linker/linker.cpp

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2008, 2009 The Android Open Source Project
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *  * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *  * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *    distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
 * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
 * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
 * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
 * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
 * OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT
 * OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include <new>

// Private C library headers.
#include "private/bionic_tls.h"
#include "private/KernelArgumentBlock.h"
#include "private/ScopedPthreadMutexLocker.h"
#include "private/ScopedFd.h"
#include "private/ScopeGuard.h"
#include "private/UniquePtr.h"

#include "linker.h"
#include "linker_debug.h"
#include "linker_environ.h"
#include "linker_phdr.h"
#include "linker_allocator.h"

/* >>> IMPORTANT NOTE - READ ME BEFORE MODIFYING <<<
 *
 * Do NOT use malloc() and friends or pthread_*() code here.
 * Don't use printf() either; it's caused mysterious memory
 * corruption in the past.
 * The linker runs before we bring up libc and it's easiest
 * to make sure it does not depend on any complex libc features
 *
 * open issues / todo:
 *
 * - cleaner error reporting
 * - after linking, set as much stuff as possible to READONLY
 *   and NOEXEC
 */

#if defined(__LP64__)
#define SEARCH_NAME(x) x
#else
// Nvidia drivers are relying on the bug:
// http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=6670
// so we continue to use base-name lookup for lp32
static const char* get_base_name(const char* name) {
  const char* bname = strrchr(name, '/');
  return bname ? bname + 1 : name;
}
#define SEARCH_NAME(x) get_base_name(x)
#endif

static ElfW(Addr) get_elf_exec_load_bias(const ElfW(Ehdr)* elf);

static LinkerAllocator<soinfo> g_soinfo_allocator;
static LinkerAllocator<LinkedListEntry<soinfo>> g_soinfo_links_allocator;

static soinfo* solist;
static soinfo* sonext;
static soinfo* somain; // main process, always the one after libdl_info

static const char* const kDefaultLdPaths[] = {
#if defined(__LP64__)
  "/vendor/lib64",
  "/system/lib64",
#else
  "/vendor/lib",
  "/system/lib",
#endif
  nullptr
};

#define LDPATH_BUFSIZE (LDPATH_MAX*64)
#define LDPATH_MAX 8

#define LDPRELOAD_BUFSIZE (LDPRELOAD_MAX*64)
#define LDPRELOAD_MAX 8

static char g_ld_library_paths_buffer[LDPATH_BUFSIZE];
static const char* g_ld_library_paths[LDPATH_MAX + 1];

static char g_ld_preloads_buffer[LDPRELOAD_BUFSIZE];
static const char* g_ld_preload_names[LDPRELOAD_MAX + 1];

static soinfo* g_ld_preloads[LDPRELOAD_MAX + 1];

__LIBC_HIDDEN__ int g_ld_debug_verbosity;

__LIBC_HIDDEN__ abort_msg_t* g_abort_message = nullptr; // For debuggerd.

enum RelocationKind {
  kRelocAbsolute = 0,
  kRelocRelative,
  kRelocCopy,
  kRelocSymbol,
  kRelocMax
};

#if STATS
struct linker_stats_t {
  int count[kRelocMax];
};

static linker_stats_t linker_stats;

static void count_relocation(RelocationKind kind) {
  ++linker_stats.count[kind];
}
#else
static void count_relocation(RelocationKind) {
}
#endif

#if COUNT_PAGES
static unsigned bitmask[4096];
#if defined(__LP64__)
#define MARK(offset) \
    do { \
      if ((((offset) >> 12) >> 5) < 4096) \
          bitmask[((offset) >> 12) >> 5] |= (1 << (((offset) >> 12) & 31)); \
    } while (0)
#else
#define MARK(offset) \
    do { \
      bitmask[((offset) >> 12) >> 3] |= (1 << (((offset) >> 12) & 7)); \
    } while (0)
#endif
#else
#define MARK(x) do {} while (0)
#endif

// You shouldn't try to call memory-allocating functions in the dynamic linker.
// Guard against the most obvious ones.
#define DISALLOW_ALLOCATION(return_type, name, ...) \
    return_type name __VA_ARGS__ \
    { \
      __libc_fatal("ERROR: " #name " called from the dynamic linker!\n"); \
    }
DISALLOW_ALLOCATION(void*, malloc, (size_t u __unused));
DISALLOW_ALLOCATION(void, free, (void* u __unused));
DISALLOW_ALLOCATION(void*, realloc, (void* u1 __unused, size_t u2 __unused));
DISALLOW_ALLOCATION(void*, calloc, (size_t u1 __unused, size_t u2 __unused));

static char __linker_dl_err_buf[768];

char* linker_get_error_buffer() {
  return &__linker_dl_err_buf[0];
}

size_t linker_get_error_buffer_size() {
  return sizeof(__linker_dl_err_buf);
}

// This function is an empty stub where GDB locates a breakpoint to get notified
// about linker activity.
extern "C" void __attribute__((noinline)) __attribute__((visibility("default"))) rtld_db_dlactivity();

static pthread_mutex_t g__r_debug_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
static r_debug _r_debug = {1, nullptr, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&rtld_db_dlactivity), r_debug::RT_CONSISTENT, 0};
static link_map* r_debug_tail = 0;

static void insert_soinfo_into_debug_map(soinfo* info) {
  // Copy the necessary fields into the debug structure.
  link_map* map = &(info->link_map_head);
  map->l_addr = info->load_bias;
  map->l_name = info->name;
  map->l_ld = info->dynamic;

  // Stick the new library at the end of the list.
  // gdb tends to care more about libc than it does
  // about leaf libraries, and ordering it this way
  // reduces the back-and-forth over the wire.
  if (r_debug_tail) {
    r_debug_tail->l_next = map;
    map->l_prev = r_debug_tail;
    map->l_next = 0;
  } else {
    _r_debug.r_map = map;
    map->l_prev = 0;
    map->l_next = 0;
  }
  r_debug_tail = map;
}

static void remove_soinfo_from_debug_map(soinfo* info) {
  link_map* map = &(info->link_map_head);

  if (r_debug_tail == map) {
    r_debug_tail = map->l_prev;
  }

  if (map->l_prev) {
    map->l_prev->l_next = map->l_next;
  }
  if (map->l_next) {
    map->l_next->l_prev = map->l_prev;
  }
}

static void notify_gdb_of_load(soinfo* info) {
  if (info->flags & FLAG_EXE) {
    // GDB already knows about the main executable
    return;
  }

  ScopedPthreadMutexLocker locker(&g__r_debug_mutex);

  _r_debug.r_state = r_debug::RT_ADD;
  rtld_db_dlactivity();

  insert_soinfo_into_debug_map(info);

  _r_debug.r_state = r_debug::RT_CONSISTENT;
  rtld_db_dlactivity();
}

static void notify_gdb_of_unload(soinfo* info) {
  if (info->flags & FLAG_EXE) {
    // GDB already knows about the main executable
    return;
  }

  ScopedPthreadMutexLocker locker(&g__r_debug_mutex);

  _r_debug.r_state = r_debug::RT_DELETE;
  rtld_db_dlactivity();

  remove_soinfo_from_debug_map(info);

  _r_debug.r_state = r_debug::RT_CONSISTENT;
  rtld_db_dlactivity();
}

void notify_gdb_of_libraries() {
  _r_debug.r_state = r_debug::RT_ADD;
  rtld_db_dlactivity();
  _r_debug.r_state = r_debug::RT_CONSISTENT;
  rtld_db_dlactivity();
}

LinkedListEntry<soinfo>* SoinfoListAllocator::alloc() {
  return g_soinfo_links_allocator.alloc();
}

void SoinfoListAllocator::free(LinkedListEntry<soinfo>* entry) {
  g_soinfo_links_allocator.free(entry);
}

static void protect_data(int protection) {
  g_soinfo_allocator.protect_all(protection);
  g_soinfo_links_allocator.protect_all(protection);
}

static soinfo* soinfo_alloc(const char* name, struct stat* file_stat, off64_t file_offset, uint32_t rtld_flags) {
  if (strlen(name) >= SOINFO_NAME_LEN) {
    DL_ERR("library name \"%s\" too long", name);
    return nullptr;
  }

  soinfo* si = new (g_soinfo_allocator.alloc()) soinfo(name, file_stat, file_offset, rtld_flags);

  sonext->next = si;
  sonext = si;

  TRACE("name %s: allocated soinfo @ %p", name, si);
  return si;
}

static void soinfo_free(soinfo* si) {
  if (si == nullptr) {
    return;
  }

  if (si->base != 0 && si->size != 0) {
    munmap(reinterpret_cast<void*>(si->base), si->size);
  }

  soinfo *prev = nullptr, *trav;

  TRACE("name %s: freeing soinfo @ %p", si->name, si);

  for (trav = solist; trav != nullptr; trav = trav->next) {
    if (trav == si) {
      break;
    }
    prev = trav;
  }

  if (trav == nullptr) {
    // si was not in solist
    DL_ERR("name \"%s\" is not in solist!", si->name);
    return;
  }

  // clear links to/from si
  si->remove_all_links();

  // prev will never be null, because the first entry in solist is
  // always the static libdl_info.
  prev->next = si->next;
  if (si == sonext) {
    sonext = prev;
  }

  g_soinfo_allocator.free(si);
}

static void parse_path(const char* path, const char* delimiters,
                       const char** array, char* buf, size_t buf_size, size_t max_count) {
  if (path == nullptr) {
    return;
  }

  size_t len = strlcpy(buf, path, buf_size);

  size_t i = 0;
  char* buf_p = buf;
  while (i < max_count && (array[i] = strsep(&buf_p, delimiters))) {
    if (*array[i] != '\0') {
      ++i;
    }
  }

  // Forget the last path if we had to truncate; this occurs if the 2nd to
  // last char isn't '\0' (i.e. wasn't originally a delimiter).
  if (i > 0 && len >= buf_size && buf[buf_size - 2] != '\0') {
    array[i - 1] = nullptr;
  } else {
    array[i] = nullptr;
  }
}

static void parse_LD_LIBRARY_PATH(const char* path) {
  parse_path(path, ":", g_ld_library_paths,
             g_ld_library_paths_buffer, sizeof(g_ld_library_paths_buffer), LDPATH_MAX);
}

static void parse_LD_PRELOAD(const char* path) {
  // We have historically supported ':' as well as ' ' in LD_PRELOAD.
  parse_path(path, " :", g_ld_preload_names,
             g_ld_preloads_buffer, sizeof(g_ld_preloads_buffer), LDPRELOAD_MAX);
}

#if defined(__arm__)

// For a given PC, find the .so that it belongs to.
// Returns the base address of the .ARM.exidx section
// for that .so, and the number of 8-byte entries
// in that section (via *pcount).
//
// Intended to be called by libc's __gnu_Unwind_Find_exidx().
//
// This function is exposed via dlfcn.cpp and libdl.so.
_Unwind_Ptr dl_unwind_find_exidx(_Unwind_Ptr pc, int* pcount) {
  unsigned addr = (unsigned)pc;

  for (soinfo* si = solist; si != 0; si = si->next) {
    if ((addr >= si->base) && (addr < (si->base + si->size))) {
        *pcount = si->ARM_exidx_count;
        return (_Unwind_Ptr)si->ARM_exidx;
    }
  }
  *pcount = 0;
  return nullptr;
}

