(-1, tmp_file.fd);
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(tmp_file.fd, reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(kAbZip),
-                         sizeof(kAbZip) - 1));
+                                        sizeof(kAbZip) - 1));
   ZipArchiveHandle handle;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, OpenArchiveFd(tmp_file.fd, "EntryLargerThan32KTest", &handle));
 
@@ -446,8 +426,7 @@
   // the same as the memory buffer we extracted directly to.
   std::vector<uint8_t> file_contents(kAbUncompressedSize);
   ASSERT_EQ(0, lseek64(tmp_output_file.fd, 0, SEEK_SET));
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(tmp_output_file.fd, &file_contents[0],
-                                       file_contents.size()));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(tmp_output_file.fd, &file_contents[0], file_contents.size()));
   ASSERT_EQ(file_contents, buffer);
 
   for (int i = 0; i < 90072; ++i) {
@@ -463,7 +442,7 @@
   ASSERT_NE(-1, tmp_file.fd);
 
   // Create a file with 8 bytes of random garbage.
-  static const uint8_t trailer[] = { 'A' ,'n', 'd', 'r', 'o', 'i', 'd', 'z' };
+  static const uint8_t trailer[] = {'A', 'n', 'd', 'r', 'o', 'i', 'd', 'z'};
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(tmp_file.fd, kEmptyEntriesZip, sizeof(kEmptyEntriesZip)));
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(tmp_file.fd, trailer, sizeof(trailer)));
 
@@ -474,7 +453,7 @@
 TEST(ziparchive, ExtractToFile) {
   TemporaryFile tmp_file;
   ASSERT_NE(-1, tmp_file.fd);
-  const uint8_t data[8] = { '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8' };
+  const uint8_t data[8] = {'1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8'};
   const size_t data_size = sizeof(data);
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(tmp_file.fd, data, data_size));
@@ -488,7 +467,6 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0, FindEntry(handle, name, &entry));
   ASSERT_EQ(0, ExtractEntryToFile(handle, &entry, tmp_file.fd));
 
-
   // Assert that the first 8 bytes of the file haven't been clobbered.
   uint8_t read_buffer[data_size];
   ASSERT_EQ(0, lseek64(tmp_file.fd, 0, SEEK_SET));
@@ -497,10 +475,9 @@
 
   // Assert that the remainder of the file contains the incompressed data.
   std::vector<uint8_t> uncompressed_data(entry.uncompressed_length);
-  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::ReadFully(tmp_file.fd, uncompressed_data.data(),
-                                       entry.uncompressed_length));
-  ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(&uncompressed_data[0], kATxtContents.data(),
-                      kATxtContents.size()));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(
+      android::base::ReadFully(tmp_file.fd, uncompressed_data.data(), entry.uncompressed_length));
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, memcmp(&uncompressed_data[0], kATxtContents.data(), kATxtContents.size()));
 
   // Assert that the total length of the file is sane
   ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<ssize_t>(data_size + kATxtContents.size()),
@@ -517,7 +494,7 @@
 
   // Memory map the file first and open the archive from the memory region.
   android::FileMap file_map;
-  file_map.create(zip_path.c_str(), fd, 0/*offset*/, sb.st_size, true);
+  file_map.create(zip_path.c_str(), fd, 0 /*offset*/, sb.st_size, true);
   ZipArchiveHandle handle;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, OpenArchiveFromMemory(file_map.getDataPtr(), file_map.getDataLength(),
                                      zip_path.c_str(), &handle));
@@ -533,9 +510,8 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-static void ZipArchiveStreamTest(
-    ZipArchiveHandle& handle, const std::string& entry_name, bool raw,
-    bool verified, ZipEntry* entry, std::vector<uint8_t>* read_data) {
+static void ZipArchiveStreamTest(ZipArchiveHandle& handle, const std::string& entry_name, bool raw,
+                                 bool verified, ZipEntry* entry, std::vector<uint8_t>* read_data) {
   ZipString name;
   SetZipString(&name, entry_name);
   ASSERT_EQ(0, FindEntry(handle, name, entry));
@@ -564,9 +540,9 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(total_size, read_data->size());
 }
 
-static void ZipArchiveStreamTestUsingContents(
-    const std::string& zip_file, const std::string& entry_name,
-    const std::vector<uint8_t>& contents, bool raw) {
+static void ZipArchiveStreamTestUsingContents(const std::string& zip_file,
+                                              const std::string& entry_name,
+                                              const std::vector<uint8_t>& contents, bool raw) {
   ZipArchiveHandle handle;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, OpenArchiveWrapper(zip_file, &handle));
 
@@ -580,7 +556,8 @@
   CloseArchive(handle);
 }
 
-static void ZipArchiveStreamTestUsingMemory(const std::string& zip_file, const std::string& entry_name) {
+static void ZipArchiveStreamTestUsingMemory(const std::string& zip_file,
+                                            const std::string& entry_name) {
   ZipArchiveHandle handle;
   ASSERT_EQ(0, OpenArchiveWrapper(zip_file, &handle));
 
@@ -642,13 +619,109 @@
   CloseArchive(handle);
 }
 
+// Generated using the following Java program:
+//     public static void main(String[] foo) throws Exception {
+//       FileOutputStream fos = new
+//       FileOutputStream("/tmp/data_descriptor.zip");
+//       ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(fos);
+//       ZipEntry ze = new ZipEntry("name");
+//       ze.setMethod(ZipEntry.DEFLATED);
+//       zos.putNextEntry(ze);
+//       zos.write("abdcdefghijk".getBytes());
+//       zos.closeEntry();
+//       zos.close();
+//     }
+//
+// cat /tmp/data_descriptor.zip | xxd -i
+//
+static const std::vector<uint8_t> kDataDescriptorZipFile{
+    0x50, 0x4b, 0x03, 0x04, 0x14, 0x00, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x00, 0x30, 0x59, 0xce, 0x4a, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6e, 0x61,
+    0x6d, 0x65, 0x4b, 0x4c, 0x4a, 0x49, 0x4e, 0x49, 0x4d, 0x4b, 0xcf, 0xc8, 0xcc, 0xca, 0x06, 0x00,
+    //[sig---------------], [crc32---------------], [csize---------------], [size----------------]
+    0x50, 0x4b, 0x07, 0x08, 0x3d, 0x4e, 0x0e, 0xf9, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x50, 0x4b, 0x01, 0x02, 0x14, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0x08, 0x08, 0x08, 0x00, 0x30, 0x59, 0xce, 0x4a,
+    0x3d, 0x4e, 0x0e, 0xf9, 0x0e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6e, 0x61,
+    0x6d, 0x65, 0x50, 0x4b, 0x05, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x32, 0x00,
+    0x00, 0x00, 0x40, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00};
+
+// The offsets of the data descriptor in this file, so we can mess with
+// them later in the test.
+static constexpr uint32_t kDataDescriptorOffset = 48;
+static constexpr uint32_t kCSizeOffset = kDataDescriptorOffset + 8;
+static constexpr uint32_t kSizeOffset = kCSizeOffset + 4;
+
+static void ExtractEntryToMemory(const std::vector<uint8_t>& zip_data,
+                                 std::vector<uint8_t>* entry_out, int32_t* error_code_out) {
+  TemporaryFile tmp_file;
+  ASSERT_NE(-1, tmp_file.fd);
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android::base::WriteFully(tmp_file.fd, &zip_data[0], zip_data.size()));
+  ZipArchiveHandle handle;
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, OpenArchiveFd(tmp_file.fd, "ExtractEntryToMemory", &handle));
+
+  // This function expects a variant of kDataDescriptorZipFile, for look for
+  // an entry whose name is "name" and whose size is 12 (contents =
+  // "abdcdefghijk").
+  ZipEntry entry;
+  ZipString empty_name;
+  SetZipString(&empty_name, "name");
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, FindEntry(handle, empty_name, &entry));
+  ASSERT_EQ(static_cast<uint32_t>(12), entry.uncompressed_length);
+
+  entry_out->resize(12);
+  (*error_code_out) = ExtractToMemory(handle, &entry, &((*entry_out)[0]), 12);
+
+  CloseArchive(handle);
+}
+
+TEST(ziparchive, ValidDataDescriptors) {
+  std::vector<uint8_t> entry;
+  int32_t error_code = 0;
+  ExtractEntryToMemory(kDataDescriptorZipFile, &entry, &error_code);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, error_code);
+  ASSERT_EQ(12u, entry.size());
+  ASSERT_EQ('a', entry[0]);
+  ASSERT_EQ('k', entry[11]);
+}
+
+TEST(ziparchive, InvalidDataDescriptors) {
+  std::vector<uint8_t> invalid_csize = kDataDescriptorZipFile;
+  invalid_csize[kCSizeOffset] = 0xfe;
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t> entry;
+  int32_t error_code = 0;
+  ExtractEntryToMemory(invalid_csize, &entry, &error_code);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(kInconsistentInformation, error_code);
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t> invalid_size = kDataDescriptorZipFile;
+  invalid_csize[kSizeOffset] = 0xfe;
+
+  error_code = 0;
+  entry.clear();
+  ExtractEntryToMemory(invalid_csize, &entry, &error_code);
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(kInconsistentInformation, error_code);
+}
+
+TEST(ziparchive, ErrorCodeString) {
+  ASSERT_STREQ("Success", ErrorCodeString(0));
+
+  // Out of bounds.
+  ASSERT_STREQ("Unknown return code", ErrorCodeString(1));
+  ASSERT_STREQ("Unknown return code", ErrorCodeString(-13));
+
+  ASSERT_STREQ("I/O error", ErrorCodeString(kIoError));
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
   ::testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
 
-  static struct option options[] = {
-    { "test_data_dir", required_argument, nullptr, 't' },
-    { nullptr, 0, nullptr, 0 }
-  };
+  static struct option options[] = {{"test_data_dir", required_argument, nullptr, 't'},
+                                    {nullptr, 0, nullptr, 0}};
 
   while (true) {
     int option_index;
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_writer.cc b/libziparchive/zip_writer.cc
index 6d28bdb..6ad3366 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_writer.cc
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_writer.cc
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 
 #include "ziparchive/zip_writer.h"
 
-#include <cstdio>
 #include <sys/param.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <zlib.h>
-#define DEF_MEM_LEVEL 8                // normally in zutil.h?
+#include <cstdio>
+#define DEF_MEM_LEVEL 8  // normally in zutil.h?
 