#endif

// Here, we only have to provide a callback to iterate across all the
// loaded libraries. gcc_eh does the rest.
int dl_iterate_phdr(int (*cb)(dl_phdr_info* info, size_t size, void* data), void* data) {
  int rv = 0;
  for (soinfo* si = solist; si != nullptr; si = si->next) {
    dl_phdr_info dl_info;
    dl_info.dlpi_addr = si->link_map_head.l_addr;
    dl_info.dlpi_name = si->link_map_head.l_name;
    dl_info.dlpi_phdr = si->phdr;
    dl_info.dlpi_phnum = si->phnum;
    rv = cb(&dl_info, sizeof(dl_phdr_info), data);
    if (rv != 0) {
      break;
    }
  }
  return rv;
}

ElfW(Sym)* soinfo::find_symbol_by_name(SymbolName& symbol_name) {
  return is_gnu_hash() ? gnu_lookup(symbol_name) : elf_lookup(symbol_name);
}

static bool is_symbol_global_and_defined(const soinfo* si, const ElfW(Sym)* s) {
  if (ELF_ST_BIND(s->st_info) == STB_GLOBAL ||
      ELF_ST_BIND(s->st_info) == STB_WEAK) {
    return s->st_shndx != SHN_UNDEF;
  } else if (ELF_ST_BIND(s->st_info) != STB_LOCAL) {
    DL_WARN("unexpected ST_BIND value: %d for '%s' in '%s'",
        ELF_ST_BIND(s->st_info), si->get_string(s->st_name), si->name);
  }

  return false;
}

ElfW(Sym)* soinfo::gnu_lookup(SymbolName& symbol_name) {
  uint32_t hash = symbol_name.gnu_hash();
  uint32_t h2 = hash >> gnu_shift2;

  uint32_t bloom_mask_bits = sizeof(ElfW(Addr))*8;
  uint32_t word_num = (hash / bloom_mask_bits) & gnu_maskwords;
  ElfW(Addr) bloom_word = gnu_bloom_filter[word_num];

  // test against bloom filter
  if ((1 & (bloom_word >> (hash % bloom_mask_bits)) & (bloom_word >> (h2 % bloom_mask_bits))) == 0) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  // bloom test says "probably yes"...
  uint32_t n = bucket[hash % nbucket];

  if (n == 0) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  do {
    ElfW(Sym)* s = symtab + n;
    if (((chain[n] ^ hash) >> 1) == 0 &&
        strcmp(get_string(s->st_name), symbol_name.get_name()) == 0 &&
        is_symbol_global_and_defined(this, s)) {
      return s;
    }
  } while ((chain[n++] & 1) == 0);

  return nullptr;
}

ElfW(Sym)* soinfo::elf_lookup(SymbolName& symbol_name) {
  uint32_t hash = symbol_name.elf_hash();

  TRACE_TYPE(LOOKUP, "SEARCH %s in %s@%p h=%x(elf) %zd",
             symbol_name.get_name(), name, reinterpret_cast<void*>(base), hash, hash % nbucket);

  for (uint32_t n = bucket[hash % nbucket]; n != 0; n = chain[n]) {
    ElfW(Sym)* s = symtab + n;
    if (strcmp(get_string(s->st_name), symbol_name.get_name()) == 0 && is_symbol_global_and_defined(this, s)) {
      TRACE_TYPE(LOOKUP, "FOUND %s in %s (%p) %zd",
               symbol_name.get_name(), name, reinterpret_cast<void*>(s->st_value),
               static_cast<size_t>(s->st_size));
      return s;
    }
  }

  TRACE_TYPE(LOOKUP, "NOT FOUND %s in %s@%p %x %zd",
             symbol_name.get_name(), name, reinterpret_cast<void*>(base), hash, hash % nbucket);

  return nullptr;
}

soinfo::soinfo(const char* name, const struct stat* file_stat, off64_t file_offset, int rtld_flags) {
  memset(this, 0, sizeof(*this));

  strlcpy(this->name, name, sizeof(this->name));
  flags = FLAG_NEW_SOINFO;
  version = SOINFO_VERSION;

  if (file_stat != nullptr) {
    this->st_dev = file_stat->st_dev;
    this->st_ino = file_stat->st_ino;
    this->file_offset = file_offset;
  }

  this->rtld_flags = rtld_flags;
}


uint32_t SymbolName::elf_hash() {
  if (!has_elf_hash_) {
    const unsigned char* name = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(name_);
    uint32_t h = 0, g;

    while (*name) {
      h = (h << 4) + *name++;
      g = h & 0xf0000000;
      h ^= g;
      h ^= g >> 24;
    }

    elf_hash_ = h;
    has_elf_hash_ = true;
  }

  return elf_hash_;
}

uint32_t SymbolName::gnu_hash() {
  if (!has_gnu_hash_) {
    uint32_t h = 5381;
    const unsigned char* name = reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(name_);
    while (*name != 0) {
      h += (h << 5) + *name++; // h*33 + c = h + h * 32 + c = h + h << 5 + c
    }

    gnu_hash_ =  h;
    has_gnu_hash_ = true;
  }

  return gnu_hash_;
}

static ElfW(Sym)* soinfo_do_lookup(soinfo* si_from, const char* name, soinfo** si_found_in,
    const soinfo::soinfo_list_t& global_group, const soinfo::soinfo_list_t& local_group) {
  SymbolName symbol_name(name);
  ElfW(Sym)* s = nullptr;

  /* "This element's presence in a shared object library alters the dynamic linker's
   * symbol resolution algorithm for references within the library. Instead of starting
   * a symbol search with the executable file, the dynamic linker starts from the shared
   * object itself. If the shared object fails to supply the referenced symbol, the
   * dynamic linker then searches the executable file and other shared objects as usual."
   *
   * http://www.sco.com/developers/gabi/2012-12-31/ch5.dynamic.html
   *
   * Note that this is unlikely since static linker avoids generating
   * relocations for -Bsymbolic linked dynamic executables.
   */
  if (si_from->has_DT_SYMBOLIC) {
    DEBUG("%s: looking up %s in local scope (DT_SYMBOLIC)", si_from->name, name);
    s = si_from->find_symbol_by_name(symbol_name);
    if (s != nullptr) {
      *si_found_in = si_from;
    }
  }

  // 1. Look for it in global_group
  if (s == nullptr) {
    global_group.visit([&](soinfo* global_si) {
      DEBUG("%s: looking up %s in %s (from global group)", si_from->name, name, global_si->name);
      s = global_si->find_symbol_by_name(symbol_name);
      if (s != nullptr) {
        *si_found_in = global_si;
        return false;
      }

      return true;
    });
  }

  // 2. Look for it in the local group
  if (s == nullptr) {
    local_group.visit([&](soinfo* local_si) {
      if (local_si == si_from && si_from->has_DT_SYMBOLIC) {
        // we already did this - skip
        return true;
      }

      DEBUG("%s: looking up %s in %s (from local group)", si_from->name, name, local_si->name);
      s = local_si->find_symbol_by_name(symbol_name);
      if (s != nullptr) {
        *si_found_in = local_si;
        return false;
      }

      return true;
    });
  }

  if (s != nullptr) {
    TRACE_TYPE(LOOKUP, "si %s sym %s s->st_value = %p, "
               "found in %s, base = %p, load bias = %p",
               si_from->name, name, reinterpret_cast<void*>(s->st_value),
               (*si_found_in)->name, reinterpret_cast<void*>((*si_found_in)->base),
               reinterpret_cast<void*>((*si_found_in)->load_bias));
  }

  return s;
}

// Each size has it's own allocator.
template<size_t size>
class SizeBasedAllocator {
 public:
  static void* alloc() {
    return allocator_.alloc();
  }

  static void free(void* ptr) {
    allocator_.free(ptr);
  }

 private:
  static LinkerBlockAllocator allocator_;
};

template<size_t size>
LinkerBlockAllocator SizeBasedAllocator<size>::allocator_(size);

template<typename T>
class TypeBasedAllocator {
 public:
  static T* alloc() {
    return reinterpret_cast<T*>(SizeBasedAllocator<sizeof(T)>::alloc());
  }

  static void free(T* ptr) {
    SizeBasedAllocator<sizeof(T)>::free(ptr);
  }
};

class LoadTask {
 public:
  struct deleter_t {
    void operator()(LoadTask* t) {
      TypeBasedAllocator<LoadTask>::free(t);
    }
  };

  typedef UniquePtr<LoadTask, deleter_t> unique_ptr;

  static deleter_t deleter;

  static LoadTask* create(const char* name, soinfo* needed_by) {
    LoadTask* ptr = TypeBasedAllocator<LoadTask>::alloc();
    return new (ptr) LoadTask(name, needed_by);
  }

  const char* get_name() const {
    return name_;
  }

  soinfo* get_needed_by() const {
    return needed_by_;
  }
 private:
  LoadTask(const char* name, soinfo* needed_by)
    : name_(name), needed_by_(needed_by) {}

  const char* name_;
  soinfo* needed_by_;

  DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(LoadTask);
};

LoadTask::deleter_t LoadTask::deleter;

template <typename T>
using linked_list_t = LinkedList<T, TypeBasedAllocator<LinkedListEntry<T>>>;

typedef linked_list_t<soinfo> SoinfoLinkedList;
typedef linked_list_t<const char> StringLinkedList;
typedef linked_list_t<LoadTask> LoadTaskList;


// This function walks down the tree of soinfo dependencies
// in breadth-first order and
//   * calls action(soinfo* si) for each node, and
//   * terminates walk if action returns false.
//
// walk_dependencies_tree returns false if walk was terminated
// by the action and true otherwise.
template<typename F>
static bool walk_dependencies_tree(soinfo* root_soinfos[], size_t root_soinfos_size, F action) {
  SoinfoLinkedList visit_list;
  SoinfoLinkedList visited;

  for (size_t i = 0; i < root_soinfos_size; ++i) {
    visit_list.push_back(root_soinfos[i]);
  }

  soinfo* si;
  while ((si = visit_list.pop_front()) != nullptr) {
    if (visited.contains(si)) {
      continue;
    }

    if (!action(si)) {
      return false;
    }

    visited.push_back(si);

    si->get_children().for_each([&](soinfo* child) {
      visit_list.push_back(child);
    });
  }

  return true;
}


// This is used by dlsym(3).  It performs symbol lookup only within the
// specified soinfo object and its dependencies in breadth first order.
ElfW(Sym)* dlsym_handle_lookup(soinfo* si, soinfo** found, const char* name) {
  ElfW(Sym)* result = nullptr;
  SymbolName symbol_name(name);


  walk_dependencies_tree(&si, 1, [&](soinfo* current_soinfo) {
    result = current_soinfo->find_symbol_by_name(symbol_name);
    if (result != nullptr) {
      *found = current_soinfo;
      return false;
    }

    return true;
  });

  return result;
}

/* This is used by dlsym(3) to performs a global symbol lookup. If the
   start value is null (for RTLD_DEFAULT), the search starts at the
   beginning of the global solist. Otherwise the search starts at the
   specified soinfo (for RTLD_NEXT).
 */
ElfW(Sym)* dlsym_linear_lookup(const char* name, soinfo** found, soinfo* start) {
  SymbolName symbol_name(name);

  if (start == nullptr) {
    start = solist;
  }

  ElfW(Sym)* s = nullptr;
  for (soinfo* si = start; (s == nullptr) && (si != nullptr); si = si->next) {
    if ((si->get_rtld_flags() & RTLD_GLOBAL) == 0) {
      continue;
    }

    s = si->find_symbol_by_name(symbol_name);
    if (s != nullptr) {
      *found = si;
      break;
    }
  }

  if (s != nullptr) {
    TRACE_TYPE(LOOKUP, "%s s->st_value = %p, found->base = %p",
               name, reinterpret_cast<void*>(s->st_value), reinterpret_cast<void*>((*found)->base));
  }

  return s;
}

soinfo* find_containing_library(const void* p) {
  ElfW(Addr) address = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(p);
  for (soinfo* si = solist; si != nullptr; si = si->next) {
    if (address >= si->base && address - si->base < si->size) {
      return si;
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

ElfW(Sym)* soinfo::find_symbol_by_address(const void* addr) {
  return is_gnu_hash() ? gnu_addr_lookup(addr) : elf_addr_lookup(addr);
}

static bool symbol_matches_soaddr(const ElfW(Sym)* sym, ElfW(Addr) soaddr) {
  return sym->st_shndx != SHN_UNDEF &&
      soaddr >= sym->st_value &&
      soaddr < sym->st_value + sym->st_size;
}

ElfW(Sym)* soinfo::gnu_addr_lookup(const void* addr) {
  ElfW(Addr) soaddr = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(addr) - base;

  for (size_t i = 0; i < nbucket; ++i) {
    uint32_t n = bucket[i];

    if (n == 0) {
      continue;
    }

    do {
      ElfW(Sym)* sym = symtab + n;
      if (symbol_matches_soaddr(sym, soaddr)) {
        return sym;
      }
    } while ((chain[n++] & 1) == 0);
  }

  return nullptr;
}

ElfW(Sym)* soinfo::elf_addr_lookup(const void* addr) {
  ElfW(Addr) soaddr = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(addr) - base;

  // Search the library's symbol table for any defined symbol which
  // contains this address.
  for (size_t i = 0; i < nchain; ++i) {
    ElfW(Sym)* sym = symtab + i;
    if (symbol_matches_soaddr(sym, soaddr)) {
      return sym;
    }
  }

  return nullptr;
}

static int open_library_on_path(const char* name, const char* const paths[]) {
  char buf[512];
  for (size_t i = 0; paths[i] != nullptr; ++i) {
    int n = __libc_format_buffer(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s/%s", paths[i], name);
    if (n < 0 || n >= static_cast<int>(sizeof(buf))) {
      PRINT("Warning: ignoring very long library path: %s/%s", paths[i], name);
      continue;
    }
    int fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(buf, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
    if (fd != -1) {
      return fd;
    }
  }
  return -1;
}

static int open_library(const char* name) {
  TRACE("[ opening %s ]", name);

  // If the name contains a slash, we should attempt to open it directly and not search the paths.
  if (strchr(name, '/') != nullptr) {
    int fd = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open(name, O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC));
    if (fd != -1) {
      return fd;
    }
    // ...but nvidia binary blobs (at least) rely on this behavior, so fall through for now.
#if defined(__LP64__)
    return -1;
#endif
  }

  // Otherwise we try LD_LIBRARY_PATH first, and fall back to the built-in well known paths.
  int fd = open_library_on_path(name, g_ld_library_paths);
  if (fd == -1) {
    fd = open_library_on_path(name, kDefaultLdPaths);
  }
  return fd;
}

template<typename F>
static void for_each_dt_needed(const soinfo* si, F action) {
  for (ElfW(Dyn)* d = si->dynamic; d->d_tag != DT_NULL; ++d) {
    if (d->d_tag == DT_NEEDED) {
      action(si->get_string(d->d_un.d_val));
    }
  }
}

static soinfo* load_library(LoadTaskList& load_tasks, const char* name, int rtld_flags, const android_dlextinfo* extinfo) {
  int fd = -1;
  off64_t file_offset = 0;
  ScopedFd file_guard(-1);

  if (extinfo != nullptr && (extinfo->flags & ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD) != 0) {
    fd = extinfo->library_fd;
    if ((extinfo->flags & ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD_OFFSET) != 0) {
      file_offset = extinfo->library_fd_offset;
    }
  } else {
    // Open the file.
    fd = open_library(name);
    if (fd == -1) {
      DL_ERR("library \"%s\" not found", name);
      return nullptr;
    }

    file_guard.reset(fd);
  }

  if ((file_offset % PAGE_SIZE) != 0) {
    DL_ERR("file offset for the library \"%s\" is not page-aligned: %" PRId64, name, file_offset);
    return nullptr;
  }
  if (file_offset < 0) {
    DL_ERR("file offset for the library \"%s\" is negative: %" PRId64, name, file_offset);
    return nullptr;
  }

  struct stat file_stat;
  if (TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(fstat(fd, &file_stat)) != 0) {
    DL_ERR("unable to stat file for the library \"%s\": %s", name, strerror(errno));
    return nullptr;
  }
  if (file_offset >= file_stat.st_size) {
    DL_ERR("file offset for the library \"%s\" >= file size: %" PRId64 " >= %" PRId64, name, file_offset, file_stat.st_size);
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Check for symlink and other situations where
  // file can have different names.
  for (soinfo* si = solist; si != nullptr; si = si->next) {
    if (si->get_st_dev() != 0 &&
        si->get_st_ino() != 0 &&
        si->get_st_dev() == file_stat.st_dev &&
        si->get_st_ino() == file_stat.st_ino &&
        si->get_file_offset() == file_offset) {
      TRACE("library \"%s\" is already loaded under different name/path \"%s\" - will return existing soinfo", name, si->name);
      return si;
    }
  }

  if ((rtld_flags & RTLD_NOLOAD) != 0) {
    DL_ERR("library \"%s\" wasn't loaded and RTLD_NOLOAD prevented it", name);
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Read the ELF header and load the segments.
  ElfReader elf_reader(name, fd, file_offset);
  if (!elf_reader.Load(extinfo)) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  soinfo* si = soinfo_alloc(SEARCH_NAME(name), &file_stat, file_offset, rtld_flags);
  if (si == nullptr) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  si->base = elf_reader.load_start();
  si->size = elf_reader.load_size();
  si->load_bias = elf_reader.load_bias();
  si->phnum = elf_reader.phdr_count();
  si->phdr = elf_reader.loaded_phdr();

  if (!si->PrelinkImage()) {
    soinfo_free(si);
    return nullptr;
  }

  for_each_dt_needed(si, [&] (const char* name) {
    load_tasks.push_back(LoadTask::create(name, si));
  });

  return si;
}

static soinfo *find_loaded_library_by_name(const char* name) {
  const char* search_name = SEARCH_NAME(name);
  for (soinfo* si = solist; si != nullptr; si = si->next) {
    if (!strcmp(search_name, si->name)) {
      return si;
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

static soinfo* find_library_internal(LoadTaskList& load_tasks, const char* name, int rtld_flags, const android_dlextinfo* extinfo) {

  soinfo* si = find_loaded_library_by_name(name);

  // Library might still be loaded, the accurate detection
  // of this fact is done by load_library.
  if (si == nullptr) {
    TRACE("[ '%s' has not been found by name.  Trying harder...]", name);
    si = load_library(load_tasks, name, rtld_flags, extinfo);
  }

  return si;
}

static void soinfo_unload(soinfo* si);

static bool is_recursive(soinfo* si, soinfo* parent) {
  if (parent == nullptr) {
    return false;
  }

  if (si == parent) {
    DL_ERR("recursive link to \"%s\"", si->name);
    return true;
  }

  return !parent->get_parents().visit([&](soinfo* grandparent) {
    return !is_recursive(si, grandparent);
  });
}

// TODO: this is slightly unusual way to construct
// the global group for relocation. Not every RTLD_GLOBAL
// library is included in this group for backwards-compatibility
// reasons.
//
// This group consists of the main executable, LD_PRELOADs
// and libraries with the DF_1_GLOBAL flag set.
static soinfo::soinfo_list_t make_global_group() {
  soinfo::soinfo_list_t global_group;
  for (soinfo* si = somain; si != nullptr; si = si->next) {
    if ((si->get_dt_flags_1() & DF_1_GLOBAL) != 0) {
      global_group.push_back(si);
    }
  }

  return global_group;
}

static bool find_libraries(soinfo* start_with, const char* const library_names[], size_t library_names_count, soinfo* soinfos[],
    soinfo* ld_preloads[], size_t ld_preloads_count, int rtld_flags, const android_dlextinfo* extinfo) {
  // Step 0: prepare.
  LoadTaskList load_tasks;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < library_names_count; ++i) {
    const char* name = library_names[i];
    load_tasks.push_back(LoadTask::create(name, start_with));
  }

  // Construct global_group.
  soinfo::soinfo_list_t global_group = make_global_group();

  // If soinfos array is null allocate one on stack.
  // The array is needed in case of failure; for example
  // when library_names[] = {libone.so, libtwo.so} and libone.so
  // is loaded correctly but libtwo.so failed for some reason.
  // In this case libone.so should be unloaded on return.
  // See also implementation of failure_guard below.

  if (soinfos == nullptr) {
    size_t soinfos_size = sizeof(soinfo*)*library_names_count;
    soinfos = reinterpret_cast<soinfo**>(alloca(soinfos_size));
    memset(soinfos, 0, soinfos_size);
  }

  // list of libraries to link - see step 2.
  size_t soinfos_count = 0;

  auto failure_guard = make_scope_guard([&]() {
    // Housekeeping
    load_tasks.for_each([] (LoadTask* t) {
      LoadTask::deleter(t);
    });

    for (size_t i = 0; i<soinfos_count; ++i) {
      soinfo_unload(soinfos[i]);
    }
  });

  // Step 1: load and pre-link all DT_NEEDED libraries in breadth first order.
  for (LoadTask::unique_ptr task(load_tasks.pop_front()); task.get() != nullptr; task.reset(load_tasks.pop_front())) {
    soinfo* si = find_library_internal(load_tasks, task->get_name(), rtld_flags, extinfo);
    if (si == nullptr) {
      return false;
    }

    soinfo* needed_by = task->get_needed_by();

    if (is_recursive(si, needed_by)) {
      return false;
    }

    si->ref_count++;
    if (needed_by != nullptr) {
      needed_by->add_child(si);
    }

    // When ld_preloads is not null, the first
    // ld_preloads_count libs are in fact ld_preloads.
    if (ld_preloads != nullptr && soinfos_count < ld_preloads_count) {
      // Add LD_PRELOADed libraries to the global group for future runs.
      // There is no need to explicitly add them to the global group
      // for this run because they are going to appear in the local
      // group in the correct order.
      si->set_dt_flags_1(si->get_dt_flags_1() | DF_1_GLOBAL);
      ld_preloads[soinfos_count] = si;
    }

    if (soinfos_count < library_names_count) {
      soinfos[soinfos_count++] = si;
    }
  }