 #include <memory>
 #include <vector>
@@ -33,13 +33,13 @@
 #include "zip_archive_common.h"
 
 #if !defined(powerof2)
-#define powerof2(x) ((((x)-1)&(x))==0)
+#define powerof2(x) ((((x)-1) & (x)) == 0)
 #endif
 
 /* Zip compression methods we support */
 enum {
-  kCompressStored     = 0,        // no compression
-  kCompressDeflated   = 8,        // standard deflate
+  kCompressStored = 0,    // no compression
+  kCompressDeflated = 8,  // standard deflate
 };
 
 // Size of the output buffer used for compression.
@@ -67,10 +67,7 @@
 static const int32_t kInvalidAlignment = -6;
 
 static const char* sErrorCodes[] = {
-    "Invalid state",
-    "IO error",
-    "Invalid entry name",
-    "Zlib error",
+    "Invalid state", "IO error", "Invalid entry name", "Zlib error",
 };
 
 const char* ZipWriter::ErrorCodeString(int32_t error_code) {
@@ -85,9 +82,13 @@
   delete stream;
 }
 
-ZipWriter::ZipWriter(FILE* f) : file_(f), seekable_(false), current_offset_(0),
-                                state_(State::kWritingZip), z_stream_(nullptr, DeleteZStream),
-                                buffer_(kBufSize) {
+ZipWriter::ZipWriter(FILE* f)
+    : file_(f),
+      seekable_(false),
+      current_offset_(0),
+      state_(State::kWritingZip),
+      z_stream_(nullptr, DeleteZStream),
+      buffer_(kBufSize) {
   // Check if the file is seekable (regular file). If fstat fails, that's fine, subsequent calls
   // will fail as well.
   struct stat file_stats;
@@ -96,13 +97,14 @@
   }
 }
 
-ZipWriter::ZipWriter(ZipWriter&& writer) : file_(writer.file_),
-                                           seekable_(writer.seekable_),
-                                           current_offset_(writer.current_offset_),
-                                           state_(writer.state_),
-                                           files_(std::move(writer.files_)),
-                                           z_stream_(std::move(writer.z_stream_)),
-                                           buffer_(std::move(writer.buffer_)){
+ZipWriter::ZipWriter(ZipWriter&& writer)
+    : file_(writer.file_),
+      seekable_(writer.seekable_),
+      current_offset_(writer.current_offset_),
+      state_(writer.state_),
+      files_(std::move(writer.files_)),
+      z_stream_(std::move(writer.z_stream_)),
+      buffer_(std::move(writer.buffer_)) {
   writer.file_ = nullptr;
   writer.state_ = State::kError;
 }
@@ -154,10 +156,10 @@
 
   struct tm* ptm;
 #if !defined(_WIN32)
-    struct tm tm_result;
-    ptm = localtime_r(&when, &tm_result);
+  struct tm tm_result;
+  ptm = localtime_r(&when, &tm_result);
 #else
-    ptm = localtime(&when);
+  ptm = localtime(&when);
 #endif
 
   int year = ptm->tm_year;
@@ -193,8 +195,8 @@
   dst->extra_field_length = src.padding_length;
 }
 
-int32_t ZipWriter::StartAlignedEntryWithTime(const char* path, size_t flags,
-                                             time_t time, uint32_t alignment) {
+int32_t ZipWriter::StartAlignedEntryWithTime(const char* path, size_t flags, time_t time,
+                                             uint32_t alignment) {
   if (state_ != State::kWritingZip) {
     return kInvalidState;
   }
@@ -252,9 +254,8 @@
     return HandleError(kIoError);
   }
 
-  if (file_entry.padding_length != 0 &&
-      fwrite(zero_padding.data(), 1, file_entry.padding_length, file_)
-      != file_entry.padding_length) {
+  if (file_entry.padding_length != 0 && fwrite(zero_padding.data(), 1, file_entry.padding_length,
+                                               file_) != file_entry.padding_length) {
     return HandleError(kIoError);
   }
 
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@
   CHECK(state_ == State::kWritingZip);
 
   // Initialize the z_stream for compression.
-  z_stream_ = std::unique_ptr<z_stream, void(*)(z_stream*)>(new z_stream(), DeleteZStream);
+  z_stream_ = std::unique_ptr<z_stream, void (*)(z_stream*)>(new z_stream(), DeleteZStream);
 
 #pragma GCC diagnostic push
 #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wold-style-cast"
@@ -331,8 +332,8 @@
     return result;
   }
 
-  current_file_entry_.crc32 = crc32(current_file_entry_.crc32,
-                                    reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(data), len);
+  current_file_entry_.crc32 =
+      crc32(current_file_entry_.crc32, reinterpret_cast<const Bytef*>(data), len);
   current_file_entry_.uncompressed_size += len;
   return kNoError;
 }
diff --git a/libziparchive/zip_writer_test.cc b/libziparchive/zip_writer_test.cc
index 5b526a4..c284273 100644
--- a/libziparchive/zip_writer_test.cc
+++ b/libziparchive/zip_writer_test.cc
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "ziparchive/zip_archive.h"
 #include "ziparchive/zip_writer.h"
+#include "ziparchive/zip_archive.h"
 
 #include <android-base/test_utils.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
@@ -135,17 +135,6 @@
   CloseArchive(handle);
 }
 
-static void ConvertZipTimeToTm(uint32_t& zip_time, struct tm* tm) {
-  memset(tm, 0, sizeof(struct tm));
-  tm->tm_hour = (zip_time >> 11) & 0x1f;
-  tm->tm_min = (zip_time >> 5) & 0x3f;
-  tm->tm_sec = (zip_time & 0x1f) << 1;
-
-  tm->tm_year = ((zip_time >> 25) & 0x7f) + 80;
-  tm->tm_mon = ((zip_time >> 21) & 0xf) - 1;
-  tm->tm_mday = (zip_time >> 16) & 0x1f;
-}
-
 static struct tm MakeTm() {
   struct tm tm;
   memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(struct tm));
@@ -177,8 +166,7 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0, FindEntry(handle, ZipString("align.txt"), &data));
   EXPECT_EQ(0, data.offset & 0x03);
 
-  struct tm mod;
-  ConvertZipTimeToTm(data.mod_time, &mod);
+  struct tm mod = data.GetModificationTime();
   EXPECT_EQ(tm.tm_sec, mod.tm_sec);
   EXPECT_EQ(tm.tm_min, mod.tm_min);
   EXPECT_EQ(tm.tm_hour, mod.tm_hour);
@@ -228,8 +216,7 @@
   ASSERT_EQ(0, FindEntry(handle, ZipString("align.txt"), &data));
   EXPECT_EQ(0, data.offset & 0xfff);
 
-  struct tm mod;
-  ConvertZipTimeToTm(data.mod_time, &mod);
+  struct tm mod = data.GetModificationTime();
   EXPECT_EQ(tm.tm_sec, mod.tm_sec);
   EXPECT_EQ(tm.tm_min, mod.tm_min);
   EXPECT_EQ(tm.tm_hour, mod.tm_hour);
@@ -374,7 +361,7 @@
 
   ASSERT_EQ(0, writer.StartEntry("large.txt", 0));
   std::vector<uint8_t> data;
-  data.resize(1024*1024, 0xef);
+  data.resize(1024 * 1024, 0xef);
   ASSERT_EQ(0, writer.WriteBytes(data.data(), data.size()));
   ASSERT_EQ(0, writer.FinishEntry());
 
@@ -395,8 +382,9 @@
                                                             ZipArchiveHandle handle,
                                                             ZipEntry* zip_entry) {
   if (expected.size() != zip_entry->uncompressed_length) {
-    return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << "uncompressed entry size "
-        << zip_entry->uncompressed_length << " does not match expected size " << expected.size();
+    return ::testing::AssertionFailure()
+           << "uncompressed entry size " << zip_entry->uncompressed_length
+           << " does not match expected size " << expected.size();
   }
 
   std::string actual;
@@ -409,7 +397,7 @@
 
   if (expected != actual) {
     return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << "actual zip_entry data '" << actual
-        << "' does not match expected '" << expected << "'";
+                                         << "' does not match expected '" << expected << "'";
   }
   return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
 }
diff --git a/logcat/Android.bp b/logcat/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..729c8ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/logcat/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//
+// Copyright (C) 2006-2017 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+cc_defaults {
+    name: "logcat_defaults",
+
+    cflags: [
+        "-Wall",
+        "-Wextra",
+        "-Werror",
+    ],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libbase",
+        "libcutils",
+        "liblog",
+        "libpcrecpp",
+    ],
+    logtags: ["event.logtags"],
+}
+
+cc_library {
+    name: "liblogcat",
+
+    defaults: ["logcat_defaults"],
+    srcs: [
+        "logcat.cpp",
+        "getopt_long.cpp",
+        "logcat_system.cpp",
+    ],
+    export_include_dirs: ["include"],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "logcat",
+
+    defaults: ["logcat_defaults"],
+    shared_libs: ["liblogcat"],
+    srcs: [
+        "logcat_main.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "logcatd",
+
+    defaults: ["logcat_defaults"],
+    shared_libs: ["liblogcat"],
+    srcs: [
+        "logcatd_main.cpp",
+    ],
+}
+
+cc_prebuilt_binary {
+    name: "logpersist.start",
+    srcs: ["logpersist"],
+    init_rc: ["logcatd.rc"],
+    symlinks: ["logpersist.stop", "logpersist.cat"],
+    strip: {
+        none: true,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/logcat/Android.mk b/logcat/Android.mk
index 4e11ca9..a716993 100644
--- a/logcat/Android.mk
+++ b/logcat/Android.mk
@@ -2,48 +2,4 @@
 
 LOCAL_PATH := $(call my-dir)
 
-logcatLibs := liblog libbase libcutils libpcrecpp
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := logcat
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := logcat_main.cpp event.logtags
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := liblogcat $(logcatLibs)
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Werror
-
-include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := logcatd
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := debug
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := logcatd_main.cpp event.logtags
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := liblogcat $(logcatLibs)
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Werror
-
-include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := liblogcat
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := logcat.cpp getopt_long.cpp logcat_system.cpp
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := $(logcatLibs)
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/include
-LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDE_DIRS := $(LOCAL_PATH)/include
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Werror
-
-include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE := logpersist.start
-LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := debug
-LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := EXECUTABLES
-LOCAL_INIT_RC := logcatd.rc
-LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(bin_dir)
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := logpersist
-ALL_TOOLS := logpersist.start logpersist.stop logpersist.cat
-LOCAL_POST_INSTALL_CMD := $(hide) $(foreach t,$(filter-out $(LOCAL_MODULE),$(ALL_TOOLS)),ln -sf $(LOCAL_MODULE) $(TARGET_OUT)/bin/$(t);)
-include $(BUILD_PREBUILT)
-
 include $(call first-makefiles-under,$(LOCAL_PATH))
diff --git a/logcat/logcat.cpp b/logcat/logcat.cpp
index e9ef9cc..3d56472 100644
--- a/logcat/logcat.cpp
+++ b/logcat/logcat.cpp
@@ -1019,7 +1019,6 @@
                 break;
 
             case 'm': {
-                char* end = nullptr;
                 if (!getSizeTArg(optctx.optarg, &context->maxCount)) {
                     logcat_panic(context, HELP_FALSE,
                                  "-%c \"%s\" isn't an "
@@ -1182,7 +1181,6 @@
                 std::unique_ptr<char, void (*)(void*)> formats(
                     strdup(optctx.optarg), free);
                 char* arg = formats.get();
-                unsigned idMask = 0;
                 char* sv = nullptr;  // protect against -ENOMEM above
                 while (!!(arg = strtok_r(arg, delimiters, &sv))) {
                     err = setLogFormat(context, arg);
@@ -1256,7 +1254,7 @@
                         // example: "qemu_pipe,pipe:logcat"
                         // upon opening of /dev/qemu_pipe, the "pipe:logcat"
                         // string with trailing '\0' should be written to the fd
-                        size_t pos = devname.find(",");
+                        size_t pos = devname.find(',');
                         if (pos != std::string::npos) {
                             pipePurpose = devname.substr(pos + 1);
                             devname = devname.substr(0, pos);
@@ -1638,7 +1636,7 @@
                 logcat_panic(context, HELP_FALSE, "read: unexpected length.\n");
                 break;
             }
-            logcat_panic(context, HELP_FALSE, "logcat read failure");
+            logcat_panic(context, HELP_FALSE, "logcat read failure\n");
             break;
         }
 
@@ -1733,7 +1731,7 @@
     pthread_attr_setschedparam(&attr, &param);
     pthread_attr_setschedpolicy(&attr, SCHED_BATCH);
     if (pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED)) {
-        int save_errno = errno;
+        save_errno = errno;
         goto pthread_attr_exit;
     }
 
@@ -1773,7 +1771,7 @@
     context->retval = EXIT_SUCCESS;
     if (pthread_create(&context->thr, &attr,
                        (void*(*)(void*))__logcat, context)) {
-        int save_errno = errno;
+        save_errno = errno;
         goto argv_exit;
     }
     pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
diff --git a/logcat/tests/liblogcat_test.cpp b/logcat/tests/liblogcat_test.cpp
index 9e9a2c2..c8a00da 100644
--- a/logcat/tests/liblogcat_test.cpp
+++ b/logcat/tests/liblogcat_test.cpp
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 #include <log/logcat.h>
 
 #define logcat_define(context) android_logcat_context context
-#define logcat_popen(context, command) android_logcat_popen(&context, command)
-#define logcat_pclose(context, fp) android_logcat_pclose(&context, fp)
+#define logcat_popen(context, command) android_logcat_popen(&(context), command)
+#define logcat_pclose(context, fp) android_logcat_pclose(&(context), fp)
 #define logcat_system(command) android_logcat_system(command)
 #define logcat liblogcat
 
diff --git a/logd/Android.bp b/logd/Android.bp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68b79d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/logd/Android.bp
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright (C) 2017 The Android Open Source Project
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// This is what we want to do:
+//  event_logtags = $(shell
+//    sed -n
+//        "s/^\([0-9]*\)[ \t]*$1[ \t].*/-D`echo $1 | tr a-z A-Z`_LOG_TAG=\1/p"
+//        $(LOCAL_PATH)/$2/event.logtags)
+//  event_flag := $(call event_logtags,auditd)
+//  event_flag += $(call event_logtags,logd)
+//  event_flag += $(call event_logtags,tag_def)
+// so make sure we do not regret hard-coding it as follows:
+event_flag = [
+    "-DAUDITD_LOG_TAG=1003",
+    "-DCHATTY_LOG_TAG=1004",
+    "-DTAG_DEF_LOG_TAG=1005",
+    "-DLIBLOG_LOG_TAG=1006"
+]
+
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "liblogd",
+
+    srcs: [
+        "LogCommand.cpp",
+        "CommandListener.cpp",
+        "LogListener.cpp",
+        "LogReader.cpp",
+        "FlushCommand.cpp",
+        "LogBuffer.cpp",
+        "LogBufferElement.cpp",
+        "LogBufferInterface.cpp",
+        "LogTimes.cpp",
+        "LogStatistics.cpp",
+        "LogWhiteBlackList.cpp",
+        "libaudit.c",
+        "LogAudit.cpp",
+        "LogKlog.cpp",
+        "LogTags.cpp",
+    ],
+    logtags: ["event.logtags"],
+
+    shared_libs: ["libbase"],
+
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
+
+    cflags: ["-Werror"] + event_flag,
+}
+
+cc_binary {
+    name: "logd",
+    init_rc: ["logd.rc"],
+
+    srcs: ["main.cpp"],
+
+    static_libs: ["liblogd"],
+
+    shared_libs: [
+        "libsysutils",
+        "liblog",
+        "libcutils",
+        "libbase",
+        "libpackagelistparser",
+        "libcap",
+    ],
+
+    cflags: ["-Werror"],
+}
diff --git a/logd/Android.mk b/logd/Android.mk
index fb51992..1bca891 100644
--- a/logd/Android.mk
+++ b/logd/Android.mk
@@ -2,73 +2,6 @@
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 
-LOCAL_MODULE:= liblogd
-
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
-    LogCommand.cpp \
-    CommandListener.cpp \
-    LogListener.cpp \
-    LogReader.cpp \
-    FlushCommand.cpp \
-    LogBuffer.cpp \
-    LogBufferElement.cpp \
-    LogBufferInterface.cpp \
-    LogTimes.cpp \
-    LogStatistics.cpp \
-    LogWhiteBlackList.cpp \
-    libaudit.c \
-    LogAudit.cpp \
-    LogKlog.cpp \
-    LogTags.cpp \
-    event.logtags
-
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    libbase
-
-LOCAL_EXPORT_C_INCLUDE_DIRS := $(LOCAL_PATH)
-
-# This is what we want to do:
-#  event_logtags = $(shell \
-#    sed -n \
-#        "s/^\([0-9]*\)[ \t]*$1[ \t].*/-D`echo $1 | tr a-z A-Z`_LOG_TAG=\1/p" \
-#        $(LOCAL_PATH)/$2/event.logtags)
-#  event_flag := $(call event_logtags,auditd)
-#  event_flag += $(call event_logtags,logd)
-#  event_flag += $(call event_logtags,tag_def)
-# so make sure we do not regret hard-coding it as follows:
-event_flag := -DAUDITD_LOG_TAG=1003 -DCHATTY_LOG_TAG=1004 -DTAG_DEF_LOG_TAG=1005
-event_flag += -DLIBLOG_LOG_TAG=1006
-
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Werror $(event_flag)
-
-include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
-LOCAL_MODULE:= logd
-
-LOCAL_INIT_RC := logd.rc
-
-LOCAL_SRC_FILES := \
-    main.cpp
-
-LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := \
-    liblogd
-
-LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := \
-    libsysutils \
-    liblog \
-    libcutils \
-    libbase \
-    libpackagelistparser \
-    libcap
-
-LOCAL_CFLAGS := -Werror
-
-include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)
-
-include $(CLEAR_VARS)
-
 LOCAL_MODULE := logtagd.rc
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(LOCAL_MODULE)
 LOCAL_MODULE_CLASS := ETC
diff --git a/logd/LogAudit.cpp b/logd/LogAudit.cpp
index ee38d1c..cfcbaa5 100644
--- a/logd/LogAudit.cpp
+++ b/logd/LogAudit.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,11 @@
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <syslog.h>
 
+#include <fstream>
+#include <sstream>
+
 #include <android-base/macros.h>
+#include <log/log_properties.h>
 #include <private/android_filesystem_config.h>
 #include <private/android_logger.h>
 
@@ -138,6 +142,71 @@
     return true;
 }
 
+static inline bool hasMetadata(char* str, int str_len) {
+    // need to check and see if str already contains bug metadata from
+    // possibility of stuttering if log audit crashes and then reloads kernel
+    // messages. Kernel denials that contain metadata will either end in
+    // "b/[0-9]+$" or "b/[0-9]+  duplicate messages suppressed$" which will put
+    // a '/' character at either 9 or 39 indices away from the end of the str.
+    return str_len >= 39 &&
+           (str[str_len - 9] == '/' || str[str_len - 39] == '/');
+}
+
+std::map<std::string, std::string> LogAudit::populateDenialMap() {
+    std::ifstream bug_file("/system/etc/selinux/selinux_denial_metadata");
+    std::string line;
+    // allocate a map for the static map pointer in logParse to keep track of,
+    // this function only runs once
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> denial_to_bug;
+    if (bug_file.good()) {
+        std::string scontext;
+        std::string tcontext;
+        std::string tclass;
+        std::string bug_num;
+        while (std::getline(bug_file, line)) {
+            std::stringstream split_line(line);
+            split_line >> scontext >> tcontext >> tclass >> bug_num;
+            denial_to_bug.emplace(scontext + tcontext + tclass, bug_num);
+        }
+    }
+    return denial_to_bug;
+}
+
+std::string LogAudit::denialParse(const std::string& denial, char terminator,
+                                  const std::string& search_term) {
+    size_t start_index = denial.find(search_term);
+    if (start_index != std::string::npos) {
+        start_index += search_term.length();
+        return denial.substr(
+            start_index, denial.find(terminator, start_index) - start_index);
+    }
+    return "";
+}
+
+void LogAudit::logParse(const std::string& string, std::string* bug_num) {
+    if (!__android_log_is_debuggable()) {
+        bug_num->assign("");
+        return;
+    }
+    static std::map<std::string, std::string> denial_to_bug =
+        populateDenialMap();
+    std::string scontext = denialParse(string, ':', "scontext=u:object_r:");
+    std::string tcontext = denialParse(string, ':', "tcontext=u:object_r:");
+    std::string tclass = denialParse(string, ' ', "tclass=");
+    if (scontext.empty()) {
+        scontext = denialParse(string, ':', "scontext=u:r:");
+    }
+    if (tcontext.empty()) {
+        tcontext = denialParse(string, ':', "tcontext=u:r:");
+    }
+    auto search = denial_to_bug.find(scontext + tcontext + tclass);
+    if (search != denial_to_bug.end()) {
+        bug_num->assign(" b/" + search->second);
+    } else {
+        bug_num->assign("");
+    }
+}
+
 int LogAudit::logPrint(const char* fmt, ...) {
     if (fmt == NULL) {
         return -EINVAL;
@@ -153,7 +222,6 @@
     if (rc < 0) {
         return rc;
     }
-
     char* cp;
     // Work around kernels missing
     // https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/b8f89caafeb55fba75b74bea25adc4e4cd91be67
@@ -165,10 +233,10 @@
     while ((cp = strstr(str, "  "))) {
         memmove(cp, cp + 1, strlen(cp + 1) + 1);
     }
-
     bool info = strstr(str, " permissive=1") || strstr(str, " policy loaded ");
+    static std::string bug_metadata;
     if ((fdDmesg >= 0) && initialized) {
-        struct iovec iov[3];
+        struct iovec iov[4];
         static const char log_info[] = { KMSG_PRIORITY(LOG_INFO) };
         static const char log_warning[] = { KMSG_PRIORITY(LOG_WARNING) };
         static const char newline[] = "\n";
@@ -197,19 +265,20 @@
             }
             if (!skip) {
                 static const char resume[] = " duplicate messages suppressed\n";
-
                 iov[0].iov_base = last_info ? const_cast<char*>(log_info)
                                             : const_cast<char*>(log_warning);
                 iov[0].iov_len =
                     last_info ? sizeof(log_info) : sizeof(log_warning);
                 iov[1].iov_base = last_str;
                 iov[1].iov_len = strlen(last_str);
+                iov[2].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(bug_metadata.c_str());
+                iov[2].iov_len = bug_metadata.length();
                 if (count > 1) {
-                    iov[2].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(resume);
-                    iov[2].iov_len = strlen(resume);
+                    iov[3].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(resume);
+                    iov[3].iov_len = strlen(resume);
                 } else {
-                    iov[2].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(newline);
-                    iov[2].iov_len = strlen(newline);
+                    iov[3].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(newline);
+                    iov[3].iov_len = strlen(newline);
                 }
 
                 writev(fdDmesg, iov, arraysize(iov));
@@ -223,13 +292,16 @@
             last_info = info;
         }
         if (count == 0) {
+            logParse(str, &bug_metadata);
             iov[0].iov_base = info ? const_cast<char*>(log_info)
                                    : const_cast<char*>(log_warning);
             iov[0].iov_len = info ? sizeof(log_info) : sizeof(log_warning);
             iov[1].iov_base = str;
             iov[1].iov_len = strlen(str);
-            iov[2].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(newline);
-            iov[2].iov_len = strlen(newline);
+            iov[2].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(bug_metadata.c_str());
+            iov[2].iov_len = bug_metadata.length();
+            iov[3].iov_base = const_cast<char*>(newline);
+            iov[3].iov_len = strlen(newline);
 
             writev(fdDmesg, iov, arraysize(iov));
         }
@@ -285,24 +357,32 @@
 
     // log to events
 
-    size_t l = strnlen(str, LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD);
-    size_t n = l + sizeof(android_log_event_string_t);
+    size_t str_len = strnlen(str, LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD);
+    if (((fdDmesg < 0) || !initialized) && !hasMetadata(str, str_len))
+        logParse(str, &bug_metadata);
+    str_len = (str_len + bug_metadata.length() <= LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD)
+                  ? str_len + bug_metadata.length()
+                  : LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD;
+    size_t message_len = str_len + sizeof(android_log_event_string_t);
 
     bool notify = false;
 
     if (events) {  // begin scope for event buffer
-        uint32_t buffer[(n + sizeof(uint32_t) - 1) / sizeof(uint32_t)];
+        uint32_t buffer[(message_len + sizeof(uint32_t) - 1) / sizeof(uint32_t)];
 
         android_log_event_string_t* event =
             reinterpret_cast<android_log_event_string_t*>(buffer);
         event->header.tag = htole32(AUDITD_LOG_TAG);
         event->type = EVENT_TYPE_STRING;
-        event->length = htole32(l);
-        memcpy(event->data, str, l);
+        event->length = htole32(message_len);
+        memcpy(event->data, str, str_len - bug_metadata.length());
+        memcpy(event->data + str_len - bug_metadata.length(),
+               bug_metadata.c_str(), bug_metadata.length());
 