  // Step 2: link libraries.
  soinfo::soinfo_list_t local_group;
  walk_dependencies_tree(
      start_with == nullptr ? soinfos : &start_with,
      start_with == nullptr ? soinfos_count : 1,
      [&] (soinfo* si) {
    local_group.push_back(si);
    return true;
  });

  bool linked = local_group.visit([&](soinfo* si) {
    if ((si->flags & FLAG_LINKED) == 0) {
      if (!si->LinkImage(global_group, local_group, extinfo)) {
        return false;
      }
      si->flags |= FLAG_LINKED;
    }

    return true;
  });

  if (linked) {
    failure_guard.disable();
  }

  return linked;
}

static soinfo* find_library(const char* name, int rtld_flags, const android_dlextinfo* extinfo) {
  if (name == nullptr) {
    somain->ref_count++;
    return somain;
  }

  soinfo* si;

  if (!find_libraries(nullptr, &name, 1, &si, nullptr, 0, rtld_flags, extinfo)) {
    return nullptr;
  }

  return si;
}

static void soinfo_unload(soinfo* si) {
  if (!si->can_unload()) {
    TRACE("not unloading '%s' - the binary is flagged with NODELETE", si->name);
    return;
  }

  if (si->ref_count == 1) {
    TRACE("unloading '%s'", si->name);
    si->CallDestructors();

    if (si->has_min_version(0)) {
      soinfo* child = nullptr;
      while ((child = si->get_children().pop_front()) != nullptr) {
        TRACE("%s needs to unload %s", si->name, child->name);
        soinfo_unload(child);
      }
    } else {
      for_each_dt_needed(si, [&] (const char* library_name) {
        TRACE("deprecated (old format of soinfo): %s needs to unload %s", si->name, library_name);
        soinfo* needed = find_library(library_name, RTLD_NOLOAD, nullptr);
        if (needed != nullptr) {
          soinfo_unload(needed);
        } else {
          // Not found: for example if symlink was deleted between dlopen and dlclose
          // Since we cannot really handle errors at this point - print and continue.
          PRINT("warning: couldn't find %s needed by %s on unload.", library_name, si->name);
        }
      });
    }

    notify_gdb_of_unload(si);
    si->ref_count = 0;
    soinfo_free(si);
  } else {
    si->ref_count--;
    TRACE("not unloading '%s', decrementing ref_count to %zd", si->name, si->ref_count);
  }
}

void do_android_get_LD_LIBRARY_PATH(char* buffer, size_t buffer_size) {
  // Use basic string manipulation calls to avoid snprintf.
  // snprintf indirectly calls pthread_getspecific to get the size of a buffer.
  // When debug malloc is enabled, this call returns 0. This in turn causes
  // snprintf to do nothing, which causes libraries to fail to load.
  // See b/17302493 for further details.
  // Once the above bug is fixed, this code can be modified to use
  // snprintf again.
  size_t required_len = strlen(kDefaultLdPaths[0]) + strlen(kDefaultLdPaths[1]) + 2;
  if (buffer_size < required_len) {
    __libc_fatal("android_get_LD_LIBRARY_PATH failed, buffer too small: buffer len %zu, required len %zu",
                 buffer_size, required_len);
  }
  char* end = stpcpy(buffer, kDefaultLdPaths[0]);
  *end = ':';
  strcpy(end + 1, kDefaultLdPaths[1]);
}

void do_android_update_LD_LIBRARY_PATH(const char* ld_library_path) {
  if (!get_AT_SECURE()) {
    parse_LD_LIBRARY_PATH(ld_library_path);
  }
}

soinfo* do_dlopen(const char* name, int flags, const android_dlextinfo* extinfo) {
  if ((flags & ~(RTLD_NOW|RTLD_LAZY|RTLD_LOCAL|RTLD_GLOBAL|RTLD_NODELETE|RTLD_NOLOAD)) != 0) {
    DL_ERR("invalid flags to dlopen: %x", flags);
    return nullptr;
  }
  if (extinfo != nullptr) {
    if ((extinfo->flags & ~(ANDROID_DLEXT_VALID_FLAG_BITS)) != 0) {
      DL_ERR("invalid extended flags to android_dlopen_ext: 0x%" PRIx64, extinfo->flags);
      return nullptr;
    }
    if ((extinfo->flags & ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD) == 0 &&
        (extinfo->flags & ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD_OFFSET) != 0) {
      DL_ERR("invalid extended flag combination (ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD_OFFSET without ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_LIBRARY_FD): 0x%" PRIx64, extinfo->flags);
      return nullptr;
    }
  }
  protect_data(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
  soinfo* si = find_library(name, flags, extinfo);
  if (si != nullptr) {
    si->CallConstructors();
  }
  protect_data(PROT_READ);
  return si;
}

void do_dlclose(soinfo* si) {
  protect_data(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
  soinfo_unload(si);
  protect_data(PROT_READ);
}

static ElfW(Addr) call_ifunc_resolver(ElfW(Addr) resolver_addr) {
  typedef ElfW(Addr) (*ifunc_resolver_t)(void);
  ifunc_resolver_t ifunc_resolver = reinterpret_cast<ifunc_resolver_t>(resolver_addr);
  ElfW(Addr) ifunc_addr = ifunc_resolver();
  TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "Called ifunc_resolver@%p. The result is %p", ifunc_resolver, reinterpret_cast<void*>(ifunc_addr));

  return ifunc_addr;
}

#if defined(USE_RELA)
int soinfo::Relocate(ElfW(Rela)* rela, unsigned count, const soinfo_list_t& global_group, const soinfo_list_t& local_group) {
  for (size_t idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx, ++rela) {
    unsigned type = ELFW(R_TYPE)(rela->r_info);
    unsigned sym = ELFW(R_SYM)(rela->r_info);
    ElfW(Addr) reloc = static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(rela->r_offset + load_bias);
    ElfW(Addr) sym_addr = 0;
    const char* sym_name = nullptr;

    DEBUG("Processing '%s' relocation at index %zd", name, idx);
    if (type == 0) { // R_*_NONE
      continue;
    }

    ElfW(Sym)* s = nullptr;
    soinfo* lsi = nullptr;

    if (sym != 0) {
      sym_name = get_string(symtab[sym].st_name);
      s = soinfo_do_lookup(this, sym_name, &lsi, global_group,local_group);
      if (s == nullptr) {
        // We only allow an undefined symbol if this is a weak reference...
        s = &symtab[sym];
        if (ELF_ST_BIND(s->st_info) != STB_WEAK) {
          DL_ERR("cannot locate symbol \"%s\" referenced by \"%s\"...", sym_name, name);
          return -1;
        }

        /* IHI0044C AAELF 4.5.1.1:

           Libraries are not searched to resolve weak references.
           It is not an error for a weak reference to remain unsatisfied.

           During linking, the value of an undefined weak reference is:
           - Zero if the relocation type is absolute
           - The address of the place if the relocation is pc-relative
           - The address of nominal base address if the relocation
             type is base-relative.
         */

        switch (type) {
#if defined(__aarch64__)
          case R_AARCH64_JUMP_SLOT:
          case R_AARCH64_GLOB_DAT:
          case R_AARCH64_ABS64:
          case R_AARCH64_ABS32:
          case R_AARCH64_ABS16:
          case R_AARCH64_RELATIVE:
          case R_AARCH64_IRELATIVE:
            /*
             * The sym_addr was initialized to be zero above, or the relocation
             * code below does not care about value of sym_addr.
             * No need to do anything.
             */
            break;
#elif defined(__x86_64__)
          case R_X86_64_JUMP_SLOT:
          case R_X86_64_GLOB_DAT:
          case R_X86_64_32:
          case R_X86_64_64:
          case R_X86_64_RELATIVE:
          case R_X86_64_IRELATIVE:
            // No need to do anything.
            break;
          case R_X86_64_PC32:
            sym_addr = reloc;
            break;
#endif
          default:
            DL_ERR("unknown weak reloc type %d @ %p (%zu)", type, rela, idx);
            return -1;
        }
      } else {
        // We got a definition.
        sym_addr = lsi->resolve_symbol_address(s);
      }
      count_relocation(kRelocSymbol);
    }

    switch (type) {
#if defined(__aarch64__)
      case R_AARCH64_JUMP_SLOT:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO JMP_SLOT %16llx <- %16llx %s\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = (sym_addr + rela->r_addend);
        break;
      case R_AARCH64_GLOB_DAT:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO GLOB_DAT %16llx <- %16llx %s\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = (sym_addr + rela->r_addend);
        break;
      case R_AARCH64_ABS64:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO ABS64 %16llx <- %16llx %s\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += (sym_addr + rela->r_addend);
        break;
      case R_AARCH64_ABS32:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO ABS32 %16llx <- %16llx %s\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), sym_name);
        if ((static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(INT32_MIN) <= (*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + (sym_addr + rela->r_addend))) &&
            ((*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + (sym_addr + rela->r_addend)) <= static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(UINT32_MAX))) {
          *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += (sym_addr + rela->r_addend);
        } else {
          DL_ERR("0x%016llx out of range 0x%016llx to 0x%016llx",
                 (*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + (sym_addr + rela->r_addend)),
                 static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(INT32_MIN),
                 static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(UINT32_MAX));
          return -1;
        }
        break;
      case R_AARCH64_ABS16:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO ABS16 %16llx <- %16llx %s\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), sym_name);
        if ((static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(INT16_MIN) <= (*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + (sym_addr + rela->r_addend))) &&
            ((*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + (sym_addr + rela->r_addend)) <= static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(UINT16_MAX))) {
          *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += (sym_addr + rela->r_addend);
        } else {
          DL_ERR("0x%016llx out of range 0x%016llx to 0x%016llx",
                 (*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + (sym_addr + rela->r_addend)),
                 static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(INT16_MIN),
                 static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(UINT16_MAX));
          return -1;
        }
        break;
      case R_AARCH64_PREL64:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO REL64 %16llx <- %16llx - %16llx %s\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), rela->r_offset, sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += (sym_addr + rela->r_addend) - rela->r_offset;
        break;
      case R_AARCH64_PREL32:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO REL32 %16llx <- %16llx - %16llx %s\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), rela->r_offset, sym_name);
        if ((static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(INT32_MIN) <= (*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + ((sym_addr + rela->r_addend) - rela->r_offset))) &&
            ((*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + ((sym_addr + rela->r_addend) - rela->r_offset)) <= static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(UINT32_MAX))) {
          *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += ((sym_addr + rela->r_addend) - rela->r_offset);
        } else {
          DL_ERR("0x%016llx out of range 0x%016llx to 0x%016llx",
                 (*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + ((sym_addr + rela->r_addend) - rela->r_offset)),
                 static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(INT32_MIN),
                 static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(UINT32_MAX));
          return -1;
        }
        break;
      case R_AARCH64_PREL16:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO REL16 %16llx <- %16llx - %16llx %s\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), rela->r_offset, sym_name);
        if ((static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(INT16_MIN) <= (*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + ((sym_addr + rela->r_addend) - rela->r_offset))) &&
            ((*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + ((sym_addr + rela->r_addend) - rela->r_offset)) <= static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(UINT16_MAX))) {
          *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += ((sym_addr + rela->r_addend) - rela->r_offset);
        } else {
          DL_ERR("0x%016llx out of range 0x%016llx to 0x%016llx",
                 (*reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) + ((sym_addr + rela->r_addend) - rela->r_offset)),
                 static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(INT16_MIN),
                 static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(UINT16_MAX));
          return -1;
        }
        break;

      case R_AARCH64_RELATIVE:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        if (sym) {
          DL_ERR("odd RELATIVE form...");
          return -1;
        }
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO RELATIVE %16llx <- %16llx\n",
                   reloc, (base + rela->r_addend));
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = (base + rela->r_addend);
        break;

      case R_AARCH64_IRELATIVE:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO IRELATIVE %16llx <- %16llx\n", reloc, (base + rela->r_addend));
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = call_ifunc_resolver(base + rela->r_addend);
        break;