-        rc = logbuf->log(LOG_ID_EVENTS, now, uid, pid, tid,
-                         reinterpret_cast<char*>(event),
-                         (n <= USHRT_MAX) ? (unsigned short)n : USHRT_MAX);
+        rc = logbuf->log(
+            LOG_ID_EVENTS, now, uid, pid, tid, reinterpret_cast<char*>(event),
+            (message_len <= USHRT_MAX) ? (unsigned short)message_len
+                                       : USHRT_MAX);
         if (rc >= 0) {
             notify = true;
         }
@@ -333,28 +413,31 @@
     const char* ecomm = strchr(comm, '"');
     if (ecomm) {
         ++ecomm;
-        l = ecomm - comm;
+        str_len = ecomm - comm;
     } else {
-        l = strlen(comm) + 1;
+        str_len = strlen(comm) + 1;
         ecomm = "";
     }
-    size_t b = estr - str;
-    if (b > LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD) {
-        b = LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD;
+    size_t prefix_len = estr - str;
+    if (prefix_len > LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD) {
+        prefix_len = LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD;
     }
-    size_t e = strnlen(ecomm, LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD - b);
-    n = b + e + l + 2;
+    size_t suffix_len = strnlen(ecomm, LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD - prefix_len);
+    message_len = str_len + prefix_len + suffix_len + bug_metadata.length() + 2;
 
     if (main) {  // begin scope for main buffer
-        char newstr[n];
+        char newstr[message_len];
 
         *newstr = info ? ANDROID_LOG_INFO : ANDROID_LOG_WARN;
-        strlcpy(newstr + 1, comm, l);
-        strncpy(newstr + 1 + l, str, b);
-        strncpy(newstr + 1 + l + b, ecomm, e);
+        strlcpy(newstr + 1, comm, str_len);
+        strncpy(newstr + 1 + str_len, str, prefix_len);
+        strncpy(newstr + 1 + str_len + prefix_len, ecomm, suffix_len);
+        strncpy(newstr + 1 + str_len + prefix_len + suffix_len,
+                bug_metadata.c_str(), bug_metadata.length());
 
         rc = logbuf->log(LOG_ID_MAIN, now, uid, pid, tid, newstr,
-                         (n <= USHRT_MAX) ? (unsigned short)n : USHRT_MAX);
+                         (message_len <= USHRT_MAX) ? (unsigned short)message_len
+                                                    : USHRT_MAX);
 
         if (rc >= 0) {
             notify = true;
@@ -368,7 +451,7 @@
     if (notify) {
         reader->notifyNewLog();
         if (rc < 0) {
-            rc = n;
+            rc = message_len;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/logd/LogAudit.h b/logd/LogAudit.h
index 5947819..2bd02d4 100644
--- a/logd/LogAudit.h
+++ b/logd/LogAudit.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #ifndef _LOGD_LOG_AUDIT_H__
 #define _LOGD_LOG_AUDIT_H__
 
+#include <map>
 #include <queue>
 
 #include <sysutils/SocketListener.h>
@@ -50,6 +51,10 @@
 
    private:
     static int getLogSocket();
+    std::map<std::string, std::string> populateDenialMap();
+    std::string denialParse(const std::string& denial, char terminator,
+                            const std::string& search_term);
+    void logParse(const std::string& string, std::string* bug_num);
     int logPrint(const char* fmt, ...)
         __attribute__((__format__(__printf__, 2, 3)));
 };
diff --git a/logd/LogBufferElement.cpp b/logd/LogBufferElement.cpp
index 381c974..f20ac45 100644
--- a/logd/LogBufferElement.cpp
+++ b/logd/LogBufferElement.cpp
@@ -41,22 +41,20 @@
       mTid(tid),
       mRealTime(realtime),
       mMsgLen(len),
-      mLogId(log_id) {
+      mLogId(log_id),
+      mDropped(false) {
     mMsg = new char[len];
     memcpy(mMsg, msg, len);
-    mTag = (isBinary() && (mMsgLen >= sizeof(uint32_t)))
-               ? le32toh(reinterpret_cast<android_event_header_t*>(mMsg)->tag)
-               : 0;
 }
 
 LogBufferElement::LogBufferElement(const LogBufferElement& elem)
-    : mTag(elem.mTag),
-      mUid(elem.mUid),
+    : mUid(elem.mUid),
       mPid(elem.mPid),
       mTid(elem.mTid),
       mRealTime(elem.mRealTime),
       mMsgLen(elem.mMsgLen),
-      mLogId(elem.mLogId) {
+      mLogId(elem.mLogId),
+      mDropped(elem.mDropped) {
     mMsg = new char[mMsgLen];
     memcpy(mMsg, elem.mMsg, mMsgLen);
 }
@@ -65,6 +63,32 @@
     delete[] mMsg;
 }
 
+uint32_t LogBufferElement::getTag() const {
+    return (isBinary() &&
+            ((mDropped && mMsg != nullptr) ||
+             (!mDropped && mMsgLen >= sizeof(android_event_header_t))))
+               ? reinterpret_cast<const android_event_header_t*>(mMsg)->tag
+               : 0;
+}
+
+unsigned short LogBufferElement::setDropped(unsigned short value) {
+    // The tag information is saved in mMsg data, if the tag is non-zero
+    // save only the information needed to get the tag.
+    if (getTag() != 0) {
+        if (mMsgLen > sizeof(android_event_header_t)) {
+            char* truncated_msg = new char[sizeof(android_event_header_t)];
+            memcpy(truncated_msg, mMsg, sizeof(android_event_header_t));
+            delete[] mMsg;
+            mMsg = truncated_msg;
+        }  // mMsgLen == sizeof(android_event_header_t), already at minimum.
+    } else {
+        delete[] mMsg;
+        mMsg = nullptr;
+    }
+    mDropped = true;
+    return mDroppedCount = value;
+}
+
 // caller must own and free character string
 char* android::tidToName(pid_t tid) {
     char* retval = NULL;
@@ -164,8 +188,8 @@
     // identical to below to calculate the buffer size required
     const char* type = lastSame ? "identical" : "expire";
     size_t len = snprintf(NULL, 0, format_uid, mUid, name ? name : "",
-                          commName ? commName : "", type, mDropped,
-                          (mDropped > 1) ? "s" : "");
+                          commName ? commName : "", type, getDropped(),
+                          (getDropped() > 1) ? "s" : "");
 
     size_t hdrLen;
     if (isBinary()) {
@@ -196,8 +220,8 @@
     }
 
     snprintf(buffer + hdrLen, len + 1, format_uid, mUid, name ? name : "",
-             commName ? commName : "", type, mDropped,
-             (mDropped > 1) ? "s" : "");
+             commName ? commName : "", type, getDropped(),
+             (getDropped() > 1) ? "s" : "");
     free(const_cast<char*>(name));
     free(const_cast<char*>(commName));
 
@@ -225,7 +249,7 @@
 
     char* buffer = NULL;
 
-    if (!mMsg) {
+    if (mDropped) {
         entry.len = populateDroppedMessage(buffer, parent, lastSame);
         if (!entry.len) return mRealTime;
         iovec[1].iov_base = buffer;
diff --git a/logd/LogBufferElement.h b/logd/LogBufferElement.h
index 814ec87..b168645 100644
--- a/logd/LogBufferElement.h
+++ b/logd/LogBufferElement.h
@@ -32,25 +32,25 @@
                                   // chatty for the temporal expire messages
 #define EXPIRE_RATELIMIT 10  // maximum rate in seconds to report expiration
 
-class LogBufferElement {
+class __attribute__((packed)) LogBufferElement {
     friend LogBuffer;
 
     // sized to match reality of incoming log packets
-    uint32_t mTag;  // only valid for isBinary()
     const uint32_t mUid;
     const uint32_t mPid;
     const uint32_t mTid;
     log_time mRealTime;
     char* mMsg;
     union {
-        const uint16_t mMsgLen;  // mMSg != NULL
-        uint16_t mDropped;       // mMsg == NULL
+        const uint16_t mMsgLen;  // mDropped == false
+        uint16_t mDroppedCount;  // mDropped == true
     };
     const uint8_t mLogId;
+    bool mDropped;
 
     static atomic_int_fast64_t sequence;
 
-    // assumption: mMsg == NULL
+    // assumption: mDropped == true
     size_t populateDroppedMessage(char*& buffer, LogBuffer* parent,
                                   bool lastSame);
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@
     LogBufferElement(log_id_t log_id, log_time realtime, uid_t uid, pid_t pid,
                      pid_t tid, const char* msg, unsigned short len);
     LogBufferElement(const LogBufferElement& elem);
-    virtual ~LogBufferElement();
+    ~LogBufferElement();
 
     bool isBinary(void) const {
         return (mLogId == LOG_ID_EVENTS) || (mLogId == LOG_ID_SECURITY);
@@ -76,24 +76,16 @@
     pid_t getTid(void) const {
         return mTid;
     }
-    uint32_t getTag() const {
-        return mTag;
-    }
+    uint32_t getTag() const;
     unsigned short getDropped(void) const {
-        return mMsg ? 0 : mDropped;
+        return mDropped ? mDroppedCount : 0;
     }
-    unsigned short setDropped(unsigned short value) {
-        if (mMsg) {
-            delete[] mMsg;
-            mMsg = NULL;
-        }
-        return mDropped = value;
-    }
+    unsigned short setDropped(unsigned short value);
     unsigned short getMsgLen() const {
-        return mMsg ? mMsgLen : 0;
+        return mDropped ? 0 : mMsgLen;
     }
     const char* getMsg() const {
-        return mMsg;
+        return mDropped ? nullptr : mMsg;
     }
     log_time getRealTime(void) const {
         return mRealTime;
diff --git a/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp b/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp
index cd80212..8ee5ea1 100644
--- a/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp
+++ b/logd/tests/logd_test.cpp
@@ -646,16 +646,20 @@
                 recv(fd, msg_timeout.buf, sizeof(msg_timeout), 0) > 0;
         }
 
-        alarm_timeout =
-            alarm((old_alarm <= 0) ? old_alarm
-                                   : (old_alarm > (1 + 3 - alarm_wrap))
-                                         ? old_alarm - 3 + alarm_wrap
-                                         : 2);
+        if (old_alarm > 0) {
+            unsigned int time_spent = 3 - alarm_wrap;
+            if (old_alarm > time_spent + 1) {
+                old_alarm -= time_spent;
+            } else {
+                old_alarm = 2;
+            }
+        }
+        alarm_timeout = alarm(old_alarm);
         sigaction(SIGALRM, &old_sigaction, nullptr);
 
         close(fd);
 
-        if (!content_wrap && !alarm_wrap && content_timeout && alarm_timeout) {
+        if (content_wrap && alarm_wrap && content_timeout && alarm_timeout) {
             break;
         }
     }
@@ -710,8 +714,8 @@
     // A few tries to get it right just in case wrap kicks in due to
     // content providers being active during the test.
     int i = 5;
-    log_time now(android_log_clockid());
-    now.tv_sec -= 30;  // reach back a moderate period of time
+    log_time start(android_log_clockid());
+    start.tv_sec -= 30;  // reach back a moderate period of time
 
     while (--i) {
         int fd = socket_local_client("logdr", ANDROID_SOCKET_NAMESPACE_RESERVED,
@@ -726,7 +730,7 @@
         std::string ask = android::base::StringPrintf(
             "dumpAndClose lids=0,1,2,3,4,5 timeout=6 start=%" PRIu32
             ".%09" PRIu32,
-            now.tv_sec, now.tv_nsec);
+            start.tv_sec, start.tv_nsec);
 
         struct sigaction ignore, old_sigaction;
         memset(&ignore, 0, sizeof(ignore));
@@ -756,11 +760,15 @@
                 recv(fd, msg_timeout.buf, sizeof(msg_timeout), 0) > 0;
         }
 
-        alarm_timeout =
-            alarm((old_alarm <= 0) ? old_alarm
-                                   : (old_alarm > (1 + 3 - alarm_wrap))
-                                         ? old_alarm - 3 + alarm_wrap
-                                         : 2);
+        if (old_alarm > 0) {
+            unsigned int time_spent = 3 - alarm_wrap;
+            if (old_alarm > time_spent + 1) {
+                old_alarm -= time_spent;
+            } else {
+                old_alarm = 2;
+            }
+        }
+        alarm_timeout = alarm(old_alarm);
         sigaction(SIGALRM, &old_sigaction, nullptr);
 
         close(fd);
@@ -773,23 +781,23 @@
         // active _or_ inactive during the test.
         if (content_timeout) {
             log_time msg(msg_timeout.entry.sec, msg_timeout.entry.nsec);
-            if (msg < now) {
+            if (msg < start) {
                 fprintf(stderr, "%u.%09u < %u.%09u\n", msg_timeout.entry.sec,
-                        msg_timeout.entry.nsec, (unsigned)now.tv_sec,
-                        (unsigned)now.tv_nsec);
+                        msg_timeout.entry.nsec, (unsigned)start.tv_sec,
+                        (unsigned)start.tv_nsec);
                 _exit(-1);
             }
-            if (msg > now) {
-                now = msg;
-                now.tv_sec += 30;
-                msg = log_time(android_log_clockid());
-                if (now > msg) {
-                    now = msg;
-                    --now.tv_sec;
+            if (msg > start) {
+                start = msg;
+                start.tv_sec += 30;
+                log_time now = log_time(android_log_clockid());
+                if (start > now) {
+                    start = now;
+                    --start.tv_sec;
                 }
             }
         } else {
-            now.tv_sec -= 120;  // inactive, reach further back!
+            start.tv_sec -= 120;  // inactive, reach further back!
         }
     }
 
@@ -802,8 +810,8 @@
     }
 
     if (content_wrap || !content_timeout) {
-        fprintf(stderr, "now=%" PRIu32 ".%09" PRIu32 "\n", now.tv_sec,
-                now.tv_nsec);
+        fprintf(stderr, "start=%" PRIu32 ".%09" PRIu32 "\n", start.tv_sec,
+                start.tv_nsec);
     }
 
     EXPECT_TRUE(written);
@@ -933,8 +941,12 @@
 }
 
 #ifdef __ANDROID__
-static inline int32_t get4LE(const char* src) {
-    return src[0] | (src[1] << 8) | (src[2] << 16) | (src[3] << 24);
+static inline uint32_t get4LE(const uint8_t* src) {
+  return src[0] | (src[1] << 8) | (src[2] << 16) | (src[3] << 24);
+}
+
+static inline uint32_t get4LE(const char* src) {
+  return get4LE(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(src));
 }
 #endif
 
diff --git a/rootdir/asan.options b/rootdir/asan.options
index d728f12..a264d2d 100644
--- a/rootdir/asan.options
+++ b/rootdir/asan.options
@@ -5,3 +5,4 @@
 detect_container_overflow=0
 abort_on_error=1
 include_if_exists=/system/asan.options.%b
+include_if_exists=/data/asan/system/asan.options.%b
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.android.txt b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.android.txt
index bcdecf2..c5e149c 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.android.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.android.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# See https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/master/docs/PlatformApis.md
 libandroid.so
 libaaudio.so
 libc.so
diff --git a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt
index f4da09d..a4ca683 100644
--- a/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt
+++ b/rootdir/etc/public.libraries.wear.txt
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# See https://android.googlesource.com/platform/ndk/+/master/docs/PlatformApis.md
 libandroid.so
 libaaudio.so
 libc.so
diff --git a/rootdir/init.rc b/rootdir/init.rc
index fd2c838..87920fb 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.rc
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
     mount cgroup none /dev/memcg memory
     # app mem cgroups, used by activity manager, lmkd and zygote
     mkdir /dev/memcg/apps/ 0755 system system
+    # cgroup for system_server and surfaceflinger
+    mkdir /dev/memcg/system 0550 system system
 
     start ueventd
 
@@ -225,6 +227,8 @@
     mount pstore pstore /sys/fs/pstore
     chown system log /sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops
     chmod 0440 /sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops
+    chown system log /sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops-0
+    chmod 0440 /sys/fs/pstore/console-ramoops-0
     chown system log /sys/fs/pstore/pmsg-ramoops-0
     chmod 0440 /sys/fs/pstore/pmsg-ramoops-0
 
@@ -238,7 +242,10 @@
     export DOWNLOAD_CACHE /data/cache
 
     # set RLIMIT_NICE to allow priorities from 19 to -20
-    setrlimit 13 40 40
+    setrlimit nice 40 40
+
+    # Allow up to 32K FDs per process
+    setrlimit nofile 32768 32768
 
     # This allows the ledtrig-transient properties to be created here so
     # that they can be chown'd to system:system later on boot
@@ -317,7 +324,6 @@
     # Make sure /sys/kernel/debug (if present) is labeled properly
     # Note that tracefs may be mounted under debug, so we need to cross filesystems
     restorecon --recursive --cross-filesystems /sys/kernel/debug
-    chmod 0755 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing
 
     # We chown/chmod /cache again so because mount is run as root + defaults
     chown system cache /cache
@@ -355,6 +361,10 @@
     mkdir /cache/lost+found 0770 root root
 
 on late-fs
+    # Ensure that tracefs has the correct permissions.
+    # This does not work correctly if it is called in post-fs.
+    chmod 0755 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing
+
     # HALs required before storage encryption can get unlocked (FBE/FDE)
     class_start early_hal
 
@@ -427,7 +437,6 @@
     mkdir /data/misc/boottrace 0771 system shell
     mkdir /data/misc/update_engine 0700 root root
     mkdir /data/misc/trace 0700 root root
-    mkdir /data/misc/reboot 0700 system system
     # profile file layout
     mkdir /data/misc/profiles 0771 system system
     mkdir /data/misc/profiles/cur 0771 system system
diff --git a/rootdir/init.usb.rc b/rootdir/init.usb.rc
index 915d159..3168f40 100644
--- a/rootdir/init.usb.rc
+++ b/rootdir/init.usb.rc
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
     mkdir /data/adb 0700 root root
 
 # adbd is controlled via property triggers in init.<platform>.usb.rc
-service adbd /sbin/adbd --root_seclabel=u:r:su:s0
+service adbd /system/bin/adbd --root_seclabel=u:r:su:s0
     class core
     socket adbd stream 660 system system
     disabled
diff --git a/sdcard/Android.mk b/sdcard/Android.mk
index 0c58574..5b4dc58 100644
--- a/sdcard/Android.mk
+++ b/sdcard/Android.mk
@@ -8,6 +8,5 @@
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := libbase libcutils libminijail libpackagelistparser
 
 LOCAL_SANITIZE := integer
-LOCAL_CLANG := true
 
 include $(BUILD_EXECUTABLE)
diff --git a/sdcard/sdcard.cpp b/sdcard/sdcard.cpp
index c342cf8..343a903 100644
--- a/sdcard/sdcard.cpp
+++ b/sdcard/sdcard.cpp
@@ -249,7 +249,9 @@
     global.root.uid = AID_ROOT;
     global.root.under_android = false;
 
-    strcpy(global.source_path, source_path);
+    // Clang static analyzer think strcpy potentially overwrites other fields
+    // in global. Use snprintf() to mute the false warning.
+    snprintf(global.source_path, sizeof(global.source_path), "%s", source_path);
 
     if (multi_user) {
         global.root.perm = PERM_PRE_ROOT;
diff --git a/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp b/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp
index 6d35fed..9620d63 100644
--- a/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp
+++ b/shell_and_utilities/Android.bp
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
         "bzip2",
         "grep",
         "grep_vendor",
-        "gzip",
         "mkshrc",
         "mkshrc_vendor",
         "reboot",
diff --git a/toolbox/upstream-netbsd/include/sys/mtio.h b/toolbox/upstream-netbsd/include/sys/mtio.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fb5655..0000000
--- a/toolbox/upstream-netbsd/include/sys/mtio.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-#include <linux/mtio.h>
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/keymaster_ipc.h b/trusty/keymaster/keymaster_ipc.h
index b38eb05..d63757b 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/keymaster_ipc.h
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/keymaster_ipc.h
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@
 // Commands
 enum keymaster_command : uint32_t {
     KEYMASTER_RESP_BIT              = 1,
-    KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT             = 1,
+    KEYMASTER_STOP_BIT              = 2,
+    KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT             = 2,
 
     KM_GENERATE_KEY                 = (0 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
     KM_BEGIN_OPERATION              = (1 << KEYMASTER_REQ_SHIFT),
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device.cpp
index 5f16fd0..55a03bd 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device.cpp
@@ -36,7 +36,8 @@
 #include "trusty_keymaster_device.h"
 #include "trusty_keymaster_ipc.h"
 
-const uint32_t RECV_BUF_SIZE = PAGE_SIZE;
+// Maximum size of message from Trusty is 8K (for RSA attestation key and chain)
+const uint32_t RECV_BUF_SIZE = 2*PAGE_SIZE;
 const uint32_t SEND_BUF_SIZE = (PAGE_SIZE - sizeof(struct keymaster_message) - 16 /* tipc header */);
 
 const size_t kMaximumAttestationChallengeLength = 128;
@@ -176,14 +177,14 @@
     }
 