      case R_AARCH64_COPY:
        /*
         * ET_EXEC is not supported so this should not happen.
         *
         * http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ihi0044d/IHI0044D_aaelf.pdf
         *
         * Section 4.7.1.10 "Dynamic relocations"
         * R_AARCH64_COPY may only appear in executable objects where e_type is
         * set to ET_EXEC.
         */
        DL_ERR("%s R_AARCH64_COPY relocations are not supported", name);
        return -1;
      case R_AARCH64_TLS_TPREL64:
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO TLS_TPREL64 *** %16llx <- %16llx - %16llx\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), rela->r_offset);
        break;
      case R_AARCH64_TLS_DTPREL32:
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO TLS_DTPREL32 *** %16llx <- %16llx - %16llx\n",
                   reloc, (sym_addr + rela->r_addend), rela->r_offset);
        break;
#elif defined(__x86_64__)
      case R_X86_64_JUMP_SLOT:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO JMP_SLOT %08zx <- %08zx %s", static_cast<size_t>(reloc),
                   static_cast<size_t>(sym_addr + rela->r_addend), sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = sym_addr + rela->r_addend;
        break;
      case R_X86_64_GLOB_DAT:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO GLOB_DAT %08zx <- %08zx %s", static_cast<size_t>(reloc),
                   static_cast<size_t>(sym_addr + rela->r_addend), sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = sym_addr + rela->r_addend;
        break;
      case R_X86_64_RELATIVE:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        if (sym) {
          DL_ERR("odd RELATIVE form...");
          return -1;
        }
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO RELATIVE %08zx <- +%08zx", static_cast<size_t>(reloc),
                   static_cast<size_t>(base));
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = base + rela->r_addend;
        break;
      case R_X86_64_IRELATIVE:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO IRELATIVE %16llx <- %16llx\n", reloc, (base + rela->r_addend));
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = call_ifunc_resolver(base + rela->r_addend);
        break;
      case R_X86_64_32:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO R_X86_64_32 %08zx <- +%08zx %s", static_cast<size_t>(reloc),
                   static_cast<size_t>(sym_addr), sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = sym_addr + rela->r_addend;
        break;
      case R_X86_64_64:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO R_X86_64_64 %08zx <- +%08zx %s", static_cast<size_t>(reloc),
                   static_cast<size_t>(sym_addr), sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = sym_addr + rela->r_addend;
        break;
      case R_X86_64_PC32:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rela->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO R_X86_64_PC32 %08zx <- +%08zx (%08zx - %08zx) %s",
                   static_cast<size_t>(reloc), static_cast<size_t>(sym_addr - reloc),
                   static_cast<size_t>(sym_addr), static_cast<size_t>(reloc), sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = sym_addr + rela->r_addend - reloc;
        break;
#endif

      default:
        DL_ERR("unknown reloc type %d @ %p (%zu)", type, rela, idx);
        return -1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

#else // REL, not RELA.
int soinfo::Relocate(ElfW(Rel)* rel, unsigned count, const soinfo_list_t& global_group, const soinfo_list_t& local_group) {
  for (size_t idx = 0; idx < count; ++idx, ++rel) {
    unsigned type = ELFW(R_TYPE)(rel->r_info);
    // TODO: don't use unsigned for 'sym'. Use uint32_t or ElfW(Addr) instead.
    unsigned sym = ELFW(R_SYM)(rel->r_info);
    ElfW(Addr) reloc = static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(rel->r_offset + load_bias);
    ElfW(Addr) sym_addr = 0;
    const char* sym_name = nullptr;

    DEBUG("Processing '%s' relocation at index %zd", name, idx);
    if (type == 0) { // R_*_NONE
      continue;
    }

    ElfW(Sym)* s = nullptr;
    soinfo* lsi = nullptr;

    if (sym != 0) {
      sym_name = get_string(symtab[sym].st_name);
      s = soinfo_do_lookup(this, sym_name, &lsi, global_group, local_group);
      if (s == nullptr) {
        // We only allow an undefined symbol if this is a weak reference...
        s = &symtab[sym];
        if (ELF_ST_BIND(s->st_info) != STB_WEAK) {
          DL_ERR("cannot locate symbol \"%s\" referenced by \"%s\"...", sym_name, name);
          return -1;
        }

        /* IHI0044C AAELF 4.5.1.1:

           Libraries are not searched to resolve weak references.
           It is not an error for a weak reference to remain
           unsatisfied.

           During linking, the value of an undefined weak reference is:
           - Zero if the relocation type is absolute
           - The address of the place if the relocation is pc-relative
           - The address of nominal base address if the relocation
             type is base-relative.
        */

        switch (type) {
#if defined(__arm__)
          case R_ARM_JUMP_SLOT:
          case R_ARM_GLOB_DAT:
          case R_ARM_ABS32:
          case R_ARM_RELATIVE:    /* Don't care. */
            // sym_addr was initialized to be zero above or relocation
            // code below does not care about value of sym_addr.
            // No need to do anything.
            break;
#elif defined(__i386__)
          case R_386_JMP_SLOT:
          case R_386_GLOB_DAT:
          case R_386_32:
          case R_386_RELATIVE:    /* Don't care. */
          case R_386_IRELATIVE:
            // sym_addr was initialized to be zero above or relocation
            // code below does not care about value of sym_addr.
            // No need to do anything.
            break;
          case R_386_PC32:
            sym_addr = reloc;
            break;
#endif

#if defined(__arm__)
          case R_ARM_COPY:
            // Fall through. Can't really copy if weak symbol is not found at run-time.
#endif
          default:
            DL_ERR("unknown weak reloc type %d @ %p (%zu)", type, rel, idx);
            return -1;
        }
      } else {
        // We got a definition.
        sym_addr = lsi->resolve_symbol_address(s);
      }
      count_relocation(kRelocSymbol);
    }

    switch (type) {
#if defined(__arm__)
      case R_ARM_JUMP_SLOT:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO JMP_SLOT %08x <- %08x %s", reloc, sym_addr, sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = sym_addr;
        break;
      case R_ARM_GLOB_DAT:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO GLOB_DAT %08x <- %08x %s", reloc, sym_addr, sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = sym_addr;
        break;
      case R_ARM_ABS32:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO ABS %08x <- %08x %s", reloc, sym_addr, sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += sym_addr;
        break;
      case R_ARM_REL32:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO REL32 %08x <- %08x - %08x %s",
                   reloc, sym_addr, rel->r_offset, sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += sym_addr - rel->r_offset;
        break;
      case R_ARM_COPY:
        /*
         * ET_EXEC is not supported so this should not happen.
         *
         * http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ihi0044d/IHI0044D_aaelf.pdf
         *
         * Section 4.7.1.10 "Dynamic relocations"
         * R_ARM_COPY may only appear in executable objects where e_type is
         * set to ET_EXEC.
         */
        DL_ERR("%s R_ARM_COPY relocations are not supported", name);
        return -1;
#elif defined(__i386__)
      case R_386_JMP_SLOT:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO JMP_SLOT %08x <- %08x %s", reloc, sym_addr, sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = sym_addr;
        break;
      case R_386_GLOB_DAT:
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO GLOB_DAT %08x <- %08x %s", reloc, sym_addr, sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = sym_addr;
        break;
      case R_386_32:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO R_386_32 %08x <- +%08x %s", reloc, sym_addr, sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += sym_addr;
        break;
      case R_386_PC32:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO R_386_PC32 %08x <- +%08x (%08x - %08x) %s",
                   reloc, (sym_addr - reloc), sym_addr, reloc, sym_name);
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += (sym_addr - reloc);
        break;
#elif defined(__mips__)
      case R_MIPS_REL32:
#if defined(__LP64__)
        // MIPS Elf64_Rel entries contain compound relocations
        // We only handle the R_MIPS_NONE|R_MIPS_64|R_MIPS_REL32 case
        if (ELF64_R_TYPE2(rel->r_info) != R_MIPS_64 ||
            ELF64_R_TYPE3(rel->r_info) != R_MIPS_NONE) {
          DL_ERR("Unexpected compound relocation type:%d type2:%d type3:%d @ %p (%zu)",
                 type, (unsigned)ELF64_R_TYPE2(rel->r_info),
                 (unsigned)ELF64_R_TYPE3(rel->r_info), rel, idx);
          return -1;
        }
#endif
        count_relocation(kRelocAbsolute);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO REL32 %08zx <- %08zx %s", static_cast<size_t>(reloc),
                   static_cast<size_t>(sym_addr), sym_name ? sym_name : "*SECTIONHDR*");
        if (s) {
          *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += sym_addr;
        } else {
          *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += base;
        }
        break;
#endif

#if defined(__arm__)
      case R_ARM_RELATIVE:
#elif defined(__i386__)
      case R_386_RELATIVE:
#endif
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        if (sym) {
          DL_ERR("odd RELATIVE form...");
          return -1;
        }
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO RELATIVE %p <- +%p",
                   reinterpret_cast<void*>(reloc), reinterpret_cast<void*>(base));
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) += base;
        break;
#if defined(__i386__)
      case R_386_IRELATIVE:
        count_relocation(kRelocRelative);
        MARK(rel->r_offset);
        TRACE_TYPE(RELO, "RELO IRELATIVE %p <- %p", reinterpret_cast<void*>(reloc), reinterpret_cast<void*>(base));
        *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc) = call_ifunc_resolver(base + *reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reloc));
        break;
#endif

      default:
        DL_ERR("unknown reloc type %d @ %p (%zu)", type, rel, idx);
        return -1;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}
#endif

#if defined(__mips__)
bool soinfo::mips_relocate_got(const soinfo_list_t& global_group, const soinfo_list_t& local_group) {
  ElfW(Addr)** got = plt_got;
  if (got == nullptr) {
    return true;
  }
  unsigned local_gotno = mips_local_gotno;
  unsigned gotsym = mips_gotsym;
  unsigned symtabno = mips_symtabno;

  // got[0] is the address of the lazy resolver function.
  // got[1] may be used for a GNU extension.
  // Set it to a recognizable address in case someone calls it (should be _rtld_bind_start).
  // FIXME: maybe this should be in a separate routine?
  if ((flags & FLAG_LINKER) == 0) {
    size_t g = 0;
    got[g++] = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(0xdeadbeef);
    if (reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(got[g]) < 0) {
      got[g++] = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(0xdeadfeed);
    }
    // Relocate the local GOT entries.
    for (; g < local_gotno; g++) {
      got[g] = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(got[g]) + load_bias);
    }
  }

  // Now for the global GOT entries...
  ElfW(Sym)* sym = symtab + gotsym;
  got = plt_got + local_gotno;
  for (size_t g = gotsym; g < symtabno; g++, sym++, got++) {
    // This is an undefined reference... try to locate it.
    const char* sym_name = get_string(sym->st_name);
    soinfo* lsi = nullptr;
    ElfW(Sym)* s = soinfo_do_lookup(this, sym_name, &lsi, global_group, local_group);
    if (s == nullptr) {
      // We only allow an undefined symbol if this is a weak reference.
      s = &symtab[g];
      if (ELF_ST_BIND(s->st_info) != STB_WEAK) {
        DL_ERR("cannot locate \"%s\"...", sym_name);
        return false;
      }
      *got = 0;
    } else {
      // FIXME: is this sufficient?
      // For reference see NetBSD link loader
      // http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/src/libexec/ld.elf_so/arch/mips/mips_reloc.c?rev=1.53&content-type=text/x-cvsweb-markup
      *got = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(lsi->resolve_symbol_address(s));
    }
  }
  return true;
}
#endif

void soinfo::CallArray(const char* array_name __unused, linker_function_t* functions, size_t count, bool reverse) {
  if (functions == nullptr) {
    return;
  }

  TRACE("[ Calling %s (size %zd) @ %p for '%s' ]", array_name, count, functions, name);

  int begin = reverse ? (count - 1) : 0;
  int end = reverse ? -1 : count;
  int step = reverse ? -1 : 1;

  for (int i = begin; i != end; i += step) {
    TRACE("[ %s[%d] == %p ]", array_name, i, functions[i]);
    CallFunction("function", functions[i]);
  }