     AuthorizationSet params_copy(*params);
-    ConfigureRequest request;
+    ConfigureRequest request(message_version_);
     if (!params_copy.GetTagValue(TAG_OS_VERSION, &request.os_version) ||
         !params_copy.GetTagValue(TAG_OS_PATCHLEVEL, &request.os_patchlevel)) {
         ALOGD("Configuration parameters must contain OS version and patch level");
         return KM_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
     }
 
-    ConfigureResponse response;
+    ConfigureResponse response(message_version_);
     keymaster_error_t err = Send(KM_CONFIGURE, request, &response);
     if (err != KM_ERROR_OK) {
         return err;
@@ -199,9 +200,9 @@
         return error_;
     }
 
-    AddEntropyRequest request;
+    AddEntropyRequest request(message_version_);
     request.random_data.Reinitialize(data, data_length);
-    AddEntropyResponse response;
+    AddEntropyResponse response(message_version_);
     return Send(KM_ADD_RNG_ENTROPY, request, &response);
 }
 
@@ -260,11 +261,11 @@
         return KM_ERROR_OUTPUT_PARAMETER_NULL;
     }
 
-    GetKeyCharacteristicsRequest request;
+    GetKeyCharacteristicsRequest request(message_version_);
     request.SetKeyMaterial(*key_blob);
     AddClientAndAppData(client_id, app_data, &request);
 
-    GetKeyCharacteristicsResponse response;
+    GetKeyCharacteristicsResponse response(message_version_);
     keymaster_error_t err = Send(KM_GET_KEY_CHARACTERISTICS, request, &response);
     if (err != KM_ERROR_OK) {
         return err;
@@ -378,7 +379,7 @@
     cert_chain->entry_count = 0;
     cert_chain->entries = nullptr;
 
-    AttestKeyRequest request;
+    AttestKeyRequest request(message_version_);
     request.SetKeyMaterial(*key_to_attest);
     request.attest_params.Reinitialize(*attest_params);
 
@@ -390,7 +391,7 @@
         return KM_ERROR_INVALID_INPUT_LENGTH;
     }
 
-    AttestKeyResponse response;
+    AttestKeyResponse response(message_version_);
     keymaster_error_t err = Send(KM_ATTEST_KEY, request, &response);
     if (err != KM_ERROR_OK) {
         return err;
@@ -438,11 +439,11 @@
         return KM_ERROR_OUTPUT_PARAMETER_NULL;
     }
 
-    UpgradeKeyRequest request;
+    UpgradeKeyRequest request(message_version_);
     request.SetKeyMaterial(*key_to_upgrade);
     request.upgrade_params.Reinitialize(*upgrade_params);
 
-    UpgradeKeyResponse response;
+    UpgradeKeyResponse response(message_version_);
     keymaster_error_t err = Send(KM_UPGRADE_KEY, request, &response);
     if (err != KM_ERROR_OK) {
         return err;
@@ -479,12 +480,12 @@
         *out_params = {};
     }
 
-    BeginOperationRequest request;
+    BeginOperationRequest request(message_version_);
     request.purpose = purpose;
     request.SetKeyMaterial(*key);
     request.additional_params.Reinitialize(*in_params);
 
-    BeginOperationResponse response;
+    BeginOperationResponse response(message_version_);
     keymaster_error_t err = Send(KM_BEGIN_OPERATION, request, &response);
     if (err != KM_ERROR_OK) {
         return err;
@@ -527,7 +528,7 @@
         *output = {};
     }
 
-    UpdateOperationRequest request;
+    UpdateOperationRequest request(message_version_);
     request.op_handle = operation_handle;
     if (in_params) {
         request.additional_params.Reinitialize(*in_params);
@@ -537,7 +538,7 @@
         request.input.Reinitialize(input->data, std::min(input->data_length, max_input_size));
     }
 
-    UpdateOperationResponse response;
+    UpdateOperationResponse response(message_version_);
     keymaster_error_t err = Send(KM_UPDATE_OPERATION, request, &response);
     if (err != KM_ERROR_OK) {
         return err;
@@ -576,7 +577,9 @@
         return error_;
     }
     if (input && input->data_length > kMaximumFinishInputLength) {
-        return KM_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+        ALOGE("%zu-byte input to finish; only %zu bytes allowed",
+              input->data_length, kMaximumFinishInputLength);
+        return KM_ERROR_INVALID_INPUT_LENGTH;
     }
 
     if (out_params) {
@@ -586,7 +589,7 @@
         *output = {};
     }
 
-    FinishOperationRequest request;
+    FinishOperationRequest request(message_version_);
     request.op_handle = operation_handle;
     if (signature && signature->data && signature->data_length > 0) {
         request.signature.Reinitialize(signature->data, signature->data_length);
@@ -598,7 +601,7 @@
         request.additional_params.Reinitialize(*in_params);
     }
 
-    FinishOperationResponse response;
+    FinishOperationResponse response(message_version_);
     keymaster_error_t err = Send(KM_FINISH_OPERATION, request, &response);
     if (err != KM_ERROR_OK) {
         return err;
@@ -631,9 +634,9 @@
         return error_;
     }
 
-    AbortOperationRequest request;
+    AbortOperationRequest request(message_version_);
     request.op_handle = operation_handle;
-    AbortOperationResponse response;
+    AbortOperationResponse response(message_version_);
     return Send(KM_ABORT_OPERATION, request, &response);
 }
 
@@ -768,6 +771,9 @@
     ALOGV("Sending %d byte request\n", (int)req.SerializedSize());
     int rc = trusty_keymaster_call(command, send_buf, req_size, recv_buf, &rsp_size);
     if (rc < 0) {
+        // Reset the connection on tipc error
+        trusty_keymaster_disconnect();
+        trusty_keymaster_connect();
         ALOGE("tipc error: %d\n", rc);
         // TODO(swillden): Distinguish permanent from transient errors and set error_ appropriately.
         return translate_error(rc);
@@ -775,8 +781,7 @@
         ALOGV("Received %d byte response\n", rsp_size);
     }
 
-    const keymaster_message* msg = (keymaster_message*)recv_buf;
-    const uint8_t* p = msg->payload;
+    const uint8_t* p = recv_buf;
     if (!rsp->Deserialize(&p, p + rsp_size)) {
         ALOGE("Error deserializing response of size %d\n", (int)rsp_size);
         return KM_ERROR_UNKNOWN_ERROR;
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device_test.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device_test.cpp
index 3bb5430..e8f5c0b 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device_test.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_device_test.cpp
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <fstream>
 
-#include <UniquePtr.h>
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <nativehelper/UniquePtr.h>
 #include <openssl/engine.h>
 
 #include <hardware/keymaster0.h>
diff --git a/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_ipc.cpp b/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_ipc.cpp
index cdc2778..fbd0eb3 100644
--- a/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_ipc.cpp
+++ b/trusty/keymaster/trusty_keymaster_ipc.cpp
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+
 #include <log/log.h>
 #include <trusty/tipc.h>
 
@@ -31,7 +34,7 @@
 
 #define TRUSTY_DEVICE_NAME "/dev/trusty-ipc-dev0"
 
-static int handle_ = 0;
+static int handle_ = -1;
 
 int trusty_keymaster_connect() {
     int rc = tipc_connect(TRUSTY_DEVICE_NAME, KEYMASTER_PORT);
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@
 
 int trusty_keymaster_call(uint32_t cmd, void* in, uint32_t in_size, uint8_t* out,
                           uint32_t* out_size) {
-    if (handle_ == 0) {
+    if (handle_ < 0) {
         ALOGE("not connected\n");
         return -EINVAL;
     }
@@ -62,32 +65,43 @@
         ALOGE("failed to send cmd (%d) to %s: %s\n", cmd, KEYMASTER_PORT, strerror(errno));
         return -errno;
     }
+    size_t out_max_size = *out_size;
+    *out_size = 0;
+    struct iovec iov[2];
+    struct keymaster_message header;
+    iov[0] = {.iov_base = &header, .iov_len = sizeof(struct keymaster_message)};
+    while (true) {
+        iov[1] = {
+            .iov_base = out + *out_size,
+            .iov_len = std::min<uint32_t>(KEYMASTER_MAX_BUFFER_LENGTH, out_max_size - *out_size)};
+        rc = readv(handle_, iov, 2);
+        if (rc < 0) {
+            ALOGE("failed to retrieve response for cmd (%d) to %s: %s\n", cmd, KEYMASTER_PORT,
+                  strerror(errno));
+            return -errno;
+        }
 
-    rc = read(handle_, out, *out_size);
-    if (rc < 0) {
-        ALOGE("failed to retrieve response for cmd (%d) to %s: %s\n", cmd, KEYMASTER_PORT,
-              strerror(errno));
-        return -errno;
+        if ((size_t)rc < sizeof(struct keymaster_message)) {
+            ALOGE("invalid response size (%d)\n", (int)rc);
+            return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
+        if ((cmd | KEYMASTER_RESP_BIT) != (header.cmd & ~(KEYMASTER_STOP_BIT))) {
+            ALOGE("invalid command (%d)", header.cmd);
+            return -EINVAL;
+        }
+        *out_size += ((size_t)rc - sizeof(struct keymaster_message));
+        if (header.cmd & KEYMASTER_STOP_BIT) {
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
-    if ((size_t)rc < sizeof(struct keymaster_message)) {
-        ALOGE("invalid response size (%d)\n", (int)rc);
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-
-    msg = (struct keymaster_message*)out;
-
-    if ((cmd | KEYMASTER_RESP_BIT) != msg->cmd) {
-        ALOGE("invalid command (%d)", msg->cmd);
-        return -EINVAL;
-    }
-
-    *out_size = ((size_t)rc) - sizeof(struct keymaster_message);
     return rc;
 }
 
 void trusty_keymaster_disconnect() {
-    if (handle_ != 0) {
+    if (handle_ >= 0) {
         tipc_close(handle_);
     }
+    handle_ = -1;
 }
diff --git a/trusty/storage/tests/Android.bp b/trusty/storage/tests/Android.bp
index 3eff3f2..1e4fced 100644
--- a/trusty/storage/tests/Android.bp
+++ b/trusty/storage/tests/Android.bp
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
         "-g",
         "-Wall",
         "-Werror",
-        "-std=gnu++11",
         "-Wno-missing-field-initializers",
     ],
 
diff --git a/tzdatacheck/Android.bp b/tzdatacheck/Android.bp
deleted file mode 100644
index 00ad141..0000000
--- a/tzdatacheck/Android.bp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-// ========================================================
-// Executable
-// ========================================================
-cc_binary {
-    name: "tzdatacheck",
-    host_supported: true,
-    srcs: ["tzdatacheck.cpp"],
-    shared_libs: [
-        "libbase",
-        "libcutils",
-        "liblog",
-    ],
-    cflags: ["-Werror"],
-}
diff --git a/tzdatacheck/tzdatacheck.cpp b/tzdatacheck/tzdatacheck.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 8fcd17f..0000000
--- a/tzdatacheck/tzdatacheck.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,601 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <ftw.h>
-#include <libgen.h>
-#include <stdarg.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#include <iostream>
-#include <memory>
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "android-base/logging.h"
-
-// The name of the directory that holds a staged time zone update distro. If this exists it should
-// replace the one in CURRENT_DIR_NAME.
-// See also libcore.tzdata.update2.TimeZoneDistroInstaller.
-static const char* STAGED_DIR_NAME = "/staged";
-
-// The name of the directory that holds the (optional) installed time zone update distro.
-// See also libcore.tzdata.update2.TimeZoneDistroInstaller.
-static const char* CURRENT_DIR_NAME = "/current";
-
-// The name of a file in the staged dir that indicates the staged operation is an "uninstall".
-// See also libcore.tzdata.update2.TimeZoneDistroInstaller.
-static const char* UNINSTALL_TOMBSTONE_FILE_NAME = "/STAGED_UNINSTALL_TOMBSTONE";
-
-// The name of the file containing the distro version information.
-// See also libcore.tzdata.shared2.TimeZoneDistro / libcore.tzdata.shared2.DistroVersion.
-static const char* DISTRO_VERSION_FILENAME = "/distro_version";
-
-// distro_version is an ASCII file consisting of 17 bytes in the form: AAA.BBB|CCCCC|DDD
-// AAA.BBB is the major/minor version of the distro format (e.g. 001.001),
-// CCCCC is the rules version (e.g. 2016g)
-// DDD is the android revision for this rules version to allow for distro corrections (e.g. 001)
-// We only need the first 13 to determine if it is suitable for the device.
-static const int DISTRO_VERSION_LENGTH = 13;
-
-// The major version of the distro format supported by this code as a null-terminated char[].
-// See also libcore.tzdata.shared2.TimeZoneDistro / libcore.tzdata.shared2.DistroVersion.
-static const char SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MAJOR_VERSION[] = "001";
-
-// The length of the distro format major version excluding the \0
-static const size_t SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MAJOR_VERSION_LEN = sizeof(SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MAJOR_VERSION) - 1;
-
-// The minor version of the distro format supported by this code as a null-terminated char[].
-// See also libcore.tzdata.shared2.TimeZoneDistro / libcore.tzdata.shared2.DistroVersion.
-static const char SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MINOR_VERSION[] = "001";
-
-// The length of the distro format minor version excluding the \0
-static const size_t SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MINOR_VERSION_LEN = sizeof(SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MINOR_VERSION) - 1;
-
-// The length of the distro format version. e.g. 001.001
-static const size_t SUPPORTED_DISTRO_VERSION_LEN =
-        SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MAJOR_VERSION_LEN + SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MINOR_VERSION_LEN + 1;
-
-// The length of the IANA rules version bytes. e.g. 2016a
-static const size_t RULES_VERSION_LEN = 5;
-
-// Distro version bytes are: AAA.BBB|CCCCC - the rules version is CCCCC
-static const size_t DISTRO_VERSION_RULES_IDX = 8;
-
-// See also libcore.tzdata.shared2.TimeZoneDistro.
-static const char* TZDATA_FILENAME = "/tzdata";
-
-// tzdata file header (as much as we need for the version):
-// byte[11] tzdata_version  -- e.g. "tzdata2012f"
-static const int TZ_HEADER_LENGTH = 11;
-
-static const char TZ_DATA_HEADER_PREFIX[] = "tzdata";
-static const size_t TZ_DATA_HEADER_PREFIX_LEN = sizeof(TZ_DATA_HEADER_PREFIX) - 1; // exclude \0
-
-static void usage() {
-    std::cerr << "Usage: tzdatacheck SYSTEM_TZ_DIR DATA_TZ_DIR\n"
-            "\n"
-            "Checks whether any timezone update distro in DATA_TZ_DIR is compatible with the\n"
-            "current Android release and better than or the same as base system timezone rules in\n"
-            "SYSTEM_TZ_DIR. If the timezone rules in SYSTEM_TZ_DIR are a higher version than the\n"
-            "one in DATA_TZ_DIR the DATA_TZ_DIR is renamed and then deleted.\n";
-    exit(1);
-}
-
-/*
- * Opens a file and fills buffer with the first byteCount bytes from the file.
- * If the file does not exist or cannot be opened or is too short then false is returned.
- * If the bytes were read successfully then true is returned.
- */
-static bool readBytes(const std::string& fileName, char* buffer, size_t byteCount) {
-    FILE* file = fopen(fileName.c_str(), "r");
-    if (file == nullptr) {
-        if (errno != ENOENT) {
-            PLOG(WARNING) << "Error opening file " << fileName;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-    size_t bytesRead = fread(buffer, 1, byteCount, file);
-    fclose(file);
-    if (bytesRead != byteCount) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << fileName << " is too small. " << byteCount << " bytes required";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-/*
- * Checks the contents of headerBytes. Returns true if it is valid (starts with "tzdata"), false
- * otherwise.
- */
-static bool checkValidTzDataHeader(const std::string& fileName, const char* headerBytes) {
-    if (strncmp("tzdata", headerBytes, 6) != 0) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << fileName << " does not start with the expected bytes (tzdata)";
-        return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool checkDigits(const char* buffer, const size_t count, size_t* i) {
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < count; j++) {
-      char toCheck = buffer[(*i)++];
-      if (!isdigit(toCheck)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-static bool checkValidDistroVersion(const char* buffer) {
-    // See DISTRO_VERSION_LENGTH comments above for a description of the format.
-    size_t i = 0;
-    if (!checkDigits(buffer, 3, &i)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (buffer[i++] != '.') {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (!checkDigits(buffer, 3, &i)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (buffer[i++] != '|') {
-      return false;
-    }
-    if (!checkDigits(buffer, 4, &i)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    // Ignore the last character. It is assumed to be a letter but we don't check because it's not
-    // obvious what would happen at 'z'.
-    return true;
-}
-
-/* Return the parent directory of dirName. */
-static std::string getParentDir(const std::string& dirName) {
-    std::unique_ptr<char> mutable_dirname(strdup(dirName.c_str()));
-    return dirname(mutable_dirname.get());
-}
-
-/* Deletes a single file, symlink or directory. Called from nftw(). */
-static int deleteFn(const char* fpath, const struct stat*, int typeflag, struct FTW*) {
-    LOG(DEBUG) << "Inspecting " << fpath;
-    switch (typeflag) {
-    case FTW_F:
-    case FTW_SL:
-        LOG(DEBUG) << "Unlinking " << fpath;
-        if (unlink(fpath)) {
-            PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to unlink file/symlink " << fpath;
-        }
-        break;
-    case FTW_D:
-    case FTW_DP:
-        LOG(DEBUG) << "Removing dir " << fpath;
-        if (rmdir(fpath)) {
-            PLOG(WARNING) << "Failed to remove dir " << fpath;
-        }
-        break;
-    default:
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Unsupported file type " << fpath << ": " << typeflag;
-        break;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-enum PathStatus { ERR, NONE, IS_DIR, IS_REG, UNKNOWN };
-
-static PathStatus checkPath(const std::string& path) {
-    struct stat buf;
-    if (stat(path.c_str(), &buf) != 0) {
-        if (errno != ENOENT) {
-            PLOG(WARNING) << "Unable to stat " << path;
-            return ERR;
-        }
-        return NONE;
-    }
-    return S_ISDIR(buf.st_mode) ? IS_DIR : S_ISREG(buf.st_mode) ? IS_REG : UNKNOWN;
-}
-
-/*
- * Deletes fileToDelete and returns true if it is successful. If fileToDelete is not a file or
- * cannot be accessed this method returns false.
- */
-static bool deleteFile(const std::string& fileToDelete) {
-    // Check whether the file exists.
-    PathStatus pathStatus = checkPath(fileToDelete);
-    if (pathStatus == NONE) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Path " << fileToDelete << " does not exist";
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (pathStatus != IS_REG) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Path " << fileToDelete << " failed to stat() or is not a file.";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Attempt the deletion.
-    int rc = unlink(fileToDelete.c_str());
-    if (rc != 0) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "unlink() failed for " << fileToDelete;
-    }
-    return rc == 0;
-}
-
-/*
- * Deletes dirToDelete and returns true if it is successful in removing or moving the directory out
- * of the way. If dirToDelete does not exist this function does nothing and returns true. If
- * dirToDelete is not a directory or cannot be accessed this method returns false.
- *
- * During deletion, this function first renames the directory to a temporary name. If the temporary
- * directory cannot be created, or the directory cannot be renamed, false is returned. After the
- * rename, deletion of files and subdirs beneath the directory is performed on a "best effort"
- * basis. Symlinks beneath the directory are not followed.
- */
-static bool deleteDir(const std::string& dirToDelete) {
-    // Check whether the dir exists.
-    int pathStatus = checkPath(dirToDelete);
-    if (pathStatus == NONE) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Path " << dirToDelete << " does not exist";
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (pathStatus != IS_DIR) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Path " << dirToDelete << " failed to stat() or is not a directory.";
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // First, rename dirToDelete.
-
-    std::string tempDirNameTemplate = getParentDir(dirToDelete);
-    tempDirNameTemplate += "/tempXXXXXX";
-
-    // Create an empty directory with the temporary name. For this we need a non-const char*.
-    std::vector<char> tempDirName(tempDirNameTemplate.length() + 1);
-    strcpy(&tempDirName[0], tempDirNameTemplate.c_str());
-    if (mkdtemp(&tempDirName[0]) == nullptr) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "Unable to create a temporary directory: " << tempDirNameTemplate;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Rename dirToDelete to tempDirName (replacing the empty tempDirName directory created above).
-    int rc = rename(dirToDelete.c_str(), &tempDirName[0]);
-    if (rc == -1) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "Unable to rename directory from " << dirToDelete << " to "
-                << &tempDirName[0];
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    // Recursively delete contents of tempDirName.
-
-    rc = nftw(&tempDirName[0], deleteFn, 10 /* openFiles */,
-            FTW_DEPTH | FTW_MOUNT | FTW_PHYS);
-    if (rc == -1) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Could not delete directory: " << &tempDirName[0];
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-/*
- * Deletes the ConfigInstaller metadata directory.
- * TODO(nfuller). http://b/31008728 Remove this when ConfigInstaller is no longer used.
- */
-static void deleteConfigUpdaterMetadataDir(const char* dataZoneInfoDir) {
-    // Delete the update metadata
-    std::string dataUpdatesDirName(dataZoneInfoDir);
-    dataUpdatesDirName += "/updates";
-    LOG(INFO) << "Removing: " << dataUpdatesDirName;
-    if (!deleteDir(dataUpdatesDirName)) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Deletion of install metadata " << dataUpdatesDirName
-                << " was not successful";
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * Deletes the timezone update distro directory.
- */
-static void deleteUpdateDistroDir(const std::string& distroDirName) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Removing: " << distroDirName;
-    if (!deleteDir(distroDirName)) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Deletion of distro dir " << distroDirName << " was not successful";
-    }
-}
-
-static void handleStagedUninstall(const std::string& dataStagedDirName,
-                                  const std::string& dataCurrentDirName,