  TRACE("[ Done calling %s for '%s' ]", array_name, name);
}

void soinfo::CallFunction(const char* function_name __unused, linker_function_t function) {
  if (function == nullptr || reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(function) == static_cast<uintptr_t>(-1)) {
    return;
  }

  TRACE("[ Calling %s @ %p for '%s' ]", function_name, function, name);
  function();
  TRACE("[ Done calling %s @ %p for '%s' ]", function_name, function, name);

  // The function may have called dlopen(3) or dlclose(3), so we need to ensure our data structures
  // are still writable. This happens with our debug malloc (see http://b/7941716).
  protect_data(PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE);
}

void soinfo::CallPreInitConstructors() {
  // DT_PREINIT_ARRAY functions are called before any other constructors for executables,
  // but ignored in a shared library.
  CallArray("DT_PREINIT_ARRAY", preinit_array, preinit_array_count, false);
}

void soinfo::CallConstructors() {
  if (constructors_called) {
    return;
  }

  // We set constructors_called before actually calling the constructors, otherwise it doesn't
  // protect against recursive constructor calls. One simple example of constructor recursion
  // is the libc debug malloc, which is implemented in libc_malloc_debug_leak.so:
  // 1. The program depends on libc, so libc's constructor is called here.
  // 2. The libc constructor calls dlopen() to load libc_malloc_debug_leak.so.
  // 3. dlopen() calls the constructors on the newly created
  //    soinfo for libc_malloc_debug_leak.so.
  // 4. The debug .so depends on libc, so CallConstructors is
  //    called again with the libc soinfo. If it doesn't trigger the early-
  //    out above, the libc constructor will be called again (recursively!).
  constructors_called = true;

  if ((flags & FLAG_EXE) == 0 && preinit_array != nullptr) {
    // The GNU dynamic linker silently ignores these, but we warn the developer.
    PRINT("\"%s\": ignoring %zd-entry DT_PREINIT_ARRAY in shared library!",
          name, preinit_array_count);
  }

  get_children().for_each([] (soinfo* si) {
    si->CallConstructors();
  });

  TRACE("\"%s\": calling constructors", name);

  // DT_INIT should be called before DT_INIT_ARRAY if both are present.
  CallFunction("DT_INIT", init_func);
  CallArray("DT_INIT_ARRAY", init_array, init_array_count, false);
}

void soinfo::CallDestructors() {
  if (!constructors_called) {
    return;
  }
  TRACE("\"%s\": calling destructors", name);

  // DT_FINI_ARRAY must be parsed in reverse order.
  CallArray("DT_FINI_ARRAY", fini_array, fini_array_count, true);

  // DT_FINI should be called after DT_FINI_ARRAY if both are present.
  CallFunction("DT_FINI", fini_func);

  // This is needed on second call to dlopen
  // after library has been unloaded with RTLD_NODELETE
  constructors_called = false;
}

void soinfo::add_child(soinfo* child) {
  if (has_min_version(0)) {
    child->parents.push_back(this);
    this->children.push_back(child);
  }
}

void soinfo::remove_all_links() {
  if (!has_min_version(0)) {
    return;
  }

  // 1. Untie connected soinfos from 'this'.
  children.for_each([&] (soinfo* child) {
    child->parents.remove_if([&] (const soinfo* parent) {
      return parent == this;
    });
  });

  parents.for_each([&] (soinfo* parent) {
    parent->children.remove_if([&] (const soinfo* child) {
      return child == this;
    });
  });

  // 2. Once everything untied - clear local lists.
  parents.clear();
  children.clear();
}

dev_t soinfo::get_st_dev() const {
  if (has_min_version(0)) {
    return st_dev;
  }

  return 0;
};

ino_t soinfo::get_st_ino() const {
  if (has_min_version(0)) {
    return st_ino;
  }

  return 0;
}

off64_t soinfo::get_file_offset() const {
  if (has_min_version(1)) {
    return file_offset;
  }

  return 0;
}

uint32_t soinfo::get_rtld_flags() const {
  if (has_min_version(1)) {
    return rtld_flags;
  }

  return 0;
}

uint32_t soinfo::get_dt_flags_1() const {
  if (has_min_version(1)) {
    return dt_flags_1;
  }

  return 0;
}
void soinfo::set_dt_flags_1(uint32_t dt_flags_1) {
  if (has_min_version(1)) {
    if ((dt_flags_1 & DF_1_GLOBAL) != 0) {
      rtld_flags |= RTLD_GLOBAL;
    }

    if ((dt_flags_1 & DF_1_NODELETE) != 0) {
      rtld_flags |= RTLD_NODELETE;
    }

    this->dt_flags_1 = dt_flags_1;
  }
}

// This is a return on get_children()/get_parents() if
// 'this->flags' does not have FLAG_NEW_SOINFO set.
static soinfo::soinfo_list_t g_empty_list;

soinfo::soinfo_list_t& soinfo::get_children() {
  if (has_min_version(0)) {
    return this->children;
  }

  return g_empty_list;
}

soinfo::soinfo_list_t& soinfo::get_parents() {
  if ((this->flags & FLAG_NEW_SOINFO) == 0) {
    return g_empty_list;
  }

  return this->parents;
}

ElfW(Addr) soinfo::resolve_symbol_address(ElfW(Sym)* s) {
  if (ELF_ST_TYPE(s->st_info) == STT_GNU_IFUNC) {
    return call_ifunc_resolver(s->st_value + load_bias);
  }

  return static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(s->st_value + load_bias);
}

const char* soinfo::get_string(ElfW(Word) index) const {
  if (has_min_version(1) && (index >= strtab_size)) {
    __libc_fatal("%s: strtab out of bounds error; STRSZ=%zd, name=%d", name, strtab_size, index);
  }

  return strtab + index;
}

bool soinfo::is_gnu_hash() const {
  return (flags & FLAG_GNU_HASH) != 0;
}

bool soinfo::can_unload() const {
  return (get_rtld_flags() & (RTLD_NODELETE | RTLD_GLOBAL)) == 0;
}

/* Force any of the closed stdin, stdout and stderr to be associated with
   /dev/null. */
static int nullify_closed_stdio() {
  int dev_null, i, status;
  int return_value = 0;

  dev_null = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(open("/dev/null", O_RDWR));
  if (dev_null < 0) {
    DL_ERR("cannot open /dev/null: %s", strerror(errno));
    return -1;
  }
  TRACE("[ Opened /dev/null file-descriptor=%d]", dev_null);

  /* If any of the stdio file descriptors is valid and not associated
     with /dev/null, dup /dev/null to it.  */
  for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
    /* If it is /dev/null already, we are done. */
    if (i == dev_null) {
      continue;
    }

    TRACE("[ Nullifying stdio file descriptor %d]", i);
    status = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(fcntl(i, F_GETFL));

    /* If file is opened, we are good. */
    if (status != -1) {
      continue;
    }

    /* The only error we allow is that the file descriptor does not
       exist, in which case we dup /dev/null to it. */
    if (errno != EBADF) {
      DL_ERR("fcntl failed: %s", strerror(errno));
      return_value = -1;
      continue;
    }

    /* Try dupping /dev/null to this stdio file descriptor and
       repeat if there is a signal.  Note that any errors in closing
       the stdio descriptor are lost.  */
    status = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(dup2(dev_null, i));
    if (status < 0) {
      DL_ERR("dup2 failed: %s", strerror(errno));
      return_value = -1;
      continue;
    }
  }

  /* If /dev/null is not one of the stdio file descriptors, close it. */
  if (dev_null > 2) {
    TRACE("[ Closing /dev/null file-descriptor=%d]", dev_null);
    status = TEMP_FAILURE_RETRY(close(dev_null));
    if (status == -1) {
      DL_ERR("close failed: %s", strerror(errno));
      return_value = -1;
    }
  }

  return return_value;
}

bool soinfo::PrelinkImage() {
  /* Extract dynamic section */
  ElfW(Word) dynamic_flags = 0;
  phdr_table_get_dynamic_section(phdr, phnum, load_bias, &dynamic, &dynamic_flags);

  /* We can't log anything until the linker is relocated */
  bool relocating_linker = (flags & FLAG_LINKER) != 0;
  if (!relocating_linker) {
    INFO("[ linking %s ]", name);
    DEBUG("si->base = %p si->flags = 0x%08x", reinterpret_cast<void*>(base), flags);
  }

  if (dynamic == nullptr) {
    if (!relocating_linker) {
      DL_ERR("missing PT_DYNAMIC in \"%s\"", name);
    }
    return false;
  } else {
    if (!relocating_linker) {
      DEBUG("dynamic = %p", dynamic);
    }
  }

#if defined(__arm__)
  (void) phdr_table_get_arm_exidx(phdr, phnum, load_bias,
                                  &ARM_exidx, &ARM_exidx_count);
#endif

  // Extract useful information from dynamic section.
  uint32_t needed_count = 0;
  for (ElfW(Dyn)* d = dynamic; d->d_tag != DT_NULL; ++d) {
    DEBUG("d = %p, d[0](tag) = %p d[1](val) = %p",
          d, reinterpret_cast<void*>(d->d_tag), reinterpret_cast<void*>(d->d_un.d_val));
    switch (d->d_tag) {
      case DT_SONAME:
        // TODO: glibc dynamic linker uses this name for
        // initial library lookup; consider doing the same here.
        break;

      case DT_HASH:
        if (nbucket != 0) {
          // in case of --hash-style=both, we prefer gnu
          break;
        }

        nbucket = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr)[0];
        nchain = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr)[1];
        bucket = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr + 8);
        chain = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr + 8 + nbucket * 4);
        break;

      case DT_GNU_HASH:
        if (nbucket != 0) {
          // in case of --hash-style=both, we prefer gnu
          nchain = 0;
        }

        nbucket = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr)[0];
        // skip symndx
        gnu_maskwords = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr)[2];
        gnu_shift2 = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr)[3];

        gnu_bloom_filter = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr + 16);
        bucket = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(gnu_bloom_filter + gnu_maskwords);
        // amend chain for symndx = header[1]
        chain = bucket + nbucket - reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr)[1];

        if (!powerof2(gnu_maskwords)) {
          DL_ERR("invalid maskwords for gnu_hash = 0x%x, in \"%s\" expecting power to two", gnu_maskwords, name);
          return false;
        }
        --gnu_maskwords;

        flags |= FLAG_GNU_HASH;
        break;

      case DT_STRTAB:
        strtab = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
        break;

      case DT_STRSZ:
        strtab_size = d->d_un.d_val;
        break;

      case DT_SYMTAB:
        symtab = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Sym)*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
        break;

      case DT_SYMENT:
        if (d->d_un.d_val != sizeof(ElfW(Sym))) {
          DL_ERR("invalid DT_SYMENT: %zd in \"%s\"", static_cast<size_t>(d->d_un.d_val), name);
          return false;
        }
        break;

      case DT_PLTREL:
#if defined(USE_RELA)
        if (d->d_un.d_val != DT_RELA) {
          DL_ERR("unsupported DT_PLTREL in \"%s\"; expected DT_RELA", name);
          return false;
        }
#else
        if (d->d_un.d_val != DT_REL) {
          DL_ERR("unsupported DT_PLTREL in \"%s\"; expected DT_REL", name);
          return false;
        }
#endif
        break;

      case DT_JMPREL:
#if defined(USE_RELA)
        plt_rela = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Rela)*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
#else
        plt_rel = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Rel)*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
#endif
        break;

      case DT_PLTRELSZ:
#if defined(USE_RELA)
        plt_rela_count = d->d_un.d_val / sizeof(ElfW(Rela));
#else
        plt_rel_count = d->d_un.d_val / sizeof(ElfW(Rel));
#endif
        break;

      case DT_PLTGOT:
#if defined(__mips__)
        // Used by mips and mips64.
        plt_got = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)**>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
#endif
        // Ignore for other platforms... (because RTLD_LAZY is not supported)
        break;

      case DT_DEBUG:
        // Set the DT_DEBUG entry to the address of _r_debug for GDB
        // if the dynamic table is writable
// FIXME: not working currently for N64
// The flags for the LOAD and DYNAMIC program headers do not agree.
// The LOAD section containing the dynamic table has been mapped as
// read-only, but the DYNAMIC header claims it is writable.
#if !(defined(__mips__) && defined(__LP64__))
        if ((dynamic_flags & PF_W) != 0) {
          d->d_un.d_val = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&_r_debug);
        }
        break;
#endif
#if defined(USE_RELA)
      case DT_RELA:
        rela = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Rela)*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
        break;

      case DT_RELASZ:
        rela_count = d->d_un.d_val / sizeof(ElfW(Rela));
        break;

      case DT_RELAENT:
        if (d->d_un.d_val != sizeof(ElfW(Rela))) {
          DL_ERR("invalid DT_RELAENT: %zd", static_cast<size_t>(d->d_un.d_val));
          return false;
        }
        break;