-                                  const PathStatus dataCurrentDirStatus) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Staged operation is an uninstall.";
-
-    // Delete the current install directory.
-    switch (dataCurrentDirStatus) {
-        case NONE:
-            // This is unexpected: No uninstall should be staged if there is nothing to
-            // uninstall. Carry on anyway.
-            LOG(WARNING) << "No current install to delete.";
-            break;
-        case IS_DIR:
-            // This is normal. Delete the current install dir.
-            if (!deleteDir(dataCurrentDirName)) {
-                LOG(WARNING) << "Deletion of current distro " << dataCurrentDirName
-                             << " was not successful";
-                // If this happens we don't know whether we were able to delete or not. We don't
-                // delete the staged operation so it will be retried next boot unless overridden.
-                return;
-            }
-            break;
-        case IS_REG:
-        default:
-            // This is unexpected: We can try to delete the unexpected file and carry on.
-            LOG(WARNING) << "Current distro dir " << dataCurrentDirName
-                         << " is not actually a directory. Attempting deletion.";
-            if (!deleteFile(dataCurrentDirName)) {
-                LOG(WARNING) << "Could not delete " << dataCurrentDirName;
-                return;
-            }
-            break;
-    }
-
-    // Delete the staged uninstall dir.
-    if (!deleteDir(dataStagedDirName)) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Deletion of current distro " << dataCurrentDirName
-                     << " was not successful";
-        // If this happens we don't know whether we were able to delete the staged operation
-        // or not.
-        return;
-    }
-    LOG(INFO) << "Staged uninstall complete.";
-}
-
-static void handleStagedInstall(const std::string& dataStagedDirName,
-                                const std::string& dataCurrentDirName,
-                                const PathStatus dataCurrentDirStatus) {
-    LOG(INFO) << "Staged operation is an install.";
-
-    switch (dataCurrentDirStatus) {
-        case NONE:
-            // This is expected: This is the first install.
-            LOG(INFO) << "No current install to replace.";
-            break;
-        case IS_DIR:
-            // This is expected: We are replacing an existing install.
-            // Delete the current dir so we can replace it.
-            if (!deleteDir(dataCurrentDirName)) {
-                LOG(WARNING) << "Deletion of current distro " << dataCurrentDirName
-                             << " was not successful";
-                // If this happens, we cannot proceed.
-                return;
-            }
-            break;
-        case IS_REG:
-        default:
-            // This is unexpected: We can try to delete the unexpected file and carry on.
-            LOG(WARNING) << "Current distro dir " << dataCurrentDirName
-                         << " is not actually a directory. Attempting deletion.";
-            if (!deleteFile(dataCurrentDirName)) {
-                LOG(WARNING) << "Could not delete " << dataCurrentDirName;
-                return;
-            }
-            break;
-    }
-
-    // Move the staged dir so it is the new current dir, completing the install.
-    LOG(INFO) << "Moving " << dataStagedDirName << " to " << dataCurrentDirName;
-    int rc = rename(dataStagedDirName.c_str(), dataCurrentDirName.c_str());
-    if (rc == -1) {
-        PLOG(WARNING) << "Unable to rename directory from " << dataStagedDirName << " to "
-                      << &dataCurrentDirName[0];
-        return;
-    }
-
-    LOG(INFO) << "Staged install complete.";
-}
-/*
- * Process a staged operation if there is one.
- */
-static void processStagedOperation(const std::string& dataStagedDirName,
-                                   const std::string& dataCurrentDirName) {
-    PathStatus dataStagedDirStatus = checkPath(dataStagedDirName);
-
-    // Exit early for the common case.
-    if (dataStagedDirStatus == NONE) {
-        LOG(DEBUG) << "No staged time zone operation.";
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // Check known directory names are in a good starting state.
-    if (dataStagedDirStatus != IS_DIR) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Staged distro dir " << dataStagedDirName
-                     << " could not be accessed or is not a directory."
-                     << " stagedDirStatus=" << dataStagedDirStatus;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // dataStagedDirStatus == IS_DIR.
-
-    // Work out whether there is anything currently installed.
-    PathStatus dataCurrentDirStatus = checkPath(dataCurrentDirName);
-    if (dataCurrentDirStatus == ERR) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Current install dir " << dataCurrentDirName << " could not be accessed"
-                     << " dataCurrentDirStatus=" << dataCurrentDirStatus;
-        return;
-    }
-
-    // We must perform the staged operation.
-
-    // Check to see if the staged directory contains an uninstall or an install operation.
-    std::string uninstallTombStoneFile(dataStagedDirName);
-    uninstallTombStoneFile += UNINSTALL_TOMBSTONE_FILE_NAME;
-    int uninstallTombStoneFileStatus = checkPath(uninstallTombStoneFile);
-    if (uninstallTombStoneFileStatus != IS_REG && uninstallTombStoneFileStatus != NONE) {
-        // Error case.
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Unable to determine if the staged operation is an uninstall.";
-        return;
-    }
-    if (uninstallTombStoneFileStatus == IS_REG) {
-        handleStagedUninstall(dataStagedDirName, dataCurrentDirName, dataCurrentDirStatus);
-    } else {
-        // uninstallTombStoneFileStatus == NONE meaning this is a staged install.
-        handleStagedInstall(dataStagedDirName, dataCurrentDirName, dataCurrentDirStatus);
-    }
-}
-
-/*
- * After a platform update it is likely that timezone data found on the system partition will be
- * newer than the version found in the data partition. This tool detects this case and removes the
- * version in /data.
- *
- * Note: This code is related to code in com.android.server.updates.TzDataInstallReceiver. The
- * paths for the metadata and current timezone data must match.
- *
- * Typically on device the two args will be:
- *   /system/usr/share/zoneinfo /data/misc/zoneinfo
- *
- * See usage() for usage notes.
- */
-int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
-    if (argc != 3) {
-        usage();
-        return 1;
-    }
-
-    const char* systemZoneInfoDir = argv[1];
-    const char* dataZoneInfoDir = argv[2];
-
-    std::string dataStagedDirName(dataZoneInfoDir);
-    dataStagedDirName += STAGED_DIR_NAME;
-
-    std::string dataCurrentDirName(dataZoneInfoDir);
-    dataCurrentDirName += CURRENT_DIR_NAME;
-
-    // Check for an process any staged operation.
-    // If the staged operation could not be handled we still have to validate the current installed
-    // directory so we do not check for errors and do not quit early.
-    processStagedOperation(dataStagedDirName, dataCurrentDirName);
-
-    // Check the distro directory exists. If it does not, exit quickly: nothing to do.
-    PathStatus dataCurrentDirStatus = checkPath(dataCurrentDirName);
-    if (dataCurrentDirStatus == NONE) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "timezone distro dir " << dataCurrentDirName
-                << " does not exist. No action required.";
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    // If the distro directory path is not a directory or we can't stat() the path, exit with a
-    // warning: either there's a problem accessing storage or the world is not as it should be;
-    // nothing to do.
-    if (dataCurrentDirStatus != IS_DIR) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "Current distro dir " << dataCurrentDirName
-                << " could not be accessed or is not a directory. result=" << dataCurrentDirStatus;
-        return 2;
-    }
-
-    // Check the installed distro version.
-    std::string distroVersionFileName(dataCurrentDirName);
-    distroVersionFileName += DISTRO_VERSION_FILENAME;
-    std::vector<char> distroVersion;
-    distroVersion.reserve(DISTRO_VERSION_LENGTH);
-    bool distroVersionReadOk =
-            readBytes(distroVersionFileName, distroVersion.data(), DISTRO_VERSION_LENGTH);
-    if (!distroVersionReadOk) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "distro version file " << distroVersionFileName
-                << " does not exist or is too short. Deleting distro dir.";
-        // Implies the contents of the data partition is corrupt in some way. Try to clean up.
-        deleteConfigUpdaterMetadataDir(dataZoneInfoDir);
-        deleteUpdateDistroDir(dataCurrentDirName);
-        return 3;
-    }
-
-    if (!checkValidDistroVersion(distroVersion.data())) {
-        LOG(WARNING) << "distro version file " << distroVersionFileName
-                << " is not valid. Deleting distro dir.";
-        // Implies the contents of the data partition is corrupt in some way. Try to clean up.
-        deleteConfigUpdaterMetadataDir(dataZoneInfoDir);
-        deleteUpdateDistroDir(dataCurrentDirName);
-        return 4;
-    }
-
-    std::string actualDistroVersion =
-            std::string(distroVersion.data(), SUPPORTED_DISTRO_VERSION_LEN);
-    // Check the first 3 bytes of the distro version: these are the major version (e.g. 001).
-    // It must match the one we support exactly to be ok.
-    if (strncmp(
-            &distroVersion[0],
-            SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MAJOR_VERSION,
-            SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MAJOR_VERSION_LEN) != 0) {
-
-        LOG(INFO) << "distro version file " << distroVersionFileName
-                << " major version is not the required version " << SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MAJOR_VERSION
-                << ", was \"" << actualDistroVersion << "\". Deleting distro dir.";
-        // This implies there has been an OTA and the installed distro is not compatible with the
-        // new version of Android. Remove the installed distro.
-        deleteConfigUpdaterMetadataDir(dataZoneInfoDir);
-        deleteUpdateDistroDir(dataCurrentDirName);
-        return 5;
-    }
-
-    // Check the last 3 bytes of the distro version: these are the minor version (e.g. 001).
-    // If the version in the distro is < the minor version required by this device it cannot be
-    // used.
-    if (strncmp(
-            &distroVersion[4],
-            SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MINOR_VERSION,
-            SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MINOR_VERSION_LEN) < 0) {
-
-        LOG(INFO) << "distro version file " << distroVersionFileName
-                << " minor version is not the required version " << SUPPORTED_DISTRO_MINOR_VERSION
-                << ", was \"" << actualDistroVersion << "\". Deleting distro dir.";
-        // This implies there has been an OTA and the installed distro is not compatible with the
-        // new version of Android. Remove the installed distro.
-        deleteConfigUpdaterMetadataDir(dataZoneInfoDir);
-        deleteUpdateDistroDir(dataCurrentDirName);
-        return 5;
-    }
-
-    // Read the system rules version out of the /system tzdata file.
-    std::string systemTzDataFileName(systemZoneInfoDir);
-    systemTzDataFileName += TZDATA_FILENAME;
-    std::vector<char> systemTzDataHeader;
-    systemTzDataHeader.reserve(TZ_HEADER_LENGTH);
-    bool systemFileExists =
-            readBytes(systemTzDataFileName, systemTzDataHeader.data(), TZ_HEADER_LENGTH);
-    if (!systemFileExists) {
-        // Implies the contents of the system partition is corrupt in some way. Nothing we can do.
-        LOG(WARNING) << systemTzDataFileName << " does not exist or could not be opened";
-        return 6;
-    }
-    if (!checkValidTzDataHeader(systemTzDataFileName, systemTzDataHeader.data())) {
-        // Implies the contents of the system partition is corrupt in some way. Nothing we can do.
-        LOG(WARNING) << systemTzDataFileName << " does not have a valid header.";
-        return 7;
-    }
-
-    // Compare the distro rules version against the system rules version.
-    if (strncmp(
-            &systemTzDataHeader[TZ_DATA_HEADER_PREFIX_LEN],
-            &distroVersion[DISTRO_VERSION_RULES_IDX],
-            RULES_VERSION_LEN) <= 0) {
-        LOG(INFO) << "Found an installed distro but it is valid. No action taken.";
-        // Implies there is an installed update, but it is good.
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    // Implies there has been an OTA and the system version of the timezone rules is now newer
-    // than the version installed in /data. Remove the installed distro.
-    LOG(INFO) << "timezone distro in " << dataCurrentDirName << " is older than data in "
-            << systemTzDataFileName << "; fixing...";
-
-    deleteConfigUpdaterMetadataDir(dataZoneInfoDir);
-    deleteUpdateDistroDir(dataCurrentDirName);
-    return 0;
-}