      // ignored (see DT_RELCOUNT comments for details)
      case DT_RELACOUNT:
        break;

      case DT_REL:
        DL_ERR("unsupported DT_REL in \"%s\"", name);
        return false;

      case DT_RELSZ:
        DL_ERR("unsupported DT_RELSZ in \"%s\"", name);
        return false;
#else
      case DT_REL:
        rel = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Rel)*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
        break;

      case DT_RELSZ:
        rel_count = d->d_un.d_val / sizeof(ElfW(Rel));
        break;

      case DT_RELENT:
        if (d->d_un.d_val != sizeof(ElfW(Rel))) {
          DL_ERR("invalid DT_RELENT: %zd", static_cast<size_t>(d->d_un.d_val));
          return false;
        }
        break;

      // "Indicates that all RELATIVE relocations have been concatenated together,
      // and specifies the RELATIVE relocation count."
      //
      // TODO: Spec also mentions that this can be used to optimize relocation process;
      // Not currently used by bionic linker - ignored.
      case DT_RELCOUNT:
        break;
      case DT_RELA:
        DL_ERR("unsupported DT_RELA in \"%s\"", name);
        return false;
#endif
      case DT_INIT:
        init_func = reinterpret_cast<linker_function_t>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
        DEBUG("%s constructors (DT_INIT) found at %p", name, init_func);
        break;

      case DT_FINI:
        fini_func = reinterpret_cast<linker_function_t>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
        DEBUG("%s destructors (DT_FINI) found at %p", name, fini_func);
        break;

      case DT_INIT_ARRAY:
        init_array = reinterpret_cast<linker_function_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
        DEBUG("%s constructors (DT_INIT_ARRAY) found at %p", name, init_array);
        break;

      case DT_INIT_ARRAYSZ:
        init_array_count = ((unsigned)d->d_un.d_val) / sizeof(ElfW(Addr));
        break;

      case DT_FINI_ARRAY:
        fini_array = reinterpret_cast<linker_function_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
        DEBUG("%s destructors (DT_FINI_ARRAY) found at %p", name, fini_array);
        break;

      case DT_FINI_ARRAYSZ:
        fini_array_count = ((unsigned)d->d_un.d_val) / sizeof(ElfW(Addr));
        break;

      case DT_PREINIT_ARRAY:
        preinit_array = reinterpret_cast<linker_function_t*>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
        DEBUG("%s constructors (DT_PREINIT_ARRAY) found at %p", name, preinit_array);
        break;

      case DT_PREINIT_ARRAYSZ:
        preinit_array_count = ((unsigned)d->d_un.d_val) / sizeof(ElfW(Addr));
        break;

      case DT_TEXTREL:
#if defined(__LP64__)
        DL_ERR("text relocations (DT_TEXTREL) found in 64-bit ELF file \"%s\"", name);
        return false;
#else
        has_text_relocations = true;
        break;
#endif

      case DT_SYMBOLIC:
        has_DT_SYMBOLIC = true;
        break;

      case DT_NEEDED:
        ++needed_count;
        break;

      case DT_FLAGS:
        if (d->d_un.d_val & DF_TEXTREL) {
#if defined(__LP64__)
          DL_ERR("text relocations (DF_TEXTREL) found in 64-bit ELF file \"%s\"", name);
          return false;
#else
          has_text_relocations = true;
#endif
        }
        if (d->d_un.d_val & DF_SYMBOLIC) {
          has_DT_SYMBOLIC = true;
        }
        break;

      case DT_FLAGS_1:
        set_dt_flags_1(d->d_un.d_val);

        if ((d->d_un.d_val & ~SUPPORTED_DT_FLAGS_1) != 0) {
          DL_WARN("Unsupported flags DT_FLAGS_1=%p", reinterpret_cast<void*>(d->d_un.d_val));
        }
        break;
#if defined(__mips__)
      case DT_MIPS_RLD_MAP:
        // Set the DT_MIPS_RLD_MAP entry to the address of _r_debug for GDB.
        {
          r_debug** dp = reinterpret_cast<r_debug**>(load_bias + d->d_un.d_ptr);
          *dp = &_r_debug;
        }
        break;

      case DT_MIPS_RLD_VERSION:
      case DT_MIPS_FLAGS:
      case DT_MIPS_BASE_ADDRESS:
      case DT_MIPS_UNREFEXTNO:
        break;

      case DT_MIPS_SYMTABNO:
        mips_symtabno = d->d_un.d_val;
        break;

      case DT_MIPS_LOCAL_GOTNO:
        mips_local_gotno = d->d_un.d_val;
        break;

      case DT_MIPS_GOTSYM:
        mips_gotsym = d->d_un.d_val;
        break;
#endif
      // Ignored: "Its use has been superseded by the DF_BIND_NOW flag"
      case DT_BIND_NOW:
        break;

      // Ignore: bionic does not support symbol versioning...
      case DT_VERSYM:
      case DT_VERDEF:
      case DT_VERDEFNUM:
        break;

      default:
        if (!relocating_linker) {
          DL_WARN("%s: unused DT entry: type %p arg %p", name,
              reinterpret_cast<void*>(d->d_tag), reinterpret_cast<void*>(d->d_un.d_val));
        }
        break;
    }
  }

  DEBUG("si->base = %p, si->strtab = %p, si->symtab = %p",
        reinterpret_cast<void*>(base), strtab, symtab);

  // Sanity checks.
  if (relocating_linker && needed_count != 0) {
    DL_ERR("linker cannot have DT_NEEDED dependencies on other libraries");
    return false;
  }
  if (nbucket == 0) {
    DL_ERR("empty/missing DT_HASH/DT_GNU_HASH in \"%s\" (new hash type from the future?)", name);
    return false;
  }
  if (strtab == 0) {
    DL_ERR("empty/missing DT_STRTAB in \"%s\"", name);
    return false;
  }
  if (symtab == 0) {
    DL_ERR("empty/missing DT_SYMTAB in \"%s\"", name);
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

bool soinfo::LinkImage(const soinfo_list_t& global_group, const soinfo_list_t& local_group, const android_dlextinfo* extinfo) {

#if !defined(__LP64__)
  if (has_text_relocations) {
    // Make segments writable to allow text relocations to work properly. We will later call
    // phdr_table_protect_segments() after all of them are applied and all constructors are run.
    DL_WARN("%s has text relocations. This is wasting memory and prevents "
            "security hardening. Please fix.", name);
    if (phdr_table_unprotect_segments(phdr, phnum, load_bias) < 0) {
      DL_ERR("can't unprotect loadable segments for \"%s\": %s",
             name, strerror(errno));
      return false;
    }
  }
#endif

#if defined(USE_RELA)
  if (rela != nullptr) {
    DEBUG("[ relocating %s ]", name);
    if (Relocate(rela, rela_count, global_group, local_group)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  if (plt_rela != nullptr) {
    DEBUG("[ relocating %s plt ]", name);
    if (Relocate(plt_rela, plt_rela_count, global_group, local_group)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
#else
  if (rel != nullptr) {
    DEBUG("[ relocating %s ]", name);
    if (Relocate(rel, rel_count, global_group, local_group)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
  if (plt_rel != nullptr) {
    DEBUG("[ relocating %s plt ]", name);
    if (Relocate(plt_rel, plt_rel_count, global_group, local_group)) {
      return false;
    }
  }
#endif

#if defined(__mips__)
  if (!mips_relocate_got(global_group, local_group)) {
    return false;
  }
#endif

  DEBUG("[ finished linking %s ]", name);

#if !defined(__LP64__)
  if (has_text_relocations) {
    // All relocations are done, we can protect our segments back to read-only.
    if (phdr_table_protect_segments(phdr, phnum, load_bias) < 0) {
      DL_ERR("can't protect segments for \"%s\": %s",
             name, strerror(errno));
      return false;
    }
  }
#endif

  /* We can also turn on GNU RELRO protection */
  if (phdr_table_protect_gnu_relro(phdr, phnum, load_bias) < 0) {
    DL_ERR("can't enable GNU RELRO protection for \"%s\": %s",
           name, strerror(errno));
    return false;
  }

  /* Handle serializing/sharing the RELRO segment */
  if (extinfo && (extinfo->flags & ANDROID_DLEXT_WRITE_RELRO)) {
    if (phdr_table_serialize_gnu_relro(phdr, phnum, load_bias,
                                       extinfo->relro_fd) < 0) {
      DL_ERR("failed serializing GNU RELRO section for \"%s\": %s",
             name, strerror(errno));
      return false;
    }
  } else if (extinfo && (extinfo->flags & ANDROID_DLEXT_USE_RELRO)) {
    if (phdr_table_map_gnu_relro(phdr, phnum, load_bias,
                                 extinfo->relro_fd) < 0) {
      DL_ERR("failed mapping GNU RELRO section for \"%s\": %s",
             name, strerror(errno));
      return false;
    }
  }

  notify_gdb_of_load(this);
  return true;
}

/*
 * This function add vdso to internal dso list.
 * It helps to stack unwinding through signal handlers.
 * Also, it makes bionic more like glibc.
 */
static void add_vdso(KernelArgumentBlock& args __unused) {
#if defined(AT_SYSINFO_EHDR)
  ElfW(Ehdr)* ehdr_vdso = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Ehdr)*>(args.getauxval(AT_SYSINFO_EHDR));
  if (ehdr_vdso == nullptr) {
    return;
  }

  soinfo* si = soinfo_alloc("[vdso]", nullptr, 0, 0);

  si->phdr = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Phdr)*>(reinterpret_cast<char*>(ehdr_vdso) + ehdr_vdso->e_phoff);
  si->phnum = ehdr_vdso->e_phnum;
  si->base = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(ehdr_vdso);
  si->size = phdr_table_get_load_size(si->phdr, si->phnum);
  si->load_bias = get_elf_exec_load_bias(ehdr_vdso);

  si->PrelinkImage();
  si->LinkImage(g_empty_list, soinfo::soinfo_list_t::make_list(si), nullptr);
#endif
}

/*
 * This is linker soinfo for GDB. See details below.
 */
#if defined(__LP64__)
#define LINKER_PATH "/system/bin/linker64"
#else
#define LINKER_PATH "/system/bin/linker"
#endif
static soinfo linker_soinfo_for_gdb(LINKER_PATH, nullptr, 0, 0);

/* gdb expects the linker to be in the debug shared object list.
 * Without this, gdb has trouble locating the linker's ".text"
 * and ".plt" sections. Gdb could also potentially use this to
 * relocate the offset of our exported 'rtld_db_dlactivity' symbol.
 * Don't use soinfo_alloc(), because the linker shouldn't
 * be on the soinfo list.
 */
static void init_linker_info_for_gdb(ElfW(Addr) linker_base) {
  linker_soinfo_for_gdb.base = linker_base;

  /*
   * Set the dynamic field in the link map otherwise gdb will complain with
   * the following:
   *   warning: .dynamic section for "/system/bin/linker" is not at the
   *   expected address (wrong library or version mismatch?)
   */
  ElfW(Ehdr)* elf_hdr = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Ehdr)*>(linker_base);
  ElfW(Phdr)* phdr = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Phdr)*>(linker_base + elf_hdr->e_phoff);
  phdr_table_get_dynamic_section(phdr, elf_hdr->e_phnum, linker_base,
                                 &linker_soinfo_for_gdb.dynamic, nullptr);
  insert_soinfo_into_debug_map(&linker_soinfo_for_gdb);
}

/*
 * This code is called after the linker has linked itself and
 * fixed it's own GOT. It is safe to make references to externs
 * and other non-local data at this point.
 */
static ElfW(Addr) __linker_init_post_relocation(KernelArgumentBlock& args, ElfW(Addr) linker_base) {
#if TIMING
  struct timeval t0, t1;
  gettimeofday(&t0, 0);
#endif

  // Initialize environment functions, and get to the ELF aux vectors table.
  linker_env_init(args);

  // If this is a setuid/setgid program, close the security hole described in
  // ftp://ftp.freebsd.org/pub/FreeBSD/CERT/advisories/FreeBSD-SA-02:23.stdio.asc
  if (get_AT_SECURE()) {
    nullify_closed_stdio();
  }

  debuggerd_init();

  // Get a few environment variables.
  const char* LD_DEBUG = linker_env_get("LD_DEBUG");
  if (LD_DEBUG != nullptr) {
    g_ld_debug_verbosity = atoi(LD_DEBUG);
  }

  // Normally, these are cleaned by linker_env_init, but the test
  // doesn't cost us anything.
  const char* ldpath_env = nullptr;
  const char* ldpreload_env = nullptr;
  if (!get_AT_SECURE()) {
    ldpath_env = linker_env_get("LD_LIBRARY_PATH");
    ldpreload_env = linker_env_get("LD_PRELOAD");
  }

  INFO("[ android linker & debugger ]");

  soinfo* si = soinfo_alloc(args.argv[0], nullptr, 0, RTLD_GLOBAL);
  if (si == nullptr) {
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  /* bootstrap the link map, the main exe always needs to be first */
  si->flags |= FLAG_EXE;
  link_map* map = &(si->link_map_head);

  map->l_addr = 0;
  map->l_name = args.argv[0];
  map->l_prev = nullptr;
  map->l_next = nullptr;

  _r_debug.r_map = map;
  r_debug_tail = map;

  init_linker_info_for_gdb(linker_base);

  // Extract information passed from the kernel.
  si->phdr = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Phdr)*>(args.getauxval(AT_PHDR));
  si->phnum = args.getauxval(AT_PHNUM);
  si->entry = args.getauxval(AT_ENTRY);

  /* Compute the value of si->base. We can't rely on the fact that
   * the first entry is the PHDR because this will not be true
   * for certain executables (e.g. some in the NDK unit test suite)
   */
  si->base = 0;
  si->size = phdr_table_get_load_size(si->phdr, si->phnum);
  si->load_bias = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < si->phnum; ++i) {
    if (si->phdr[i].p_type == PT_PHDR) {
      si->load_bias = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(si->phdr) - si->phdr[i].p_vaddr;
      si->base = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(si->phdr) - si->phdr[i].p_offset;
      break;
    }
  }
  si->dynamic = nullptr;
  si->ref_count = 1;

  ElfW(Ehdr)* elf_hdr = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Ehdr)*>(si->base);
  if (elf_hdr->e_type != ET_DYN) {
    __libc_format_fd(2, "error: only position independent executables (PIE) are supported.\n");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  // Use LD_LIBRARY_PATH and LD_PRELOAD (but only if we aren't setuid/setgid).
  parse_LD_LIBRARY_PATH(ldpath_env);
  parse_LD_PRELOAD(ldpreload_env);

  somain = si;

  si->PrelinkImage();

  // add somain to global group
  si->set_dt_flags_1(si->get_dt_flags_1() | DF_1_GLOBAL);

  // Load ld_preloads and dependencies.
  StringLinkedList needed_library_name_list;
  size_t needed_libraries_count = 0;
  size_t ld_preloads_count = 0;
  while (g_ld_preload_names[ld_preloads_count] != nullptr) {
    needed_library_name_list.push_back(g_ld_preload_names[ld_preloads_count++]);
    ++needed_libraries_count;
  }

  for_each_dt_needed(si, [&](const char* name) {
    needed_library_name_list.push_back(name);
    ++needed_libraries_count;
  });

  const char* needed_library_names[needed_libraries_count];

  memset(needed_library_names, 0, sizeof(needed_library_names));
  needed_library_name_list.copy_to_array(needed_library_names, needed_libraries_count);

  if (needed_libraries_count > 0 && !find_libraries(si, needed_library_names, needed_libraries_count, nullptr, g_ld_preloads, ld_preloads_count, RTLD_GLOBAL, nullptr)) {
    __libc_format_fd(2, "CANNOT LINK EXECUTABLE: %s\n", linker_get_error_buffer());
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  add_vdso(args);

  si->CallPreInitConstructors();

  /* After the PrelinkImage, the si->load_bias is initialized.
   * For so lib, the map->l_addr will be updated in notify_gdb_of_load.
   * We need to update this value for so exe here. So Unwind_Backtrace
   * for some arch like x86 could work correctly within so exe.
   */
  map->l_addr = si->load_bias;
  si->CallConstructors();

#if TIMING
  gettimeofday(&t1, nullptr);
  PRINT("LINKER TIME: %s: %d microseconds", args.argv[0], (int) (
           (((long long)t1.tv_sec * 1000000LL) + (long long)t1.tv_usec) -
           (((long long)t0.tv_sec * 1000000LL) + (long long)t0.tv_usec)));
#endif
#if STATS
  PRINT("RELO STATS: %s: %d abs, %d rel, %d copy, %d symbol", args.argv[0],
         linker_stats.count[kRelocAbsolute],
         linker_stats.count[kRelocRelative],
         linker_stats.count[kRelocCopy],
         linker_stats.count[kRelocSymbol]);
#endif
#if COUNT_PAGES
  {
    unsigned n;
    unsigned i;
    unsigned count = 0;
    for (n = 0; n < 4096; n++) {
      if (bitmask[n]) {
        unsigned x = bitmask[n];
#if defined(__LP64__)
        for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
#else
        for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
#endif
          if (x & 1) {
            count++;
          }
          x >>= 1;
        }
      }
    }
    PRINT("PAGES MODIFIED: %s: %d (%dKB)", args.argv[0], count, count * 4);
  }
#endif

#if TIMING || STATS || COUNT_PAGES
  fflush(stdout);
#endif

  TRACE("[ Ready to execute '%s' @ %p ]", si->name, reinterpret_cast<void*>(si->entry));
  return si->entry;
}

/* Compute the load-bias of an existing executable. This shall only
 * be used to compute the load bias of an executable or shared library
 * that was loaded by the kernel itself.
 *
 * Input:
 *    elf    -> address of ELF header, assumed to be at the start of the file.
 * Return:
 *    load bias, i.e. add the value of any p_vaddr in the file to get
 *    the corresponding address in memory.
 */
static ElfW(Addr) get_elf_exec_load_bias(const ElfW(Ehdr)* elf) {
  ElfW(Addr) offset = elf->e_phoff;
  const ElfW(Phdr)* phdr_table = reinterpret_cast<const ElfW(Phdr)*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(elf) + offset);
  const ElfW(Phdr)* phdr_end = phdr_table + elf->e_phnum;

  for (const ElfW(Phdr)* phdr = phdr_table; phdr < phdr_end; phdr++) {
    if (phdr->p_type == PT_LOAD) {
      return reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(elf) + phdr->p_offset - phdr->p_vaddr;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

extern "C" void _start();

/*
 * This is the entry point for the linker, called from begin.S. This
 * method is responsible for fixing the linker's own relocations, and
 * then calling __linker_init_post_relocation().
 *
 * Because this method is called before the linker has fixed it's own
 * relocations, any attempt to reference an extern variable, extern
 * function, or other GOT reference will generate a segfault.
 */
extern "C" ElfW(Addr) __linker_init(void* raw_args) {
  KernelArgumentBlock args(raw_args);

  ElfW(Addr) linker_addr = args.getauxval(AT_BASE);
  ElfW(Addr) entry_point = args.getauxval(AT_ENTRY);
  ElfW(Ehdr)* elf_hdr = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Ehdr)*>(linker_addr);
  ElfW(Phdr)* phdr = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Phdr)*>(linker_addr + elf_hdr->e_phoff);

  soinfo linker_so("[dynamic linker]", nullptr, 0, 0);

  // If the linker is not acting as PT_INTERP entry_point is equal to
  // _start. Which means that the linker is running as an executable and
  // already linked by PT_INTERP.
  //
  // This happens when user tries to run 'adb shell /system/bin/linker'
  // see also https://code.google.com/p/android/issues/detail?id=63174
  if (reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(&_start) == entry_point) {
    __libc_fatal("This is %s, the helper program for shared library executables.\n", args.argv[0]);
  }

  linker_so.base = linker_addr;
  linker_so.size = phdr_table_get_load_size(phdr, elf_hdr->e_phnum);
  linker_so.load_bias = get_elf_exec_load_bias(elf_hdr);
  linker_so.dynamic = nullptr;
  linker_so.phdr = phdr;
  linker_so.phnum = elf_hdr->e_phnum;
  linker_so.flags |= FLAG_LINKER;

  // This might not be obvious... The reasons why we pass g_empty_list
  // in place of local_group here are (1) we do not really need it, because
  // linker is built with DT_SYMBOLIC and therefore relocates its symbols against
  // itself without having to look into local_group and (2) allocators
  // are not yet initialized, and therefore we cannot use linked_list.push_*
  // functions at this point.
  if (!(linker_so.PrelinkImage() && linker_so.LinkImage(g_empty_list, g_empty_list, nullptr))) {
    // It would be nice to print an error message, but if the linker
    // can't link itself, there's no guarantee that we'll be able to
    // call write() (because it involves a GOT reference). We may as
    // well try though...
    const char* msg = "CANNOT LINK EXECUTABLE: ";
    write(2, msg, strlen(msg));
    write(2, __linker_dl_err_buf, strlen(__linker_dl_err_buf));
    write(2, "\n", 1);
    _exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  __libc_init_tls(args);

  // Initialize the linker's own global variables
  linker_so.CallConstructors();

  // Initialize static variables. Note that in order to
  // get correct libdl_info we need to call constructors
  // before get_libdl_info().
  solist = get_libdl_info();
  sonext = get_libdl_info();

  // We have successfully fixed our own relocations. It's safe to run
  // the main part of the linker now.
  args.abort_message_ptr = &g_abort_message;
  ElfW(Addr) start_address = __linker_init_post_relocation(args, linker_addr);

  protect_data(PROT_READ);

  // Return the address that the calling assembly stub should jump to.
  return start_address;
}